CHEAT NOTES

HALF YEARLY EXAMS

CHEMISTRY
Telegram BBdBBr Bharat Panchal Sir
•B*⑤B⊕H*É CHEMISTRY GURUJI 2-0
with love for # BPARMY

in only 12 Pages
HaloAlkanes F
Hydrogen atom in
• B.pt Order → R I -

> R Br > R
- -
U >R -

aliphatic hydrocarbons replaced by •

m.pt of p -
isomer is more than that of
halogen '
ortho and meta due to symmetry .

R ✗ -

( ✗ =F,U,Br,I) .
The density increases with increase in

classification : → 1° R CH,- -

✗
no .

of carbon atoms , halogen atoms and

atomic mass of the halogen atom .

• Haloalkanes -
→ 2
.

R2 -
CH -
✗ •

Solubility Although Halo alkanes, are polar

but they can form
Hydrogen bond
not

Rz C- ✗ hence they are

'

→ 3
-
with water molecule

✗ insoluble in water and soluble in Organic

•
Allylic Halide i solvents .

CH
,
__ CH -
CH
,
-

✗ Finkelstein Reaction
É R It Nax
And Halide
-

NAI
Halide Vinyl Halide R X +
Benzyl
-

•
Acetone

"
1- ✗
✗
Swarts Reaction
- R ✗
-
Agf Hgf > (of
, 085b£ R - f-
R ✗ Hao
Preparation
-
+

Yi Properties
r-xcx-Bn.IO
+ Pas
>
R U + HU
Chemical
>
-
+ polls
¥, r ce Best
R OH + so -1114 Method
Elimination Reaction
-
-
-

NaBr.tk#4R-Br-NaHS0u-HaOCHs-qH2*ctf--CtytKU-Ha0
i.

From Alkene
ÉH Mark
¥
.

chap
R
+ HX
-

R cH=ctg
-

,
ce
R -
CH =
ctg-HB.se#EideR-ctg-CH ,
Anti -
Markovnikov's
Acc .
to Saytzeff Rule
Rule
Test of reaction, preferred
1,1=4,1 + By Bray ago, - ( unsaturation )
In elimination
is in which double
alkenes one

c- Atom are more alkylated

ctg-ci-ctg-ctg-cq.ci?
ce
bonded
Halogenation : .

€1> is
ay ay ay is ✗

¥4
- -

major CH CH, CH -
CH - CH CH -

CH (
H2 ] ,
- - -

,
80%
I
Preparation of Haloarenes
D8 CH=CHz
+
Ctf Ctf
- -

[
20%

1- Cao , 2501 AH KOH alcohol

High Polarity
→
→
→
R ✗ -

Alc KOH → Alkene → low Polarity

dark
.
.

¥
"
san¥¥mñ Reaction with Metal
[ ✗
Galtermann r×→ %
R ✗ -
+
Mg II R Mg ✗ - -

÷÷→i¥
" Grignard Reagent

¥1 CH] -
U -1mg #
Ether
CH, -

Grignard Reagent
Mgcl

Physical Properties Grignard reagent are highly reactive

and react with any source of
B. P ✗ Mol Mass
give Hydrocarbons
.

proton to
B. P ✗ Surface Asea

BP ✗
11 Branching
 .mn#. . .kcN-,RCN+kx
WURTZ REACTION Resonance in Haloarenes :
R ✗
-
+ 2Nd 1- X -
R ¥3 R R -12 Nat
-

\ Aryl Halides are less reactive towards

Nucleophilic substitution reaction because
FITTIG REACTION c- a bond acquire partial double bond

¥neH?
due to resonance as a result the bond
✗ + 2Nd -1×-48
cleavage in Haeoasenes is difficult than
WURTZ FITTIG REACTION " halo alkanes
;ii
É¥
: :

R ✗ -
+ 2Nd -1×-5=3 -97% ,
R -57
A
⇐

Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction :

when an atom or

group of atom is replaced by nucleophile

'

I. E- E- + Nuo →
FEE +
leaving
:X
group .

Snl ( Uni molecular Nucleophilic) SNL ( Bimolecular Nucleophilic )

it ] CH } H
^

④ % Br ¥1 -4-1 BE 9,0^1--1 É [ ice]

CH
-

+ -
ce → HO . .

,
CH
,
CH ] If It
CH ] FH] H
⑧
AC 110¥,
HT
e' ¥ → +
-

+ OH
{ ,_
CH OH
-

,
ICH ,
µ
-

Reactivity order 372° > 1° Reactivity order 1072730

Polar Photic solvent is used
.

• •
Inversion of Conti . takes blace
•
Racemisation takes place •
Nucleophile attack from obb side .

Aq, NaOH
, R OH
-
+ KX
.. .
. .. .
is ortho and
Halo group on benzene ring
para directing due to +R effect
IN ,
R -
NC + Agx
KNO '
> R -
Ono + KX
É +
✗

Halogenation
H "" f
ɵq+É%N%
-
> R NO, - + Agx cone . HMO ]
p ✗ -
-

,
Cone
¥4 A- Ntfl HX
Hzsou
.

R -
Coorg
>
R COOR -
'
+ Agx
É ,
?'
+
H

KCN is predominantly ionic the attachment ,

gyu il soil
ÉÉ ""

place mainly through carbon atom

¥↳if¥µ
takes -1

and thus foxm cyanide ,

É
covalent in nature
4¥
'" %
is ctgcou
Agent
-

+
-1

nitrogen is free to donate the eo ¥6s ,µ ,

pair forming isocyanide .

Pasa isomer is the major product
 Alcohol ,
Phenol and Ethers
Alcohol phenol Ether HCHO
i
)RMgX
> 1° alcohol
i ;) Hao / µ+
"
R-H+¥R- OH
Iփ R - O - R '

REHO II 2° alcohol
Str . Str . Sits ii ) H2O / Ht
eoq
.
. .

" " RM "

% +
TH CH CH R co R -
> 3° Alcohol
Hgh
-

( II )
.

,
H2O / H -1
.

' ,
111.7
108-9
'

due to
due to double due to ↳ CAS Test ( Lucas Reagent Hq + znqz )
Lp -
Lp
bond ' hamlet bulky alkyl
repulsion 1. alcohol 2. alcohol 3° alcohol
and sbzhybn.de.se, group .

R CH, OH -1114 R R É OH -1116

GH
OH
Alcohol -1174
Types of
- -
- - -
-

"
go
↳"% *

tiny finch
go
o
( ,

&?U -1110
R CHIU -11120
p
-

R R CH a -1110 R
Rj
- -
-

R- CH OH
,
-
>CH - OH - OH
Turbidity k r
R
R
appears 0h Turbidity abbeaoss Turbidity
Benzyl Alcohol vinyl Alcohol in 5min
Allyl Alcohol heating .

appears
CH, -
CH.s.CH CH - -
OH
Cth -
OH
cty=CH
-
OH immediately .

Methods of Preparation Preparation of Phenol

U
PNA
CH ] CH + KU 623K 1-
-
U +
aq KOH → -
OH
+ NaOH *
¥ Lot
}
.

Froth Carbonyl Compound Phenol

É
"
É _Ét CH ]
CHA
"
cuz Ha ¥1
H + OH
- -

-
-

É MICH} %?
÷÷÷•É!"
"

¥0
CH CH CH
+
tf
- -

}
-

}
-

>

R -
É -
OH ☒É R CH,
- -
OH
ii )
H2O
cymene Process ,CH]
Acid Catalysed "
From Alkene
¥00M
É
:
CH
✗ Hydration CH -
CH -

]
, ,
É
> c=cµ
"
( +0, →
+ Hao Hz -41
H
OH

Hydsobooation -
Oxidation Rxn Physical Properties
ctlz-CH-ctf-CBHDJ.CH CH
cHDjB Due to
strong hydrogen bonding b/w
•
-
-

, ,
molecules
of alcohol, they have higher
CH, - CH
,
- OH -1
HMOs # 0¥? >
b.pt
alkane
as

having
compared
same
to molecules
of
molecular mass .

From Grignard Reagent :

•

As molecular weight increases

pMgBr also increases
H -
% -
H + CH
]MgBr
→ H C
-
-
H + tho
Ht
→ surface
there is
area
increase in Van der
and

ÉH ,
Waal force As a Result m.pt
¥
.

CH ] -

CHZOH + Mg , increases .
• The b.pt of phenol increases with increase HU
a¥a ↳ Hs -
U + Hao
in no .

of C- atoms .
,

HI

Nature of Phenol : Recep

> ↳ tho -11--2+110

PUS
Ut POU
of acidity ¥-011 > 1° > 2° > 3° > ↳ Hs -1 HU
-

order ,

electron
withdrawing group like NO
-

, , sock
-
✗ -
CHO -

COOH increase acidic > ↳ Hs -

U + so
,
+ HU
, ,

to
strength due -
I effect while
NHS NH
electron donating group like -
R , OR -
> ↳ Hs -

,
+ Hao
2h4
decrease acidic strength due to +I
Na
effect gas.
-

OH -

> ↳ Hs ONA -

Na •

> + H, CH> COOH

, CH COO
,
GHS
NaOH
, + Hao 112504
In 413k
> ↳ Hs -
O -

GH,
y
Distillation , + 2h0

NHS " CHZCHO # CH COOH

,
y
2mHz
+ H2O
11504

µ
CH2=CH, -11120
[☒
Pus ,

yank
> +
tho
- cool C"
> ( 00 t CH CHO + H
, ,
NaOH 573K

Bra
Bry Br
water
,
2.4.6 Tri
-
I2+N%H CHI,
' bromo
By
phenol ✗ idation
É¥Br+
on
Bru
>
←
es
,
'
1. alcohol Aldehyde
Br
o - and b- Bromo Phenol
20 alcohol ← Ketone
cone HMOs
.

NO NO , NORM
, 30 Alcohol
cone .

