Aa 9

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The official journal for imaging and geospatial information science and
ience and technology
September 2013
Volume 79, Number 9
PE&RS
GLEN CANYON DAM, ARIZONA

CaGIS/ASPRS 2013 Specialty Conference
Imaging and Mapping for Disaster
Management: From the Individual
to the Global Community
San Antonio, Texas, October 27-30, 2013  Crowne Plaza San Antonio Riverwalk
www.asprs.org/Conferences/San-Antonio-2013
Terrorism
Tornado
Hurricanes
Flooding
Wild Fires
Earthquakes
THE
IMAGING & GEOSPATIAL
INFORMATION SOCIETY Drought
Man Made Disasters — Oil Spill
www.asprs.org/Conferences/San-Antonio-2013 1
CaGIS/ASPRS 2013 Specialty Conference
Imaging and Mapping for Disaster Management:
From the Individual to the Global Community
San Antonio, Texas, October 27-30, 2013  Crowne Plaza San Antonio Riverwalk
CaGIS and ASPRS invite you to our joint conference PROGRAM
on Imaging and Mapping for Disaster Management. General session speakers:
As mapping, GIS, and remote sensing professionals, • Dr. Bhudu Bhaduri, Oak Ridge National
we understand the key role that accurate, current Laboratory
geospatial information plays in preventing, preparing • Josh Campbell, U.S. Department of State
for, and responding to emergencies on all scales. The • Dr. Bruce Davis, Science and Technology
combined expertise of CaGIS and ASPRS members is Directorate, Department of Homeland Security
critical in supporting disaster management because it
is not enough to collect outstanding data; we must be Special sessions:
prepared to quickly and efficiently exploit it in order to • Hurricane Sandy response and post-event data
enable critical decisions. Most importantly, we must collection and processing
understand the information needs of the decision • Crowdsourcing as part of disaster response
makers and coordinate geospatial data collections. • Unmanned aerial systems
ASPRS workshops – Sunday afternoon and

Monday, prior to the start of the conference.
Technical sessions and exhibit hall hours are on

two days – Tuesday (October 29) and Wednesday
(October 30).
NEW: Three presentations per 90-minute technical

session, allowing more time for each presenter and
for discussion.
More Exhibit hall hours to maximize opportunity

to visit the exhibit booths.
Exhibitors’ Reception – Tuesday night followed

by an opportunity for late-night dancing near the
Riverwalk – including lessons from at least one of
the Technical Program Chairs and an ASPRS Past
President!
Registration is open and program information is available online at

http://www.asprs.org/Conferences/San-Antonio-2013
We are looking forward to seeing all of you in San Antonio for some very important
work and an opportunity to have some fun deep in the heart of Texas!
Manual of Airborne Topographic Lidar
Edited by Michael S. Renslow
The ASPRS Manual of Airborne Topographic

Lidar covers all the relevant topics relating to the
science behind lidar systems, mission planning,
data collection and management, quality control/
quality assurance, and product development.
Selected topics are discussed in-depth
• The Global Navigation Satellite System
• Full Waveform Lidar
• Digital Terrain Modeling using GIS
• Rotary-Wing and Fixed-Wing Installations
• Calibration
• Flood Prone Area Mapping
• Hydro-enforcement
• Building Feature Extraction
• Transportation Engineering
• Natural Hazards Mapping
• Airport Surveying
500 pp. Hardcover & Kindle. 2012.

ISBN 1-57083-097-5
ISBN 1-57083-098-3
Stock # 4587
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766 Septem b er 2 013 Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing

PE & RS
On the cover: Aero-Graphics recently collected simultaneous HD video, orthoimagery,
and high-density lidar data over the Glen
Canyon Dam near Page, Arizona. Be-
cause of its tremendous ecological im-
pact on the Colorado River, the result-
ing data provided immense value to the
end user for conducting sediment and September 2013 Volume 79, Number 9
sandbar erosion studies, flood simula- PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING
The official journal for imaging and geospatial information science and technology
tion analysis, and rockslide mitigation.
A regional power company also utilized
JOURNAL STAFF
the data for transmission line ratings and
NERC compliance. A video depicting Publisher
the synthesis of all three mapping ele- James R. Plasker
ments is available for viewing at http://www.aero-graphics.com. jplasker@asprs.org
Aero-Graphics is a privately-owned geospatial services company located in Salt Lake City, Editor
Utah. Utilizing the latest in lidar and aerial imaging technology, it has established a nationwide repu- Russell G. Congalton
tation for providing high-quality aerial mapping services on schedule at competitive prices. russ.congalton@unh.edu
For further information, please contact us by phone at 801.487.3273 or by email at sales@aero-
Executive Editor
graphics.com.
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Highlight Article Michael S. Renslow
renslow76@comcast.net
769 Understanding the Spatio-Temporal Pattern
Assistant Editor
of Tweets
Jie Shan
Yue Li and Jie Shan jshan@ecn.purdue.edu
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Columns & Updates Rae Kelley
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Somalia Publications Production Assistant
777 Book Review — An Introduction to Contemporary Matthew Austin
Remote Sensing
778 Headquarters News —
769 maustin@asprs.org
Manuscript Coordinator
778 ASPRS Lidar Division Releases First LAS Jeanie Congalton
Domain Profile jcongalton@asprs.org
778 ASPRS Launches First eBook — Manual of Circulation Manager
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779 ASPRS Executive Director James Plasker sokhanh@asprs.org
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780 Industry News Mohanna Sales Representatives
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765 CaGIS/ASPRS 2013 Specialty Conference — CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
Imaging and Mapping for Disaster Management:
From the Individual to the Global Community 775 Grids & Datums Column
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778 New Sustaining Member — NovAtel, Inc. cjmce@lsu.edu
784 Call for Abstracts — Hyperspectral Remote Book Reviews
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Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing September 2013 767

Peer-Reviewed Articles PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING is the of-
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Ren The technical activities of the Society are conducted through the fol-
An improved decision-theoretic rough set model with a com- lowing Technical Divisions: Geographic Information Systems, Photogram-
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Understanding the
Spatio-temporal
Pattern of Tweets
by Yue Li and Jie Shan
Recent IT technologies and online services are tremendously alter-

introduction
ing the way people create, use and share geographic information
(Elwood, 2008). Enabled by the widespread use of hand-handled
GPS, geo-tags, high-resolution graphics and access to the Internet
and Web 2.0, spatial data can be collected and produced voluntari-
ly by the untrained general public. This has been termed Geoweb,
Volunteered Geographic Information, and neogeography (Good-
child, 2007; Crampton, 2008). Different from the traditional way
exclusive to professionals in collecting spatial data, an individual
can be seen as an intelligent sensor contributing to local geographic
information (Goodchild, 2007). This innovation profoundly impacts
the discipline of geography, as well as sociology and politics, by pro-
viding innovative solutions other than traditional methods such
as focus groups, interviews and surveys (Elwood, 2008; Tsou and
Leitner, 2013). The Geoweb, according to Crampton et al. (2013),
is not only a simple collection of latitude-longitude coordinates at-
tached with information, but a “socially produced space that blurs
the oft-reproduced binary of virtual and material spaces”.
continued on page 770

continued from page 769
Twitter, the most popular micro-blogging site, hav- ed by location sharing services such as Foursquare,
ing over 500 million registered users as of 2012 and Gowalla, and Facebook, where spatial, temporal, social
creating over 340 million tweets per day, has caught and textural aspects were analyzed to quantitatively
the attention of socio-geographic researchers (Lun- assess the human mobility pattern (Cheng et al, 2011).
den, 2012). One important feature about Twitter is Different from the above research, where tweets in
its availability from mobile phones, which may have a given area were collected and analyzed, several re-
embedded location sensors such as GPS and thus al- searchers focused on the spatial distribution of tweets
low users to send messages with their geographic co- related with a certain event or topic in a broader area.
ordinates (Fujisaka et al., 2010). With respect to the Crampton et al. (2013) focused on the manifestation of
huge quantity and large diversity of crowds publishing one certain event -- the widely reported riots after the
tweets, massive valuable knowledge such as social geo- University of Kentucky men’s basketball team’s 2012
graphic phenomena can be extracted (Fujisaka et al., championship. They developed a big data analytic en-
2010). Therefore, study of the spatio-temporal pattern gine providing geo-visualization functionality for geo-
of geo-tagged tweets provides important implications tagged tweets, and analyzed the geography of one spe-
for various applications, such as human geography, cific hashtag #LexingtonPoliceScanner, which refers to
urban science, location-based services, targeted adver- the online feed of the Lexington Police Department, to
tising, content delivery networks, and social media re- assess the ability of using geo-referenced social media
search (Kamath et al., 2013). data to spatially determine events and the news diffu-
This article reviews recent socio-geographic research sion over time and space (Crampton et al., 2013).
based on micro-blogging services such as Twitter. The Similar to Crampton et al. (2013), Tsou et al. (2013)
spatio-temporal dynamics of geo-tagged tweets in West analyzed the spatial distribution of web pages and so-
Lafayette, Indiana, the town of Purdue University, is cial media messages with respect to the 2012 Presiden-
presented. It is to demonstrate the feasibility of utiliz- tial Election. They converted thousands of web pages
ing public location-based social network information, and millions of tweets related to the keywords “Barak
especially geo-tagged tweets, to understand the daily Obama” or “Mitt Romney” into maps. The resulting
activities and life style of human beings, mostly college landscape with different time and keywords were
students in this case. highly correlated to certain major campaign events,
leading to the conclusion that this innovative approach
is useful for quantitatively studying human activities,
Literature Review social events and human thoughts (Tsou et al., 2013).
Ghosh and Guha (2013) mapped the distribution of
Analyzing micro-blog data such as tweets can help the tweets related to “obesity”. They first extracted the
discover and understand human behavior patterns main topics and keywords associated with “obesity” us-
and personal lifestyle patterns. Fujisaka et al. (2010) ing topic modeling, and explored the spatial patterns
analyzed mass movement histories using geo-tagged of each extracted topic, which were further related to
micro-blog datasets to explore the behavior patterns U.S. census data and locations of fast food restaurants.
of individual regions. They proposed two models: an The research offered a prototype for social scientists,
aggregation model to illustrate how many new users especially health geographers, to use large conversa-
enter the region, and a dispersion model to calculate tional datasets in studying health problems (Ghosh
those leaving the region. By using these models, usu- and Guha, 2013).
al and unusual social and natural phenomena can be
found, and anonymous crowd mining became feasible
(Fujisaka et al., 2010). Based on this work, they could Motivation and methodology
detect geo-social events, such as festivals, by compar-
ing micro-blogging data with geographic regularities. To further demonstrate the potential of using geo-
In addition to geo-tags, Hiruta et al. (2012) filtered tagged social media data in socio-geographic research,
out tweets with content irrelevant to the tagged lo- we conducted several analyses into the geo-tagged
cation to detect events. Similarly, Nakaji and Yanai tweets within West Lafayette, Indiana, United States.
(2012) took advantage of the visual features of the at- It is the most densely populated city in Indiana with
tached photos to supplement the geo-tag information, a population of 29,596 as of the 2010 census (“2010
and designed a visualization system for real-world Population Finder”, 2011). Also, West Lafayette is the
events on the online map. home of Purdue University, which has almost 40,000
Instead of detecting events from massive geo-tagged students as of fall 2012 (Office of Institutional Re-
tweets (Fujisaka et al., 2010; Nakaji and Yanai, 2012), search, 2013).
Li et al. (2013) related the density of tweets with socio- This study explores the spatio-temporal pattern of
economic characteristics of local people to discover the geo-tagged tweets in West Lafayette, and thus infers
spatial, temporal, and socioeconomic patterns. Similar the human activity and mobility pattern in the area.
research has been conducted on the footprints record- Particularly, this analysis may shed light on the ac-

