"I Psychology

■■■■■■■■■■

mental ABOUT US

Undergraduate Degree Programs

Prospective Students

environment Psychology
State College has a comprehensive psychology
program. Ail students begin with the functions of the
brain. Students will also learn about various mental
processes. Later, classes cover how these processes
5
affect people’s behavior. The program requires
students to take several lab courses. Some labs focus
on the mental effects from a subject’s environment.
Others examine the relationship between behavior and
physical states. Li
Students have two academic plans to choose from.
One focuses on clinical psychology. This prepares Q
students to assess and treat mental disorders. The
second career path is academic. Students will learn
more about research. They will also learn how to
design experiments.

0 Before you read the passage, talk about these

questions.
Vocabulary
1 What do students learn about in a psychology program?
0 Match the words or phrases
2 What kind of work do psychologists do?
(1-8) with the definitions (A-H). €
Reading 1 __mental
2 __process St
0 Read the webpage. Then, choose the correct answers.
3 __ assess
1 What is the purpose of the website?
4 __treat At
A to encourage students to become psychology majors
5 __behavior
B to describe courses in the psychology program St
6 __environment
C to explain the responsibilities of a psychologist
7 __physical state
D to present the latest research of psychology professors At
8 __psychology
2 Which of the following is NOT part of the psychology
A to try to cure a medical condition St
program?
B the study of the mind At
A developing new medicine
C an observable action
B learning to design experiments
D relating to the mind
C studying mental processes
E to evaluate something —
D examining the effects of environment
F a physical setting
3 What does the psychology program cover first? G the status of the body’s systems
A behavioral effects C mental disorders H a set of events that take place in
B physical states D brain functions a certain order
4
0 Read the sentence pairs. Choose the Speaking
sentence that uses the underlined part
Q With a partner, act out the roles below
correctly.
based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.
1 A The doctor will assess the condition with
medicine. USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:

B Many different factors affect people’s minds. What do you like a b o u t...? T
I ’m interested i n ...
2 A The brain directs many processes, so it has
1 think ...is really interesting.
many different functions.
B The doctor gave the man a process to take
every day. Student A: You are a student. Talk to Student B
about:
• majoring in psychology
0 ft Listen and read the webpage again.
• what elements of psychology interest you
What are the two plans in the psychology
program? • what elements of psychology do not interest
you

Listening
Student B: You are an advisor. Talk to Student A
0 $ Listen to a conversation between a about majoring in psychology.
student and an advisor. Mark the following
statements as true (T) or false (F).
Writing
1 _ The man is considering enrolling in the
psychology program. Q Use the conversation from Task 8 to fill out
2 _ The man is especially interested in doing the worksheet.
research.
3 _The woman recommends trying another major.
State College
0 ft Listen again and complete the
conversation.

Student: I think the human mind is really

1 ______.
Advisor: You’d definitely learn 2 ____________
about that.
Student: Yeah, and I’m also really interested in
3 ______people.
Advisor: You can do that with a 4 ______ degree.
Why aren’t you sure yet?
Student: I think research is really 5 ______ .
Advisor: 6 _____ is pretty important for a
psychology degree. You’d better think
about it.
 2 The Central Nervous System

Get ready!
Q Before you read the passage, talk about
these questions.

1 What are the parts of the central nervous system?

2 What does the central nervous system control?

Reading
Q Read the textbook chapter. Then, choose
the correct answers.

1 What is the chapter mainly about?

A the process of sending messages through
the body
B the purpose of reflexes in humans
C the movement of neurons in the brain
D the different areas inside the brain

2 Which of the following is NOT a function of the

central nervous system brain?
A processing information
B directing behavior
C integrating messages
D controlling reflexes

3 What is the difference between white matter

and gray matter?
A the ability to send or receive messages
B their location within the CNS
C the part of a neuron they make up
D the presence of nerve cells

Chapter 2:
Vocabulary
The Central Nervous System (CNS) j ® Match the words or phrases (1-6) with the
definitions (A-F).
The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS
integrates sensory information from muscles and 1 _brain 4 __white matter
sensory organs. The brain processes these messages. 2 _neuron 5 __gray matter
Then, the CNS directs the body’s behavior. 3 __process 6 __sensory information
The messages are transmitted through neurons. Some
neurons are part of gray matter. They control cognition. A information that comes from the sense organs
Others are part of white matter. These are responsible for B the organ in the body responsible for thinking
communication between parts of the brain.
C to take in and understand something
The spinal cord sends messages from the body to the
D a part of the CNS that does not contain nerve
brain. It also transmits messages from the brain back to
cell bodies
the body. Sometimes, however, messages bypass the
brain altogether. This is the case with reflexes. The spinal E a nerve cell
cord directs these behaviors with no input from the brain. F a part of the CNS that contains nerve cell bodies
6
 Q Fill in the blanks with the correct words or Speaking
phrases from the word bank.
Q With a partner, act out the roles below
based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.

central nervous system spinal cord USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:

integrate reflex I’m still not clear on ... ▼
Let’s go o v e r...
1 The. .is located in a person’s
I’m not sure.
back.
2 The brain has t o . __________ sensory
information from different areas of the body.
A fast, uncontrollable response is a(n)

The . sends and receives

messages to and from the body.

0 «» Listen and read the textbook chapter

again. What is the relationship between
reflexes and the brain?

Listening Writing
Q Use the textbook chapter and the
0 *» Listen to a conversation between a
conversation from Task 8 to fill out the
student and a professor. M ark the following
worksheet.
statements as true (T) or false (F).

1 _ The woman confuses the two main Psychology 101

structures of the CNS.
2 _ The man reviews the different parts of the
brain.
The Central Nervous System ps>
3 _ The man identifies the source of sensory Describe the functions of the following structures.
information.

1. The brain is responsible f o r _______________

0 < Listen again and complete the
conversation.

2. The . is responsible for

Professor: Okay. Let’s go over it again. What
are the two 1 ____________ ? O
Student: The brain and 2 ____________ ?
Professor: That’s right. Now, do 3 _________
what the brain does?
Student: It receives 4 . right?
Professor: That’s right. 5 _ it receive
that information from?
Student: Urn, 6 _____________

ties
 ts

3 The Peripheral Nervous System

Get ready!
Q Before you read the passage, talk about
these questions.

1 What are some differences between the CNS

and the PNS?
2 What is the purpose of separating the nervous
system into different areas of study?

The Peripheral
Nervous System
The PNS is divided into two separate systems. Both
autonomic nervous system

rely on sensory nerves and motor nerves. They send

messages to and from the brain.
The somatic nervous system — This controls the i
body’s voluntary movements.
The autonomic nervous system — This controls Lis
the body’s involuntary responses, like respiration.
The autonomic nervous system is further divided. 0
The sympathetic division — This system is more
active when something threatens the body. It
increases heart rate, for example.
The parasympathetic division — This system is
more active when the body is at rest. It is
responsible for lowering the heart rate.

Reading
© Read the poster. Then, Vocabulary
choose the correct answers.
© Match the words or phrases (1-6) with the
1 What is the purpose of the poster? definitions (A-F).
A to explain how the brain controls respiration Stu<
1 __sensory nerve 5 parasympathetic
B to outline the functions of different systems
2 _divided division
C to describe the effects of damage to the PNS
3 __motor nerve somatic nervous Stu<
D to explain the structure of sensory nerves
4 _ sympathetic system
2 Which of the following is NOT a division of the division Stui
PNS?
a division of the autonomic system that is active
A the somatic nervous system Stui
when the body is stressed
B the parasympathetic division Stu<
a nerve that transmits information from the
C the involuntary nervous system brain to muscles
Stui
D the sympathetic division a division of the autonomic system that is active
when the body rests
3 What is true about the autonomic nervous system?
split into more than one piece or part
A It performs its functions very rarely.
the division of the PNS that controls voluntary
B It primarily controls voluntary movements. movements
C It prevents threats from affecting the body. a nerve that transmits information from sense
D It has one division that lowers the heart rate. organs
8
Q Read the sentences and choose the correct Speaking
words or phrases.
( j) With a partner, act out the roles below
1 The peripheral nervous system/sensory based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.
nerve contains all the nerves outside of the
brain and spinal cord. USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:
2 Something is divided/involuntary if a person Let’s review...
cannot control it.
What part of the PNS controls ... ? T
3 Internal processes, like digestion, are a part of No, wait. It’s ...
the motor nerve/autonomic nervous system.
4 A(n) voluntary/involuntary action is one that a
person can control.

0 Listen and read the poster again. What

is the difference between the sympathetic
and parasympathetic divisions?

Listening
0 Listen to a conversation between two
students. Mark the following statements
as true (T) or false (F).
Writing
1 _ The speakers are reviewing for a quiz.
© Use the poster and the conversation from
2 _ The woman incorrectly identifies the
Task 8 to fill out the lecture outline.
autonomic nervous system.
3 _ The woman confuses the sympathetic
division with the parasympathetic division.