Hzsoq
'
NO
, '

2,46 -
Trinitrophenol Ethers R O R
- -

Cn Han -1,0
con " " "

[¥so,H 4¥
;
+ Preparation
99, -

150,11

¥-1
HMOs
Dehydration of Alcohol
•
No,
> +
,
'
NO
21914--0111 ¥÷ ↳ Hs -
O -

GHS
KOLBE 'S
,
NaOH -10 COOH "" "
; salicylic
Reaction
242µs 6) AGO ↳
H -1
Acid • - + ↳ Hs -0-4115
Reimer Tiemann CHU] -11909 Salicelldehde

|
CHO
-

Rxn
, Williamson synthesis CSNY
HIR
March
-

✗ + Nu O - -
R
'
→ R OR ' - + Max
07
Oxidation Rxn 1° ether will form
,
Benzo quinone •
If alkyl halide is
tfsoy
is Je alkene will form
•
If alkyl halide
¥
 BK in CH ] COOH
chemical Properties "

f
Boomin anion +

Ethers are less reactive than alcohols by

is 08 tho and
◦
Alkoxy ion para PCH]
it activates the
' on
"H% 210
directing benzene
+ ,

"
ring electrophilic sub
É Has 04
cone
towards .
.

+
OCH +
in, ,
Is
1¥
PCH CH ,
] ] ]

¥
.

CH U / amhy Alds
, CH
>
-
,
N E: Fc alkylation
"
'
CH
,

R -
O -
R + HX → R OH -
+ R -
X
CH
,
-
¥-4 1am
> Ake,
PR f- C- Acylation
+ HX →
°" + R X -

pen, Pat
order of reactivity HI > HBr > HA +
¥7 Ctf

KOCH ,

Poly halogen SOLUTIONS

compounds is
• It a homogeneous mixture of two or

more pure substance

Solule_ → Dissolved in Sotvent Dissolved in
Chloroform C Trichloromethane, CHU} )
→
→

< the -1342 ÉÉ culls -1344

smaller Quantity .
larger quantity .

Controlled
oxidation
e
} Sugar ,
Salt
eg Water , Milk .

→ Iodoform ( tri iodoform CHI] ]

,

NaOH CHI ↓ -13 Nat + CH] Cooma

Ctlzcocthg +
31-2-14 →
]
+3110
on carbon Tetrachloride [ Cela ]

is CH , +44 , sunlight Cap -14116

>

%) CHU} -142 c.CH -12114

Colab a colourless ,
non -
inflammable poisonous liquid
, ,

soluble in alcohol and ether .

☒ Uses
as solvent for oils , fats resins
•
a
,
•
in dry
cleaning ◦
as fire extinguisher → solution exist in single phase
→ Particle size in solution is less than Inn
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane )
'
DDT C. bb -

Dilute solution :
large amount of solvent
% ¥
(1-0)--40%-4
Etna "aÉÉ
a-
→
> -

'
ce
"
concentrated Solution : Small amount of Solrewi
ce
✓
%& -
bis 6- chloro Aqueous solution solvent b water
chloral
chlorobenzene phenyl )
Solution : Solvent b other
1,11 -

Kichwa ethane Non -

Aqueous
than water

'
 significant
Percentage /
w-wj-masmgmofgsq.lu#n.inonsoi1iooPressure- fleet
Mass No .

"Hume Percentage (E) " HENRY 'S LAW The partial pressure
¥,m;me9s÷y;wY÷:*
=
. .

of the gas in vapour phase is proportional

in solution
mass by Volume ( WI) = Mass of solute in Solh to the mole fraction of gas .

✗ 10°
.

Percentage volume gs.in D= Knx Ku is Henry is constant .

Parts per million Cppm ) =

Niicfpartsofcombonentxlob
all component of sun
•
value of KH Increases with increase in tents .

Mass fraction (X) =

massofsolute
•
Solubility decrease with increase in kµ .

Man of solution
Effect of temperature :

As dissolution is an
Mole fraction (K ) exothermic solubility
process i. e of
=

Gases in liquid decrease with increase

nI÷n B=n!¥
"" "
, in temperature .

Unit less
"A -1×5-1 ,
mole fraction is a
quantity .

Vapour Pressure : The pressure exerted

Molarity ( M) Number of moles of solute by this vapour in

per litre of solution .

equilibrium with the

liquid / Solution at
a particular temperature .

M-n%9an.MY?fsoYn'Ye-mn--swmFi '÷m, factor

weaker intermolecular forces greater
is the vapour pressure
Unit Mol 1-1 M molar
.
=
or or
•

Temperature T, HP also increases

Molality (m )
.

: Number of moles of solute

per kg mass of solvent
ra molarity depends upon Hmiferateere but

molality doesn't

m-nojfanmyess.FI#-kg--YmTi%ac-gi Application of Henry 's law

Relationship b/w molarity and Molality :
•
scuba divers suffer from be not
M → molarity
•
Climbers suffer from anoxia .

M=1M¥m☐dmKg molality
m→
RAOULT'S LAW :
) Mrs → Molar man partial Vapour The
in
ckgi
kg pressure component is equal
of a

to the vapour pressure of that

SOLUBILITY : maximum amount that can
component in pure state multiplied
be dissolved in a specific
by the mole fraction of that component .

amount of solvent at a specific temberature

PA b'AXXA b☐= b'☐ XXB
.

Factors Affecting sin

for volatile solute for Non Volatile -
Solut
Nature of solute and solvent → Polar
pre =
PA -1Pa Pq -
-
PA
solutes dissolve in polar solvents and non
-
bolas solutes dissolve in Non polar - Pp pea : ✗ YA

solvents .
i. e like dissolve like .

Effect of Temperature
Exothermic AH= ve -
Endothermic Attire

Solubility decreases solubility increases

with increase in with increase in
temperature temperature
 Tn → B.pt of solution

Kb✗W%-☐xl0w÷g
☐ Tb -
-

y ;-) B.pt of bare

,
solvent
I> MB =
KbXWBXn
Kb → molal
ATBXWACS ) elevation
constant
or

e-
ebullioscobic
constant
m→
molality
Note → value

of Kb
depends
upon
nature of
solvent

Depression in freezing Point CATF ) f.pt of

Azeotrope : These are liquid mixture
a solution

which distil over without change containing a non -

volatile solute is always
fin composition lower than f.pt of pure solvent and

+ ve deviation are known as min .

this difference in freezing point is
in
boiling azeotrope e.g ↳ HSOH -1110
called depression freezing point .

A- Tf =k¥nn
deviation are known Max
.

-
ve as .

im
boiling azeobobes e.g HNO, +
Hao A. Tf = K

used to calcul -

COLLI GATIYE PROPERTIES -

ate me for
normal
Depends upon number of moles of solute .
molecules
Relative lowering of vapour pressure Relative

lowering of vapour pressure is equal to

Kf → molal depression or
cryo Scobie
constant
the of solute in the solution constant
mole
fraction .

pi p
W£BXMwA_p TF
-

Tf
_pg'=Xz ATF
= = -

of HP is not a colligate're booberty freezing point of bare solvent

Lowering Tf
-
=

-
RLVP is a colligate're Property q= freezing point of solution

pi -
v. P of pure solvent Wz -
Mass of solute
Kfxm
ATF =

M, Molar mass of solvent

P, v. P of solution
-
-

Kt ✗
W÷☐×%÷y
=

Wi -
mass of solvent Ma -
molar mass do solute .

Boiling
Elevation in
ktxawy.BY/w00aY-g
Point MB=
B- Pt of solution ,

containing a non -
volatile solute is
OSMOTIC PRESSURE :
always higher than
boiling point of
pure solvent and this difference in External pressure used to stop
boiling point is called elevation osmosis
in boiling point A7b=Tb Tb IT
÷RT
=
-

A Tb= Kbm
& M I
MB=WB hXT
:

ATb= Kb
 Degreeofttssociationctlandllanitttoltfactorcif
If molecules
IT =
Osmotic pressure 7- Temperature
n
of a substance A. associate to form An
and a is the degree g. association then .

V =
Volume R Gas constant na - An "

}
=

initially 1m01 0
= " " +
€
1-
M2 for macromolecules equilibrium 1- ✗
used to calculate
At
%
www.qmaesatequiii ✗ =

ISOTONIC SOLUTION :
= 1- ✗ +
% 2--1
i=1 dissociation
have no association or
Two solution same
I>1 particles undergoes dissociation
osmotic pressure (H ) undergoes association
in particles
Saline solution ( 0.9%7 Blood
e.g and . •
Calculate molarity of 9.8% ( Wlw)
the

ITA > ITB

solution of Hzsoy if the density
± ↳ of the solution is 102g Muc molar
Solh
Hypotonic solution
Mass of Hzsoy 98 § Mol 1)
-

Hypertonic
=

have High osmotic Have low osmotic Man of Solute =

9.8g
pressure pressure Man of solution =
100g
Reverse Osmosis Density of solution =
1.029mL-1
when a pressure more than
do
%Ymi%Y_µ
" "° " " =

the osmotic pressure is applied to the

Solution ,
the solvent may pass from
into the solvent through 98.039mL :O -098L
solution
l;÷gm
=
=

the semi permeable membrane -

,,

e.g desalination of sea water .

.
Number of moles of solute,
n=9gIg :O 1m01 -

ABNORMAL MOLECULAR MASS

Molarity
Numb,%8qm◦%%{¥Y;-
=
In some cases .
observed colligate've properties deviate from their normal
calculated values due to association or dissociation of
molecules

00.0¥
.
=

Colligatire Property a
-1mg = 102M

Higher values observed in case of association e. g benzene

Lower values observed in case
of dissociation e. gkce
•
for a 5% Solution of Urea ( Molar Mass

VAN 'T HOFF FACTOR ( is 60g 1m01 ) calculate the osmotic

•
=

ratio of observed value of

colligate've property to the calculated value of colligate're pressure at 300k 2020

0.0821L Atm Hit Mott)

property
ER
.

i. = observed colligate're Property

dcoHigdnbrty
or i = normal molecular mass AT Molality Cm ) of area solution
observed molecular mass

i.
or
= no .

of particles after association or dissociation 2

¥000
number of particles initially
MBX Mang solvent
colligate've Property and Van 't HoH factor

5g✗o_
=

ATb= ikbm i for strong electrolyte like = 0.877m

I Kfm Nall
ATF = KCI =L, =

Mg 504--2
2
,

IT I CRT Kgs 04--3 AkCS0u=5 Osmotic pressure [ IT ) ( RT

=
, =

i×B
P°A-p- =

= 0.877×0.0821×300=21.6 atm

Degree of Dissociation (a) and Van 't Hoff factor Ci ) h

if one molecule of a substance gets dissociated into
°
Calculate the solubility of CO, Pm
n particles and ✗ is the degree of dissociation then water at 298 K Under 760 mmHg .