tivity patterns of Purdue students, since 93% of young tweets varies greatly by time, while there is no consid-
adults (age 18-29) use the Internet, while 72% of them erable variation for the weekends (Figure 3). The num-
use social networking sites, as reported by a Pew Re- ber of tweets on weekdays starts to rise at 7:00 am,
search Center study (2010). which corresponds to the fact that the first classes on
A total of 4,160 geo-tagged tweets were collected campus start at 7:30 am. It continues to grow during
from Twitter using the Twitter Streaming API for the day until 4:00 pm. This indicates students tweet a
one entire week from Thursday, April 11 to Thursday, lot on campus between and/or during classes. The peak
April 18, 2013. Each tweet is tagged with a latitude of the tweet count occurs around noon during the lunch
and longitude, which are used for the location of the time. It is noticed that the number of tweets starts to
user at the time of posting. Our study evaluates the decline at 4:00 pm and continues until 7:00 pm, which
spatial and temporal distribution of the geo-tagged is likely the time period when students go to the gym
tweets on weekdays and the weekend using clustering or jogging outside. Later the tweet count starts to rise
analysis in Esri Maps for Excel. until midnight, when most students are likely finish-
ing the day and getting ready to go to sleep. Fewer and
fewer tweets are observed after midnight, with the
Results and discussion minimum count reached during 4:00 - 7:00 am. The
results in Figure 3 demonstrate that the Twitter users
The geo-tagged tweets of weekdays and weekend days in West Lafayette are most active from 1:00 – 7:00 pm
are found to have different geographic patterns. On and 10:00 pm – 1:00 am on weekdays. However, the
weekdays, the tweets are concentrated on the Purdue number of tweets is quite stable over time on week-
campus and its surroundings as well as a few apart- ends since only two peaks are observed respectively at
ment clusters (Figure 1), whereas on weekends they noon and 8:00 pm. The above temporal pattern sketch-
are relatively more evenly distributed (Figure 2). This es some interesting yet detailed weekly living patterns
phenomenon suggests a flow of Twitter users in West of college students.
Lafayette move from the Purdue campus to other parts Figures 4 and 5 plot the spatial distribution of tweets
of the city when the weekend comes. Furthermore, at different times during weekdays. The majority of
this distribution pattern corresponds to the fact that the geo-tagged tweets from 11:00 am – noon on week-
Purdue students attend school during weekdays, and days are clustered on the Purdue campus (Figure 4),
go back home or leave town on weekends, which infers whereas tweet clusters from 8:00 – 9:00 pm are away
that one big group of Twitter users in West Lafayette from the campus and rather spread out (Figure 5). No-
are Purdue students, enhancing the feasibility of using tably, tweets around local restaurants and bars start
Twitter data in student targeted marketing and mu- to emerge (Figure 5). This phenomenon suggests that
nicipal development. Twitter users in the evening in West Lafayette move
The temporal pattern of the campus tweets is also from the Purdue campus to other parts of the city.
significant. On weekdays, the count of geo-tagged
continued on page 772
Figure 1. Geo-tagged tweet clusters on weekdays. Figure 2. Geo-tagged tweet clusters on weekends.

Figure 3. Count of geo-tagged tweets by time.
Figure 4. Geo-tagged tweet clusters from 11:00 am– Figure 5. Geo-tagged tweet clusters from 8:00–9:00 pm
noon on weekdays. on weekdays.
continued from page 771
Summary
Our study explored the potential of using geo-tagged work will use larger data sets, consider the content of
micro-blogging service such as Twitter in socio-geo- the micro-blogs by semantic analysis, topic modeling,
graphic research. We conducted a study on the geo- and content analysis, aiming to track the spread of
tagged tweets in West Lafayette and evaluated the ideas and thoughts in the local area. We will develop
user activity pattern behind the tweets by analyzing a framework of extracting spatio-temporal social pat-
the spatio-temporal dynamics. This study suggests terns from geo-tagged tweets on a city scale to help
the possibility of using geo-tagged tweets in local social researchers, demographic surveyors, market re-
market research and promotions, human mobility searchers, advertising designers, and policy makers.
analysis, and even education regulation in a “college
town” such as West Lafayette. It helps understand the
living patterns and style of college students. Future

References
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graphic Information Science, 40(2), 130–139. passed-500m-users-in-june-2012-140m-of-them-
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Conference on Uniquitous Information Manage- MEW). doi:10.1109/ICMEW.2012.53.
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Ghosh, D., and R. Guha, 2013. What are we ‘tweeting’ gest/fastfacts/pg1.html.
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ing and Geographic Information System, Cartog- J.M. Gawron, D. Gupta, L. An, 2013. Mapping
raphy and Geographic Information Science, 40(2), social activities and concepts with social media
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Goodchild, M. F., 2007. Citizens as sensors: The world Bing): A case study in 2012 US Presidential Elec-
of volunteered geography, GeoJournal, 69, 211– tion, Cartography and Geographic Information
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Hiruta, S., T. Yonezawa, M. Jurmu, & H. Tokuda,
2012. Detection, classification and visualization of
place-triggered geotagged tweets, In Proceedings Authors
of the 2012 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Com-
puting (pp. 956–963), New York, NY, USA: ACM. Yue Li
doi:10.1145/2370216.2370427. li1050@purdue.edu
Kamath, K. Y., J. Caverlee, K. Lee, Z. Cheng, 2013. Spa-
tio-Temporal Dynamics of Online Memes: A Study Jie Shan
of Geo-Tagged Tweets, The International World jshan@purdue.edu
Wide Web Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Lee, R., K. Sumiya, 2010. Measuring geographical regu- School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University
larities of crowd behaviors for Twitter-based geo-so- West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
cial event detection, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM
SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Loca-
tion Based Social Networks, November 02-02, San
Jose, California [doi>10.1145/1867699.1867701].

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technologist certification, you will have five (5)
years to complete the three (3) year requirement. Re-Certified Mapping Scientists/ GIS/LIS
James A. McCall, Certification # R199GS,
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• When the Work Experience requirement is
complete, the Applicant must provide written
effective January 7, 2013, expires January 7, 2018
Luis Roberto Ramos, Certification # R202GS, effective
documentation and three (3) references to ASPRS June 2, 2013, expires June 2, 2018
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Headquarters, who will forward the experience
summary and references to the Evaluation for Certi-
ASPRS Certification validates your professional practice and
experience. It differentiates you from others in the profession. For
fication Committee. Applicants meeting all of these more information on the ASPRS Certification program contact
requirements will become certified for the specified certification@asprs.org or visit http://www.asprs.org/membership/
mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm
time period of their certification certification
Details can be found in the Certification and
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Recertification Guidelines:
http://www.asprs.org/Certification-Program/
Certification-and-Recertification-Guidelines.html THE
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Or contact certification@asprs.org INFORMATION SOCIETY
www.cesb.org