0 0 Listen again and complete the

conversation.
Nervous Systems
Student 1: Let’s review for the quiz. What part
of the PNS controls 1 ______
movements?
Student 2: That would be the 2 ______ nervous
system, I think.
Student 1: You’re right. Now, what controls Two Main divisions
3 ____________ ?
Student 2: The, urn, 4 ______system?
1 T h e ________________________ nervous system:
Student 1: Right again. So that’s what’s 5 ______
C ontrols___________________________________
_____ when you’re under stress.
Student 2: Yeah. More specifically, it’s the 6 ____
division. No, wait. It’s the sympathetic
2 The autonomic nervous system - has two divisions:
division.
a The ____________________________ division:
Active when the body i s __________________ .
b The ____________________________ division:
Active when the body i s __________________ .
 4 The Brain 1

frontal lobe } ( parietal lose )

Get ready!
0 Before you read the passage, talk about
these questions.

1 What are the main parts of the brain?

2 What are some different functions of the brain?

The Cerebrum
k/ The cerebrum is the
* largest division of the human
brain. It has two identical hemispheres.
£ These are on the left and right. The corpus
callosum connects the two hemispheres.
The cerebrum is further divided into lobes. They are
the frontal lobe, the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe,
the temporal lobe, and the insular lobe. Each of
these lobes has a different function. For example,
the auditory cortex is in the temporal lobe. The
occipital lobe is home to the visual cortex. The
somatosensory cortex and motor cortex are
near each other. They are located where
\ the parietal, temporal, and frontal
■*. lobes meet.

Reading
0 Read the textbook chapter. Then, choose Vocabulary
the correct answers. 0 Match the words or phrases (1-8) with the
1 What is the chapter mainly about? definitions (A-H).

A common medical conditions in the brain 1 _visual cortex 5 _parietal lobe

B the different divisions of the cerebrum 2 _frontal lobe 6 __occipital lobe
C the brain’s relationship with the rest of the body 3 _insular lobe 7 __corpus callosum
D the appearance of different lobes 4 _temporal lobe 8 __hemisphere

2 Which of the following is NOT true of the cerebrum? A one half of something round
A It has two hemispheres. B the front part of the cerebrum
B It is the largest part of the brain. C the part of the brain that interprets information
C It contains the auditory cortex. seen by the eyes

D It has hundreds of lobes. D the bottom middle part of the cerebrum

E a part of the cerebrum that controls
3 Which of the following is part of the occipital lobe? consciousness and emotion
A the somatosensory cortex F a group of fibers that connects the two halves
B the motor cortex of the cerebrum
C the corpus callosum G the rear part of the cerebrum
D the visual cortex H the top middle part of the cerebrum
10
0 Write a word or phrase that is similar in Speaking
meaning to the underlined part.
0 With a partner, act out the roles below
1 The scientist studies the largest division of the based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.
human brain.
_e__b__m USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:

2 The part of the brain that interprets sounds is How is the patient?
located in the temporal lobe. Where was he/she injured?
_u__t__y __r_e_
That could lead to ...
3 Damage to the part of the brain that controls
movements can lead to trouble walking.
m_ t _ _ c__t__ Student A: You are a psychologist. Talk to
Student B about:
4 The part of the brain that senses the body’s
position and movement is near the parietal lobe. • a patient with a head injury
s _ _ a _ _ s _ n ___ y _ o _ _ e _ • what part of the brain might be injured
• what the injury could lead to

0 $ Listen and read the textbook chapter

again. What connects the cerebrum ’s Student B You are a psychologist. Talk to
hemispheres? Student A about a patient with a head injury.

Listening Writing
0 $ Listen to a conversation between two 0 Use the conversation from Task 8 to fill out
psychologists. Mark the following the patient notes.
statements as true (T) or false (F).

1 _ The patient suffered a head injury.

2 __ The doctors suspect that the man’s
temporal lobe is damaged.
3 _ The patient’s condition could lead to vision
problems.

0 ft Listen again and complete the

conversation.

Psychologist 1: How is the 1 . today?

Psychologist 2: No changes. We still don’t know
O r
the extent of his 2 ______damage.
Psychologist 1: Where was he 3 ______again?
Psychologist 2: Right on the back of his head. The
Green Town Hospital
4 ____________ may be damaged.
Green Town Hospital Patient Notes
Psychologist 1: Oh no! That could lead to 5 ______
Name: Kevin Johnson
problems, right?
Psychologist 2: Yes. An injury like this 6 ______
Injury: The patient experienced__
______blindness.
We suspect there is damage to his

This could lead to

 5 The Brain 2

Get ready! Reading

0 Before you read the passage, talk about Q Read the encyclopedia article. Then, mark the
these questions. following statements as true (T) or false (F).

1 What parts of the brain help control the body’s 1 _The pons is part of the system that controls
senses? emotions.
2 What are the differences between the brain 2 __The brain stem and the medulla are in the
stem and the cerebellum? same area of the brain.
3 __Hormonal functions occur within the
cerebellum.

Vocabulary
0 Write a word or phrase that is similar in
Cerebrum meaning to the underlined part.

Corpus 1 The students identified the part that sends

Callosum • signals from the medulla to the thalamus.
_o__

Ventricles 2 The amygdalae are in the part that controls

emotions.
I ___ i_ _ y ____ m
Thalamus :
3 A number of senses are governed by the part
that contains the medulla and midbrain.
hypothalamus midbrain • _ra__ s_e_
4 Some emotional responses are affected by the
part that creates and releases hormones.
cerebellum ;
_ _ p o _ h ___ m _ _

medulla

0 Read the sentence pairs. Choose which

brain stem
word or phrase best fits each blank.

1 midbrain / amygdala
A Each___________________ helps control

The Lower Brain B

certain emotions.
T h e ___________________helps control
vision and hearing.
The lower brain is the area of the brain below the
cerebrum. One major part is the brain stem. Its 2 cerebellum / pituitary gland
midbrain controls certain senses. It also controls the A T h e ___________________helps control the
body’s involuntary functions in the medulla. The pons body’s movements.
connects the medulla to other parts of the brain.
B T h e ___________________releases
Another major part is the cerebellum. This is at the
hormones that perform various functions.
very bottom of the brain. It is largely responsible for
the body’s movement. 3 thalamus / medulla
In another part of the brain, hormones control
A Breathing and heartbeat are controlled in the
behavior and emotions. There, the thalamus,
hypothalamus, and pituitary gland regulate these
B T h e ___________________ regulates the
hormones. The amygdalae also govern emotions.
body’s alertness.
These are part of the limbic system.
 0 ft Listen and read the encyclopedia article Speaking
i, mark the again. Which parts of the brain control
0 With a partner, act out the roles below
false (Fl­ involuntary functions?
based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.
at controls
Listening USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:

ire in the 0 ft Listen to a conversation between a I’m having trouble...

student and a professor. Choose the Do you remember... ?
the correct answers. Actually,...
1 What area of the brain are the speakers mainly
discussing? Student A: You are a student. Talk to Student B
A the cerebellum C the hypothalamus about:

ilar in B the brain stem D the limbic system • a part of the brain you are confused about
• the function of the part
2 What part did the woman identify incorrectly?
• the relationship between the part and other
sends A the midbrain C the pons parts
mus.
B the thalamus D the medulla

ontrols Student B: You are a professor. Talk to

0 ft Listen again and complete the Student A about a part of the brain.
conversation.

i the part
Student: Excuse me. I’m having trouble V Writing
ajn.
understanding the parts of the 0 Use the encyclopedia article and the
1 ____________ . conversation from Task 8 to fill out the
ted by the
>nes. All right. 2 ________________ what student’s notes.
the parts are?
Let’s see. There’s the 3 _____ , ______
and midbrain, right?
which
Exactly. Now, the midbrain governs
ik. several 4 __________________ .
Okay, so the medulla must be the one
js control that controls involuntary functions.
Right. Now, do you remember what the
i control
Does it 6 ____ .the midbrain
and medulla?

