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Heat & Mass Transfer

Week_02_Part_A

Instructor: Engr. Adnan Qamar Tareen

Mechanical Engineering Department

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 Basic Equations to Conduction
Introduction:
➢ Conduction is a mode of heat transfer that occurs in solid and fluids when
there is no bulk movement of fluid.

➢ The basic equation for conduction is given by Fourier which states that the
conduction heat transfer in a solid in a particular direction is directly
proportional to the area normal to heat transfer and the temperature gradient in
that direction.

➢ From Fourier law, it is clear that heat transfer has magnitude and direction.

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 Basic Equations to Conduction
Heat diffusion Equation In Cartesian Coordinate system
(X,Y,Z Coordinates)
➢ Let us consider a small element of a cube of sides dx, dy, dz as shown in Fig. 1
in which heat enters from three faces and leaves the object from the other
three faces in x, y and z directions respectively.

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 Heat diffusion Equation In Cartesian Coordinate system

Fig. 1: Elemental volume for the dimensional heat-conduction analysis in Cartesian coordinates
Coordinates: X : Y : Z
Heat Transfer: Qx : Qy : Qz
Heat Flux (q=Q/A) qx : qy : qz
Thickness: dx : dy : dz
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 Heat diffusion Equation In Cartesian Coordinate system
➢ Energy balance for the small element is obtained from the First law of
Thermodynamics.

(Net heat conducted into the element in dx dy dz per unit time I) + (Internal heat
generated per unit time II)

= (Increase in internal energy per unit time III) + (work done by element per unit
time IV)

➢ The IV term is small because the work done by the element due to change in
temperature in neglected.

Qin– Qout + Qgen. = Rate of change in Internal Energy

T
(Qx + Q y + Qz ) − (Qx + dx + Q y + dy + Qz + dz ) + (Qgen.) = mc

T
(Qx + Q y + Qz ) − (Qx + dx + Q y + dy + Qz + dz ) + (Qgen.) = vc → (1)

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 Heat diffusion Equation In Cartesian Coordinate system
Let
➢ qx be the heat flux in “x” direction at face ABCD and qx+dx be the heat flux at
x+dx direction at face A’B’C’D’.
➢ qy be the heat flux in “y” direction at face ABB’A’ and qy+dy be the heat flux at
y+dy direction at face DCC’D’.
➢ qz be the heat flux in “z” direction at face ADD’A’ and qz+dz be the heat flux at
z+dz direction at face BCC’B’.

Now the rate of heat transfer in ‘x’, ‘y’, and ‘z’ direction is given by:

T 
Qx = q x d y d z = − k x d ydz 
x 
T 
Qy = q y d x d z = −k y d x d z  → ( 2)
y 
T 
Qz = q z d x d y = − k z d xd y 
z 
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 Heat diffusion Equation In Cartesian Coordinate system
Similarly, the rate of heat transfer in ‘x+dx’, ‘y+dy’, and ‘z+dz’ direction is given
by:
Q 
Qx + dx = Qx + d x ....... 
x 
Q 
Q y + dy = Q y + d y ....... → (3)
y 
Q 
Qz + dz = Qz + d z ....... 
z 
Now by putting Equation (3) in Equation (1) we have.

Q Q Q T
(Qx + Qy + Qz ) − (Qx + d x + Qy + d y + Qz + d z ) + (Qgen.) = vc
x y z 
Q Q Q T
− ( d x ) − ( d y ) − ( d z ) + (Qgen.) = vc → (4)
x y z 
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 Heat diffusion Equation In Cartesian Coordinate system
Now by putting values of Qx, Qy, and Qz in Equation (4) we have.
  T    T    T  T
− − − − − − +   = 
y 
k d d d k d x z y
d d k d d d q ' ' '.
V vc
x 
y z x  z z x y  z
x y  
x y
  z  

  T    T    T  T
k d d d + d d d +
 y y x y z  z  z z x y z 
k k d d d + q ' ' '.
V  = vc
x  x
x y z
 
x
 y    
  T    T    T  T
+ k yd xd yd z + kzd xd yd z + q ' ' '.V  = vc
y  y 
kxd xd yd z
x  x  z  z  

Since kx=ky=kz=k and dxdydz=V, Hence by dividing equation (5) by k and V;

  T    T    T   q ' ' '  c T
  +   +  +  = → (5)
x  x  y  y  z  z   k  k 
Equation (5) is known as “General Heat conduction Equation in Cartesian
Coordinate System”. Since k/ρc is thermal diffusivity and is denoted by α, hence
the above equation becomes;

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 Heat diffusion Equation In Cartesian Coordinate system
  T    T    T   q ' ' '  1 T
  +   +  +  = → ( 6)
x  x  y  y  z  z   k   

If the element is very small then these partial derivatives in equation (6) can be
written as;
 2T  2T  2T q ' ' ' 1 T
+ + 2 + = → (7 )
x 2
y 2
z k  
“Thermal diffusivity tells us how fast heat is propagated”. If it is large then, heat
flow takes place quickly with less time.
ThermalConductivity k
= =
ThermalCapacity c