Cku for in water at 298k is

§
A → nb co ,
initially
I -4
sm.io

ha
i=1-%h✗_ 1.25×106 mmHg )
Ateq .

"
Total no -

of
equilibrium
moles at
= 1- ✗ thx
✗
1¥=

Solubility of CO ,
=

Ign t.gg?-,oo= =
608×-10
 { Electrochemistry } Salt Bridge $ its functions :
Electrolyte : Those substance which dissociate into ions a U-shaped
concentrated
glass tube
son
containing
of an
in their aqueous Solh on
passing electricity are known as
inert electrolyte like Kai KNO
}
electrolyte eg Nacl KU
,

,
Non -

Electrolyte : ikzsos in agar agar form -

Those substance which whose one end is dibbed

in beaker and 2nd end
doesn't dissociate into ions In their
one

is dipped in another beaker

solution
passing electricity
.

aqueous on

is known as non -
electrolyte
eg Sugar Urea Glucose function
passage of one electrolyte into
,
;) prevent the another
,
.

Ii ) It comblete the inner cell circuit .

ii 'D It maintains the electrical neutrality of Solh in both halt

cells .

iv ] Used to connect both the beakers

which dissociate completely which dissociate partially
.

into tons .
into ions .

ez Hel HMOs , Hasek etc e.

GNH-4011 Ca Hk Electrochemical cell / Galvanic cell / Voltaic cell : -

, . ,
It is used to
CH COOH etc convert chemical energy into electrical
} energy
.

CONDUCTORS beakers
.
we take two
'

conductors In Ist beaker take

Metallic Conductors Electrolytic we zn
•

rod dipped in 2ns 04 Solh .

•
Flow of
electricity is due to the •
Flow of electricity is due to •
In Ind beaker we take
flow of eo the flow of ions .
CU Ood dipped in CUS 04 Sol ?
electronic Also known as ionic
Also known as
Bridge is used
•

conduit.rs
•

Salt to connect
conductors .

both the beaker

.

flow of electricity takes Flow of takes place

•
place •

electricity
Oxidation takes place at
without the decomposition of by the decomposition of ◦

substance substance .
2h rod in Ist beaker
•
The electrical conduction decreases .
The electrical conduction increases
◦
Reduction takes place at CU
with increase of with increase of tents trod in 2nd beaker
temperature . . •
oxidation half Rxu
.

because kernals start

vibrating because increase of temp ,
increase zn → 2m£ -1+2 eo
which produce hindrance in in dissociation or decrease in •
Reduction half Rxn
the flow of electrons inter ionic attraction
cu2++2e0 →
.

Cee
.

well
low as as
High Only low voltage of current 2m£ + + Cee
• •

overall ¥ zn + cut →

voltage of current can pass can pass

through electrolytic
conductors conductor
through metallic

eyre ,
Al ,
Ag etc .

e.g Nale ,
NaOH ek .

Electrode Potential
the tendency of an electrode to either
Factors
Influencing Electrolytic Conduction
• :
lose or
gain eo when
it is placed in its own solution .

→
Nature of Electrolyte :

of ions is conductance ↓ ↓
larger the no .
more
Oxidation Potential Potential
,

Nature of Solvent :
Reduction
→
The electrolytes ionize em water but not in The tendency of an electrode The tendency of an electrode

organic solvents like benzene because water is polar whereas to lose eo to

gain eo
benzene is non polar So , electrolytic conductance increase in
STANDARD HYDROGEN ELECTRODE ( S.H.E ) Device which is
-
-

used to
Polar solvents
calculate standard electrode
.

M
→ solute -
solvent attractions / Solvation or
Hydration : Potential
of any electrode
larger the
.

solvation of ions ,
lesser is conductance → It can act as bothoxidation
as well as Reduction Potential .

→
Temperature : As the temp increases the conductance also
AˢAH2→ 211++2
.

increases because the dissociation of electrolyte increases .

eo
So , number of ions as well as the Steed of ions increases
Ascathode
-

→ Dilution : ions
As dilution increases ,
the number of of a
weak 211++250 → Ha
speed increases
.

electrolyte as well as their and so

conductance also increases .

Bharat Panchal Sir Electrochemical Series

g. what is cell ? Arrangement q various electrodes in the
Aux It is a device which used
into another form of
to convert one form of energy increasing order
of standard reduction potential .

energy .

Chet lithium -3.05 V

Li →
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL ELECTROLYTIC CELL
ink Ca calcium
.

→
-2.87W
31kt At - Aluminium I. GGV -

UHT 2h → Zinc -
0.76 V
th Fe → Iron -

0.44W
oft Ni Nickel
→
-0.25 V
ieoecdol Pb lead
→ -

0.13 V
& H
cute
→
Hydrogen 0.00 V
C" → copper +0.34W
Ziggy Ag → Silver +0 SOV -

Seki 311£ Br → Bromine +1.08W

3114¥BUT at Au Gold

50VG@BG-GoBharatPancha1-ChemistryGuruji2.o
→ + 1-
Application conductance of Electrolytic solutions
1.) Comparison of Relative Reducing Power or
Oxidising Power .

2)
Predicting the feasibility spontaneity of Redox or a
Reaction
•

Resistance : It is the obstruction

conductor
to the flow of electric
current
through the top,
.

.
.

3.) metal will react with dilute

Predicting whether a will It is directly proportional to its length (l ) and inversely
mineral acids evolve and Hydrogen gas or Not .
Proportional to area of Crossection (A)

4.) Activity or
reactivity of metals .
Rt
f- or R=
ftp.
5.) Calculation the cell ← specific Resistance
of EMF of a
Resistivity
.

or .

EMF =
Eceee =
Er -
E
Unit of Resistance = 0hm (b)
,
metre Crm )
=
E
unit of Resistivity = 0hm
cathode
-

Patnode Conductance :
inverse of resistance
•

The
Prediction Eooxidation
.
=
-

Nernst Eqh a--

b- =

§# =
K #
Dependence of EMF on concentration of electrolyte is 0hm -108 mho orb -1
and
unit of conductance or Siemens .

temperature
Nernst eqn for half cell Rxn CONDUCTIVITY
inverse of resistivity is called
:
conductivity
•

The
Mchaq? ,
+ neo → Mcs ) ( specific conductance )
unit =
ohm . ,
am
. ,

Em
EM-RNT-flnj.mn#-aq KAE b- 1am
=
G- when A=km&
,
,
G- K _

Em electrode potential
of metal under given condition material is its conductance
conductivity
=

of a

Em : electrode potential of metal under standard condition when it is 1am

long and its area of
R I cross section is 1am ?
gas constant 8.3145K 1m01
-
-

= =

MOLAR CONDUCTIVITY
Temp in Kelvin
:
T
•

conductivity of all the tons

=

It is the
f- Faraday constant ( 96500 ( Mott )
of an electrolyte in Sol
=
"
produced by dissolving 1g mole
n= no of e -0 loss or
-

gain in reaction It is denoted by Am

am K XV 08 am k ✗
10¥ K✗%%ity
-
- -

-
=
=

Em Em 00m51 lrgqml-n.mg
-

:
.

"
Units : 0hm -1 c. m2 Mol -108 S c. M2 MOI

For cell : Note

-1¥ ,±¥ f- is called cell by E
-

R constant denoted
aA+bB F- cC+dD
-
=

G
*
=
f- = RK

0.org#lrgYn?j?Eh%08Eceee--Eeeee-
Ecell =
Peele -

{% 005¥ log ,
Éeeee equilibrium
00h51 log Qc
-

constant
where Qc is concentration Quotient $
At equilibrium Eceee :O and Qc :
Kc

cat 298k )
Feed =

0-4591-19 Kc

standard maximum
hftceee
•

Gibbs or work done A- 4 = -

Free by cell
Energy
calculate the emf of following cell at 298k :

"
Mg / Mg ( 0.001M) / / CU&+co .
ooo , my
ICU
Fmg&-YMg= -2.37 V

ELI -1 / Cee = 034W

Écell Er EL 0.34 C- 2.371--2.71 v
Ay
-
. = -

Eceee
Eceee
O0nlogpg,
-
=

2.71
-005,1 log {M{!-+,
=

2.71-0.02591 log 1,0¥

=

2.71-0.02955=42.68 V
=

→*¥ Calculate standard Gibbs free energy change for the

given reaction :
zn -1 Cast → 2n&+ + CU
Aus Dae = -
nf Eceee Given Eceee : HOV

=
-2×96500×1.10
I '
-212300 5m01 -212.3 KJ Mot
-

= =
 determine
BATTERIES
•
Suggest a way to the Ain value of water .

which
These are source of electrical energy
AI Ain CHAO) tin H+ + din OH
-

in series
MAY have
=

one or more cells connected .

find Ain CHU) nine NaOH) and Ani CNAU ) E.•

out Then
combat and
we
, Good quality battery should be light ,

ninety = Ain CHUI + Am CNAOH) -

Ain (Nau ) its
voltage should not vary during its use .

g. The conductivity of 0.20M Solution of KU at 298k is PRIMARY BATTERIES and after use
reaction
◦ " er
the occur only once

0.0248 S Cm -1 . Calculate its molar conductivity ☒ CERE ] .

a period of time , battery
becomes dead and can't be
reused again .

AT DRY CELL OR LECLANCHE CELL

Km%°nµ
Nm
0°%◦
=
124s cm2md "
= =
This cell consist as 2n rod act as anode
> ermine

*•ñ••• →
metal cab
and cathode is carbon rod which is
9. Aim for Nall
,
HU and CH
]
Coo Na are 126.4 425.9 and
,
surrounded by powdered Mr:* -02
91.0 s c. marmot
'
respectively .
Calculate Ñ too CHIC 00 "
Ani din Nat tinct c. m2 moi
I ① At Anode
Ay NaCl 126.4 s → zinc " esseecn-n.ae ,
-

+
- -
-

-
=
"
'
-20 zn the -0

÷!!!!!!!!
Ani HU =
din H+ + till
-

=
-425.9 S c. m2 Mot zn →

÷÷÷÷÷¥
At cathode
ninaescoona-aicgeoo-i-dmna-i-si.ose.mn "" ①
-
. I Grab
hiya cathode) -

7mn02 -1C Mno, -12N Hut +2 @ ◦ → Mnzog -12 Mtf -1110

have to calculate Ani CHZCOOH Anicthloo + ninth
-

we
.