; control the

ses
motions.
 0 Chemical Messengers

Get ready! Psych 101 - Class Handout - September 13 0 Rea

wor
Q Before you read the passage, talk about
these questions.
Chemical Messengers 1 n
P
1 What is the difference between
Endocrine system — This is a series of glands
neurotransmitters and neuromodulators?
throughout the body. These regulate the body by
2 What is an example of a hormone and its releasing hormones.
function? Hormones — These chemicals make the body’s cells
perform specific actions. 2 r
• Example: Insulin is one type of hormone. It
(endocrine system)
regulates the amount of sugar in the blood.
( glands ) Neurotransmitters — These chemicals transmit
signals from neurons to other cells.
Pituitary gland
• Example: Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter
Pineal gland and hormone released in the brain. It regulates
0 0
Thyroid and the functions of certain bodily organs.
parathyroid Wh
• Example: An endorphin is a neurotransmitter and
glands ha\
hormone released in the brain. It is produced
Thymus during sensations of pleasure and pain.
Pancreas Neuromodulators — These are groups of
Liste
neurotransmitters.
• Example: Acetylcholine is one type of
Ovary Adrenal neuromodulator that controls muscle movement.
(in female) glands

Placenta
Testicle (during
pregnancy)
(in male)

Vocabulary 2

0 Fill in the blanks with the correct words or

( neurotransmitter) phrases from the word bank.
Incoming axon

( insulin j
Synaptic gap
°rd I e
insulin regulate norepinephrine p cc
;vxa endocrine system acetylcholine endorphins _
itude
Adipose tissue
- ( hormones \ 1 The glands of th e ______________ . exist
in various places around the body.
itude
2 The spinal cord releases________
Reading and causes the muscles to move.
itude
Q Read the handout. Then, mark the following 3 The body uses hormones to
statements as true (T) or false (F). many functions.
itud<
1 __The endocrine system is located throughout 4 ___________________ in the blood affects
the entire body. sugar levels.
2 __Hormones can affect the chemicals in the 5 When the brain is under stress, it releases itudi
blood.
3 __Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators 6 The brain can control pain sensations by ;tU(j
perform opposite functions. releasing___________________ .
14
 Speaking
© With a partner, act out the roles below
1 neuromodulator / hormone based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.
A The gland released a ___
inds USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:
to regulate the body’s blood sugar.
)dy by B A ___________________ carries signals to Did you understand...?
many neurons at once. Can you explain...?
ody’s cells
i thought ...
2 neurotransmitter / gland
e. It A The skin contains a __________
>od. that creates a specific hormone. Student A; You are a student. Talk to Student B
nsmit about:
B A specific___________________ sends
signals to muscle tissue. • a type of chemical messenger
insmitter • its similarities with other chemical messengers
gulates • its differences from another chemical
0 Listen and read the handout again.
messenger
What do norepinephrine and endorphin
imitter and
have in common?
tuced
Student B You are a student. Talk to Student A
Listening about chemical messengers.

0 Listen to a conversation between two

students. Choose the correct answers. Writing
lovement.
1 What is the conversation mostly about? © Use the handout and the conversation from
A examples of neuromodulators Task 8 complete the test.
B the differences between various hormones
C the definition of an endorphin
D relationships between endocrine glands

2 What does the man confuse with hormones?

A neuromodulators C neurotransmitters
vords or
B endorphins D glands

■" 0 $ Listen again and complete the

rine ! conversation,
ndorphins ____________________________
Student 1: I’m confused about 1 ______.
___exist Can you explain them to me?
Student 2: They’re 2 ______in the brain. They send
signals about pain and emotions. Psych 101 Test
Student 1: See, I thought that endorphins 3 ______
Part Three:
ns. Compare and contrast two chemical messengers.
Student 2: Well, actually, they are. Endorphins
affects 4 ____________ hormones and _________________is a type o f________________
neurotransmitters. Similarly,_____ ._________ is also______________
aases However,____________is a type o f____________
Student 1: Really? But 5 _____________need
b u t__________________ is not.
multiple neurotransmitters?
sby Student 2: No, you’re thinking 6 ____________ .

15
 Perception and Sensation

Vocabulary
State University ® Match the words or phrases (1-6) with the
P S YC H O L O G Y DEP AR TME NT
definitions (A-F).
Current Experiments 1 __psychophysics 4 __selective attention®

Students in the psychology department perform a 2 __absolute 5 sensory

variety of experiments. Their current focus is threshold adaptation
psychophysics. This examines perception through 3 __difference 6 sensory Psy
the transduction of sensations. In other words, it threshold deprivation
studies the senses.
One recent experiment studied the effects of sensory A the decline of a sensory response as a result o|
adaptation. Volunteers were exposed to different unchanging stimuli
levels of color variation. Students examined effects on B the ability to focus on only a small part of the
color perception. Now, they are testing effects of environment
sensory deprivation. C the branch of psychology that studies
Another experiment studied absolute thresholds. perception and the senses
Students measured how well volunteers heard quiet
D the smallest change in a stimulus that a persor
sounds. They also measured barely noticeable
can perceive
difference thresholds. This involved the change from
E the lack of a normal amount of sensory informatic
quiet sounds to louder sounds.
Next: Students are now designing an experiment to F the smallest amount of a stimulus that a person*
test selective attention. Subjects will focus on one can perceive
image from a group.

16
 Speaking
0 With a partner, act out the roles below
based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.

USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:

Can you help me ...?
Will it te s t...? T
1b e t...
2 Touching something hot produces a warm

Student A: You are a psychologist. Talk to

Energy becomes sensory information through a
Student B about:
process called__________________ .
• setting up an experiment
People experience the world through the
process o f__________________. • what the experiment will study
»te the table. • what you expect the results to be

0
ted
1 { Listen and read the webpage again. How
did students examine absolute thresholds? Student B: You are an assistant. Talk to
Student A about an experiment.

Listening
g a quiet 0 Q Listen to a conversation between a
Writing
i louder one psychologist and an assistant. M ark the 0 Use the conversation from Task 8 to fill out
following statements as true (T) or false (F). the experiment log.

1 _ The experiment will study selective attention.

2 _ The man incorrectly identifies the purpose of
the experiment.
Current
3 __ The woman predicts that subjects will not
6) with the perceive a particular event. Experiments
stive attention Listen again and complete the
Purpose of experiment:
lory
conversation.
To study the effects o f___________ on
Station
lory Psychologist: Can you help me set up a
1 ______experiment? Steps of experiment:
ivation
Assistant: Sure. 2 ____________ is this?
8as a result of 1 The subjects are required t o ____
Psychologist: It’s examining 3 ____________ .
Assistant: Interesting. Will it test failures
II part of the
4 ____________ ?
Psychologist: Yes. The subjects will watch a video. 2 The researchers will exam ine____
idies
I’ll tell them 5 ___________________
athletes throwing a ball.
that a person
Assistant: But 6 ____________ will also
happen in the video?
sory information
5that a person
 3 Biological Rhythms

1 What is the difference between alpha waves

and delta waves?
2 What are the different types of biological rhythms?
Reading
melatonin
0 Read the brochure. Then, choose the
correct answers.
Suppress the Heightened memor
immune system and attention 1 What is the purpose of the brochure?
A to advertise a course in biological rhythms
B to discuss recent studies in ultradian rhythms
Cortisol C to explain the importance of regular infradian
rhythms

Increase in
D to describe a particular circadian rhythm
blood pressure

Decrease
Which of the following causes a person to sleep'? ;
sensitivity to pain
A alpha waves
B melatonin
C internal desynchronization
* r / v D delta waves

E lw pf-' 3 What is true about delta waves?

1
A They are similar to alpha waves.
B They require a person to be awake.
circadian rhythm C They are rare in most people.
D They occur during REM sleep.

Vocabulary
0 Match the words or phrases (1-6) with the 0
definitions (A-F).

1 melatonin 4 delta waves

Sleep is important because it affects biological Psyi
rhythms. Appropriate rhythms are essential to healthy 2 REM sleep 5 infradian rhythm
bodily function. The body uses melatonin to regulate 3 alpha waves 6 ultradian rhythm
these important processes.
The sleep cycle itself is a circadian rhythm. It should A the period of sleep when dreams occur
occur once a day. If it doesn’t, the body could B the brainwaves that occur when a person is in I
experience internal desynchronization. deep sleep
The sleep cycle includes several ultradian rhythms. C a hormone that helps regulate circadian rhythms
These are known as sleep stages. (They should not D a biological rhythm that occurs more than once_
be confused with infradian rhythms. Those occur Psyi
per day
much less frequently.)
E the brainwaves that occur when a person is
The most important sleep stage is REM sleep. This is
relaxed but awake
when the sleeping brain differs most from the waking
brain. During wakefulness, the brain produces alpha F a biological rhythm that occurs less than once
Psy
waves. During REM sleep, it produces delta waves per day
instead.
« r -

0 Read the sentence pairs. Choose which Speaking

word or phrase best fits each blank.
Q With a partner, act out the roles below
0 .8
1 biological rhythm / sleep stage based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.
A The firs t___________________ is the
USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:
shortest of the five.
B People eat and digest food as a part of a You’re feeling...? ▼
It sounds like ...
ethe What does that mean?
2 circadian rhythm / internal desynchronization
A The sleep cycle is an example of a(n)
ire?
cal rhythms
B When something disrupts a biological cycle,
adian rhythms ___________________occurs.
gular infradian

0 *-• Listen and read the brochure again.

an rhythm
What biological rhythms are included in the
rson to sleep? sleep cycle?

Listening
0 Listen to a conversation between a Writing
psychologist and a patient. M ark the 0 Use and the conversation from Task 8 to fill
following statements as true (T) or false (F). out the patient notes.
1 _ The man is getting less sleep than he did
before.
ake.
2 _ According to the woman, the man’s ultradian
rhythms are disrupted.
3 _ The woman suggests sleeping medication
for the man.

I with the 0 - Listen again and com p lete the

conversation.