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 Heat & Mass Transfer

Week_02_Part_B

Instructor: Engr. Adnan Qamar Tareen

Mechanical Engineering Department

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 Heat conduction through a plane wall without internal heat generation (SLAB)
Consider a slab of thickness L in x direction, having uniform thermal conductivity
(k) as shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2: One dimensional heat conduction through a plane wall without internal generation

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Heat conduction through a plane wall without internal heat generation (SLAB)

Assumptions:
1. There is no internal generation in the
slab and the sides are at constant
temperature T1 and T2 at x = 0 x = L
respectively.
2. One dimensional heat conduction, hence
temperature is a function of x only.
3. Energy loss through the edges are
negligible.

From general heat conduction equation (eq. 7), we have;

 2T  2T  2T q ' ' ' 1 T

+ + 2 + = → (8)
x 2
y 2
z k  
Since there is steady state conduction in x direction only, all the other terms will
become equal to zero. Hence equation (8) will become;

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Heat conduction through a plane wall without internal heat generation (SLAB)
 2T d 2T
= 0  2 = 0 → (9)
x 2
dx
By double integrating equation (9) w.r.t. x;
dT
= C1  T = C1 x + C2 → (10)
dx
The boundary conditions are;
T = T1 at x = 0
T = T2 at x = L
By applying boundary condition 1 in equation (10) we have;
T1 = C2
By applying boundary condition 2 in equation (10) we have;
T − T1
T2 = C1 L + T1  C1 = 2
L
Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in equation (10), we have;
T2 − T1
T= x + T1 → (11)
L
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 Heat conduction through a plane wall without internal heat generation (SLAB)
The above equation is called “temperature equation”. The heat transfer rate in the
slab can be determined from the Fourier law of heat conduction as;
dT kA (T1 - T2 ) dT
Q = - kA = (T1 - T2 ) = =- → (12)
dx L L R cond
kA
Equation (12) is known as general heat conduction equation in a plane wall
without internal generation.

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 Heat conduction through a plane wall with internal heat generation (SLAB)
Consider a slab of thickness “L” in “x” direction, having uniform thermal
conductivity (k) as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3: One dimensional heat conduction through a plane wall with internal generation
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 Heat conduction through a plane wall with internal heat generation (SLAB)
From general heat conduction equation (eq. 7), we have;

 2T  2T  2T q ' ' ' 1 T

+ + 2 + = → (13)
x 2
y 2
z k  
Assumptions:
1. There is an internal generation in the slab and the sides are at constant
temperature Tw at x = 0 and x = L respectively.
2. One dimensional heat conduction, hence temperature is a function of “x”
only.
3. Energy loss through the edges are negligible.

Since there is steady state conduction in “x” direction only with internal
generation, all the other terms will become equal to zero. Hence equation (13)
will become;
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 Heat conduction through a plane wall internal heat generation (SLAB)
 2T q' ' ' d 2T q' ' '
+ =0 + = 0 → (14)
x 2 k dx 2 k
By double integrating equation (14) w.r.t. x;
dT q' ' ' 1 q' ' ' 2
=− x + C1  T = − x + C1 x + C2 → (15)
dx k 2 k
The boundary conditions are;
T = Tw at x = 0 and x = L
By applying boundary condition 1 in equation (15) we have;
Tw = C2
By applying boundary condition 2 in equation (15) we have;
1 q' ' '
C1 = L
2 k
Substituting the values of C1 and C2 in equation (15), we have;

1 q' ' ' 2 1 q' ' ' 1 q' ' '

T =− x + Lx + Tw  T = ( L − x) x + Tw → (16)
2 k 2 k 2 k

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 Heat conduction through a plane wall with internal heat generation (SLAB)
To obtain the maximum temperature which is at the center by putting x = L/2 in
equation(16);
1 q ' ' ' L2
Tmax = Tw + → (17)
8 k
To find out the wall temperature, we know that the heat flow rate for “first half of
the wall” and for “second half of the wall”;
q' ' '
Q= AL
2
We know that the heat transfer by convection on the two faces;
q' ' ' q' ' '
Q = hA(Tw − T )  AL = hA(Tw − T )  hATw = hAT + AL
2 2
q' ' ' L
Tw = T + → (18)
2h
Tw = Surface or wall temperature.

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 Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems
Example 2.1:

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Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems

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Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems

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 Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems

Example 2.2:

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Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems

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Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems

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 Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems
Example 2.3:

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Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems

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 Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems
Example 2.4:

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Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems

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Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems

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 Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems
Example 2.5:

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Conduction Heat Transfer-Class Problems

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 Links for Video Lectures
HMT Week-02-Part A:

Link for Video Lecture would be available here

HMT Week-02-Part B:

Link for Video Lecture would be available here

HMT-Lab Session-02:

Link for Video Lecture would be available here

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