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    Ethical Consideration in Leadership and Management

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    Shams Khan
    The document discusses moral decision making and ethical dilemmas. It outlines three principles for moral decision making: 1) moral discernment, which is the ability to determine right from wrong; 2) well-formed conscience, which requires being informed on ethical norms; and 3) a decision making process that involves identifying the problem, gathering information, identifying alternatives, weighing evidence, choosing an alternative, taking action, and reviewing outcomes. It also discusses principles like cooperation, lesser evil, and double effect that can guide decision making. Ethical dilemmas arise when following principles results in two conflicting choices of action.

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    Ethical Consideration in Leadership and Management

    Uploaded by

    Shams Khan
    90 views25 pages
    The document discusses moral decision making and ethical dilemmas. It outlines three principles for moral decision making: 1) moral discernment, which is the ability to determine right from wrong; 2) well-formed conscience, which requires being informed on ethical norms; and 3) a decision making process that involves identifying the problem, gathering information, identifying alternatives, weighing evidence, choosing an alternative, taking action, and reviewing outcomes. It also discusses principles like cooperation, lesser evil, and double effect that can guide decision making. Ethical dilemmas arise when following principles results in two conflicting choices of action.

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    The document discusses moral decision making and ethical dilemmas. It outlines three principles for moral decision making: 1) moral discernment, which is the ability to determine right from wrong; 2) well-formed conscience, which requires being informed on ethical norms; and 3) a decision making process that involves identifying the problem, gathering information, identifying alternatives, weighing evidence, choosing an alternative, taking action, and reviewing outcomes. It also discusses principles like cooperation, lesser evil, and double effect that can guide decision making. Ethical dilemmas arise when following principles results in two conflicting choices of action.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    90 views25 pages

    Ethical Consideration in Leadership and Management

    Uploaded by

    Shams Khan
    The document discusses moral decision making and ethical dilemmas. It outlines three principles for moral decision making: 1) moral discernment, which is the ability to determine right from wrong; 2) well-formed conscience, which requires being informed on ethical norms; and 3) a decision making process that involves identifying the problem, gathering information, identifying alternatives, weighing evidence, choosing an alternative, taking action, and reviewing outcomes. It also discusses principles like cooperation, lesser evil, and double effect that can guide decision making. Ethical dilemmas arise when following principles results in two conflicting choices of action.

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    of 25

    Ethical considerations in

    leadership and
    management

    Quiozon, Juliana Nicole D.


    Moral Decision Making

    - is having the ability to decide which is the right


    course of action once we have spotted the ethical
    issue
    - Identifying and choosing alternatives based on values
    and preferences.
    - Process of sufficiently reducing uncertainly and doubt
    about alternatives to allow a reasonable choice to be
    made.
    Moral Decision Making

    1.Principle of moral discernment


    2.Principle of well-formed conscience
    3.Strategies of moral decision-making
    process
    Moral Decision Making

    1.Principle of moral discernment


    - It refers to the ability to discern what is
    morally right from morally wrong that
    requires moral reflectiveness on the
    meaning of good and bad. It refers to
    ability to draw conclusions from the
    discernment to develop convictions
    Moral Decision Making

    The following actions can be made when making


    decisions of discernment:
    • Taking time in making decisions
    • Use the both head and heart
    • Assess important values involved in
    the situation.
    Moral Decision Making

    1.Principle of moral discernment


    • Principle of cooperation
    • Principle of lesser evil
    • Principle of double effect
    Moral Decision Making

    1.Principle of cooperation
    - St. Alphonsus Liguori (1787)
    - Defined as the participation of one
    agent in the activity of another agent
    to produce a particular effect or share
    in a joint activity. 
    Moral Decision Making

    •Principle of formal cooperation [absolute evil]

    -It occurs when someone


    intentionally helps another person
    carry out a sinful act.
    Moral Decision Making