Grids & Datums Federal republic oF Somalia
by Clifford J. Mugnier, C.P., C.M.S.
“Located in the horn of Africa, adjacent to the Arabian Peninsula, Proceeding south, the next datum origin found is Dolo, Northwest of
Somalia is steeped in thousands of years of history. The ancient Mogadishu, in the vicinity of Dolo Bay where: Φo = 04° 10’ 36.60” N,
Egyptians spoke of it as “God’s Land” (the Land of Punt). Chinese Λo = 42° 50’ 00.15” E; unknown ellipsoid, probably Clarke 1880. “The
merchants frequented the Somali coast in the tenth and fourteenth Ethiopia – Somalia boundary consists of three distinct sectors. The
centuries and, according to tradition, returned home with giraffes, thalweg of the Dewa (River – Ed.) constitutes a 22-mile sector between
leopards, and tortoises to add color and variety to the imperial the Kenya tripoint and the confluence of the Dewa with the Gan l -
menagerie. Greek merchant ships and medieval Arab dhows plied Dory at Dolo, from which junction the rivers form the Giuba. Between
the Somali coast; for them it formed the eastern fringe of Bilad as Dolo and 8ºN, 48ºE, the second sector is delimited by a provisional
Sudan, ‘the Land of the Blacks’. More specifically, medieval Arabs administrative line for 509 miles. The final sector, between 8ºN, 48ºE
referred to the Somalis, along with related peoples, as the Berberi. and the tripoint with the French Territory of the Afars and Issas at
By the eighteenth century, the Somalis essentially had developed Madaha Djalêlo, is 463 miles long and is demarcated by boundary
their present way of life, which is based on pastoral nomadism and pillars” (International Boundary Study No. 153, Ethiopia – Somalia, U.S.
the Islamic faith. During the colonial period (approximately 1891 to Dept. of State, November 5, 1975). Dolo was likely established by the
1960), the Somalis were separated into five mini-Somalilands: British Anglo-Ethiopian Boundary Commission, 1932-1935, as reported by
Somaliland (north central); French Somaliland (east and southeast); G.T. McCaw in Empire Survey Review, Nos. 25-26, 1937.
Italian Somaliland (south); Ethiopian Somaliland (the Ogaden); and, Continuing south, the next datum origin found is generally consid-
what came to be called the Northern Frontier District (NFD) of Ke- ered the major system of Somalia: Afgooye Datum, thanks to John W.
nya. In 1960 Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland were merged Hager; established by the U.S.S.R. sometime in 1962-1968 at station
into a single independent state, the Somali Republic. In its first nine “BM Ts 30” where: Φo = 02° 06’ 12.14” N, Λo = 45° 09’ 55.46” E,
years the Somali state, although plagued by territorial disputes with ho = 128.210 m, and the ellipsoid of reference is the Krassovsky 1940
Ethiopia and Kenya, and by difficulties in integrating the dual legacy where: a = 6,378,245 m, and 1/f = 298.3. According to TR8350.2, the
of Italian and British administrations, remained a model of democratic 3-parameter transformation from Afgooye Datum to WGS84 Datum is:
governance in Africa; governments were regularly voted into and out ΔX = –43 m ±25 m, ΔY = –163 m ±25 m, ΔZ = +45 m ±25 m. Out of
of office” (Library of Congress Country Studies, 2013). curiosity, I transformed the Afgooye Datum coordinates of station “BM
“In 1969, a coup headed by Mohamed Siad Barre ushered in an authori- Ts 30” into WGS84 Datum: j = 02º 06’ 13.78” N, λ = 45º 09’ 52.73”
tarian socialist rule characterized by the persecution, jailing, and torture E, and I input the coordinates into Google Earth©. John W. Hager
of political opponents and dissidents. After the regime’s collapse early in informs me that the Afgooye Datum origin is “Located on top of a
1991, Somalia descended into turmoil, factional fighting, and anarchy. In square water tank. A Doppler station was established there.” Those
May 1991, northern clans declared an independent Republic of Somal- coordinates will indeed locate the water tank on Google Earth©, includ-
iland that now includes the administrative regions of Awdal, Woqooyi ing its adjacent shadow! Note that the location is actually in Lafoole,
Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and Sool. Although not recognized by any southeast of the town of Afgooye.
government, this entity has maintained a stable existence and continues Continuing southwest, the next datum origin is Fortino di Trevis,
efforts to establish a constitutional democracy, including holding munici- where: Φo = 01º 43’ 19.10” N, Λo = 44º 46’ 32.38” E, which is in the
pal, parliamentary, and presidential elections. The regions of Bari, Nugaal, Northeast part of the town of Merca; unknown ellipsoid.
and northern Mudug comprise a neighboring semi-autonomous state Continuing southwest, the last datum origin is Perduchi a Giumbo,
of Puntland, which has been self-governing since 1998 but does not where: Φo = 00º 14’ 50.70” S, Λo = 42º 37’ 27.10” E, which is in Jidka
aim at independence; it has also made strides toward reconstructing a Aaran, between Luglow and Goob Weyn and Northeast of Kismaayo;
legitimate, representative government but has suffered some civil strife. unknown ellipsoid.
Puntland disputes its border with Somaliland as it also claims portions The most common legacy Grids found in Somalia are the East Africa
of eastern Sool and Sanaag” (World Factbook, 2013). Belts where the Central Meridians (λo) are: J = 42º 30’ E, K = 47º 30’
Slightly smaller than Texas, Somalia is bordered by Djibouti (58 km) E, L = 52º 30’ E; the Scale Factor at Origin (mo) = 0.9995, False East-
(PE&RS, October 2008), Ethiopia (1,600 km) (PE&RS, March 2003), and ing = 400 km, and False Northing = 4,500 km, referenced to the Clarke
Kenya (682 km) (PE&RS, June 2003). The terrain consists of mostly flat 1880 ellipsoid. Of course, for the Afgooye Datum, the likely Grid used
to undulating plateau, rising to hills in the north; the lowest point is the is the Russia Belt 8 Gauss-Krüger Transverse Mercator where λo = 45º
Indian Ocean (0 m), and the highest point is Shimbiris (2,416 m). E, mo = 1.0, and False Easting = 500 km.
There are a number of datum origins in Somalia, corresponding to

areas in which the various colonial powers have had dominion over
The contents of this column reflect the views of the author, who is responsible
the past couple of centuries. Thanks to John W. Hager, in the north, for the facts and accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents do not
corresponding to the “old British Somaliland is Berbera Pier (the port necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the American Society for
city of Berbera on the Gulf of Aden – Ed.) where: Φo = 10° 26’ 24.0” Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and/or the Louisiana State University
Center for GeoInformatics (C4G).
N, Λo = 45° 00’ 39.0” E, and the ellipsoid of reference is the Clarke
1880 where: a = 6,378,249.145 m, and 1/f = 293.465”.

BE AN ASPRS MEMBER CHAMPION
ASPRS is recruiting new members and YOU benefit from each new member YOU champion. Not only can you contribute to the growth of ASPRS, but
you can earn discounts on dues and merchandise in the ASPRS Store.
Member Champions by Region from January 1, 2013 – July 31, 2013
Alaska Potomac Haluk Cetin

REMEMBER! To receive credit for a new member, the
Sharon W. George Barry N. Haack Bon W. Dewitt
CHAMPION’S name and ASPRS membership number
Michael Krimmer Charles W. Emerson
Central New York must be included on the new member’s application.
Janice Ouellette Bradley Foltz, CP
William M. Stiteler, CMS CONTACT INFORMATION
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Kevin P. Price Michael Krimmer
L. Monika Moskal Individuals who want to join ASPRS may sign up on-line at
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Florida complimentary membership, and $50 in ASPRS
Bon A. Dewitt Member Champions Recruited 5 and more BUCK$.
Xiaojun Yang By number of new new members
All newly recruited members count toward the Region’s
Mid-South members recruited Barry N. Haack (6) tally for the Region of the Month Award given by ASPRS.
Haluk Cetin Steven Lennartz, CMS (15) Those elibible to be invited to join ASPRS under the Mem-
Recruited from 1 to 4
Kevin P. Price (5) ber Champion Program are:
North Atlantic new members
Karen L. Schuckman, CP (7) • Students and/or professionals who have never been
Bradley Foltz, CP Michaela Buenemann
ASPRS members.
• Former ASPRS members are eligible for reinstatement if
ASPRS BUCK$ VOUCHERS are worth $5 each toward the purchase of
their membership has lapsed for at least three years
publications or merchandise available through the ASPRS web site, catalog or
at ASPRS conferences.
CLASSIFIEDS ASPRS MEMBERSHIP

Seeking Employment Your path to success in the geospatial community
Photogrammetric Technician – 9 yrs exp w/
ASPRS would like to welcome the following new members!
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Kevin Brendon Crichlow Scott Benton
work - will relocate - Cardinal Systems, Peter MacDermott Mark Dyess
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For more information on ASPRS membership,
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visit http://www.asprs.org/Join-Now/

