Nursing Philosophies Nursing Conceptual Models

NIGHTINGALE'S ENVIRONMENTAL ROGER' S SCIENCE OF UNITARY

THEORY (Florence Nightingale) HUMAN BEINGS (Martha Roger)

Florence Nightingale Rogers’ theory defined Nursing as “an art and

● pioneered the foundations of nursing science that is humanistic and humanitarian. It is
practiced across the world . directed toward the unitary human and is
● The lady with the lamp. concerned with the nature and direction of
● She helped to define nursing practice by human development. The goal of nurses is to
suggesting that nurses did not need to participate in the process of change.”
know all about the disease process like
the medical field The Science of Unitary Human Beings contains
two dimensions:
“THE ACT OF UTILIZING THE PATIENT’S ● The science of nursing
ENVIRONMENT TO ASSIST HIM IN HIS ● The art of nursing
RECOVERY.”

OREM'S SELF CARE DEFICIT

five (5) environmental factors:
THEORY (Dorothea Elizabeth Orem)
➔ Fresh air
➔ Pure water
“THE ACT OF ASSISTING OTHERS IN THE PROVISION
➔ Efficient drainage AND MANAGEMENT OF SELF-CARE TO MAINTAIN OR
➔ Cleanliness or sanitation IMPROVE HUMAN FUNCTIONING AT THE HOME
➔ Light or direct sunlight LEVEL Of EFFECTIVENESS.”

● Developed the Self-Care Deficit

WATSON'S THEORY OF HUMAN Nursing Theory, also known as the
CARING (Jean Watson) Orem Model of Nursing.

● Defined Nursing: “The act of assisting

● “Humans cannot be treated as objects
others in the provision and management
and that humans cannot be separated
of self-care to maintain or improve
from self, other, nature, and the larger
human functioning at the home level of
workforce.”
effectiveness.”
● The theory is focused on “the centrality
Contributions:
of human caring and on the
● Orem’s theory provides a
caring-to-caring transpersonal
comprehensive basis for nursing
relationship and its healing potential for
practice.
both the one who is caring and the one
● Defines when nursing is needed
who is being cared for” (Watson, 1996).
● Health promotion and health
maintenance. Contributions
● she developed and was known for
“Philosophy and Theory of
Three Interrelated Theories:
Transpersonal Caring” or “Caring
● The Theory of Self-Care
Science” and founder of Watson Caring
● The Self-Care Deficit Theory
Science Institute
● The Theory of NUrsing Systems
BENNER'S STAGES OF NURSING
The Theory of Nursing System: (Further
EXPERTISE (Dr. Patricia Benner) Classified)
● Wholly compensatory nursing system
● She is known for her only contribution - Ex: Care of a newborn, care of
in introducing the Skill Acquisition in client recovering from surgery
nursing. in a post-anesthesia care unit

● From Novice to Expert: Excellence and ● Partial compensatory nursing system

Power in Clinical Nursing Practice - Ex: Nurse can assist the
postoperative client in
ambulating, Nurse can bring a
 meal tray for a client who can Three Levels of Preventions:
feed himself. 1. Primary Prevention - which protects
the normal line and strengthens the
● Supportive-Educative System flexible line of defense.
- Ex: Nurse guides a mother on 2. Secondary Prevention - used to
how to breastfeed her baby, strengthen the internal lines of
Counseling a psychiatric client resistance, which reduces the reaction
on more adaptive coping and increases resistance factors.
strategies 3. Tertiary Prevention - readapts,
stabilizes, and protects the patient’s
KING'S GENERAL SYSTEM return to wellness after treatment.
FRAMEWORK NURSING CONCEPTUAL
MODEL (IMOGENE KING) ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL

CONTRIBUTIONS: ● Nursing is to help the person adapt to

● A Theory for Nursing; System, change in psychological needs, self
Concepts, Process. concept, role function and
● Presents a conceptual framework by interdependent relations during health
linking concepts essential to and illness.
understanding nursing as a major system
within health care systems. ● The Adaptation Model states that health
is an inevitable dimension of a person’s
GENERAL SYSTEM FRAMEWORK life, and is represented by a
NURSING CONCEPTUAL MODEL health-illness continuum. Health is also
described as a state and process of being
and becoming integrated and whole.