Ivaves
Psychologist: So, Tim. You’re 1 ?C y\| PATIENT NOTES
an rhythm
Patient: Yes, it’s terrible. But I’m getting
an rhythm Patient:
2
;cur Psvcholoqist: Are there 3 in vour
erson is in sleeping habits?
Patient: Yes, actually. It’s my new job. I only
dian rhythms sleep for two or three hours 4

e than once
Psychologist: Hmm. It sounds like you’re suffering
from 5
erson is
Patient: Really? But I’m still sleeping the
same number of hours per day.
than once
Psvcholoaist: Perhaps. But 6 vour
ultradian rhythms.
|P _ _ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
 9 Consciousness

Get ready! Reading

0 Before you read the passage, talk about 0 Read the advice column. Then, mark the
these questions. following statements as true (T) or false (F).

1 What is the difference between the 1 __People who walk in their sleep are performing
preconscious and unconscious? automatic behavior.
2 What are automatic behaviors, and 2 _Sleepwalking is controlled by subconscious
what causes them? activity.
3 _Most sleepwalkers later remember their
sleepwalking state.

Vocabulary
automatic behavior 0 Match the words or phrases (1 -6) with the
definitions (A-F).

1 state 4 _unconscious
2 shift 5 _automatic behavior
3 preconscious 6 _consciousness

A an awareness that people have of themselves

and their surroundings
B a part of the mind where subconscious
thoughts are easily recalled from
C actions that people perform without being

Ask Dr. Nilsson aware of them

D a condition that a person is in at a particular time
E a part of the mind where deep subconscious
thoughts exist
F a change in the status of something

0 Fill in the blanks with the correct words or

phrases from the word bank.

Dear Dr. Nilsson: I’m curious about people who walk

oMd) BANK
in their sleep. Are they aware of their actions? Can altered state aroused
they remember what they do? subconscious aware relaxed
Bob in Braxton
.................... The man’s hunger started as a(n)
Dear Bob: When people sleepwalk, they are in an __________________ thought.
altered state of consciousness. In this state, they
Some diseases cause people to enter a(n)
are neither aroused nor relaxed. While asleep, they
__________________of consciousness.
experience a shift. They enter a state in which they
perform automatic behaviors. While the woman slept, she was not
__________________of her surroundings.
When someone is awake, preconscious information
easily becomes conscious. However, a sleepwalker’s The patient’s mind became_____________
behaviors do not leave the unconscious. They remain as he awoke.
subconscious after the person awakes. Therefore, The human mind enters a(n)_____________

20
most sleepwalkers are not aware of their sleepwalking.
- Dr. N
i state as it falls asleep.
 0 Listen and read the advice column Speaking
again. What state of consciousness are
lark the 0 With a partner, act out the roles below
people in when they sleepwalk?
r false (F). based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.

re performing Listening USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:

ibconscious
0 V) Listen to a conversation between a I’m having trouble... T
psychologist and a patient. Choose the So y o u ...
correct answers. What do you th in k... ?
)er their
1 What is the conversation mostly about?
A difficulty recalling preconscious thoughts
B how to prevent the woman from sleepwalking
C why the woman is feeling tired
with the
D an inability to enter a relaxed state

icious 2 What does the man think the woman’s problem is?
itic behavior A Her brain remains aroused at night.
jusness B Her preconscious thoughts do not become
conscious.
emselves
C Her body is unable to perform automatic
behaviors. Writing
IU S
D Her unconscious is causing a disturbance. 0 Use the advice column and the conversation
from Task 8 to fill out the sleep analysis notes.
being
0 Listen again and complete the
rticular time conversation.

nscious
Patient: I’m having trouble 1
.during the day. C
Psychologist: Hmm. Do you 2. .at night?

fords or
Patient: Yes. 3. sleep about
eight hours per night. But I wake up Results from the
feeling tired.
Psychologist: So you sleep normally at night. But
during the day, you cannot 4 _____
_____ ?
Sleep Lab
Patient: Exactly. What do you think 5 ______
_____ is?
Patient:
Psychologist: Hmm. Something in your 6 _____
might be disturbing you.
Symptoms: The patient is having trouble

igs. Test Results: According to the sleep analysis,

Diagnosis: The problem is

21
 10 Memory 1

Intro to Psychology CHAPTER 9

Get ready! o Fill
Q Before you read the passage, talk about
these questions.

1 How long is information stored in different types Memory is the ability to store and reca
of memory? information. There are various types of memory.
2 How does the brain store and process memory? The mind stores memories using informatioi
processing. This begins with encoding. Encodini
prepares information for retention. Then, the mint
stores it in one of three systems of memory. Tht
three systems are sensory memory, short-tern
memory, and long-term memory.
___ sensory memory
The systems store memories for different durations
Sensory memory only lasts for a few seconds
short-term memory Short-term memories last for up to thirty seconds
However, information rehearsal can extend short­
term memories. Finally, long-term memory store
information for retrieval indefinitely.

0 »
lon<

Liste

Che

long-term memory
retention

encoding j

information processing
Vocabulary
0 Match the words or phrases (1 -5) with the
definitions (A-E).
o &
retrieval 4 long-term
Studen
Reading encoding 5 sensory memory
rehearsal Studen
0 Read the textbook chapter. Then, mark the
Studen
following statements as true (T) or false (F) A a system that stores sensory information for a
Studen
very short time
The first step of information processing is
Studen
encoding. B the change of information into a storable form
Studen
Short-term memory is the system with the occurring for an extended period of time
Studen
shortest duration. the ability to recall information from memory
The duration of short-term memory can be the act of repeating information to keep it in
lengthened. memory
 Q With a partner, act out the
roles below based on Task 7.
Then, switch roles.
[ire and recall
es of memory, memory retention duration
short-term information processing USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:
ig information
(ding. Encoding Do you remember... ?
.Then, the mind 1 Without____ people’s thoughts would not It begins w ith ...
pf memory. The make sense.
Actually, that’s not it.
wy, short-term 2 The patient’s . ____ stores information for an
unusually long time.
erent durations. Student A: You are a student.
3 Many people remember childhood for the
1 few seconds, Talk to Student B about:
of their entire lives.
thirty seconds, • the steps of information
4 The mind often stores phone numbers in its ______________
h extend short- processing
memory.
memory stores • an error that you make
5 The patient understands ideas, but she has trouble with
over time. • correcting the error

@ ft Listen and read the textbook chapter again. How Student B: You are a student.
long does short-term memory store information? Talk to Student A about the steps
involved in information processing.

Listening
0 « Listen to a conversation between two students.
Writing
Choose the correct answers. © Use the textbook chapter and
the conversation from Task 8
1 What is the conversation mostly about?
to fill out the student’s notes.
A the duration of different memory types
B parts of the brain involved in memory retention
C the steps in the process of storing memory
Notes CHAPTER 9.

D typical information stored in long-term memory

2 What concept does the man identify incorrectly?

A encoding C rehearsal
B retrieval D duration Compare and contrast the following
5) with the concepts.

0 ft Listen again and complete the conversation.

perm The difference between short-term
Dry memory Student 1: Do you remember the steps of 1 ___ m e m o ry______________________
Student 2: Um, it begins with 2 ______, I think.
— ? f a n d ____________________ is ___
Student 1: And that prepares the memory 3 ___ _____ , right?
mation for a
Student 2: Exactly. 4 _____ __________ what happens next?

iorable form Student 1: Well, next is 5 __ .in the brain. That’s when it’s stored. The difference between
Student 2: Actually, that’s not it. Think again. a n d ________________ is
)f time
Student 1: Oh, you’re right. 6 ______is the storage process.
n memory
keep it in
 11 Memory 2

Get ready!
Improving Your Memor)
0 Before you read the passage, talk about these
questions.

1 What is the difference between echoic memory and There are many methods of improving memory. On
iconic memory? method is chunking. This splits information
2 What is the benefit of chunking? vVv, small groups. That way, it is easier to remembe
It’s often used with sequences of digits, like phon
numbers.
Rote rehearsal is another method. It world
because repetition helps store information. Tht
mind creates acoustic codes. Then, echoii
memory repeats them in a phonetic loop.
The mind retains images similarly. Imaginil
'LlfeSp. staring at an image for a long time. Thee
maintains it in the visuo-spatii-^
M n sketchpad. Then, it stays in the ic o n iw
iconic memory memory longer.
These methods improve a person;
echoic memory
■ k conscious, explicit memory. ImpliciLU
memory, on the other hand, is harde-%
to control.

1234567890
*
123 456 7890

visuo-spatial sketchpad

rote rehearsal
Vocabulary
0 Fill in the blanks with the correct words or
phrases from the word bank.

BANK

Reading acoustic code rote rehearsal phonetic loop

visuo-spatial sketchpad chunking
0 Read the article. Then, complete the table.