Book Review
An Introduction to Contemporary Remote Sensing
Qihao Weng
McGraw-Hill, USA, 2012, 320 pp., images, diagrams, photos
Hardcover. $100.00
ISBN 0071740112 / 9780071740111
Reviewed by: Steven R. Schill, PhD, Senior Scientist, The Nature Conservancy, Provo, Utah
Over the last ten years, the public has witnessed an explosion of new aerial photos, geometry and stereoscopy principles, it was surprising
internet-based tools that provide fast access to huge amounts of high that more recent technologies were not addressed in these chapters
resolution imagery. The emergence of virtual digital globes that stream such as the use of space-based stereo imagery, methods for digital
archives of seamless imagery across the internet coupled with exciting stereoscopy, and the use of unmanned-aerial vehicles for acquiring
new mobile mapping applications have sparked a dramatic increase in high resolution orthoimagery and digital elevation models.
public interest and the utility for remote sensing technology. In light of What sets this book apart from other remote sensing textbooks is
these advancements, An Introduction to Contemporary Remote Sensing is the precision and brevity used to introduce common remote sensing
a practical and concise “first-time” textbook designed to highlight remote concepts. For example, Chapter Six provides a condensed overview of
sensing technology in light of these recent advancements. The author’s scanning systems, thermal IR, passive microwave/imaging radar, and
primary intent in writing this book is to satisfy the need of a remote sensing lidar-- all within 14 pages. The longest chapter in the book provides an
textbook suitable for lower-division students seeking an introduction to overview of several core Earth observation satellites that are grouped
fundamental remote sensing principles in the context of new technolo- in three sections: Earth resource, meteorological and oceanographic,
gies that have evolved in recent years. With an increasing number of and commercial. The author provides a brief and well written synopsis
undergraduate students seeking to take remote sensing-related classes, on several major satellites, explaining their history, technical specifi-
this text serves as a broad overview for non-major or general education cations, with several full color figures showing examples of imagery
remote sensing students who may not need all the technical details and and their applications. As a newly published remote sensing book
equations that upper-level division remote sensing textbooks provide. with the word “contemporary” in the title, it was disappointing that
The textbook is small and compact, comprising ten chapters that the commercial satellite section only introduced the aging IKONOS
present brief overviews of basic remote sensing topics commonly seen and Quickbird satellites and not the newer generation of platforms
in other introductory remote sensing textbooks. At the end of each such as GeoEye, WorldView 2, and RapidEye.
chapter, several key concepts are defined and review questions are The chapter on digital image analysis is well laid out, with brief
provided to help reinforce learning. The first chapter provides a brief explanations and figures succinctly describing common image
overview of remote sensing, including how the technology works, processing methods such as image correction, enhancement, and
characteristics of digital images, and a short overview of remote sensing spectral transformations including ratioing and principle components
history with paragraphs that describe several remote sensing “eras.” A analysis. This chapter also provides very introductory descriptions of
few examples of remote sensing applications are introduced including common image classifiers such as per-pixel based classification ap-
crop irrigation, urban sprawl mapping, air quality and fire monitoring, proaches but only mentions advanced classification approaches such
and disaster assessments. The remaining part of this chapter explains as artificial neural network, fuzzy-set, and expert systems. Since image
how modern geospatial technologies like GIS, GPS, and virtual globes segmentation is increasingly becoming popular as an image classifier,
like Google Earth, are becoming seamlessly intertwined with remote often providing better results than per-pixel-based approaches, it
sensing technology and how they are leading to an expansion of ap- was surprising that more content was not devoted to object-oriented
plications and augmenting wider public knowledge and access. image segmentation and classification methods.
Chapters Two and Three introduce readers to fundamental passive Overall, this book provides a comprehensive overview of remote
remote sensing principles, including electromagnetic energy and sensing technology, presented in a very digestible and easy-to-read
remotely sensed data characteristics. The author explains in simple format. It is written by an internationally renowned expert in the field,
terms, basic principles of electromagnetic energy and concepts of who is able to provide several example applications throughout the
spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. These topics book that are insightful and very informative. The last two chapters
are presented in a clear manner with several easy-to-understand color on thermal and active remote sensing were particularly well-written,
figures, using standard equations that are suitable for lower level providing excellent examples and supporting figures that showcase a
undergraduates to read and comprehend. Although it may not be variety of modern applications. Hopefully future editions will provide
considered a contemporary topic, Chapters Four and Five provide an a wider diversity of mapping applications such as feature extraction
overview of aerial photography and photogrammetry. These chapters in the freshwater and marine realms. While this book may not be the
provide a basic level overview of aerial cameras, films and filters, choice for upper-level undergraduates who require more in-depth
methods of aerial photo interpretation, and basics of photogrammetry material, this book would serve as a perfect choice for an introductory
with an emphasis on quantitative analysis of aerial photographs. remote sensing course, distance education class, or workshop de-
While these sections provide valuable information on the types of signed to cover a variety of remote sensing topics at a basic level.

asprs Headquarters News
ASPRS Lidar Division Releases ASPRS's Newest

First LAS Domain Profile Sustaining Member
Thanks to a recent initiative of the ASPRS Lidar Division, different segments of the lidar mapping NovAtel, Inc.
community now have the ability to customize the LAS file format to meet their application- 1120 68 Avenue NE
specific needs. The new mechanism that makes this possible is the LAS Domain Profile, Calgary, Alberta T2E 8S5, Canada
which is a derivative of the base LAS v1.4 specification that adds (but does not remove or (403) 295-4901; (403) 295-4901 (fax)
alter existing) point classes and attributes. Kate.Bryant@novatel.com
“The Lidar Division is pleased to announce the release of the first LAS Domain Profile, www.novatel.com
which is designed to support topographic-bathymetric ("topo-bathy") lidar” said Chris Parrish,
the Lidar Division’s Assistant Director and Lead Physical Scientist with the Remote Sensing Long-time supplier of
Division of NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS). The Topo-Bathy Lidar Domain Profile high precision GNSS
adds point classification values for bathymetric point (e.g., seafloor or riverbed; also known as positioning and
submerged topography), water surface, derived water surface, submerged object, IHO S-57 attitude determina-
object, and bottom-not-found depth. Extra Byte Variable Length Records (EXTRA_BYTES or tion technology for
Extra Byte VLRs) are added for pseudo-reflectance, uncertainty, water column depth, figure mobile mapping ap-
of merit, and processing specific flags. Additional domain profiles are expected in the future, plications. NovAtel
and a LAS Domain Profile Description Template is available online. GNSS receivers, antennas and SPAN™
Parrish added “the coastal lidar community is currently witnessing the emergence of a new GNSS/INS products offer a wide range
class of topo-bathy lidar systems that occupies the middle ground between conventional bathy- of performances and are designed to
metric and commercial topographic systems and provides seamless, high-resolution coverage integrate easily with existing camera and
across the backshore, intertidal, and shallow nearshore zones. Many users of these systems flight management systems. Our Waypoint
and the data they provide are interested in integrating the data into existing topographic lidar Products Group’s GrafNav is the industry’s
processing streams. However, the base LAS specification does not directly support these preferred GNSS data post-processing
data. To address this need, the coastal lidar community -- including members of the Joint software. Inertial Explorer® extends this
Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX) -- have developed a LAS functionality with tightly coupled GNSS/
domain profile for topographic-bathymetric lidar.” INS processing.
The LAS format, which is published and maintained by ASPRS, is the most widely-used,
publicly available lidar file format, and has become the de facto industry standard for airborne
lidar data. The new point classes and attributes defined in this domain profile further extend
its utility by facilitating the production and use of point clouds containing both subaerial (i.e.,
land) and subaqueous points.
ASPRS Launches First eBook –

Manual of Airborne Topographic Lidar
Bethesda, MD -- The American Soci- Lidar was published in late 2012 and is the first comprehensive
ety for Photogrammetry and Remote manual published on lidar technology. Edited by Michael Renslow,
Sensing (ASPRS) is pleased to an- an industry leader on the topic, the book pulls chapter material
nounce the launch of its first eBook from lidar industry experts worldwide. Click on these links for the
on the Kindle platform. “Making the FOREWORD and full Table of Contents.
Manual available as an eBook gives Moving forward, ASPRS expects to make more of its manuals
customers the option to have it avail- available in the eBook format, including the recently published
able at their fingertips on either a Kin- Sixth Edition of the Manual of Photogrammetry. “We realize that
dle or on another device with a Kindle digital books are the way of the future and that the large manuals
app,” said ASPRS Communications we publish will be more accessible for students and others in the
Director Kim Tilley. “This is perfect for digital format,” Tilley said. Professors are encouraged to adopt
students and those working in the field who don’t want to carry ASPRS manuals as course material for their courses in GIS, Remote
around the printed book, or for those needing quick delivery Sensing, and Photogrammetry. Go to the ASPRS Bookstore at
with no mailing costs.” The eBook is available through Amazon http://www.asprs.org/Publications-Other/Bookstore.html to see
at http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00E3FWBO6. all of the Manuals available from ASPRS. Student Member and
The print copy of the ASPRS Manual of Airborne Topographic Member pricing is a significant savings off of the list price

Headquarters News asprs
ASPRS Executive Director James Plasker
Announces His Retirement
ASPRS Executive Director James Plasker has Upon announcing his retirement, Plasker said, “ASPRS
announced his retirement from ASPRS and is a world-class geospatial organization with members
plans to step down from his position, effec- located in nearly every country. As such, I have had the
tive January 2014. Plasker was selected as pleasure to serve the membership as well as represent the
the Executive Director in 1998 to succeed Society, along with volunteer leadership, both internation-
William French who had served in the posi- ally and to our sister societies in the USA. The opportunity
tion for 20 years. to work with my colleagues throughout the geospatial
As ASPRS Executive Director for nearly 16 community to enhance and improve our profession has
years, Plasker led or significantly contributed been most rewarding to me and hopefully to the ASPRS
to numerous programmatic efforts on behalf membership in general.” He looks forward to working
of the ASPRS membership and the broader geospatial with the ASPRS Board of Directors to ensure a smooth
community. These included resolution of professional and effective transition to a new Executive Director.
licensure issues and expanded geospatial representa- Speaking for the ASPRS Board of Directors, President
tion to the National Council of Examiners for Engineer- Steve DeGloria expressed deep appreciation and grati-
ing and Surveying (NCEES); development of the Ten tude for all that Plasker has accomplished on behalf of
Year Remote Sensing Industry Forecast (Phases I-IV); ASPRS; “His dedication, leadership, and commitment
increased awareness of Landsat data continuity issues to our professional society and geospatial community
and the requirement for a National Land Imaging Pro- have been outstanding. We look forward to continuing
gram; ASPRS participation in several U.S. Department of interactions with Jim during this transition period and his
Labor career and statistical reporting programs including continuing support of ASPRS in the coming years.”
NAICS and ONET; expansion of both the number and An active ASPRS member since his college days,
monetary value of the ASPRS awards and scholarships Plasker began his career with the U.S. Geological Survey
endowed through the ASPRS Foundation; supported a (USGS) and for 26 years he served in a broad range of
number of ASPRS studies on camera calibration, digital capacities, including chief of the Technology Office and
orthophotography and the value of Landsat data; aided chief of the Mapping Control Operations in the Rocky
ASPRS volunteers in the development of the LAS com- Mountain Mapping Center; assistant chief for Production
mon data exchange standard and the best practices Operations and associate chief of the National Mapping
guidelines for procurement of professional geospatial Division; and associate chief geologist for Operations in
services and geospatial products; oversaw expansion of the Geologic Division. During his tenure with USGS he
the ASPRS Certification Program to include technologists was responsible for the development of the National
and intern categories; and increased efforts to support Aerial Photography Program and the National Digital
the accreditation of applied science and engineering Orthophotoquad Program, both collaborative efforts
programs through his continuing service to the Accredi- with colleagues from the U.S. Department of Agricul-
tation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET). ture and the private sector. These programs formed the
During Plasker’s tenure he also oversaw implementa- underpinnings of several current Federal image mapping
tion of the Society’s strategic plan, including an expansion functions including the National Agriculture Imagery
and modernization of the ASPRS publications program; Program (NAIP). He was also responsible for the de-
fulfillment of the decision to operate its conferences velopment of the USGS Digital Raster Graphic Program
independently; improvement of the financial health of through close cooperation with the private sector, and
the Society; recovery of the APSRS Foundation and full facilitated a multi-organizational Task Force on the Model
endowment of its awards; and the payoff of the mortgage Law on Surveying to advise NCEES at a time of rapidly
on the Headquarters offices. The Society now has a work- changing professional geospatial practice.
ing investment policy for Society short and long term Plasker has also held many volunteer leadership posi-
reserves, which specifically enabled the recovery of the tions within ASPRS, the American Congress on Surveying
publication of ASPRS manuals from an outside publisher and Mapping, the International Federation of Surveyors,
and supported ongoing Society operations as the Nation’s the American Society of Civil Engineers, the U.S. National
economic condition worsened in recent years. In addition, Section of the Pan American Institute for Geography and
Plasker has implemented technological advancements in History, and ABET. In retirement, Jim and his wife, Billie,
the Headquarters IT infrastructure as well as the member- plan to return to their native Oregon and once again enjoy
ship database and website capabilities. the climate and lifestyle of the western U.S.