Five (5) Concepts of Roy’s Adaptation Model

➢ Roy’s adaptation model has the five
main concepts of nursing theory:
1. The health
2. The Person
3. The Nurse
4. The Adaptation
5. The Environment

Betty Neuman’s System Model JOHNSON’S BEHAVIORAL SYSTEM

MODEL
● Betty Neuman’s first book, The Neuman
System Model, was published in 1982. Dorothy Johnson
The book included nursing process ➢ Is known for her “behavioral system
format and care plans. model of nursing”

● The Neuman System Model is based on ● Johnson’s Behavioral System Model is a

the patient’s relationship to stress, nursing care model that advocates the
reaction to it, and reconstitution factors fostering of efficient and effective
are dynamic. The Neuman System behavioral functioning in the patient to
Model is universal in nature, which prevent illness.
allows it to be adapted to a variety of
situations, and to be interpreted in many
different ways.

● In the Neuman System Model, the

nurse’s role is to keep the system’s
stability by using three levels of
prevention.
 ● The patient is identified as a behavioral
system composed of seven behavioral
subsystem;
1. Affiliative TRAVELBEE HUMAN TO HUMAN
2. Dependency
3. Ingestive Joyce Travelbee (1926-1973)
4. Eliminative ➢ Developed the Human-to-Human
5. Sexual Relationship Model
6. Aggressive ➢ She explains “human-to-human
7. Achievement relationship” is the means through
which the purpose of nursing is fulfilled.
PEPLAU'S THEORY (THEORY OF
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS) ● According to Joyce Travelbee,
everything a nurse does or says while
Hildegard E. Peplau interacting with a patient in a human
➢ Described as the mother of psychiatric capacity advances nursing’s goal. Since
nursing both the nurse and the patient are
people, they may relate to one another. It
Theory of Interpersonal Relations is an interactive process. By facilitating
● It is known to emphasized the nurse - a patient’s , a family’s, or a community’s
client relationship as the foundation of progress in preventing or coping with
nursing practice. sickness or suffering in ways that may
● It focuses on the therapeutic nurse-client lead to finding meaning in the
relationship by using problem solving experiences, a nurse helps the patient ,
techniques to meet the patient needs. the family, or the community as a whole.
The nurse must inform the patient and
Some of Hildegard Peplau’s work: offer alternatives to help them prevent or
1. Interpersonal Relations in Nursing lessen the anguish that comes from
2. A conceptual frame of reference for unfulfilled requirements (Pokorny,
psychodynamic nursing. 2010; Travelbee, 1971).
3. Interpersonal theory in nursing practice;
selected works of Hildegard E. Peplau LYDIA HALL’S CORE, CARE, AND
CURE
ORLANDO’S THEORY OF
DELIBERATIVE Lydia Eloise Hall

Ida Jean Orlando - Pelletier ● Define Nursing as the “participation in

care, core, and cure aspects of patient
● Is a nursing theory that allows nurses to care, where CARE is the sole function
create an effective nursing care plan that of nurses, whereas the CORE and
can also be easily adapted when and if CURE are shared with the other
complications arise with the patient. members of the health team.
● Ida Jean Orlando’s Deliberative
Nursing Process is set in motion by the ABDELLAH’S 21 NURSING
behavior of the patient. PROBLEMS
● According to the theory, all patient
behavior can be a cry for help, both Faye Glenn Abdellah
verbal and non-verbal , and it is up to
the nurse to interpret the behavior and ● The 21 nursing problems fall into three
determine the needs of the patient. categories; physical, sociological and
emotional needs of patients
The Deliberative Nursing Process has five ● Types of interpersonal relationships
stages; between the patient and nurse, and
1. Assessment common elements of patient care.
2. Diagnosis
3. Planing
4. Implementation
5. Evaluation
Abdellah’s 21 Nursing Problems are the 19. To accept the optimum possible goals in the
following; light of limitations, physical, and emotional.

1.To maintain good hygiene and physical 20. To use community resources as an aid in
comfort. resolving problems arising from illness.