Method Why it works 1 The mind briefly 'stored the sight of the Psy
fireworks on a(n)_________________ .
Smaller groups of
1 2 _________________ information into groups
information are easier
makes it easier to remember.
to remember Psy
3 The mind repeated the song in a(n)
2
Rote rehearsal
4 The echoic memory stores information as a(n)
Psy
Watching something for 3
5 By repeating information through
a long time
_________________ , a person can memorize!
24
 0 Read the sentence pairs. Choose which Speaking
emory word or phrase best fits each blank.
Q With a partner, act out the roles below
1 implicit memory / explicit memory based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.

lemory. One A The man had a conscious,_____________

of the party a day earlier. U S E L A N G U A G E S U C H AS:
mation into
i remember. B Early childhood events are more likely to Am 1losing...?
3, like phone remain in ___________________ . 1can’t remember...
1recommend...
d. It works 2 echoic memory / iconic memory
mation. The A The sound repeated in the woman’s
len, echoic Student A: You are a patient. Talk to Student B
etic loop, about:
B The man’s „ stored the
rly. Imagine image of the painting. • a problem with your memory
I time. This • what parts of your memory are affected
suo-spatial
the iconic 0 ft Listen and read the article again. How • how you can improve your memory
does staring at a picture improve a memory?
a person’s Student B: You are a psychologist. Talk to
ry. Implicit Listening Student A about memory loss and improving
|d, is harder memory.
0 ft Listen to a conversation between a
patient and a psychologist. Mark the
following statements as true (T) or false (F). Writing
1 _ The man’s implicit memory works normally. Q Use the conversation from Task 8 to fill out
2 _ The man’s condition is unusual in someone an email to a patient.
his age.
3 _ The woman suggests using rote rehearsal to
retain information.

0 ft Listen again and complete the Improving Your Memory

conversation.
Hello Ken

ivords o r I’m sorry to hear about the trouble with your memory.
Patient: So, Doctor. Am 11 _________
memory? O If I understand correctly, your problem is ____________ .
But you don’t have a problem w ith ______________.
Psychologist: Yes and no. Your 2 ________ is
Therefore, I think the cause is ______________. You can
fine. You easily perform normal tasks
improve this b y ______________.
letic lo o p such as driving.
I hope that helps!
king Patient: Yes. But I can’t remember dates and
Dr. Stevens
phone numbers.
Psychologist: Right. That’s common at your age. It’s
your short-term, 3 _____________ .
i groups Patient: Is there any way 4 _____________ it?
Psychologist: Yes. I recommend 5 _____________ .
Patient: That’s repeating information over and
over, right?
Psychologist: Yes. And it’s best to 6 _______________
____________ . That will help you
retain details in your memory.
 12 Learning

Cognitive Psych Monthly Volume

Get ready!
Q Before you read the passage, talk about
The w o rk of Dr. Delilah Harris
these questions.
Dr. Harris’s work focuses on learning. As ai
1 What are some different ways that people learn? undergraduate, she researched learning througi'
2 What is a disadvantage of memorization as a repetition. This included conditioning and habituatior
learning method? The results encouraged her to further explort
associative learning in adults. She also wrote
paper on memorization.
As a graduate student, Harris began t f l
specialize. Her particular area of interest wa
play. She observed how play helps childre:
with enculturation.
Today, Dr. Harris continues to studio-
children’s play. Her current project focuses
on psychomotor learning. It examines tin
affective cognitive development needed for physica
skills. Her next project will address play an
emotional development. It will be a target®
study of affective learning.

^liListf
* memorization
cognitive
psychomotor

laaaawi

Reading
Q Read the journal article. Then, choose the
correct answers. Vocabulary
1 What is the article mainly about? Q Match the words (1-6) with the definitions O 11
(A-F). coi
A a review of a psychologist’s speech
B a summary of a psychologist’s projects 1 _play 4 __conditioning
3sychc
C an announcement of a psychologist’s award 2 _affective 5 _memorization
D a course that a psychologist teaches 3 _learning 6 _habituation
3sychc
2 Which is NOT part of the psychologist’s study of A a process in which an individual becomes
children? familiar with a stimulus
A associative learning B a process in which an individual gains knowledc,
°sycho
B enculturation a process in which an individual makes an
C psychomotor learning association between a stimulus and a responsJ sy c ^ °

D cognitive development behavior that is mainly for fun, but also aids i
learning 5sycho
3 What does the psychologist plan to study next? E related to mood or emotion
ssycho
A conditioning C affective learning F a form of learning in which an individual can
B enculturation D psychomotor learning recall something perfectly
26

L
 Fill in the blanks with the correct words or Speaking
phrases from the word bank.
@ With a partner, act out the roles below
based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.
rning. As an i
rning through
associative learning enculturation U S E L A N G U A G E S U C H AS:
nd habituation.
cognitive psychomotor I’d like to study...
further explore
he also wrote a I ’d prefer... T
1 Learning how to ride a bicycle is a form of
learning. Why don’t w e ...?
rris began to
of interest was 2 The process o f ___________________ teaches
children the rules of society. Student A: You are a psychologist. Talk to
I helps children
3 A(n) _ Student B about:
process is
ues to study something that takes place in the mind, like • what you want to study
project focuses thinking or reasoning. • what he or she wants to study
!t examines the Making a conscious connection between two • other subjects to include in the study
led for physical stimuli is an example o f __________________
idress play and
be a targeted Student B You are a psychologist. Talk to
0 Listen and read the journal article again. Student A about what you want to study.
What is the difference between
memorization and conditioning?
Writing
0 Use and the conversation from Task 8 to fill
Listening out the email.
0 Listen to a conversation between two
psychologists. Mark the following
statements as true (T) or false (F).

1 _ The man wants to study associative learning.

2 _ The woman prefers to study enculturation. The work of Dr. Delilah Harris
3 _ The psychologists will include habituation in
their study.

definitions 0 i: Listen again and complete the

conversation.

ditioning
Psychologist 1: For our next experiment, I’d like /
norization to study 1 ____________ .
ituation What do you think?
Psychologist 2: Associative learning is great, but
becomes
2 ____________ to have a narrower Hi George,
focus. Here’s what I think we should study in our next
lains knowledge
Psychologist 1: Okay, what’s your 3 _____ ? learning experiment:______________________
makes an I think this is an interesting topic because__
Psychologist 2: Why 4 ____________ study
and a response
conditioning?
lit also aids in
Psychologist 1: That’s a good idea. 5 __ .is a Let me know what you think.
kind of associative learning, isn’t it? Frances
Psychologist 2: Exactly. We can focus on a
dividual can
particular 6 __ ___ perception.
 13 Intelligence

Get ready! Psychology 232:

The Psycholog
0 Before you read the passage, talk about
these questions. of Learning and Memor
1 How can a person measure intelligence?
2 What types of intelligence are included in the
theory of multiple intelligences? Week 1 The course begins with general intelligent
(g). This is the most widely understood typ
of intelligence. Students will take sample!
tests.
Week 2 We’ll examine criticisms of IQ tests. Are the
fair? Can we design a test without culture
biases?
linguistic
Week 3 Introduction to the Theory of Multipl
Intelligences (TMI).
body-kinesthetic
Week 4 Small groups will focus on different areas:
TMI:
interpersonal The linguistic and logical-mathematic: t;
logical-mathematica group focuses on language, numbers, an
symbols. They will also examine music: |
intelligence.
The body-kinesthetic and spatial grou © »
musical intrapersonal focuses on movement and building object: IV
The interpersonal and intrapersonal grot
examines society and self.
Week 5 Groups will give presentations to the class.
/

Reading
0 Read the syllabus. Then, choose the
correct answers. Stud
Vocabulary
1 What information does the class mainly cover?
0 Match the words (1-8) with the definitions Stud
A theories of intelligence from around the world
(A-H). ~
B famous psychologists who studied intelligence
Stud
_intelligence IQ
C the different focuses of each type of intelligence
_linguistic
Stud
bias
D tutorials on how to write an intelligence test
__spatial
Stud
interpersonal
2 What is a potential problem with IQ tests? musical
Stud
intrapersonal
T h e y are difficult to prepare for.
A related to relationships between people Stud
B They are not popular in many places.
B the ability to think and learn
C They only measure one type of intelligence.
C a measurement of intelligence based on test Stud
D They may contain biases.
scores
3 Which of the following is NOT part of the multiple D related to the appreciation or production of musP1
intelligences theory? E an idea that influences people’s thinking
A general intelligence F related to movement in 3-D space
B musical intelligence G related to a person’s understanding of him- or
C linguistic intelligence herself
D spatial intelligence H related to language
28
chology 0 Read the sentence pairs. Choose which word or phrase Speaking
best fits each blank.
llemory 1 body-kinesthetic / logical-mathematical
0 With a partner, act out the
roles below based on Task 7.
A A skilled athlete has h ig h ___________________
Then, switch roles.
intelligence.
USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:
ral intelligence B Having high .intelligence will help
understood type with problem-solving. You did really well on ...
I take sample IQ We have different...
2 general intelligence / Theory of Multiple Intelligences
So I’m ... and you’re ...
Q tests. Are they A A person’s ___________________ is what IQ tests are
without cultural supposed to measure.
Student A: You are a student.
B The_______________ explains how different types of Talk to Student B about:
ry of Multiple intelligence work together.
• different types of intelligence
different areas of • his or her type of intelligence
0 ft Listen and read the syllabus again. What are some • your type of intelligence
il-mathematical types of physical intelligence?
je, numbers, and
xamine musical Student B: You are a student.
Listening Talk to Student A about different
id spatial group 0 ft Listen to a conversation between two students. types of intelligence.
building objects, Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F).
apersonal group
1 _ The woman got a high score on her English test. Writing
ns to the class. 2 _ The woman reviews the Theory of General Intelligence.
@ Use the syllabus and the
3 _ The man has a high logical-mathematical intelligence. conversation from Task 8 to fill
out the worksheet.