    • Explicit formal cooperation


    - occurs when someone wills the evil
    action of the principal agent
    Examples:
    • A doctor who openly encourages or
    recommends a direct abortion. 
    • ''Yes, I'm happy to drive the getaway car
    because I want to be an accomplice''
    Moral Decision Making

    • Implicit formal cooperation


    - happens when a person, for the sake of a good aim,
    establishes the structure (procedure, protocol, or
    contractual agreement) by which a specifically described
    immoral action will take place, grants formal approval to
    an immoral action, or wills the principal agent’s evil
    action as the means for achieving some other good.
    Examples:
    • If a doctor believes that a certain surgery is immoral, yet still
    preforms it, he is participating
    Moral Decision Making

    •Principle of material cooperation


    - The cooperator does not share the intention of the
    evil act but participates in some way
    • Mediate material cooperation - occurs when there is is
    a degree of causal (not physical) separation between the action
    and the principal agent’s immoral act. The degree of causal
    distance may vary along a scale from proximate to remote. 
    • Proximate (mediate) material cooperation
    • Remote (mediate) material cooperation
    Moral Decision Making

    •Principle of material cooperation


    • Immediate material cooperation - when
    the action is so intimately linked with the
    principal agent’s immoral act that they are
    nearly indistinguishable. [knowingly driving
    the get away car at a bank robbery]
    Moral Decision Making

    Key points :
    • Formal cooperation is always immoral
    • Immediate material cooperation is
    likewise immoral
    • Mediate material cooperation may be
    moral
    Sample case scenario

    “ Angelica attempted abortion because her


    boyfriend Derek does not want to marry her and
    brought Cytotec and bottled herbal medications
    from Quiapo and suggested that she removed
    the baby. In her attempt she was bleeding
    profusely and her relatives, unaware of her
    intention, rushed her to the hospital. The doctor
    completed the procedure even if there is FHT.”
    Sample case scenario

    1. Angelica ________
    2. Derek ________
    3. Relatives _______
    4. Doctors ________
    5. Nurse on duty during procedure, nursing
    aide and janitor on duty ________
    Moral Decision Making

    •Principle of lesser evil


    - The principle that when faced with
    selecting from two immoral options,
    the one which is least immoral
    should be chosen.
    Moral Decision Making

    •Principle of double effect


    - This principle aims to provide specific
    guidelines for determining when it is morally
    permissible to perform an action in pursuit of a
    good end in full knowledge that the action will
    also bring about bad results.
    Example:

    • A physician considers the possibility of a


    relieving a terminally ill patient pain. in order to
    do so she would have to administer painkillers
    that could harm the patient or even shorten the
    patient’s life. Hence there is a moral dilemma
    of relieving pain [good object] or causing harm
    [bad object]
    Moral Decision Making

    2.Principle of well-formed
    conscience
    - indicates that people are obligated to inform
    themselves about ethical norms, incorporate that
    knowledge into their daily lives, act according to that
    knowledge, and take responsibility for those actions.
    Moral Decision Making

    Example :
    The patient to make a decision with an
    informed conscience, the physician has to
    provide himself with the necessary information.
    If the patient, owing to his age or condition, is
    unable to judge the situation clearly, the
    physician has to give adequate information to
    those who bear responsibility for him.
    Moral Decision Making

    3.Strategies of moral decision making process


     The strategies are:
    1) Identify the problem
    2) Gather relevant information
    3) Identify alternatives
    4) Weigh evidence
    5) Choose among alternatives
    6) Take action
    7) Review decision and consequences
    Ethical Dilemma

    Ethical Dillema is defined as “a


    situation that arises when
    attempted adherence to basic
    ethical principles results in two
    conflicting courses of action.
    How to solve Ethical Dilemma?

    • Refute the paradox [dilemma]


    • Value theory approach
    • Find alternative solutions
    Examples of Ethical Dilemma

    Some examples of ethical dilemma examples


    include:
    • Taking credit for other’s work
    • Offering a client a worse product for your own
    profit
    • Utilizing inside knowledge for your own profit
    THE END
    THANK YOU!

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