. is cell potential of
= .
has a 1.54
⇐ terminal

operating ③ +20 ① 2nd

- '

390.5 Sam
-

MERCURY CELL as Anode

consist of Zinc Mercury amalgam
.

It
Faraday 's Electrolysis :
-

law of
is a taste of mercuric oxide CHGO )
anode cab
The cathode
.

znaugl
( Amalgam and carbon powder The electrolyte consist of
First law
.

:
a mixture
The mass of substance deposit or liberated at separator eman
of KOH and 2h0 .

> cathode
Citgo) At Anode
any electrode
proportional to the amount of charge
during
electrolysis is directly 2h -120W → 2h0 -1110+2 e -0
ii At cathode
passed Hg -120k
-

1190-1110+80
.

Mathematically w✗Q E. Ii It ] ZnO -111g

-6 W ✗ Ixt
Zn + Hgo →

[ Ixt =D ]
potential of a mercury cell is approximately
w = ZXIXT # The 1.35 V .

we mass substance deposit / liberate

of cell reaction no
ions
electrochemical equivalent It remains constant as in the overall

M%
↳
2-
are involved in solution Thus it lasts longer
-

=
◦ ◦
I> current t → time . . .

Uses of Mercury cell

Q What do you mean by Faraday constant ? It is suitable for low current devices
like watches,
And charge of one mole of e -0
↳
hearing aids , toys etc .

6.022×1023×1.6×10 96487 ( MOH

-

C Mol -1
Secondary Batteries
≈ 96500
A secondary cell after use can be recharged
Second law : it
when same amount of electricity passed through by passing current it in opposite direction so that can
-

two different electrolyte connected in series , amount be used

again A good secondary cell undergo large no
.
can a .

of substance deposited at electrodes is directly proportional of discharging and charging cycles .

Lee Pon
cadmium battery , battery
to their equivalent weight .

eg lead storage Battery, Mickel

-
-

Amount of Ag deposit
=
eq.wt.qAg_ LEAD -

STORAGE BATTERY : -

Amount deposit eqiwt of Cu consist lead anode

of Ca it
of a
.
.

A
and lead oxide cathode .
A 38%

⊕ solution of sulphuric acid acts

, cathode as
electrolyte Each cell give

É÷÷÷÷÷É=÷÷÷÷
.

g. A solution of Aesop is dedsolysed for 10minutes with a

the
voltage of 211 so this
current of 1.5 amperes What is the . mass of copper cell is
sufficient to give
NCER@AugAcc.to
deposited at cathode the
Rxn Cu 2-1-1250 Cu
voltage
of 1211 These .

%:*,
→
voltaic cues are sebarakd

by then fibreglass
Mgfˢ✗I✗t 632%4%5×600
w = 2✗I✗t =
a-
sheet
solution .

Pb Pb 02

During Discharging
are
≈ 0.2938g ,
the cell reactions
A solution of Nic Noda is electoolysed between platinum electrodes
AT ANODE
Pb -15042 Pbs 04+20
-

using a current of 5.0 ampere for 20 minutes what mass of

nickel will be deposited at the cathode
.
→

t.CAT mass of Ni -58.7) NCERT - -

AT CATHODE
Arg Acc to Reaction 2-1-12 eo Ni Ni Pb 02+5%2-+4 Ht + Leo → Pbs 041-2110
.

mgyjgmag.mx ÷ ✗
w ZXIXE Ixt 50×12 " The overall cell Rxn
-

:
-

1.825g 2 Pbs 041-2110

Pb + Pb
02 +211504 →

Q How much
charge is required current is passed through terminal
During charging the
YOU
.

support
,
lil 1 Mol of Aest to Al from external source . The reactions are reversed
The electrode reaction is }
nest + Seo → Al
Charge required =3 f
Mater °
it is commonly used in automobiles, power
inverters .

=
3×96500 C =

28950€ FUEL CELL : _

molten Caclz
Chemical energy from combustion of fuels
( ie ) 20.0g of Ca from
The electrode reaction is Ca 2-11-20 → Ca like hydrogen ,
methane and methanol is converted
If into electrical energy .

40g of Ca required =

If
20g of Ca required = .
 is highly efficient ( 70% )
-

cathode → It
£,
• " method when compared to the

/
of thermal tower beaut

%
""
efficiency Cleo %)
electrolyte which
→ side product is water which when one or more substance undergo a
change
doesn't cause pollution .

results in the formation of a new product ,

called chemical
↳ In the cell hydrogen and oxygen reaction .

,
are bubbled through bonus carbon CHEMICAL KINETICS is the branch of chemistry which
_ electrodes into aqueous sodium deals with the study of gates of chemical reaction
,

hydroxide divided
blatinum
solution .

finely their mechanism and the conditions in which hate

or balladdum acts as a catalyst
%
.

can be altered .

↳ It was used
were
for providing electrical power
Apollo space programme The water vapours .
ON THE BASIS OF SPEED
produced condensed and added to the drink 'ʰf is VERY FAST REACTION : some reaction such as
water supply for astronauts .
ionic reactions occur very
test Agnos + Nacl Agu Nanos
At cathode e.g → +

40h
_

+ tee → it ) VERY SLOW REACTION : some reactions are

0 +
, 2h20 slow i. e takes
At Anode months to in eombletion
very
years
4h20 + tee
2h -140W
,
→
e.
g. Rusting of iron in the presence of air and moisture
overall •

formation of coal and betnlium

2112+02 2h20
•

→
cell Ron
iii) MODERATE REACTION i. Those reactions which are

very slow not neither

very fast but takes place at moderate speed .

inversion of cane sugar

e.
g.
921122011 +
H2O ↳ HI 206 1- CGH 1206
fructose Glucose
ON THE BASIS OF NUMBER OF STEPS
COMPLEX REACTIONS
ELEMENTARY REACTIONS when a sequence of elementary
us the
reactions gives product called
complex reaction each step in a
The reactions taking place
,

complex reaction is called elementary Rxh

in called
.

one step are

slowest step is called rate
elementary reaction
determining step .

RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION :

chemical kinetics
It is the change in molar
concentration
of species taking part in the chemical reaction
per unit time .

for the reaction A → B

→
Effect of Temperature on rate of reaction : -
Rate of disappearance of A
The rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature in of A
Decrease
Aˢ
=
cone .
= -

Arrhenius proposed an equation that related temperature Time taken

and rate constant for a reaction quantitative Rate of disappearance of B
Acc to Arrhenius Equation in QB
An!ˢ
.
Increase conc -

1-
Intercept
= =
A
*
=
log ,

.K%ÉR
Time taken
.

- Ea / RT
K= Ae
NOTE
where concentration
The
of reactant
the R × " decreases so it
K= rate constant of log ,

resign
.

,
represent by -
while
,
A- Arrhenius factor / frequency the of product increases
=
conc .

facto-8
it + ve sign
&
/ pre exponential if tox so represented by .

Ea -
-
Activation Energy 11T TYPES OF RATE OF REACTION :
Constant
R Universal Gas
.LY?aiYYlnk-lnKi--Ea-pq-E--r-i A"erageRatew) L-nstantaneousrakm.am
=

1- =
Temp in Kelvin.
,

change in molar conc .

change in molar conc -

of reactant
Taking In both sides "" "
¥ E&( ¥4) = of reactant and product
interval of time
and product at a
instant
given
enk =
en Ae EAIRT
-

,
at a given of time .

R > P
lnk
Era % =+%¥
Inst
+1nA A"9 Rale

"↑oGk÷=Eaq(T¥;
t
?
2.303
^-¥=+n¥?
- .
◦ -

)
' -

rate + reaction
, reaction ◦

↳• At temp Ti
,
RELATION BETWEEN RATE OF REACTION AND STOICHIOMETRY

lnk , =
1nA
-

Egg -
① 19k¥ &¥r( ¥-4,2 ) =
•
)
Rak do Rin
A+B > i-D

deaˢ= %- +9¥ +9k¥

,
,
-
-

= =

Lad At temb 729

where
is clear from stoichiometry of reaction
It
enka
→
⑨ ) 2A → c. + D
1nA Ea_ Activation Energy
•

that the rate of disappearance

=
Ea of A
.
-

→
is twice the velocity of formation of cap
RI R → Gas constant
operating ⑨ ② -
 So
,
rate
of reaction can be given as below
SURFACE AREA
Rate of Ron
3- d&¥- +
%¥ +dd_ Greater the surface area of reactant higher
-

is
: ,
=

the role of reaction It is observed that if .

reactant is a solid substance then rate of reaction depends

e.g 5 Bo Broj +6 H+ 3 Bra 3h20
-

+ > +
let upon the size of its particles
eaq ).

caq ) Cag ) .
cg ,
A piece of wood slowly but it burns rapidly
.

burns
e.
g
Rate of Reaction
f- Af,B 1¥05? -7^-41+-1=5^-1?¥=tA¥1¥ cut into small pieces
-

=
when
-

= .

EXPOSURE TO RADIATION :

UN1T0fRATE0FREACT10MwmmumnTtM increases rapidly in presence

The rate of some reactions
of radiation Luv and visible
"
Min "
Photons of UV and visible light having high energy
Motti ' sector Moll
A¥ Molt ' dissociates chemical bonds of reactants rapidly which
Molt hot
=

see amino , µ , or
'
increase the Gate of reaction .

with
Consider 4-14
In dark
s 2h4 ( slow) Ha -16
Sun
→ 2h ( explosion1
a
general reaction : ,
eight
aAtbB → CC
RATE LAW
Rate of Rate of Reaction is directly proportional to
reaction
_÷dd¥ˢ= -3%74=+12%+1 the product of molas concentration of reactant and
each raise power their coefficient on which
doff
to
of disappearace of
rate A = -
the
rate of reaction actually depends .