Industry News
Contracts
Dewberry was recently selected by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to
provide emergency response remote sensing services throughout the United States and
its territories. Services include capturing digital and oblique aerial imagery, lidar, and other
remotely sensed information, as well as assessment and distribution of the information
to support emergency and non-emergency DHS missions. Dewberry has a long history
of supporting DHS with disaster recovery and response assistance and this new contract
offers DHS and Dewberry the opportunity to work closer together in times of emergency.
For information, visit www.dewberry.com.
MDA Information Systems LLC announced it has signed a contract to provide the Naval
Research Laboratory (NRL) with a mobile ground system tracking antenna in support of
the Coalition Tactical Awareness and Response (CTAR) program. This antenna can receive
imagery from multiple commercial satellites and be rapidly deployed in any area of inter-
est around the world. This system is fully compatible with MDA’s family of small footprint
multi-satellite mobile ground systems. For information, visit www.mdaus.com.
People
Aero-Metric, Inc. (AeroMetric) President and
CEO, Patrick Olson, and Vice President of Federal
Programs, Scott Perkins, received President’s
Awards at the 2013 MAPPS Summer Conference.
During the Conference, AeroMetric Vice President
of Transportation, Tim Stagg, was re-elected to
the board of directors. Olson, an AeroMetric
representative to MAPPS since 1995, was one
of 10 members to receive a MAPPS President’s
Award for outstanding service to the organization
during the past year. Olson was presented with
his award in recognition of his involvement in a
MAPPS taskforce dealing with lidar issues and the
Federal Aviation Administration; for serving as MAPPS PAC chairman, MAPPS-USGS liaison,
MAPPS delegate to the Council on Federal Procurement of Architecture and Engineering
Services (COFPAES); and for his role as a member of the National Geospatial Advisory Com-
mittee (NGAC). Perkins, a volunteer since 2000 and former MAPPS Director, also received
a President’s Award in recognition of his contributions to MAPPS by serving as the chair-
man of the NOAA-MAPPS liaison committee as well as for his role as vice chairman of the
Hydrographic Services Review Panel (HSRP). Stagg has been a MAPPS board member since
July of 2011. After serving a one-year term as board secretary in 2011 and as treasurer in
2012, Stagg was re-elected to the board as treasurer for 2013.
SAVE THE DATE! — Upcoming ASPRS Conferences

October 29–31, 2013 May 4–8, 2015
ASPRS/CAGIS 2013 FAll COnFeRenCe ASPRS 2015 AnnuAl COnFeRenCe
Crowne Plaza San Antonio Riverwalk Tampa Bay Marriott Waterside Hotel
San Antonio, Texas Tampa, Florida
March 23–27, 2014 April 18–22, 2016

ASPRS 2014 AnnuAl COnFeRenCe ASPRS 2016 Annual Conference
Galt House Hotel Grand Sierra Hotel
Louisville, Kentucky Reno, Nevada
november 17–20, 2014

PeCORA 19 SyMPOSIuM
Renaissance Denver Hotel
Denver, Colorado
http://www.asprs.org/ASPRS-Conferences

asprs
Who’s Who
Board of Directors Mid-South Region - 2016

haluk cetin
Sustaining Members Council Chair – 2015
Brian e. murphy
Officers murray State University northrop grumman information Systems
President haluk.cetin@murraystate.edu brian.murphy@ngc.com
Stephen D. Degloria* www.asprs.org/all-regions/mid-South.html www.asprs.org/about-Us/Sustaining-members-
cornell University New England Region - TBA council.html
sdd4@cornell.edu www.asprs.org/all-regions/new-england.html Western Great Lakes Region - 2016
President-Elect North Atlantic Region - 2016 Douglas Fuller
a. Stewart Walker* John trunkwalter Sheboygan, Wi 53081
Bae Systems Bae Systems FullerDoug@charter.net
stewart.walker2@baesystems.com john.trunkwalter@baesystems.com www.asprs.org/all-regions/Western-great-Lakes.html
Vice President www.asprs.org/all-regions/north-atlantic.html
e. Lynn Usery* Northern California Region-2015 Division Officers
Lorraine amenda Geographic Information Systems
U.S. geological Survey
towill, inc. Director: David alvarez
usery@usgs.gov
Lorraine.amenda@towill.com assistant Director: matthew D. Dunbar
Past President University of Washington
roberta Lenczowski* www.asprs.org/all-regions/northern-california.html
mddunbar@uw.edu
scrumpski@sbcglobal.net Photogrammetric Applications Division - 2014
www.asprs.org/Divisions/giS-Division.html
Treasurer Douglas Lee Smith
David c. Smith & assoc, inc. Lidar
Donald t. Lauer*
Doug@davidsmithmapping.com Director: Lewis n. graham
U.S. geological Survey (emeritus)
www.asprs.org/Divisions/Photogrammetric- assistant Director: christopher e. Parrish
lauerdc@gmail.com
applications-Division.html noaa, national geodetic Survey
Board Members Potomac Region - 2014 chris.parrish@uwalumni.com
Alaska Region - 2016 Barbara a. eckstein www.asprs.org/Divisions/Lidar-Division.html
nicholas William hazelton L-1 mccLenDon Photogrammetric Applications
aero-metric anchorage beckstein@surfbest.net Director: Douglas Lee Smith
nwjh@mac.com www.asprs.org/all-regions/Potomac.html assistant Director: robert D. thomas
www.asprs.org/all-regions/alaska.html Primary Data Acquisition Division - 2015 integrity applications incorporated
Central Region - 2014 Pierre le roux rthomas@integrity-apps.com
Barry Budzowski aerometric www.asprs.org/Divisions/Photogrammetric-
Western air maps pleroux@aerometric.com applications-Division.html
barryb@westernair.com www.asprs.org/Divisions/Primary-Data-aquisition- Primary Data Acquisition
www.asprs.org/all-regions/central.html Division.html Director: Pierre le roux
Central New York Region - 2014 Professional Practice Division - 2014 assistant Director: tBD
John t. Boland rebecca morton* www.asprs.org/Divisions/Primary-Data-aquisition-
itt industries Space Systems Division towill, inc. Division.html
john.boland@itt.com Becky.morton@towill.com Professional Practice
www.asprs.org/all-regions/central-new-York.html www.asprs.org/Divisions/Professional-Practice- Director: rebecca morton
Columbia River Region - 2014 Division.html assistant Director: michael J. Zoltek
chris aldridge* Puget Sound Region - 2015 Pictometry international corp.
caldridge54@gmail.com terry a. curtis michael.zoltek@pictometry.com
www.asprs.org/all-regions/columbia-river.html Wa Dnr, resource map Sect. www.asprs.org/Divisions/Professional-Practice-
Eastern Great Lakes Region - 2014 terry.curtis@wadnr.gov Division.html
charles K. toth www.asprs.org/all-regions/Puget-Sound.html Remote Sensing Applications
the ohio State University Remote Sensing Applications Division - 2014 Director: David Szymanski
toth@cfm.ohio-state.edu David Szymanski assistant Director: James Stewart Blundell
www.asprs.org/all-regions/eastern-great-Lakes.html Booze allen hamilton, inc. exelis Visual information Systems
Florida Region - 2016 Szymanski_David@bah.com Stuart.Blundell@exelisvis.com
thomas J. Young www.asprs.org/Divisions/remote-Sensing- www.asprs.org/Divisions/remote-Sensing-applica-
Pickett & associates applications-Division.html tions-Division.html
jyoung@pickett-inc.com Rocky Mountain Region - 2015
www.asprs.org/all-regions/Florida.html Jeffrey m. Young*
Sustaining Members Council
chair: Brian murphy
Geographic Information Systems Division - 2015 centennial, co 80115
Vice chair: Brenda S. Burroughs
David alvarez jeffreymyoung@msn.com
optech international
Fluor-B&W Portsmouth LLc www.asprs.org/all-regions/rocky-mountain.html
brendab@optechint.com
contractor to the U.S. Doe Southwest U.S. Region - 2014
davidalvarez76@gmail.com http://www.asprs.org/about-Us/Sustaining-
Steven Lambert, cP
www.asprs.org/Divisions/giS-Division.html members-council.html
esri, inc
Intermountain Region - 2016 slambert@esri.com Student Advisory Council
Lucinda a. clark www.asprs.org/all-regions/Southwest-US.html chair: Patrick adda
Draper, Ut 84020 St. Louis Region - 2015 University of new Brunswick
cindyc1952@gmail.com David W. Kreighbaum* padda@unb.ca
www.asprs.org/all-regions/intermountain.html nga Deputy chair: mingshu Wang
Lidar Division - 2014 David.W.Kreighbaum@nga.mil University of georgia
Lewis n. graham www.asprs.org/all-regions/St-Louis.html mswang@uga.edu
geocue corp. http://www.asprs.org/Students/Student-advisory-
lgraham@niirs10.com council.html
www.asprs.org/Divisions/Lidar-Division.html
*executive committee member