0 Listen again and complete the conversation.

Psychology 232:
\ Student 1: You did 1 . on that English test. But m
score was terrible!
3 definitions Student 2: Yeah, but you did better on our math test. We just have
Multiple Intelligences
different 2 __________________ .
Student 1: I thought all intelligence was the same.
Student 2: Not according to the Theory of 3 _______________ .
b
Student 1: What does that mean?
srpersonal
Student 2: You have higher 4 ______- ______ intelligence. And I
'apersonal
have higher linguistic intelligence.
i people Someone with a high linguistic
Student 1: Oh, I think I get it. So I’m better with numbers. And
intelligence is usually good at _
you’re better 5 ____________ .
iased on test Student 2: Right. And you’re also good at 6 ____________ . It’s
nothing to be ashamed of.
Someone with a high ______
iduction of music
intelligence is usually good at
thinking
be
[ling of him- or Someone with a high ______
intelligence is usually good at

29
 14 Language

Get ready! Psychology Department O Wri

Psycholinguistics Facult]
0 Before you read the passage, talk about
these questions.

How do people use language? Dr. Edward Francis

What is the importance of studying language? Dr. Francis studies language in its smallest units
Some of his recent work focuses on phonemes. He
interested in how sounds denote meaning. His wor
also examines the relationships between sounds an:
concepts. This involves an examination of morphemes
Think about the /s / in “dogs.” Why does it mean mo:
than one dog? Ask Dr. Francis!
language
Dr. Gina Richardson
Dr. Richardson has a background in linguistics. She
most interested in issues of semantics. In particular, sh-
studies how words connote different feelings.
Dr. Richardson also teaches Advanced Grammar, whic0 j
is a detailed look at English syntax and parts of speed asp

Liste
some/ /thing stu<
(m o rp h e m e )
stat

LIBERTY
connote
phoneme -A JiiLof s o lv in c r J q

7 / / « 7 # jT n £ a P r °h
STATUE
£ I IS In ^ -c ia la n d m A
denote

Reading
Q2Z?ct con
grammar
0 Read the webpage. Then, choose the
Studer
correct answers.

1 What is the purpose of the website? 'rofessi

A to encourage students to join the psychology
Vocabulary
department 0 Match the words (1-6) with the definitions Studer
B to describe the history of psycholinguistics (A-F).
C to give an overview of a linguistics course 1 __morpheme 4 _ concept •rofess<
D to summarize the specialties of faculty 2 _phoneme 5 _linguistics Studer
members
3 _syntax 6 semantics
'rofessc
2 What does Dr. Francis mainly study?
A the study of word meaning
A sounds C syntax
B the study of language
B sentences D semantics Studer
C the smallest unit of meaning in a language
3 Which is NOT a focus of Dr. Richardson’s studies? D an idea
A phonemes C grammar E the study of sentence structure
'rofessc
B syntax D semantics F the smallest unit of sound in a language
 Speaking
0 With a partner, act out the roles below
Some psychologists study the words and based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.
symbols that people use to communicate.
L_g ___ e USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:
illest units,
One word can directly mean several different 1don’t understand...
imes. He is
things. _ e _ _ t _ Psychologists examine...
g. His w ork
sounds and Some words imply a more negative feeling than 1didn’t think o f ...
others. _ o ___ t e
lorphemes.
mean more 4 When learning a new language, it is a good idea
Student A You are a student. Talk to Student B
to study its rules and structure. _ r _ _ m _ r
about:
5 The student majored in the study of how the
• studying language
brain acquires language.
sties. She is • the benefit of understanding linguistics
p _ _ c ___ i _____ s t i _ _
irticular, she • the relationship between language and
js. psychology
imar, which 0 >> Listen and read the webpage again. What
3 of speech. aspect of sound does Dr. Francis study?
Student B You are a professor. Talk to Student A
about studying language.
Listening
0 Listen to a conversation between a Writing
student and a professor. M ark the following
statements as true (T) or false (F). 0 Use the conversation from Task 8 to fill out
the email.
1 _ The man is majoring in psychology.
2 _ The man is trying to learn a new language.
3 _ The woman identifies a connection between Psychology department
grammar and brain function.
The importance of Language
0 Listen again and complete the

i: conversation.

Student: Professor Richardson? I don’t

understand why we study 1 __
Language is very important! After all, it’s
how we 2 ____________ each other.
initions But I can speak English just fine.
Besides, I’m a 3 ____________ .
Professor: Well, psychologists examine the brain, right? Dr. Richardson,
Student: Sure, of course. What does that Thanks for meeting with me. I didn’t understand why
4 __________________ with it? we’re studying language in the psychology department.
Professor: The brain processes information using But now I know that language is important because
language. To understand it, you have to
study 5 _____ .
It’s also important because
luage Student: Hmm. I didn’t think of it like that. So
6 ___________ will help me understand
the brain? Thanks again for your help.
Professor: Absolutely. Eric Kelvin
ige
 15 Personality

Get ready! Reading 0 Si

0 Before you read the passage, talk about 0 Read the guide. Then, complete the table, ^
these questions.

1 What is the difference between an extrovert and Personality Trait Corresponding

ing Stateme^
ist
an introvert?
2 What are some common types of dispositions? Extroverted 0 Si
st

“ I think the future will be 1

good.”

Passive

Vocabulary
0 Write a word that is similar in meaning to
the underlined part.

People with similar sets of qualities and

behaviors often choose similar jobs.
_ rs _I ies
The woman’s answers followed a repeating s a ^ c
of occurrences, and led researchers to a
cc
definite conclusion. p ___ e _ n _____
A(n) person who enjoys being with other oeopM|
usually has many friends. _ _ t r _ _ e _ _ Stude
Some people who prefer to be alone are
uncomfortable in large crowds. Stude
___ r o v ____ s

What’s 0 Read the sentence pairs. Choose which

Stude

stud<
word best fits each blank.
Use this guide to understand your test results.
PLEASE NOTE: All results are approximate. One 1 passive / optimistic Stude
response does not always indicate a pattern. A A(n)___________ . person expect:
1 Which activity do you prefer? to be happy. Stude
A going to a party B reading a book B If someone is ’ hec Stude
she avoids arguments.
If you answered “A,” you are an extrovert. If you
answered “B,” you are an introvert. 2 pessimistic / aggressive Studi

What will the future be like? . people believe that

their lives will get worse and worse.
A good B bad
B A(n)___________________ person might
If you answered “A,” your disposition is optimistic.
yell at other people to achieve a goal.
If you answered “B,” it is pessimistic.
disposition / response
How do you solve problems?
A The subject’s ______ . tO til!
A I tell people what to do.
question showed that she was unhappy.
B I wait until the problem goes away.
B The man’s ___________________ is usuallj
If you answered “A,” your personality is aggressive.
friendly and kind.
If you answered “B,” it is passive.
32
 0 *> Listen and read the guide again. What Speaking
qualities describe a person’s interactions ( j ) With a partner, act out the roles below
le table.
with other people? based on Task 7. Then, switch roles.

Statement
Listening USE LANGUAGE SUCH AS:

0 i Listen to a conversation between two It said...

students. Choose the correct answers. Doesn’t that mean...?

re will be
Are you sure?
1 What is the conversation mostly about?
A how to set up a personality experiment
Student A: You are a student. Talk to Student B
B the results of a personality test
about:
C the reasons to study personality
• the results of his or her personality test
D which qualities of a personality are best
• the results he or she expected
2 What is true about the woman? • the reasons for the results

ining to A She is optimistic.

B She is an extrovert. Student B: You are a student. Talk to Student A
C She is aggressive. about the results of your personality test.
and
D She is an introvert.
Writing
peatina set
0 : Listen again and complete the @ Use the conversation from Task 8 to fill out
i to a
conversation. the personality assessment.

)ther oeoDle
e Student 1: Hey, Della. What did your 1

eare
say? Personality Test: Results
Student 2: Not what I expected. It said my
2 _____ is pessimistic.
Subject:
Student 1: That surprises you?
Student 2: Yes. I’m a nice person, and I have lots of
i which
friends. 3 ___________________ I’m
optimistic?
Student 1: That means 4 __________________ .
son expects You could still be pessimistic.
Student 2: Are you sure?
___ , he or Student 1: Of course. How did 5 ____________
number two?
Student 2: I put that 6 ____________ bad things to
happen.
relieve that
irse.
son might The subject answered __________ to the
i goal. question “__________ _?” That means she
is ______________ .