Product
rate of disappearance of B
dofB aA+bB Rale Constant
= -
→

specific Reaction
¥ ¥
or
actual
Rate used rate
of appearance of C = +
dogg Rate of Rxn =
KIA]
✗
[ B)
P

9 A -12ps → 3C +217
what will be
,
the rate
of disappearance of B is 1×10 -2m¥ ,
↳ Rate law too any reaction can not be predicted
determined
c) Rate of Rxn dis Rate of change in cone .

q A and C. theoretically but must be

experimentally
Aux Rate of disappearance B
dEdB 1×10-2 mollis -1 RATE CONSTANT :
-

, =

hate constant is equal to hate

Rate 9AM reactant
tᵈea- -2-01%+1=-1}_dea¥=+zdG
= -

of reaction when concentration of each

=

becomes unity .

Rate of Rxn
_±dEaB- -2=05×10-2
%
=
1-2×1.0×10 Moll is -1 -
ORDER :
It is the sum of powers ace . to rate law
Iii ) Rate of change in
concqA-daqnj.R.o.pe expression .

o.s-xio-z.mn Rate of Rxu B 02 des ✗+ B

KEA ] ✗
[ B)
=
=
e- is -1

CharacteristiesofRaleConstantwwmwM
Rate of change in cone .

GC
+
ddE¥ JXR OR 3×0.5×10-2
-

1.5×10%011-151 •
7 Indicates the speed of reaction Greater the value ,

of rate constant baster is the reaction

#fACT0RSAFrECT1N4RATE0fREACT10NÑmmw
uunwt.ge
.
.

very reaction has a particular value of rate

constant at a particular temperature .

CONCENT E RATION OF REACTANT

:[
•

+ is observed that rate

•
) The rate constant for the same reaction differs
of decreases
reaction with time we know that initially .
with temperature .

the cone of reactant is maximum so the rate of change value of rate constant for a reaction does
.

) The
is also maximum As the of reactant decreases
•
in cone . cone .

depend upon the concentration of reactant

.

not
when the rate of reaction also decreases
It means that the rate of reach is '

directly proportional to the cone of reactant .

.
•
1 The unit of rate constant is dependent on the
order
of reaction
TEMPERATURE OF SYSTEM :
.

Generally , the rate of all

reactions approximately increases on increasing temp .
MOLECULARITY OF REACTION
In other words the rate of reaction also decreases
of atoms , ions or molecules
,

on
decreasing temp Generally , the
.
rate of reaction mixture The total number
of the
increases two to three times on
increasing tent ubto 10°C .

reactant which collide effectively to

give product
•
NATURE OF REACTANT : is termed as its molecularity .

In a chemical reaction old bonds

broken and new bonds formed A → Product Molecularity =L ↳
are are
, Ntke NO, → N , -12110
so , the reactivity of substance depends on
Product ,
2A →
Molecularity =
2 ↳
breaking and formation of specific bonds .

Product
qHI→tg+Iz
A + B →
, Molecularity 2 .

↳
INO -102 →
2m02 Gfast ) Product 2^10+02 → &M%
At Btc → , Molecularity =3
20 -102 →
202 C. Slow )
Characteristic of Molecularity :

•
EFFECT OF CATALYST :
catalyst
•

Molecularity of a reaction is always an integer .

increase the rate values (

of reaction It can not have fractional or zero a zero
•
a

are those substance which

collisions b/w
without
undergoing any chemical molecularity implies that no effective

change in them .
reactant molecule takes place i. e reaction doesn't
It is considered that occur at all ] .

judged by balanced chemical

presence of catalyst decrease
Molecularity
• can be a
Rxu
the activation energy of reactant • for a complex reaction molecularity has no
significance
which increase the
,
rate of 91 Ngos 2 HI 1921-1-2
.

2^1021-1-202 molecularity
→ →
= I
mole .
= z
 ORDER OF REACTION •

Integrated Rate Equation

The order of a reaction is defined as the sum of bowers first Order
to which the concentration terms are raised in rate Those reaction whose rate depends upon one
law equation . concentration term of reactant .

A- + 2B → C +D r →p

( experimentally Put value in eq①

'
Rate law Rate of Reaction ✗ er ] of I
R :
Kea]m[B]n determined . )
_%ˢ= KER ] lnR= Kt + I
-

order writ A=m order w.at B- - n

, -
lnR= Kt -
ln Ro
overall order of given reaction =
Mtn
-

d{%- t.dllnro-lnR.tt
=

g. what is the order of reaction ?

I. B.s ( Integrating both sides ) lnR◦ =
Kt
ME KEA]%[ B)
2
Rate law, R :
q
-

/ d{R = Kfdt

&÷l9R¥=twu)
order of reaction 2£ 2.5

4++1-+1%+9
: or
erection
-

In R constant
Characteristics of Order of
=

a Reaction : -⑦
a) It represents the number of species whose concentration value of
to get the I UNIT =
Molt 's -1
affects the rate of reaction directly .

+ =
O R :
Ro
,
obtained by adding
t
-27¥ log a-
-

c.) Reaction order can be all the exponents -

lnR .
=
I
a- ×
of the concentration terms in rate expression .

•
1 The stoichiometric coefficients to each
corresponding .
- a

species in the balanced reaction have no effect on the

/
'_
T
T
order of the reaction
108 ty
e.) The reaction order of a chemical heaction is always last ¥ ,

↑
defined with the helb of reactant concentration and
not with product concentration .

> > >

1- →
( a- × ) → ( a- × , →
•
) for a complex reaction , the slowest stets is rate determining
Step .

" "° Order Reaction

Zero Order Reaction : Those reaction whose rate depends
upon zero concentration terms of reactant
Clark
.

Rate :
KEATH, + 2 HCl :
2m20 → 2%+02 R→P
Rate of Reaction
°
✗ ER]
First Order Reaction :
2 Ha -102
ddEˢ= R
'
Rate KEA ] 21102 Kt + I
-

→
K
=
-

Second Order Reaction -

R -
-

Kt -
Ro
-
der ] :
K.dk
Rate =
KEAR B- R= "t
I. B.SC
Integrating both sides

R_R=ÉgwwT
e.
g C -10
,
→ CO -10
-

HER] :
Kfdt
2h10 INO -10
R=kt+I±¥%EEhf
→ "
, -

UNIT OF RATE CONSTANT

to
' n " " get the .
value
of I " "
"

Calm )
.

(Moll 1)
-

k= -

see -1 K sect
É÷
=

t=o R=R i
,
.
↑
Zero order A- '
k-fmol.tl ) -0sec
◦ , +
-
I
MOLL
-
I see -1 -
Ro -
_
I " %
" > "
First order ' • + →
( a- " ( a- a) →
(Matt )
-
→
h=1 K sect see i
put 1- in equation 1
-
-
-

'
second order
:(moll 1) -2sec I
' '
n=2 K
-
-

moi l sect Half life ◦

1- a Reaction :
The time in which the concentration
Half Order n -1k K :(Moll -111¥ Sec -1 → Molk [ 112 see -1 of a reactant is red iced to one half of its initial cone
-

It £ " brewed by +'

hi
g. Identify the reaction order

Peggy
t-23Y
14=2.3×10-51 Motts
] Order -logr.li -1
→ =2
⇐ +
, ,
,,

Order
④
tyz-2.tk#lrgRp;-X2tyz=o.qgIuw)
K =
3×10-4 s
-
l → order =
I

Q . conversion of molecules ✗ to Y follows

The second
order kinetics , if concentration of ✗ is increased to t
R◦¥-
-

ty R Retz
_

1- = -

three times how will it affect the rate of formation 84 ?

_

,
,

AE The reaction is ✗ →Y
ty A
E
&÷
-

:
,

Acc to rate law Ta

Collision Frequency
.

rate : K [ ✗ 32
no . Of collisions bez second
If * is increased to Themes then
per unit volume of mixture It is
reacting
, .

rated KEITH
generally denoted
by 2
=

rate ' =
9 KEXP consider the biomolecular reaction
9 ✗ rate
At B → Product
Thus, rate of reaction becomes 9 times and hence rate of Acc to collision
.

Theory .

formation of increases
. .

9- times Ea / RT
Rate
.

ZA.ge
-

=
 PSEUDO FIRST ORDER REACTION
Elements
Reaction which
certain conditions
are not

become
truly of the first order but under
reactions of first order are called
d- and f- Block
pseudo first order Reactions .

d- Block elements
eg Acid catalysed inversion of cane sugar Those elements in which the last eo
enters in the d- subshell
of penultimate shell
421122011 1- H2O CGHIZOG -1 6111206
( excess]
Glucose rructose General Electronic Configuration (n 1) d '
'°
nso -2
-

→ -

Rate : KECIZH, 2011 ]

Acid catalysed hydrolysis of ethyl acetate .

CH COO Is ↳ Hs OH
] GHS + H2O CHRSCOOH +

cexcess)
Rate : K [ CU COO
, GH5)
Both of the above reactions are biomolecular but are found
to be the first order because water is present in such a
large excess that its concentration remains almost constant
during the reaction .

P.Y.cl
g. A reaction is second order wit a reactant How .
is the
rate
of reaction affected if the concentration of
subdivided into four series
reactant is NCERT (2009,201%2014) They are . .

d) doubled di > reduced to half

&
Anti RAte-rk.CA]
.

EA ] =
Ia ,
rate = Kora )2= 4kg2
=
4 times
[A ] :
1-29 ,
rate =
K[az]& G- Kal :{
:
th

g. A first order is found is have a rate constant

K -5.5×10-14 sect Find half life of the reaction
in
-
.

The d- block elements which the atoms ions have

.

or

AE Half life for a first order Reaction is NCERT incomplete d- orbitals are called transition elements .

→ 2h , Cd and
Hg have completely filled Cn 1) d- Orbitals
+42
-

£6,9T ÷q
=

= = 1.26 ✗ 1013s so
they do not show much resemblance with
other transition elements .

Q The half life for radioactive decay of % is 57304

6-
.
There are four series
of d- block elements .

An archaeological artifact contained wood that had 3d series csc to 2h)

only 80% of the C' 4 found in living tree Estimate .

led series CY to (d)
age the sample 5d Series
Hg ]
of NCER ,
Cla and Hf to
bd series C. Ac and Rf to (a)
the Radioactive decay follows first order kinetics
Electronic Configuration : By Bharat Panchal Sir
-
-

Decay
0¥91
[ K)
0.691
:
's '
=
21 .
se -
scandium [ As] 3d 452
5730 22 .
Ti -
Titanium [ As] 18 3dL Us 2
}
23 V -
Vanadium [ Ar 318 3d Us 2

£-
t
.

log
{¥ 2.3%-5,730×0.0969
=

:
24 .
Cr -
Chromium [ Air ]
'8
395µs '

25 .
Mn -

Manganese [ As ] 18 345 453

26 .
Fe -
Iron [ Ar] 18 3d 6452
1845 Year .