asprs Sustaining Members
3D Laser Mapping LTD BAE Systems Earth Eye, LLC Global Science & Technology, Inc.
Bingham, Nottingham, UK San Diego, California Orlando, Florida Greenbelt, Maryland
www.3dlasermapping.com www.baesystems.com/gxp www.eartheye.com www.gst.com
Member Since: 2/2010 Member Since: 7/1995 Member Since: 7/2009 Member Since: 10/2010
Aechelon Technology Inc. BNP Media, Point of Beginning Eastern Topographics GRW Aerial Surveys, Inc.
San Francisco California Magazine Wolfeboro, New Hampshire Lexington, Kentucky
www.aechelon.com (formally PoB magazine) www.e-topo.com www.grwinc.com
Member Since: 3/2012 Troy, Michigan Member Since: 8/1978 Member Since: 1/1985
www.bnpmedia.com
Aerial Cartographics of America, e-GEOS Harris Corporation
Member Since: 7/2006
Inc. (ACA) Rome, Italy Melbourne, Florida
Orland, Florida Bohannan Huston, Inc. www.e-geos.it www.harris.com
www.aca-net.com Albuquerque, New Mexico Member Since: 1/2013 Member Since: 6/2008
Member Since: 10/1994 www.bhinc.com
Environmental Research Incorpo- HAS Images, Inc.
Aerial Services, Inc. rated Dayton, Ohio
Cedar Falls, Iowa Booz Allen Hamilton Linden, Virginia www.hasimages.com
www.AerialServicesInc.com Mc Lean, Virginia www.eri.us.com Member Since: 2/1998
Member Since: 5/2001 www.boozallen.com Member Since: 8/2008
HyVista Corporation
Aero-Graphics, Inc. Esri Castle Hill, Australia
Salt Lake City, Utah Cardinal Systems, LLC Research Institute, Inc. www.hyvista.com
www.aero-graphics.com Flagler Beach, Florida Redlands, California Member Since: 3/2010
Member Since: 4/2009 www.cardinalsystems.net www.esri.com
ICAROS, Inc.
Member Since: 1/2001 Member Since: 1/1987
AeroMetric, Inc. Rockville, Maryland
Sheboygan, Wisconsin Certainty 3D LLC EXELIS www.lcaros.us
www.aerometric.com Orlando, Florida Visual Information Solutions Member Since: 2/2013
Member Since: 1/1974 www.certainty3d.com Boulder, Colorado
Innovative Technical Solutions, Inc.
Member Since: 11/2012 www.exelisvis.com
AeroTech Mapping Inc. DBA NovaSol
Las Vegas, Nevada COL-EAST, Inc. Honolulu, Hawaii
www.atmlv.com North Adams, Massachusetts Federal Geographic Data Commit- www.nova-sol.com
Member Since: 8/2004 www.coleast.com tee Member Since: 2/2013
Member Since: 1/1976 Reston, Virginia
The Airborne Sensing Corporation Intergraph (ERDAS Inc.)
www.fgdc.gov
Toronto, Ontario, CANADA CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group Norcross, Georgia
www.airsensing.com Boca Raton, Florida www.intergraph.com/geospatial
Member Since: 1/2013 www.crcpress.com Flatdog Media, Inc./Professional Member Since: 1/1985
Member Since: 9/2006 Surveyor Magazine
AGFA Materials Corporation Keystone Aerial Surveys, Inc.
(formally reed Business-geo)
Goose Creek, South Carolina CRITIGEN Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Frederick, Maryland
www.agfa.com (formerly ch2m hiLL) www.keystoneaerialsurveys.com
www.profsurv.com
Member Since: 1/1990 Redding, California Member Since: 1/1985
www.critigen.com
Air Photographics, Inc. KLT Associates, Inc.
Member Since: 1/1974 Fugro EarthData, Inc.
Martinsburg, West Virginia Peabody, Massachusetts
(formally earthData, inc.)
www.airphotographics.com DAT/EM Systems International www.kltassoc.com
Frederick, Maryland
Member Since: 1/1973 Anchorage, Alaska Member Since: 11/1993
www.earthdata.com
www.datem.com
American Surveyor Magazine Member Since: 1/1994 Kucera International
Frederick, Maryland Willoughby, Ohio
Fugro Horizons, Inc.
www.TheAmericanSurveyor.com Dewberry www.kucerainternational.com
(formally horizons, inc.)
Member Since: 12/2004 Fairfax, Virginia Member Since: 1/1992
Rapid City, South Dakota
www.dewberry.com
Applanix www.fugrohorizons.com Lead’Air, Inc.
a trimble company Member Since: 1/1974 (formerly track’air BV)
Ontario, Canada DigitalGlobe Kissimmee, Florida
GeoBC
www.applanix.com Longmont, Colorado www.trackair.com
Victoria, Bristish
Member Since: 7/1997 www.digitalglobe.com Member Since: 6/2001
www.geobc.gov.bc.ca
ASD Inc. Member Since: 12/2008 LizardTech
(formerly analytical Spectral Devices) DMC International Imaging Ltd. Seattle, Washington
GeoCue Corporation
Boulder, Colorado Guildford, Great Britain www.lizardtech.com
(formerly niirS10, inc.)
www.asdi.com www.dmcii.com Member Since: 10/1997
Madison, Alabama
Member Since: 1/1998 Member Since: 3/2008
info@geocue.com Magnolia River Geospatial
Axis GeoSpatial, LLC Dynamic Aviation Group, Inc. Member Since: 10/2003 (formerly aeroquest optimal, inc./
Easton, Maryland Bridgewater, Virginia optimal geomatics)
Geographic Resource Solutions
www.axisgeospatial.com www.dynamicaviation.com Huntsville, Alabama
Arcata, California
Member Since: 1/2005 Member Since: 4/2003 www.magnolia-river.com
www.grsgis.com
Ayres Associates, Inc. Eagle Mapping, Ltd Member Since:12/2006 Member since: 2/2006
Madison, Wisconsin British Columbia, Canada Martinez Geospatial, Inc. (MTZ)
Geolas Consulting
www.AyresAssociates.com www.eaglemapping.com Eagan, Minnesota
Poing, Germany
Member Since: 1/1953 Member Since: 1/1999 www.mtzgeo.com
www.geolas.com
Member Since:1/2002 Member Since: 1/1979

Sustaining Membersasprs
MDA Information Systems LLC PCI Geomatics Sanborn U.S. Geological Survey
(formerly mDa Federal inc.) Ontario, Canda Colorado Springs, Colorado Reston, Virginia
Gaithersburg, Maryland www.pcigeomatics.com www.sanborn.com www.usgs.gov
www.mdaus.com Member Since: 1/1989 Member Since: 9/1984 Member Since: 4/2002
Member Since: 1/1993 (rejoined
Peregrine Aerial Surveys Inc. Science Applications International University of Twente/Faculty ITC
in 2011)
Abbotsford, BC, CANADA Corporation [formerly international institute for
Merrick & Company www.pasi.ca Mc Lean, Virginia geo-information Science and earth
Greenwood Village, Colorado Member Since: 4/2012 www.saic.com observation (itc)]
www.merrick.com/gis Member Since: 1/1987 Enschede, Netherlands
Photo Science, Inc.
Member Since: 4/1995 www.itc.nl
Lexington, Kentucky The Sidwell Company
Michael Baker Jr., Inc. www.photoscience.com St. Charles, Illinois
Beaver, Pennsylvania Member Since: 7/1997 www.sidwellco.com Urban Robotics, Inc.
www.mbakercorp.com Member Since: 1/1973 Portland, Oregon
Pickett & Associates, Inc.
Member Since: 1/1950 www.urbanrobotics.net
Bartow, Florida Spatial Information Solutions
Microsoft UltraCam Team (Vexcel www.pickett-inc.com Starkville, Mississippi
Imaging, GmbH) Member Since: 4/2007 www.spatialis.com USDA/National Agricultural Statis-
Graz, Austria Member Since: 3/2010 tics Service
Pictometry International Corp.
www.microsoft.com/ultracam Fairfax, Virginia
Rochester, New York Spectral Evolution
Member Since: 6/2001 www.nass.usda.gov
www.pictometry.com North Andover, Massachusetts
NASA Earth Science Division Member Since: 5/2003 www.spectralevolution.com
Washington, DC Member Since: 10/2010 VisionMap LTD
Pinnacle Mapping Technologies, Inc.
www.appliedsciences.nasa.gov Tel Aviv, Israel
Indianapolis, Indiana Surdex Corporation
Member Since: 1/2001 www.visionmap.com
www.pinnaclemapping.com Chesterfield, Missouri
NewTech Services, Inc. Member Since: 7/2002 www.surdex.com
Sugar Land, Taxas Member Since: 1/1979 Watershed Sciences, Inc.
Premier Geospatial, Inc.,
www.nts-info.com Corvallis, Oregon
An IHS Company Surveying and Mapping (SAM), Inc.
Member Since: 3/2006 www.watershedsciences.com
Arvada, Colorado Austin, Texas
NGA-National Geospatial- Intelli- www.premiergeospatial.com www.saminc.biz
gence Agency-Bethesda Member Since 8/2006 Member Since: 12/2005 Wilson & Company, Inc., Engineers
Bethesda, Maryland & Architects
QCoherent Software LLC TerraSim, Inc.
www.nga.mil Albuquerque, New Mexico
Colorado Springs, Colorado Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Member Since: 11/2008 www.wilsonco.com
www.qcoherent.com www.terrasim.com
NOAA National Geodetc Survey Member Since: 9/2006 Member Since: 9/2003
Silver Spring, Maryland Wiser Company, LLC
Radman Aerial Surveys Topcon Positioning Systems
www.ngs.noaa.gov Murfreesboro, Tennessee
Sacramento, California Livermore, California
Member Since: 7/2009 www.wiserco.com
www.radaerial.com www.topconpositioning.com
North West Group Member Since: 1/1971 Member Since: 3/2010
Calgary, Canada Woolpert LLP
Riegl USA, Inc. Towill, Inc.
www.nwgeo.com Dayton, Ohio
Orlando, Florida San Francisco, California
Member Since: 1/1998 www.woolpert.com
www.rieglusa.com www.towill.com
Northrop Grumman Member Since: 11/2004 Member Since: 1/1952
Chantilly, Virginia XEOS Imaging Inc.
Robinson Aerial Survey, Inc. (RAS)
www.northropgrumman.com Quebec, Canada
Hackettstown, New Jersey
Member Since: 1/1989 www.xeosimaging.com
www.robinsonaerial.com
NovAtel, Inc. Member Since: 1/1954
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
www.novatel.com
NSTec, Remote Sensing Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada
AVAIlABle nOW
www.nstec.com
Observera, Inc.
Chantilly, Virginia
www.observera.com
The 2013 ASPRS Resource Directory
Optech Incorporated
Toronto, Canada
http://www.asprs.org/a/publications/pers/2013_Resource_Directory.pdf
www.optech.ca
Panvion Technology Corp.
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
www.panvion.com
Member Since 12/2012