___ to the
jnhappy.
_ is usually
 Glossary

absolute threshold [N-COUNT-U7] An absolute threshold is the smallest amount of stimulation that an observer can
detect.
acetylcholine [N-UNCOUNT-U6] Acetylcholine is a neuromodulator that allows the spinal cord to control muscles, I
among other functions.
acoustic code [N-COUNT-U11] An acoustic code is a collection of information that is organized by the way it sounds
affect [V-T-U1] To affe ct something is to change it.
affective [ADJ-U12] If something is affective, it is related to mood or an emotional state,
aggressive [ADJ-U15] If someone is aggressive, he or she is likely to act forcefully or argue with others,
alpha waves [N-COUNT-U8] Alpha waves are relatively slow and large brainwaves, and generally occur during relaxet
wakefulness.
altered state [N-COUNT-U9] An altered state is a state of consciousness that differs from a normal state of sleep or
wakefulness.
amygdalae [N-PLURAL-U5] The amygdalae are two groups of nuclei in the brain’s limbic system, which help control d
emotions and the sense of smell.
e
aroused [ADJ-U9] If a person is aroused, he or she is alert and ready to react to stimuli,
assess [V-T-U1] To assess something is to evaluate and define it. e
associative learning [N-UNCOUNT-U12] Associative learning is a form of learning in which an individual makes
connections between two stimuli or between a behavior and a stimulus, e
auditory cortex [N-COUNT-U4] The auditory cortex is a region of the cerebrum located in the temporal lobe, and is
responsible for interpreting sounds. er
autom atic behavior [N-COUNT-U9] An autom atic behavior is a behavior that a person performs without being aware
of it.
autonom ic nervous system [N-COUNT-U3] The autonom ic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous
system that is responsible for the unconscious control of the body’s internal systems, such as organs and glands, er
aware [ADJ-U9] If someone is aware, he or she is able to perceive and understand the surrounding environment, e>
behavior [N-COUNT-U1] A behavior is an observable action or reaction to something, ex
bias [N-COUNT-U13] Bias is an idea or prejudice that influences a person’s thinking. fr<
biological rhythm [N-COUNT-U8] A biological rhythm is a variation in a biological system that goes through a regula-
cycle, and may or may not have psychological effects. fu
body-kinesthetic [ADJ-U13] If something is body-kinesthetic, it is related to the body’s movement and coordination
ge
brain [N-COUNT-U2] The brain is the organ of the body that is responsible for thinking and controlling the body,
brain stem [N-COUNT-U5] The brain stem is a part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord, and includes the gi
medulla, pons, and midbrain.
gr
cerebellum [N-COUNT-U5] The cerebellum is a part of the brain located at the rear of the bottom of the brain, which
mostly controls movement.
gr
cerebrum [N-COUNT-U4] The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain.
chunking [N-UNCOUNT-U11] Chunking is the act of organizing small amounts of information into larger groups so ha
they become easier to remember.
circadian rhythm [N-COUNT-U8] A circadian rhythm is a biological rhythm that has a period of about twenty-four he
hours, and includes the human sleep cycle. ho
CNS (central nervous system) [ABBREV-U2] The CNS (central nervous system) is made of the brain and the spinal hy
cord, and sends and receives messages to and from the rest of the body to direct behavior.
cognitive [ADJ-U12] If something is cognitive, it is related to conscious mental processes, like thinking or ice
remembering.
concept [N-COUNT-U14] A concept is an idea.
conditioning [N-UNCOUNT-U12] C onditioning is a form of learning in which an individual makes an association
between a particular stimulus and a particular response. in
connote [V-T-U14] To connote something is to suggest or imply something other than the direct or literal meaning,
consciousness [N -C O U N T-U 9] C onsciousness is a person’s immediate awareness of his or her thoughts, sensations,
existence, and surrounding environment.
corpus callosum [N-COUNT-U4] The corpus callosum is a bundle of fibers that connects the left hemisphere of the
cerebrum to the right hemisphere of the cerebrum.
delta waves [N-COUNT-U8] Delta waves are short, regular brainwaves, and generally occur during periods of deep
sleep.
denote [V-T-U14] To denote something is to indicate or represent it directly.
difference threshold [N-COUNT-U7] A difference threshold is the smallest difference in stimulation that an observer
can detect while comparing two stimuli.
disposition [N-COUNT-U15] Disposition is a particular person’s normal way of approaching or reacting to situations,
divided [ADJ-U3] If something is divided, it is split into more than one part or piece,
duration [N-COUNT-U10] Duration is the length of time during which something continues to happen,
echoic memory [N-UNCOUNT-U11] Echoic m em ory is a type of sensory memory that retains information that
someone hears for a short period of time.
encoding [N-UNCOUNT-U10] Encoding is the change that information goes through so that the mind can store and
retrieve it from the memory.
enculturation [N-UNCOUNT-U12] Enculturation is a process through which individuals learn about and become part
of their surrounding culture.
endocrine system [N-COUNT-U6] The endocrine system is a system of glands that release hormones into the body
to regulate it.
endorphin [N-COUNT-U6] An endorphin is a hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter affecting sensations of pleasure
and pain.
environment [N-COUNT-U1] An environm ent is a physical setting.
explicit memory [N-UNCOUNT-U11] E xplicit m em ory is the conscious recollection of information or an event,
extrovert [N-COUNT-U15] An extrovert is a person who enjoys interacting with other people in a friendly way.
frontal lobe [N-COUNT-U4] The frontal lobe is the front part of the cerebrum, and is responsible for high-level
thinking, such as complex problem-solving and planning,
function [N-COUNT-U1] A function is the job or purpose of something.
general intelligence [N-UNCOUNT-U13] General intelligence is the factor that intelligence tests generally measure,
and that psychologists consider a good indication of a person’s reasoning and problem-solving abilities,
gland [N-C0UNT-U6] A gland is an organ in the body that produces a particular chemical.
grammar [N-UNCOUNT-U14] Gram m ar is a set of rules that determine how words can be used in the structure of a
language.
gray matter [N-UNCOUNT-U2] Gray m atter is part of the central nervous system that contains the bodies of nerve
cells.
habituation [N-UNCOUNT-U12] H abituation is a process by which an individual temporarily becomes familiar with a
stimulus and no longer responds to it with the same strength as before,
hemisphere [N-COUNT-U4] A hem isphere is one half of something that is round.
hormone [N-COUNT-U6] A horm one is a substance that causes a body’s cells to perform a particular action,
hypothalamus [N-COUNT-U5] The hypothalam us is a part of the brain that is located below the thalamus and above
the brain stem, which controls body temperature, fatigue, hunger, and thirst,
iconic memory [N-UNCOUNT-U11] Iconic m em ory is a type of sensory memory that retains information for a short
period of time.
implicit memory [N-UNCOUNT-U11] Im plicit m emory is information that a person does not consciously remember,
but which has an effect on his or her behaviors.
information pro c e s s in g [N-UNCOUNT-U10] Inform ation processing is the ability the mind uses to understand and
categorize thoughts and sensory perceptions.
 Glossary

infradian rhythm [N-COUNT-U8] An infradian rhythm is a biological rhythm that occurs less than once per day, and Pa
includes the human menstrual cycle.
insular lobe [N-COUNT-U4] The insular lobe is a part of the cerebrum inside of the groove that separates the frontal | Pa
lobes from the parietal and temporal lobes, and is responsible for consciousness, motor control, and emotion,
insulin [N-UNCOUNT-U6] Insulin is a hormone that regulates the amount of sugar in blood, pa

integrate [V-T-U2] To integrate something is to make it a part of a larger whole, pa

intelligence [N-COUNT-U13] Intelligence is the ability to think and learn about the world, and to understand new ideas. Pe
internal desynchronization [N-UNCOUNT-U8] Internal desynchronization is a state in which biological rhythms do
not match up to each other. pe

interpersonal [ADJ-U13] If something is interpersonal, it is related to the relationships between people,