18 3d 't 45
Cobalt [ Ar ]
-

Co
.

27 .
-

18 3d8us2
Ni Nickel [ Ar ]
28
minutes
-
.

9 A first order reaction takes 20 for 20%

EAR ]
's
3d 4s '
"
29 .
Cu -
Copper
decomposition Calculate "
tyzrc log 0.0969) EARTH 3d 45
¥ 30 Zn zinc
.

= .
-

Are
2-3+1
"
log %
K
Co2 -1 [ As] 'S 3d 45
-
_

→
, 24
to halt
[ Ar] 183034 so (
stable due
Cpt
23.gg?-logkgg---&3g02g- filled tag )
=
→
24
✗ 0.0969 " "
It CAN 3d 45
→ ( fully filled )
0.011158=11.258×10-3 2-1
[Ar ) 18 3d 450
gacy
=
→

ty =

o6_ =
0.693
6%1 Mtn ] -1 18
[ A. 8)
,
4s °
° °
3d
11.158 ✗ to -3
'

235C →

All the Best ① fest → EAR ]

'S
39545 ( half filled )
g.
Atomic Radius e-
g Tic
, MnqN , Ferg N, VHo.se and Ti Hit ek
As from left to atomic radii
we
right ,
Ceo interstitial compounds
first decreases largely , then decreases slowly
The are very hard ,

retain metallic conductivity have high m.pt

and increases in the end of the series .
,

and are chemically inert .

This decrease in atomic radii Alloy formation : -

in the
beginning is due to Alloys are homogeneous solid solution
d- block
the increase in effective nuclear Many & elements form alloys because
increase in they have similar atomic radii due to which
charge with the ,

atomic number .
they can
easily
replace the atom of other metal .

with the increase in Alloys thus formed and often have high
number
of eo in (h 1) d. subshell M.pt
.

Brass ( be -12M Bronze ( Cutsn )

the screening
effect of these d- electrons on the outermost e.g q
ns electrons also increases This increased screening BY Bharat Panchal Sir
-

magnetic properties
- -

: -

effect counterbalances the effect increased nuclear of Diamagnetic substances are rebelled
cHnabge , therefore the atomic
.
radii remains by magnetic field while
paramagnetic substances
•"° " " attracted
Mein the series eo co
are
by magnetic field .

the end of
-

to Those substance which are attracted very strongly

repulsion takes place so the size atom increases
of
.

by the applied field are called ferromagnetic

ION " RADIUS
in the d- block elements and their compounds
of the same oxidation
general ,
ions Many of
in a given series show progressive decrease is due
state are
paramagnetic in nature it to
in radius with increase in atomic number due the presence unpaired in incomplete
to the increase in effective nuclear charge
of eo

+ " d- Orbitals
Radius 9 [ ionic Radii fed > Fe ]
Ionic
o¥+ate → The
paramagnetic Nature 9 no -

of unpaired e◦

Melting and Boiling Point

High m.pt and B.pt moment cut Ñ+2 ) Bom
Magnetic
=

first increase and then decrease

due to increase and decrease in n b number Bohr
number unpaired electrons
because the
of of unpaired e?
magneton
strength of bond
depends on number
of unpaired eeo

Note →
Tungsten CWI has the highest M.pt

Mercury Ctlg) is the only metal in liquid foam

→
.

Metallic character
Show all the briber ties of general
•

metals
•

strength of metallic bond number

.

ofunpaired e -0 which increase the chance and

make the bond strong
Cr is a hard metal while Zn is a soft metal
.

•
.

Ehlhalby of Atomisation :

They have strong metallic

bond due to which they have high enthalpy of
atomization
Ionisation Energy : -
By Bharat Panchal six
-
-

lies b/w S and b- block elements -

( more
than s block but less than b- block elements )
-

I. E increases from left to right in a period

as the effective nuclear charge increases .

I E -
✗ Effective Nuclear charge
Iot
of 2h Cd and
Hg is very High due to
fully
•

filled orbitals
•
I. E
of 5d and Cod series elements is more than 3d

and led elements due to lanthanide and

Actinide contraction .

formation of Interstitial compounds : -

Transition metals have a

tendency
to form interstitial compounds with
H, C , B or N atoms .

stoichiometric
They usually are non -

typically
and are neither
ionic nor covalent .
 Oxidation state : -

show large number of oxidation stale

the participation of both ( n
'

due to -
nd and ns electrons
in bonding in different compounds .

Oxide formation : -

Many of the d- block elements forms

oxides
of different types because
of the presence of
so
many different oxidation state .

NE Acidic character ✗ oxi Stale .

Ionic Character ✗ Oxi state

. .

•
Mn shows maximum number
of oxidation state due to
F- Block Elements
presence of maximum number of unpaired
:
the e◦
-

Elements in which last eo

•
osmium cost show +8 oxidation state enters in f- orbital
of pre penultimate -
shell
→ cut is more stable than cult because it Undergoes
in aqueous General Electronic ""
disproportionation Reaction Solh = (n -
2) f- ( h 1) do -1ns 2
-

configuration
2 Cult → ( U2 -1 + Cee

NOH The
ability of oxygen to stabilise these high
oxidation state exceeds that of fluorine because

oxygen can form double bond while fluorine form

single bond .

By Bharat Panchal Sir

fluoride is Mnfy
-
-

As a result
highest Mn yf series
whereas the highest oxide is Mnz07 .

or

Electrode Potential : -
Lanthanoid Series
The stability of a combo und or

depends upon electrode potential and it further Ist Inner Transition

depends Ubon
'

series
lil Enthalpy of atomisation / sublimation
Ii) Ionisation enthalpy
Liii ) Hydration enthalpy
By Bharat Panchal Sir -
.

Are" " Oxidation State :

Mileage )
-

Mcs ) > A-
atomisah.a.tl The oxidation
= + ye common state of
.

Ian than oids is with

A- + ] +2 and +4
A- H ^-ᵗʰᵈH ionisation H = + Ve .

9hm
H =
-
ve lanlhanoid Contraction : -

Hydration
,,

Meg , > Mtg , The regular decrease in the atomic

and ionic radii increase in
of lanthanoids with the
atomic number
from left to right in lanthanoid
series is called lanthanoid contraction .

Cause of lanthanoid Contraction

→ increase in effective nuclear charge
Poor
screening effect of 4f electrons
→
.

Consequences of lanthanoid Contraction

The separation
◦

of lanthanides is difficult as there is little

very
difference in their size due to which they
have similar chemical
properties .

There is regular trend for m2 -11M Basic from left

no standard electrode strength of hydroxides decreases
•

potential due to irregularities in ionisation

the to right
enthalpies and enthalpy of atomisahin °
Covalent character of hydroxides increases from Hor .

The size 3rd transition series elements is similar

copper is the only metal having positive value of of
•

to the size
of 2nd transition series
to so it does not liberate the hydrogen gas from .

acids
chemical Reactivity : -

By -
Bharat Panchal six
. By Bharat Panchal Sir
-
-

use
of lanthanides
chemical in glass industry
reactivity
¥
✗
•

•
As an oxidising agent
•

Ecma -11m ) is very less ( more -

ve ) except Cee •
In
making magnetic
and electronic behaviour
so these metals are highly reactive
•

oxidising power 9 to
•
In
making alloy steel
which is in
used
making
Reducing Power
!
•
✗ bullets .

Misch metal
e.g
( lanthanides + Fe -1s

+ C + cat AD
 COMPOUNDS OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Chemical Reactivity
MP3
"
H2
•
Potassium Dichromate ◦
Potassium Permanganate
%%
-

☒MÑ
C. HMM 04 )
,
( K
, Cry
07 )
ÉO
→ Potassium Dichromate (14%07)
Healed with S
Ln
with halogens Lnx}
it is prepared
Lys, { >

from chromite
withNu
with ore
tgo
Healed ¥ >
Ln (OH} -111 stet -1 Con
.

8. Sion of feonoehoomale into sodium

" ,
chromate
LNN
Lng
Uses
4 feck Op + 16 NaOH -1702¥ 8^1%804+2 Egg
1) lanthanoids used for the production of alloy steels to
Yellow
+8cg
step -2
are

Plates and bites Conversion of sodium chromate into

in based
ii) Misch metal alloy of lanthanoid is used MG -

sodium dichromate
flint
produce bullets , shell and lighter
.

alloy to
-12N at -1110
.

( Iii ) Mixed oxides of Ianthanoids are used as catalyst in Nair 041-2116 → Nee ,Cq07
cracking
'

of petroleum Orange
Ii oxides used as phosphorus in step -3 into
lanthanum
conversion of sodium dichromate
some are

television screen

ACTINOID
potassium dichromate

Maack 07 -12kV -719218207+2

These are the elements in which taste ◦ Nacl

filled in Sf orbitals The actinoid

- . are radioactive elements
Orange crystals
Electronic Confee
Conti 5ft inter convertible
"
't "
"
→ chromates and dichromates
-

electronic Gd are
The general
.

¥;
electronic configuration of actinoid
Cig 072
2-
irregularities in GO ,
-

the

stabileties of f- 7 f- 14 occupancies
°

is due to , g- ,

of Sf orbital
- .

structure . .

similarities btw lanthanoids and Actinoid chromate ion ( Goyt ) dichromate ion ( ( 8207£ ) .

e Both exhibit +3 oxidation state predominantly

11°
.

Both are electropositive and have high reactivity 0

¥!
◦
•
.

/
•
like lanthanoid Contraction , there is actinoid contraction also .

°
"
(8

to -
,
¥-4
-
, ,

lo
Difference b/w Actinoid
-

lanthanoids and O
-

Lanthanoids Actinoid Properties

•
They show mainly +3 Oxi state
.
.

They show +3
Oxi state
.
1.) These are
orange red crystals , moderately soluble in cold
like water but
+2 and oxidation state Higher oxidate readily soluble in hot water
a
.