PE&RS Special Issue
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of
Vegetation and Agricultural Crops
guest editor:
Dr. Prasad S. Thenkabail
Research Geographer, U.S. Geological Survey.
Email: pthenkabail@usgs.gov. Tel.: 928-556-7221
Deadline for submission of manuscripts: October 1, 2013
Tentative publication date: August 1, 2014
Hyperspectral remote sensing is fast emerging as a key technology Papers on following topics are of particular interest:
for advanced and improved understanding, classification, model- 1. Overcoming Hughes phenomenon (or the curse of high dimen-
ing, monitoring, and mapping of complex terrestrial vegetation and sionality) and identifying data redundancy of hyperspectral data
agricultural crops. The advent of hyperspectral sensors or imaging by detecting and eliminating redundant bands through unique
spectroscopy (e.g., NASA’s Hyperion, ESA’s PROBA, and upcom- data mining techniques;
ing Italy’s ASI’s Prisma, Germany’s DLR’s EnMAP, Japanese HIUSI, 2. Development and establishment of optimized hyperspectral-
NASA’s HyspIRI) as well as the advancements in processing large narrowband (HNBs), and Vegetation indices (HVIs) for spe-
volumes of data have further generated tremendous interest in ex- cific biophysical and biochemical characterization;
panding the hyperspectral applications’ knowledge base over large 3. Classification of complex vegetation and crop types\species
areas including the entire globe as envisaged in Hyperspectral In- using HNBs and HVIs and compare them with the perfor-
frared Imager (HyspIRI) mission and, potentially, even in the future mance of multispectral broadband data;
Landsats (e.g., Landsat-9 may have a Hyperspectral sensor). Even 4. Whole spectral analysis (e.g., continuous spectra over 400–
though many advances have been made (see recent book on “Hy- 13,000 nm) for advancement in our understanding and model-
perspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation” by edited Thenkabail, ing of vegetation\crop structure, phenology, and quantity;
Lyon, and Huete; published by Taylor and Francis) knowledge-gap 5. Strengths and limitations in use of: A. Optimal number of
in our understanding, classification, modeling, monitoring, and narrowbands (e.g., removing redundant bands) versus B. Whole
mapping of vegetation and agricultural crops using hyperspec- spectral analysis (e.g., using continuum removal); to best char-
tral narrowbands (HNBs) and\or hyperspectral vegetation indices acterize, classify, quantify, discriminate, and model vegetation\
(HVIs) continues to be quite high. For example, at present sub- crop biophysical and biochemical quantities of vegetation\crops;
stantial uncertainties exist in the selection of optimized HNBs and 6. Spectral libraries of vegetation\crops and their role in advance-
HVIs as a result of the lack of integrated global studies that take ment in our understanding of vegetation\crop characterization;
into consideration: (a) wide array of forest species in range of envi- 7. Other methodological advances in hyperspectral data analysis
ronments; (b) agricultural crops grown in distinct agroecosystems, and modeling for vegetation and agricultural crops. Other inno-
(c) large number of crops that occupy overwhelming proportion of vative topics are equally welcome. Papers are welcome to use hy-
cropland areas, and (d) robust models developed based on diverse perspectral data from any platform (e.g., spaceborne, airborne,
representative areas, wide array of crops, and numerous biophysical ground based). Papers of high societal benefit (e.g., food securi-
and biochemical characteristics. Further, we expect substantial new ty, crop and water productivity, biomass\carbon modeling) and
and enhanced knowledge by using hyperspectral thermal infrared scientific missions (e.g., contributing to HyspIRI mission) are of
bands (HTIRBs) in addition to HNBs and HVIs. particular interest. Studies can be local, regional, or global. All
The goal of this special issue is to seek papers on wide array of studies must address accuracies\errors\uncertainties.
topics that contribute to advancement of knowledge in use of hy-
perspectral remote sensing studies of terrestrial vegetation and ag-
ricultural crops.
All submissions will be peer-reviewed in line with PE&RS policy. Be- IMPORTANT DATES
cause of page limits, not all submissions recommended for acceptance Manuscripts due: October 1, 2013
by the review panel may be included in the special issue. Under this Decision to Authors: January 1, 2014
circumstance, the guest editors will select the most relevant papers for Final papers due: February 1, 2014
inclusion in the special issue. Authors must prepare manuscripts ac- Publication: August 1, 2014
cording to the PE&RS Instructions to Authors, published in each issue
of PE&RS and also available on the ASPRS web site at Please submit your manuscript by email
http://www.asprs.org/pers/AuthorInstructions. directly to the Guest Editor
Dr. Prasad S. Thenkabail, Research Geographer
U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA
Email: pthenkabail@usgs.gov; thenkabail@gmail.com
Tel.: 928-556-7221; FAX: 928-556-7169

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (PE&RS)
Instructions for Authors
Submitting a Manuscript for Peer Review
Authors submitting a new manuscript for peer review should follow these instructions.
Failure to do so will result in the manuscript being returned to the author.
IntroductIon: The American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote PreParIng a ManuscrIPt for revIew: Authors must submit papers elec-
Sensing (ASPRS) seeks to publish in Photogrammetric Engineering & tronically in PDF format. Care must be taken to remove the author(s) name(s)
Remote Sensing (PE&RS) theoretical and applied papers that address top- from the electronic document. Please remove all author identification from the
ics in photogrammetry, remote sensing, geographic information systems Properties of Microsoft Word before creating the PDF. Verify under Properties
(GIS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) and/or other geospatial infor- in Adobe Reader that your identity has been removed.
mation technologies. Contributions that deal with technical advancements
in instrumentation, novel or improved modes of analysis, or innovative forMat requIreMents: Manuscripts submitted for peer review must be
applications of these technologies in natural and cultural resources as- prepared as outlined below. Manuscripts that do not conform to the require-
sessment, environmental modeling, or the Earth sciences (atmosphere, ments described below will be returned for format revisions before they
hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, or geosphere) are especially encour- are sent for review.
aged. In addition, papers dealing with the practical or applied aspects for
these disciplines will be published as “Applications” papers (see additional 1 tyPIng: All pages must be numbered at the bottom of the page. In
instructions below). addition, manuscripts must be single column and double-spaced. An
11 or 12-point font such as Times New Roman or Arial is preferred.
revIew Procedures: Manuscripts are peer reviewed and refereed by a Authors should use 8.5 by 11-inch or A4 International (210- by 297-
panel of experts selected by the Editor. A double-blind review procedure is mm) paper size, with 30-mm (1.25 inch) margins all around. For
used. The identities and affiliations of authors are not provided to review- review purposes every part of the manuscript must be double-spaced,
ers, nor are reviewers’ names disclosed to authors. Our goal is to provide including title page/abstract, text, footnotes, references, appendices
authors with completed reviews within 90 days of receipt of a manuscript and figure captions. Manuscripts that are single-spaced or have no
by the Editor. Manuscripts accepted for publication will be returned to the page numbers will be returned to authors.
author(s) for final editing before being placed in the queue for publication.
Manuscripts not accepted will either be (1) rejected or (2) returned to the 2 PaPer length: Authors are encouraged to be concise. Published
author(s) for revision and subsequent reconsideration by the review panel. papers are generally limited to 7-10 journal pages. A 27-page manu-
Authors who do not revise and return a “to-be-reconsidered” manuscript script (including tables and figures), when typed as indicated above,
within 90 days from receipt of reviews may have their manuscript withdrawn equals about 7 journal pages. Authors of published papers will be
from the review process. charged $125/page for each page exceeding 7 journal pages. These
page charges must be paid before publication; without exception.
englIsh language: Authors whose first language is not English must have (Details on page charges are included on the Offprint and Extra Page
their manuscripts reviewed by an English-speaking colleague or editor to Order Form, available at http://www.asprs.org/PE-RS-Submissions-
refine use of the English language (vocabulary, grammar, syntax). At the Policy-and-Guidelines/Offprint-Order-Form.html).
discretion of the Editor, manuscripts may be returned for English language
issues before they are sent for review. 3 tItle/abstract: Authors should strive for titles no longer than eight
to ten words. The first page of the paper should include the title, a
cover letter: All submissions must also include a separate cover letter. one-sentence description of the paper’s content to accompany the
Please modify the sample Cover Letter found at http://www.asprs.org/pers/ title in the PE&RS Table of Contents, and the abstract. To facilitate
CoverLetter and then convert it to a PDF file. It is important that we have the blind review process, authors’ names, affiliations, and addresses
the full names and titles (Dr. Russell G. Congalton not R. G. Congalton), must be provided only in a separate cover letter, not on the title page.
complete mailing addresses, and email addresses of all the authors and Authors should indicate both their current affiliation and, if different,
any special instructions about the paper. Papers can not be submitted for their affiliation at the time the research was performed. Following the
review until this information is received by the editor. Also, the paper title and one-sentence and on the same page must be the abstract. All
must be original work and not currently being considered for publication manuscripts submitted for peer review must include an abstract of
in any other journal. Finally, the authors must pay for any color figures 150 words or less. The abstract should include information on goals,
in the manuscript and any page charges for articles longer than 7 journal methods and results of the research reported. The rest of the paper
pages. (Details on color costs can be found at http://www.asprs.org/pers/ should begin on the second page.
ColorOrderForm.)
4 fIgures and tables: All figures and tables must be cited in the text.
“aPPlIcatIons” PaPers: A maximum of one “Applications” paper will Authors should note that figures and tables will usually be reduced in
be published each month as the last paper in the peer-reviewed section of size by the printer to optimize use of space, and should be designed
PE&RS. The authors should follow all the instructions in this document. accordingly. For purposes of peer review, figures and tables can be
However, the “Applications” paper will be strictly limited to 7 journal pages. embedded in the manuscript. However, it should be noted that papers,
These papers will be peer-reviewed, but will emphasize the practical and once accepted, will require that all figures be included as separate
applied aspects of our discipline. These papers must be identified by the files (see instructions for accepted papers) If the manuscript contains
author as an “Applications” paper in the cover letter and will be labeled as copyrighted imagery, a copyright statement must be included in the
an “Applications” paper in the journal. caption (e.g., ©SPOT Image, Copyright [year] CNES).