intrapersonal [ADJ-U13] If something is intrapersonal, it is related to an individual’s understanding of him- or herself] pe:
introvert [N-COUNT-U15] An introvert is a person who prefers to be alone rather than interact with other people,
phc
involuntary [ADJ-U3] If an action is involuntary, a person cannot control or influence it.
ph<
IQ (intelligence quotient) [ABBREV-U13] An IQ (intelligence quotient) is a generally accepted measurement of
intelligence based on scores from a standardized test.
ph
language [N-COUNT-U14] Language is the use of words to communicate through writing or through speaking,
p iti
learning [N-UNCOUNT-U12] Learning is a process through which individuals gain knowledge or skills,
lim bic system [N-COUNT-U5] The lim bic system is a collection of nerves in the brain, which contains the amygdalae,
pla
and controls basic emotions.
linguistic [ADJ-U13] If something is linguistic, it is related to words or language,
PN
linguistics [N-UNCOUNT-U14] Linguistics is the study of language and its parts.
logical-m athem atical [ADJ-U13] If something is logical-m athem atical, it is related to problem-solving and reasoninj1por
long-term [ADJ-U10] If something is long-term , it occurs or exists for a great or extended period of time,
m edulla [N-COUNT-U5] The medulla is the lower half of the brainstem, which controls heart rate, blood pressure, antpre
breathing.
m elatonin [N-UNCOUNT-U8] M elatonin is a hormone that helps regulate circadian rhythms, pro
m em orization [N-UNCOUNT-U12] M em orization is a form of learning in which an individual is able to recall pro
something perfectly after learning it, but does not necessarily understand what it means, psy
m em ory [N-UNCOUNT-U10] M em ory is the part of the mind that retains and retrieves information, psy
mental [ADJ-U1] If something is mental, it is related to the brain,
m idbrain [N-COUNT-U5] The m idbrain is a part of the brain that is located near the center, which helps control the psy
functions of vision, hearing, movement, sleep, alertness, and temperature control, psy
m orphem e [N-COUNT-U14] A m orphem e is the smallest unit of meaning in a language,
m otor cortex [N-COUNT-U4] The m o tor cortex is a region of the cerebrum on the boundary of the frontal, temporal, refle
and parietal lobes, and is responsible for planning and executing movement,
m otor nerve [N-COUNT-U3] A m o to r nerve is a nerve that sends messages from the brain or spinal cord to the bodjjLto
muscles and controls movements.
rela
m usical [ADJ-U13] If something is m usical, it is related to the appreciation or production of music,
REIV
neurom odulator [N-COUNT-U6] A neurom odulator is a network of neurotransmitters that transmit information to
multiple systems in the body at once,
resp
neuron [N-COUNT-U2] A neuron is a nerve cell,
rete
neurotransm itter [N-COUNT-U6] A neurotransm itter is a chemical that transmits a signal from one neuron to anothi
norepinephrine [N-UNCOUNT-U6] Norepinephrine is a hormone that the brain produces under stress, which actsairo ^e
a neurotransmitter and controls functions such as heart rate and blood pressure,
occipital lobe [N-COUNT-U4] The occipital lobe is the rear part of the cerebrum, and is responsible for processing seje
visual information from the eyes.
o p tim istic [ADJ-U15] If someone is optimistic, he or she hopes or believes that future events will be pleasant and desirab

36
parasympathetic division [N-COUNT-U3] The parasym pathetic division of the autonomic nervous system controls
the body when it is at rest.
parietal lobe [N-COUNT-U4] The parietal lobe is the top middle part of the cerebrum, and is responsible for
processing different kinds of sensory information.
passive [ADJ-U15] If someone is passive, he or she is not likely to act forcefully or argue with others,
pattern [N-COUNT-U15] A pattern is a set of events or behaviors that occurs repeatedly in the same way.
perception [N-UNCOUNT-U7] Perception is the process that the brain uses to interpret and organize information from
the senses.
personality [N-COUNT-U15] A personality is a set of qualities and habits that distinguishes a particular person from
other people.
pessimistic [ADJ-U15] If someone is pessim istic, he or she believes that future events will be unpleasant or
undesirable.
phoneme [N-COUNT-U14] A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language.
phonetic loop [N-COUNT-U11] A phonetic loop is a part of a memory system that rehearses verbal information to
keep it in memory.
physical state [N-COUNT-U1] A physical state is the status of the body’s systems in a particular circumstance,
pituitary gland [N-COUNT-U5] The pituitary gland is a gland that is located below the brain, which secretes
hormones that control growth, conversion of nutrients, and other bodily functions,
play [N-UNCOUNT-U12] Play is an activity that individuals, especially children, participate in primarily for enjoyment. It
is also an important form of learning.
PNS (peripheral nervous system) [ABBREV-U3] The PNS (peripheral nervous system) is the part of the nervous
system that is outside of the brain and spinal cord.
pons [N-COUNT-U5] The pons is a part of the brainstem that transmits signals from the cerebrum to the medulla, then
from the medulla to the thalamus.
preconscious [N-UNCOUNT-U9] The preconscious is the part of the mind storing thoughts and memories that a
person is not immediately aware of, but can easily recall if needed,
process [N-COUNT-U1] A process is a set of events that take place in a certain order and have a specific result,
process [V-T-U2] To process something is to take it in and understand it.
psycholinguistics [N-UNCOUNT-U14] Psycholinguistics is the study of how the brain acquires and uses language,
psychology [N-UNCOUNT-U1] Psychology is the study of the brain or mind and how it influences the ways in which
people act.
psychomotor [ADJ-U12] If something is psychomotor, it is related to body movements associated with mental activities,
psychophysics [N-UNCOUNT-U7] Psychophysics is a branch of psychology that studies the relationship between
sensory experiences and the physical properties of stimuli,
reflex [N-COUNT-U2] A reflex is an uncontrolled and unlearned response to a stimulus,
regulate [V-T-U6] To regulate a process is to control its amount or frequency.
rehearsal [N-UNCOUNT-U10] Rehearsal is the act of repeating information in order to keep it in short-term memory,
relaxed [ADJ-U9] If a person is relaxed, he or she is awake but not alert or aroused.
REM (rapid e y e m o v e m e n t) s le e p [N-UNCOUNT-U8] REM (rapid eye movement) sleep is a period of sleep in which
the eyes move, the muscles lose tone, and the sleeping person dreams,
response [N-COUNT-U15] A response is someone’s action or thought as a result of a particular event,
retention [N-UNCOUNT-U10] Retention is the ability to store facts and information in the memory,
retrieval [N-UNCOUNT-U10] Retrieval is the ability to recall facts and information from the memory,
rote rehearsal [N-UNCOUNT-U11] Rote rehearsal is the act of repeating a specific sequence of information to keep it
in short-term memory.
selective attention [N-UNCOUNT-U7] Selective attention is the process of focusing on a small part of the
environment while blocking out the rest of the environment.

37
 Glossary

semantics [N-UNC0UNT-U14] Semantics is the study of the meanings of words.

sensation [N-COUNT-U7] A sensation is the detection or the experience of something in the surrounding environme
resulting from stimulation of a sensory organ.
sense [N-COUNT-U7] A sense is an ability by which the body perceives something around it.
sensory adaptation [N-UNCOUNT-U7] Sensory adaptation is the reduction in response to a sensory perception that'
occurs when a stimulus is repetitive or unchanging.
sensory deprivation [N-UNCOUNT-U7] Sensory deprivation is the lack of normal amounts of sensory perception,
sensory information [N-UNCOUNT-U2] Sensory information is data that comes from the sense organs like the eyes or e
sensory memory [N-UNCOUNT-U10] Sensory memory is a system of memory that stores extremely accurate
information from the senses for a short amount of time.
sensory nerve [N-COUNT-U3] A sensory nerve is a nerve that sends information from the body to the brain or spinal co
shift [N-COUNT-U9] A shift is a change in the state of something.
short-term [ADJ-U10] If something is short-term, it occurs or exists for a brief period of time,
sleep stage [N-COUNT-U8] A sleep stage is one of five stages of sleep that a person experiences while asleep, and
are part of either REM sleep or NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep,
somatic nervous system [N-COUNT-U3] The somatic nervous system is the part of the peripheral nervous system
that is responsible for the body’s controllable movements.
somatosensory cortex [N-COUNT-U4] The somatosensory cortex is a region of the cerebrum located in the pariet'
lobe, and is responsible for interpreting information about the body’s position, temperature, and pain levels,
spatial [ADJ-U13] If something is spatial, it is related to movement and orientation in three-dimensional space,
spinal cord [N-COUNT-U2] A spinal cord is a long, thick group of nerves that extends from the brain down the backbon
state [N-COUNT-U9] A state is a person’s mental or physical condition at a particular time,
subconscious [ADJ-U9] If something is subconscious, it occurs or exists in the unconscious,
sympathetic division [N-COUNT-U3] The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system controls the body1'
responses to threatening, dangerous, or otherwise arousing situations,
syntax [N-UNCOUNT-U14] Syntax is a set of rules that determines how words are arranged to form phrases and
sentences in a particular language.
temporal lobe [N-COUNT-U4] The temporal lobe is the bottom middle part of the cerebrum, and is responsible for
language-learning, speech, and forming new memories.
thalamus [N-COUNT-U5] The thalamus is a part of the brain that is located between the cerebral cortex and midbrai
which helps control consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
Theory of Multiple Intelligences [N-UNCOUNT-U13] The Theory of Multiple Intelligences is the idea that there are
many different elements of intelligence, and that people can have varying levels of them,
transduction [N-UNCOUNT-U7] Transduction is a process performed by sensory organs in which one type of energy
becomes another.
treat [V-T-U1] To treat a medical condition is to try to correct it or make it less severe.
ultradian rhythm [N-COUNT-U8] An ultradian rhythm is a biological rhythm that occurs more often than once per
day, and includes the stages in the human sleep cycle.
unconscious [N-UNCOUNT-U9] The unconscious is the part of the mind that a person is not aware of, but which
influences his or her actions and feelings.
visual cortex [N-COUNT-U4] The visual cortex is a region of the cerebrum located in the occipital lobe, and is
responsible for interpreting information from the eyes.
visuo-spatial sketchpad [N-COUNT-U11] A visuo-spatial sketchpad is a part of a memory system that holds visual
and spatial information in memory.
voluntary [ADJ-U3] If an action is voluntary, a person can control or influence it.
white matter [N-UNCOUNT-U2] White matter is part of the central nervous system that does not contain the bodies
of nerve cells.

38