+
and +7
also exist +4, -15, -16 2.) Action of heat .

bow
They have boor shielding They have 414%07 4K200g ¥-2 ( v20 ] -1302
•
• even

effect shielding effect

3.) Action Of Alkali -

also paramagnetic
They paramagnetic and They are
•
◦
are

their
paramagnetic character
but their magnetic
can it be explained ¥28207 -1 IROH →
2K280g -114,0
Character
can be explained easily easily
•

have tendency to They have more tendency 2k260g -1

Hasta →
KIKO 7+12504+110
They less
◦

comb " " "

cry OF
to form
form complexes
200£
-

These are non - radioactive •

These are radioactive
except boomeihium substance .
4.)
Oxidising Property -

behave as a powerful
kzcrz.org
Application of Actinoid Crl # )
Asteroids •
are used in nuclear oxidising agent em er (+1-1) is changed into

reactors for the production of electricity . Ionic Reaction

•
Actinoid are also used for the synthesis of
6,072
-

+1411++6 e -0-7203++7110
transuranic elements .

Molecular Reaction

K
, Cy 071-4112504
→ 142504 -1%0%+4110+3 [ ] o
↳ It
oxidise
Oxalic acid →
CO2 +110
I
-

I →
, so → H 50¥
"
Fe → Fest ( ferrous salt to Ferric ) , ,

→ s ¥-2
Has csulbhide to Sulbhier) I →

soft ( Sulbhite to sulphate)

"

5032 Hg 0*2 %
-

→ →

502 →
Hasta Csulbhur dioxide to sulphuric Acid
) ☒
-

Oxidising Reactions in Neutral

-

Medium . . .

H✗ → ✗ C atogen 2km no 2mn02 -1-3 [ 0]

2 Acid to
Halogen )
1-
Hyo → 2K OH +
5h2 -1 → sit -1
Mn 3e⊖ +4 OH
0*-1-2%0 Mng
_

+ →

ethyl alcohol → It Oxidise

→
acetaldehyde → acetic acid

Has
→
CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST → 5

This test is done for Mn 02

the identification
Mn 504 →
of U ions
during analysis
-

salt ,

potassium dichromate is heated with conc .

Hzsoa Nags20] → Nags Op (thio sulphate

to sulphate
and a salt
having a Nau, KU ) and reddish
-

ceg →
brown vapours of
chromyl chloride are obtained .

Oxidising Reactions in Alkaline Medium

Kick 07 + 4kV
-1611,50, →
26029+6 KHSO
, -13110 214mn04 +☒→ Hop -1 Hao + to]
disinfectant in
Uses It is used as an
oxidising agent ,
_

chromyl ¥02 + Hyo → Mno -1*11+36] ✗2

leather and in
volumetric analysis ,
for tanning in ,

chloride test
214mn04 H2O Mnoa -12K OH + to]
.

+ →
Physical Properties
reddish orange colour
solid having bright
.

ionic
crystalline Mn 05+211,0+350 Mnoii -140h
• , -

→
insoluble in alcohol, acetone
etc
soluble in water and
.

• it is
density around
-3
267 8 am
•
it is odour less ,
with NOTE

Potassium
The overall reactions in alkaline medium is
→
Permanganate CKMnod same as in neutral
kmno, is prepared from medium
byoolusite (
.

Mng) ore .

Structure of
↳ Pyrolusik ( Mnlf) react with alkali metal hydroxide
CKOH ) Mn 0*2 Mn0É
-

to
give potassium manganate O

O 11
-

2mn02 -14 KOH

-102 →
2192mn 0*+21120 I M"

↳
( dark green )
OF [ Mn

Potassium lol -

manganate disproportionate in acid

Tetrahedral permanganate ion
Tetrahedral manganate ion
or alkali to give potassium permanganate c. green ) ( paramagnetic )
burble l Diamagnetic]
2K, Mri 0*+62 → 211mn04 -1 QKU
USES
t
Properties oxidant in the
web • "° " ◦

solid soluble It is used as an

crystalline
.

KMn0q is dark purple .

:b Hack ,

organic compounds of ° ""

decolonisation
.

in warm water cotton silk,

bleaching of wool
in host "ᵗᵈs
.
•
, ,

" Action ◦ 1- Heat -

instruments
in cleaning surgical
on
heating ,
it decomposes •

219mn04 → ks.mn 04 02+02

+ Mn

3.) In Acidic Medium

142504
+ 2mn50, -13110 -158]
214mn04 +311,504
→

Mn 2++4140
Mnoci + 811++50
→

→ it oxidise
2-1
→ Fest ( ferrous salt .
into ferric Salif )

Hgs →s
 Am bidentate
Those ligands
ligands
which have
CO ORDINATION
-
two donor atoms but use one atom to attach with
a central metal atom So these
COMPOUNDS are mono dentate ligands
.

e.g CN ccyano )
-

{
SCN Cthiocyano )
-

Nc
cisocyano)
-

NCS cisothiocyano)
-

Transition metals large

form a no .

Negative ligands which have negative charge

complex compounds In which the metal atoms are bound Neutral ligands

{
symbol of Name of charge on
to a number
of anions 08 neutral molecule by sharing ligands ligands ligands NH ammine 0
Geo such compound are known as co-ordination
.
en
-

cyanide -
±

Compounds .
U
-

chloride -
I CH
]
-
NH
, Methylamine o
Br
Difference co ordination compound Bromide
-

b/w Double salt and -1

0
-

I
-

iodide -1 110 494A

co-Ordination Compounds
Noi Nitrite - N -
1 NO Nitrosyl 0
Double Salt .
Ono
-

Nitin -
o - 1
0
GO Carbonyl
They usually contain two simple
I
OH Hydro ✗ o
_ -

→
→ The simple salty from which no , Nipah
es Mio carbonyl °

salts in equi molar proportion

-

they are formed may or Sen

-

thioaeano -1 PH
} Phosphine 0
Ncs
-

isothiocyano -1

May not be In equi molar prob .

,
. . →
:* - m* i. ◦
.

→
They are ionic compound and
They may not be
→ -1
H Hydride
or
may
-

Thio 4.8C A
do not contain any co ordinate 02 TLNCSNH 0
ionic oxo
-
-

but the complex part → ,

92 beroxo
Pyridine
-

bond 2 °
-

always contain co-ordinate bond so ,2

.

suepnito → F
2- sulbhalo
The Kobe Hies of the double
-2
◦
soy Me 'M / °
The bro besties
of the co ordin -

coin carbonate -2 CH
-
-

}
salts are the same as those ation compounds are
Bidentate
-

of its constituent compounds Bidentate

.

different from its constituent .

914 914 " nato -1

•
In the double salt metal ions • In a coordination compound ethane -1,2 en o
their normal valency the metal ion 0×2 oxalate
show satisfy its
-

-2 -
diamine
two tube of valencies called
primary and secondary valency .

Chelating ligands : -

•
A double salt loses its •
A coordination compounds It is closed
ring type compound formed
identity in the solution by poly dentate
retain its identity in its
solution
ligands (
chelating ligand ) on binding
to
e.
9K250g Akcsou )] -24110 central metal atom
.

e.g Ky [ fe (( m ) , ] Importance

→ Types of coordination compounds

e.g M ← % ,
-
CH
,
• it forms more stable

cationic complex Anionic complex Neutral complex

←
N - {H complex , called
Ho
,
chelating effect
complexion camp complexion carry complex doesn't
Use
in
+ ve charge -
ve charge carry
°
softening of Hard water
4-
any °
Detection metal ion
cg [ Fe CCN )o7 charge of
[ COCNH> 7,32 -1
e.g [Niccolo ]
°
Seba ration of f- block elements .

Co-ordination Entity
ligands The atoms ions or molecules which can donate
The central metal atom and the ligands
which to it are enclosed in
, are
directly attached square
the lone pair of eo to central metal atom by co -
ordinate bond
bracket and called ordination sphere or coordination
co
in
-

coordination compounds are called ligands

e.g EFECCN )D4 is called coordination sphere entity
.
-

D. enticing of ligands : -

" "" * " "

The number of donor atoms present
The ionisabk written outside the square
in the ligand is called its denticity On the basis of
. groups
bracket and are called counter ions eg ksiefeccn ) , ]
denticity ligands
.

of different forms as :
are
called
mono dental , bidentate bidentate tetra :A÷÷entate poly dentate
,
where Ku ions are counter ions
, ,

hex 'd dentate etc Co-ordination Polyhedron

The spatial arrangement of the
.

Monodentate ligands when ligands around the central metal atom is called co-ordination
'

ligand is a bound to a metal ion

polyhedron e.g
through a
single donor atom
a-, Bo CN -

e.g
-

,
"

Hio ; NH, .CO

Bidentate ligands Co-ordination Number
when a
ligand can bind
through two donor
The total number of co ordinate
'

atoms
-

bond formed by
e.g oxalate ethane -1,2
9146 nato ( Gly )
ligands with central metal atom
,
diamine
,
Co-ordination Number { C Number of ligands Denhiity)
-

=
✗
400
-

°O° GHz MHz

-

EY the Efe CCN )o ]

CoClz@nzJHc.N
-

Chi COO [
Han
-

MH
-

[µ
-

, ,
= 6×1 = G CN =
2×1+2×2 = 6
Poly dentate ligands Number
when have than two Oxidation
a
ligand more
The charge present on the central
donating sites .

metal atom in a coordination compound is called

e.g EDTA C. Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate Ion ) oxidation number . It is always positive .

e.g Ku [ Fe ( CN )o ]
OOCH!
ÑfCᵗʰ COO
- -
• •

>N -
CH
,
-
CH -
g,
CHOO
, -

-00cg 4G ) -1×+61-17--0 ✗ = 2

Donor Atoms → 6

Hexi dentate ligands .