Patients are bathed every morning after waking 21. To understand the role of social problems as
up and in the government hospital, charity ward, influencing factors in the cause of illness.
they are altogether taking a bath assisted by the
nurses. After that, they are provided by hospital
gowns to keep them clean. HENDERSON’S NEED THEORY
2. To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, Virginia Henderson
and sleep.
● She was the author of three editions of
3. To promote safety through prevention of “Principles and Practices of Nursing,” a
accident, injury, or other trauma and through the widely used text. Her “Basic Principles
prevention of the spread of infection. of Nursing,”
● Henderson’s Need Theory emphasizes
4. To maintain good body mechanics and
the importance of patient independence
prevent and correct deformity.
so that the patient will continue to
5. To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of progress after being released from the
oxygen to all body cells. hospital.
● Henderson’s goal was not to develop a
6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of theory of nursing, but rather to define
all body cells. the unique focus of nursing practice.

7. To facilitate the maintenance of elimination. The Four Major Concept

8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and 1. Individual
electrolyte balance. 2. The Environment
9. To recognize the physiological responses of 3. Health
the body to disease conditions—pathological, 4. Nursing
physiological, and compensatory.
The Roles of Nursing
10. To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory
mechanisms and functions. Substitutive - Doing for the person.
Supplementary - Helping the person.
11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory Complementary - Working with the person.
function.
● with the goal of helping the person
12. To identify and accept positive and negative become as independent as possible.
expressions, feelings, and reactions.
14 Components of Henderson’s Need Theory
13. To identify and accept interrelatedness of
emotions and organic illness. Physiological

14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective 1. Breathe Normally.

verbal and nonverbal communication. 2. Eat and Drink Adequately.
3. Eliminate Body waste.
15. To promote the development of productive
4. Move and maintain desirable postures.
interpersonal relationships.
5. Sleep and rest.
16. To facilitate progress toward achievement of 6. Select suitable clothes-dress and
personal spiritual goals undress.
7. Maintain body temperature within
17. To create and/or maintain a therapeutic normal ranges by adjusting clothing and
environment. modifying environment.
8. Keep the body clean and well groomed
18. To facilitate awareness of self as an
and protect the integument.
individual with varying physical, emotional, and
9. Avoid dangers in the environment and
developmental needs.
avoid injuring others.
Psychological ● The basic concepts of Newman's theory
af health are consciousness, movement,
1. Communicate with others in expressing space, and time
emotions, needs, fears, or opinions. ● She is widely known for her theory of
health as expanding consciousness and
2. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that published the earliest primer on
leads to normal development and health and use developing nursing theory, theory
the available health facilities. development in nursing.
● The theory asserts that every person in
Spiritual & Moral
every situation, no matter how
1. Worship according to one's faith. disordered and hopeless it may seem, is
part of the universal process of
Sociological expanding consciousness – a process of
becoming more of oneself, of finding
1. Work in such a way that there is a sense of greater meaning in life, and of reaching
accomplishment. new dimensions of connectedness with
other people and the world.
2. Play or participate in various forms of
recreation. PARSE THEORY

LEININGER THEORY OF CULTURE ● Parse theory refers to how it is a vital

CARE DIVERSITY way to develop an effective relationship
with your patient especially given the
● is a nursing theorist who developed the
short period of time you are with them.
transcultural nursing theory of culture
The human becoming theory develops
care nursing theory.
trust and mutual understanding of care;
● the main focus is for nursing care to fit
relieves stress and facilitates healing all
with or have beneficial meaning and
of which are the foundation of holistic
health outcomes for people of different
care and nursing.
or similar cultural backgrounds.
● These three themes are permeated by
four postulates: illimitability, paradox,
Major Components of the Theory
freedom, and mystery.
● Transcultural Nursing Theory
● Ethnonursing
● Nursing
● The Human Becoming Theory
● Professional Nursing Care
composed of three (3) themes:
● Cultural Congruent (nursing)
➢ Meaning
● Health
➢ Rhythmicity
● Human Beings
➢ Transcendence
● Society and Environment
● Cultural and Social Structure dimension
Cultural
● Environmental Context
● Culture
● Culture care
● Culture Care Diversity
● Culture Care Universality

Margaret Newman’s Theory

● Proposed that: health is not lack of

illness, or a process to become healthy
from being ill, but instead the expansion
of consciousness as a result of choices
made within the context pattern of
behaviour.
● Three major concepts of Margaret
Newman's theory