Nutrición: aparatos digestivo y respiratorio

NUTRITION:
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Biology and Geology

 Nutrición: aparatos digestivo y respiratorio

• Human nutrition
• The digestive system
• The digestive process in the mouth
• The digestive process in the stomach
• The digestive process in the small intestine
• Liver and pancreas
• From food to nutrients
• Food absorption
• The digestive process in the large intestine
• The respiratory system
• Gas exchange
• Pulmonary ventilation
• Health and illnesses of the digestive system
• Health and illnesses of the respiratory
system
 Nutrición: aparatos digestivo y respiratorio

1. HUMAN NUTRITION
Nutrition is a vital function and these
systems play a role in it:
The digestive system obtains nutrients from
food and pass the to the blood
The respiratory system take O2 and releases
CO2 from and to the air
The excretoy system releases waste subtances
outside the body
Circulatory system transport nutrients and
waste
 2. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The gastrointestinal tract and the accessory glands form the digestive system
Gastrointestinal tract:
• From mouth to anus
Salivary glands Mouth • The mucous membrane protects
pharynx
it internally and has different
Salivary
glands
glands (mucus and digestive
juices)
Oesophagus • It has three muscular layers
(longitudinal, circular and
diaphragm
oblique) that push food down
Liver the digestive tract.
Gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas

Appendix
Large intestine Accessory or ancillary glands:
Organs that discharge their
Rectum Small intestine secretions in the gastrointestinal
Anus tract.
Accessory or ancillary glands
 Nutrición: aparatos digestivo y respiratorio

3. DIGESTION

Food is transformed into nutrients (to be used by cells)

through mechanical (chewing and muscular action)

and chemical (digestive enzymes) processes

The Digestive System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QYwscALNng

How your digestive system works - Emma Bryce https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og5xAdC8EUI
 DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN THE MOUTH
Salivation Chewing
Saliva starts chemical digestion (amylase), The teeth grind and crush food into smaller
destroys bacteria (lysozyme) and eases the chunks to facilitate digestion.
food bolus (mucin)
Incisors
Premolars Canine
Parotids

submandibulars Molars
Sublinguals
Swallowing
• The tongue pushes the bolus towards the pharynx and from there it goes to the esophagus.
• Three phases: oral (voluntary), pharyngeal and esophageal (involuntary)
 Nasogastric tube insertion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7CgtIgSyAiU
 THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN THE STOMACH

The peristaltic movements advance the bolus through the

oesophagus into the stomach where it enters through the cardia,
a valve that prevents reflux.

Cardia
 Nutrición: aparatos digestivo y respiratorio
The gastric juice contains: Oesophagus Its inner wall is covered
• Pepsin: enzyme that begins
with mucus, which
the digestion of proteins
protects against the
• hydrochloric acid: activates Cardia
action of hydrochloric
pepsin, breaks down food
acid and enzymes.
fibers and destroys
bacteria.
The bolus is transformed into
a more fluid substance, the
chyme
Layers of muscle

The stomach is formed by

three muscular layers that
favor the movement and the
transformation of the bolus
Pylorus in the chyme.
The chyme will leave the
stomach through the pylorus, a
valve that prevents reflux.
What do we digest faster: a plate of pasta or a bacon sandwich?
 THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine runs from the stomach to the ileocecal valve and measures 6-7 meters.
It is divided into three sectors: duodenum, jejunum and ileum
In the duodenum the chyme
mixes with juices:
• Intestinal juice: has
enzymes that digest
different types of
Duodenum Stomach molecules
Short portion (25 • Pancreatic juice: with
cm) in the shape of Pylorus enzymes capable of
a horseshoe digesting different
Large substances and sodium
Jejunum intestine bicarbonate that
Longest section neutralizes the the chyme’s
of the small acidity
intestine. Ileum • Bile: bile salts intervene in
Final part, the emulsification of fats
which ends in facilitating its attack by the
Ileocecal valve the large digestive enzymes
intestine
The chyme changes into chyle
 Liver and pancreas
Liver Oesophagus

The liver produces bile that is

Gallbladder stored in the gallbladder.