 [ Ni clip
-

ON THE BASIS OF LIGANDS •

Homolebtic in which only one type of ligands are present Nit → CAN 's 3d 845
28
19 Ky [ Fe ( CN ) , ]
Helen lentic in ↑ " / Mkt / 4 IT ✗ ✗ 1×1 ✗
which different type of ligands are present
4s Ub
e.
g. [ Cock Centre za

hybridisation Geometry tetrahedral → sb3 →

Nomenclature of co ordination compounds
-

It is paramagnetic in nature
e.g •
KYEFECCN)o ] → potassium hexacyanido ferrate CII )
U 2) -
_ 4272+2 ) IF B. M = -
_

• @ Q(Hz0ki NO , →
Hlraaqua dichloride chromium GTI) nitrate
&
[ NICCN) 4)
-

tetraammtne.ch/oridonipo-N-cobaltC1I )
•
•
[ Coll ( NG ) (NH] )y] NO, →

nitrate
Kjfecczou }] potassium toioxalato ferrate CIII ) Ni 2-1 [ As ] 18 3d 45
'

→
•
→

28
][CoCCNs(NO) ] potassium bentacyanido nitrosyl cobaltite #
1T¥
K
it / + At # IT
•
>
☐
•
[ Coclzcenljssoy dichloride bi:( ethane -1,2 diamine) cobalt 4s
→
3d
-

City sulphate
is pairing of e@ takes
•
[ ↳ • (0^10) HI>
CN a
strong ligand so

chlonieobiscethane -1,2 diamine ) nitito -0 -

Place
cobalt ' # ' " ° "
☒
↑H↑Hqk / it ✗
17¥
'

◦
[Nikola] → tetra carbonyl nickel (o )
• Li [ At the] → lithium tetra hydride aluminate CIII) 3d Up
hybridisation → dSb2
Werner Theory • two types of Valencies
Metals possess Geometry →
Square planar
primary
,
called ionisable valency c oxidation number
diamagnetic in
or

and ordination
It is nature
secondary or non ionisable valency ( co
.

- -

Number )
The
primary valencies directional
•
are non
CRYSTAL FIELD THEORY
-
.

:
complex show bribery
•
The compound do not any
and Metal ligand bond is in ionic nature so, there
central metal atom ligands present
-

of the the
-
.

in it .
B electrostatic force of attraction btw metal and

ligands
Valence Bond Theory :
-

The
ligands are treated as
negative centres and
these negative centres are so arranged around
Acc to this
.

theory ,
metal -

ligand
bond arises
central metal atom that here is minimum repulsion
due to the donation
of electron pair from ligands btw them
to central metal atom
.

the ion under the In a free transition metal ion all the fire d-
metal atom
-
.
or
Influence of ligands can use (n 1) d , ns , nb , nd
-
orbitals have equal energies ( degenerate orbitals )
orbitals for hybridisation
but when it takes part in complex formation
these d- orbital } split in two parts
Hybridisation C. N Geometry Example
.

it is called d- d transition or crystal

Sb 2 linear
[Aeg ( ( N) ]
-

field shitting .

Trigonal blanar [HGI} ] For Octahedral For Tetrahedral Complex

_

Sbz 3 Complex
Sb } 4 Tetrahedral [ Nikola ) z .

5949 " planar entice NKT

dsp 2 4
] 59149M pyramidal fellow
dsb 5
"
d2sp3 6 Octahedral finned [Cr( NH] } ]
}
'
Octahedral (outer) ( Feff )
-

sp ] d 6
"
e.
g [ COCNH, } ] of d- orbitals
shape

{
( 03-1 → EARTH 3d 6
At
G- Ao
-
-

63-1 Mla HUH ☐ I 1 1

27
3d Us Up
Go NH] is a
strong ligand so
pairing of e -0

takes place

↑H↑HHXH × XIXIX
spectra chemical series :
ga u, UP → it % arrangement of all ligands
diamagnetic of increasing
in order CFSE value is called
hybridisation d%b3 →
spectochemical series .

The ligands with small value

Geometry Octahedral →
U -
_

¥-4 do CFSE are called weak ligands and the

ligands
0 Bom
with higher value of cf.SE are called strong
-

ligand
inner
=

orbital complex
I ( Br ( S2 ( SCN { A- ( F- { OH { OX
_ -
- - -

{ H2O ( NCS { NH ] ten { NO { CN { CO

-
-
-

,
 ISOMERISM → Tetrahedral complexes do not show Geometrical isomerism
coordination compounds
which
Two or more →
have same molecular formula but have different square planar complexes of formula [ mxgl.sn ] ( ✗ and L

central are unidentak

ways of attachment of their ligands to the ligands) show geometrical isomerism . The
two
metal atom and have different properties These .
are called ×
ligands may be arranged adjacent to each
isomers The phenomenon is known as isomerism
.
.
Other in a cis -
isomer or opposite to each other in a
trans isomer
ISOMERISM _

'
↓ ↓
9
NH] Ntt
"
-

stereoisomers
- -
-
- - -

structural Isomers

:*
Npg
. .
.

!
. .
.
. . .

arises due to the difference arises due to the different ÷ ;

in the str of coordination spatial arrangement of : :
.

around the metal ion NHS

compounds ligands
-
-
. .
.
.

q
. . . .
'
r
r r
,
,

g.
, , ,

cis Trans
↳
Ionisation
↳
→
Geometrical isomerism
Hydrate
↳
→
Obtical isomerism Octahedral complexes with C. N 6
coordination
-
.

TY be Mbta
[CoCNH%q]
↳
Linkage e.g
-

Ñj
4) IONISATION ISOMERISM ✗

isomerism arises due to

¥
This

exchange
.

of ionisabk anion with anionic

ligands e.g .

l
Eg [ Co Bo CHAO )s ] -1cL and [ COUCH
Ok ]
+
cis
-

,
Bo -

✗
Trans
ECOCNH, )sS0jBr and [ COCMH
, )sBr ] SO , TY be -

M✗2Az ( X Uni dentate

A- Bidentate
-

& ) HYDRATE
ISOMERISM Or SOLYATE ISOMERISM
In this ×
ligands
✗
ligands )
isomerism water is taken as solvent It has different
? t
.
,

Of water

m-F
no molecule in the coordination sphere and
- - -
- -
-
- -
.
_

g.
1-
My
outside it e.
g A A
:
[ COCH, [
Us (041%42) 4.2140
. . . -
"
.

/
.

, ,

- A cis ✗ Trans
[ LOCH
, 07,4] ] -3110
→ In Octahedral Complexes of the formula [ MA]X ] ]
CO-ORDINATION ISOMERISM % ECOCNH]
}( NO ) ]
tybe of isomerism
occurs when
, ]
This
is interchange cationic and anionic
there
ligands btw of No ,

complexes of different metal ion present in a complex NH

.

!?
, ^
M
% Eco cnn.wecoccnwandecocNHR.TK KNW iffy
.

11^1%-1
NO ,

NHS
, .

LINKAGE ISOMESISM
isomerism is shown by the NO ,
This type of NO ,
coordination compounds bidentate ligands fac facial
having am
-

Mer -
meridional .

EG ECO (
Nlt ) g-
( NO ) ] Cl
,
and ECOCNH] )s( ONODU
same
ligands occupy same ligands are in
STEREOISOMERISM one face of an octahedron one plane
a

Geoiiinetrical optical
ti →
OPTICAL ISOMERS
Isomerism
Isomerism A optical isomerism is common
- in
These the complexes
are Octahedral complexes
This isomerism is common
which have chiral sp The .
→
The
bidentate ligands
involving
in complexes with % molar mixture of
C- M4&6 pair of stere isomers are the
'
d and
' '
l
'
isomer is termed
as the
.

Geometrical isomers minor racemic mixture

are of images of each other
two thebe but
may not be superimposed
→
Trans isomer cant show optical isomers
C On the stereoisomers .
These ④ 4 4
same ligands are mirror images are called I /
4 "
% -1
bresent at adjacent enantiomers The enantiomers
in ÷ en

position
n¥_ᵗ ✓
.

• • which rotate the plane :

% polarised light in a clockwise minor

direction is called dextro rotatory ⑨ ⑨

" (d) or 4)

ligands are and the enantiomer which rotate ④ Eco CNH

@ n )]
-1

Present at
same
the blane bolarised in anti
,
NH,
)2U , NH,
opposite position light NHS /
/
÷
clockwise direction

%
is laevo rotatory "

%
"' " "
In E '

, a
ce
mirror
 3h -1
e.g [ MCAA}
✗
<

4 +
cis -
[ Co Cenk 423-1 7
1-
%
a
% Ten
!
"
-

¥
"
, co i.
,
-
:-/ 1-
-

en I
-

Li y
' -
-
en
minor
.

METAL CARBONYLS
contain
Complex compounds that
carbonyl ligands only are termed as metal carbonyl
% Ni ( co)
, Fe C.CO)s Cr ( ( 076
CO CO
CO
Nti ¥
"
-
co
06 I co
0C <
/ 1- I oc co
CO
Coco CO

Tetrahedral Trigonal
Bipyramid at octahedral

BONDING IN METAL CARBONYLS

↳
In metal bond has
carbonyls the both
BPLIVE
,
metal -
carbon
5- and b- character
,
CO
ligand attach itself to metal atom
from the carbon atom to form metal -

carbon bond It is
.

a
weak dono .se
M C
-
- bond is formed by donation of lone pair ofthe eo
on the
carbonyl carbon to the vacant orbital of metal
↳
M - C it bond is formed by the donation of a pair of eo

from the filled d- orbital of the metal to vacant

antibonding IT *
orbital of co This .
property of back bonding
which stabilise the metal -

ligand bond is termed as

synergic effect
C- M +0 +
☒⇐0: →
-0M 1*116=-0 :
a-
overlap
Donation of lone pair of eo from carbon
atom into a vacant orbital of the metal .

C- mAE-BAE-B.gr#aaoE*g-=o :-D
+0-6=-0
m →

D- ① -ñEa* #¥¥ +0

IT -

overlap
Donation of e -0 from a filled metal d- orbital
into a vacant
antibonding IT orbital of CO
-

M 0*6=-0
O O O O
-7
Factors
Affecting stability of a complex
•

Charge on central metal atom → as charge on central metal

atom increases , of complex increases
stability
Nature of metal ion
•

stability order is 3d<4d45d series

•

Nature of
ligands -

strong field ligands form more

stable complex
•

Presence %
of chelate Ring :
more the chelation More
stability
,

•
Effect of multi dentate ligands :

If the ligands are

multi dentate , the stability of complex increases
-
•
significance of co-ordination com bounds
USE CODE -
BPL / HE
• In
Biological System
↳ In Medicinal Chemistry
In Analytical Chemistry
?⃝
?⃝