Stomach

The pancreas secretes

pancreatic juice
Pancreas
Ampulla
of Vater

These juices are released into the duodenum through

the ampulla of Vater.
 The mixture of chyme with these three substances is transformed into
chyle
FOOD NUTRIENTS

Food

Mouth

Bolus

Stomach

Chyme

Small
intestine
Chyle
 Food absorption
Intestinal Small
mucous cells intestine

Intestinal
villi

Microvilli
Capillaries Intestinal
folds
Intestinal gland
Lymph capillary

Absorption is the passage of nutrients into the bloodstream to be

distributed across the body. It takes place, fundamentally, in the small
intestine (jejunum).
The absorption surface of the intestine is increased thanks to the
intestinal folds and villi and to the microvilli of the mucosal cells.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJ1wKsmBPvA
 THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS IN THE LARGE INTESTINE
The large intestine is shorter (1.5 m) and has larger circumference than the small intestine.
It has three main sections: cecum, colon and rectum

Colon. There are symbiotic

bacteria (intestinal flora) that
generate some vitamins, such as Almost all water and mineral
B12 or K, necessary for our body. salts are absorbed in the
large intestine and faeces
Transverse colon compact to form stool.

Ascending Colon

Descendig colon
Ileocecal valve

Rectum. It is the final portion

Cecum. Portion with that empties into the anus.
a narrow extension,
the appendix. Anus
Appendix Fecal stools are eliminated
through defecation or egestion
 5. HEALTHY HABITS
ILLNESSES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Recommendations to maintain the health of the digestive system:

• Chew slowly to completely crush the food.
• Brush your teeth after each meal to eliminate food debris.
• Do not drink excessively hot or spicy foods or drinks.
• Wash your hands before eating and preparing food.
• Respect meal times and try not to eat outside of them.
• Make sure that the food and drinks you eat are in perfect condition.
• Eat foods with enough fiber.
• Do not consume alcoholic beverages.
 Illnesses of the digestive system

1. The mouth (caries, gingivitis, pyorrhoea)

2. Stomach (gastritis, ulcers)

3. Liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallstones)

4. Intestine (gastroenteritis, appendicitis,

constipation, diarrhoea, celiac disease,
colon cancer)
 Mouth (caries)

destruction of dental enamel

 Mouth ( gingivitis)
painful inflammation of the gums
 Mouth (pyorrhoea)
inflammation and infection of ligaments and bones that support
the teeth
 Stomach

Irritation and inflammation of the gastric mucosa.

Symptom: heartburn
 Stomach (ulcers)

Wounds caused by destruction of gastric

mucosa
 Liver (hepatitis)
inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, alcohol, medications ...
 Liver (cirrhosis)
destruction of liver tissue
 Liver (gallstones)
accumulation in the gall bladder of solid particles of cholesterol
or mineral salts
 Intestine (gastroenteritis)
infection and intestinal inflammation
 Intestine (appendicitis)
inflammation of the appendix due to residue retention and bacterial
action
 Intestine (constipation)
Difficulty evacuating faeces due to reduced mobility of the large
intestine
 Intestine (diarrhoea)

Liquid stools, great intestinal mobility

 Intestine (celiac disease)

Autoimmune disease that produces chronic inflammation of the

jejunum (presence of gluten)
 Intestine (colon cancer)
Malignant tumor in colon that can invade other organs
 Cirugía http://www.jogosdecirurgia.co/operar-agora-apendice-cirurgia/

http://www.surgery-games.org/

Cómo los alimentos que comes afectan tu intestino - Shilpa Ravella

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sISguPDlhY

The Digestive System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QYwscALNng

How your digestive system works - Emma Bryce https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og5xAdC8EUI