5 color IllustratIons: Authors should use black and white illustra- Diego, California (USDA Forest Service, General Technical
tions whenever possible. Authors who include color illustrations will Report PSW-GTR-184, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range
be charged for the cost of color reproduction. These costs must be paid Experiment Station, Berkeley, California), pp. 741-749.
before an article is published. Details on color costs can be found at
http://www.asprs.org/pers/ColorOrderForm. Authors should indicate ProceedIngs (cd-roM):
in the cover letter that they have the funds to pay for any color figures Cook, J.D., and L.D. Ferdinand, 2001. Geometric fidelity
in their paper. of Ikonos imagery, Proceedings of the ASPRS 2001 Annu-
al Convention, 23-27 April, St. Louis, Missouri (American
6 MetrIc systeM: The metric system (SI Units) will be employed Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda,
throughout a manuscript except in cases where the English System Maryland), unpaginated CD-ROM.
has special merit stemming from accepted conventional usage (e.g.,
9- by 9-inch photograph, 6-inch focal length). Authors should refer thesIs and dIssertatIons:
to “Usage of the International System of Units,” Photogrammetric Yang, W., 1997. Effects of Spatial Resolution and Landscape
Engineering & Remote Sensing, 1978, 44 (7): 923-938. Structure on Land Cover Characterization, Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 336 p.
7 equatIons: Authors should express equations as simply as possible.
They should include only those equations required by an average websIte references:
reader to understand the technical arguments in the manuscript. Diaz, H.F., 1997. Precipitation trends and water consumption
Manuscripts that appear to have excessive mathematical notation may in the southwestern United States, USGS Web Conference,
be returned to the author for revision. Whenever possible, authors are URL: http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/sw/changes/natural/diaz/,
encouraged to use the Insert and Symbol capabilities of Microsoft U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia (last date accessed:
Word to build simple equations. If that is not possible, the author 15 May 2002).
must indicate in the cover letter which software was used to create
the equations. Microsoft Equation, Microsoft Equation Editor, or 9 acknowledgMents: In keeping with the process of blind reviews,
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books: Dr. Russell G. Congalton, Editor-in-Chief
Falkner, E., 1995. Aerial Mapping: Methods and Applications, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 322 p. 4 Ryan Way
Durham, NH 03824 USA
artIcles (or chaPters) In a book: E-mail: russ.congalton@unh.edu; Tel.: (603) 862-4644
Webb, H., 1991. Creation of digital terrain models using
analytical photogrammetry and their use in civil engineering, sPecIal Issue ManuscrIPt subMIssIon: These instructions also apply to
Terrain Modelling in Surveying and Civil Engineering (G. manuscripts submitted for a Special Issue. However, Special Issue manu-
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Davidson, J.M., D.M. Rizzo, M. Garbelotto, S. Tjosvold, and
G.W. Slaughter, 2002. Phytophthora ramorum and sudden oak
death in California: II. Transmission and survival, Procee-
dings of the Fifth Symposium on Oak Woodlands: Oaks in
California’s Changing Landscape, 23-25 October 2001, San

Selecting Key Features for Remote Sensing
Classification by Using Decision-Theoretic
Rough Set Model
Feng Xie, Dongmei Chen, John Meligrana, Yi Lin, and Wenwei Ren
Abstract a new additional feature is added to the data, the bias of the
There are many spectral bands or band functions developed classification error increases because more parameters of PDFs
for land-cover feature measurements. When the ratio of the need to be estimated from the same number of samples. This
number of training samples to the number of feature measure- is so called the Hughes phenomenon.
ments is small, the traditional land-cover classification is not Training samples are needed for all ground cover classes
accurate. To solve this problem, a decision-theoretic rough set of interest. A good training sample can represent a kind of
model (DTRSM) is first introduced. This model is linked with land-cover type, which shed light on environmental and
distinguishing different types of samples in the image. The ecological issues (Binford et al., 2004; Li, 2006; Pielke, 2005).
samples in the minority classes will be misclassified based The number of training samples is closely related to the
on the model. To minimize the misclassification, we propose classification complexity (Hu et al., 2007; Pan and Billings,
an improved feature selection algorithm with comprehensive 2008; Yu and Liu, 2004). In practice, we often cannot find
criteria. This algorithm is implemented on the Landsat TM enough number of training samples of minority land-cover
data covering two disparate regions which are Lake Baiyang- classes in a scene. In any case, the process of acquiring train-
dian and Qingpu District in Shanghai located in the north ing samples is usually expensive or time consuming, and
and south of China, respectively. We compare the algorithm only a limited number of training samples can be obtained
with other feature selection algorithms. Results show that the (Shashahani and Landgrebe, 1994). When the number of
proposed method can effectively select key features for differ- training samples is small compared to the dimensionality
ent data sets and the accuracy of classifiers can be ensured. (feature measurements) of the data, the Hughes phenomenon
is emerging. This is also called the “curse of dimensionality”
in the field of pattern recognition (Duda et al., 2001;
Introduction Friedman, 1997; Jain and Zongker, 1997; Yang and Honavar,
With the availability of remotely sensed data with increas- 1998). To solve this problem, we expect to select key features
ing spectral bands collected by different sensors, the clas- from a large number of bands or band functions that can
sification of these data by conventional classifiers may suffer effectively reduce the dimensionality of the data for the
from Hughes phenomenon: As the number of spectral bands following classification.
or band functions increase, the classification accuracy can Feature selection can rely on the electromagnetic charac-
decrease with a fixed number of training samples (Shashahani teristics of ground objects. Lee (2009) selected a narrowband
and Landgrebe, 1994). In classification, class conditional model to wideband data and found that the mismatch could
probability density functions (PDFs) need to be estimated from result in a >20 percent underestimation in calculating reflec-
a set of training samples. When these estimates are substitute tance. Some mathematical transformation methods were used
for the true values of the PDFs, the resulting classification is to find the main features of objects. Kalelioglu et al. (2009)
suboptimal and hence has a higher probability of error. When used principal components analysis (PCA) and Crosta tech-
niques to analyze the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) images
and selected PCA123 image, RGB731, and TM band ratio (band5/
Feng Xie is with the School of Urban Rail Transportation, band7, band5/band1) to discriminate the dyke boundaries.
PCA is a linear transformation as preliminary step for decor-
Soochow University, Suzhou 215131, China.
relation or denoise and cannot handle a nonlinear system
Dongmei Chen is with the Department of Geography, Queen’s correctly. Furthermore, classification is not considered in
University, Kingston, ON K7L3N6, Canada. PCA where the most divergence is not the most advantage for
John Meligrana is with the School of Urban and Regional discrimination. These methods are often used as the prelimi-
Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L4R2. nary steps for reducing correlation among features and can be
easily disturbed by outliers (Jolliffe, 2002; Shlens, 2005).
Yi Lin is with the Research Center of Remote Sensing and Feature selection can also be conducted through search-
Spatial Information Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai ing algorithms. Metaheuristic algorithms including trajectory
200092, China. and population-based algorithms have been proposed to
Wenwei Ren is with the Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water
Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental
Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092,
Vol. 79, No. 9, September 2013, pp. 787–797.
China, and also with the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory
for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School 0099-1112/13/7909–787/$3.00/0
of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China © 2013 American Society for Photogrammetry
(wenwei.ren.tongji@gmail.com). and Remote Sensing
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING September 2013 787

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Forthcoming Articles
Bahram Salehi, Yun Zhang, and Ming Zhong, A Combined Xin Wang, Linlin Ge, Xiaojing Li, and Stephen Gherardi,
Object- based and Pixel-based Image Analysis Frame- The Feasibility of Using ENVISAT ASAR and ALOS
work for Urban Land Cover Classification of VHR Im- PALSAR to Monitor Pastures in Western Australia.
agery. Jason M. Stoker, Mark A. Cochrane, and David P. Roy,
Harini Sridharan and Fang Qiu, Developing an Object- Integrating Disparate Lidar Data at the National Scale
based Hyperspatial Image Classifier with a Case Study to Assess the Relationships between Height Above
Using WorldView-2 Data. Ground, Land Cover, and Ecoregions.
John S. Iiames and Ross S. Lunetta, Classification and Xueliang Zhang, Pengfeng Xiao, and Xuezhi Feng, Fast
Accuracy Assessment for Coarse Resolution Mapping Hierarchical Segmentation of High Resolution Remote
within the Great Lakes Basin, USA. Sensing Image with Adaptive Edge Penalty.
Priyakant Sinha and Lalit Kumar, Markov Land Cover
Change Modeling Using Pairs of Time-Series Satellite October 2013 Special Issue On Disaster Response
Images.
David Alvarez, Guest Editor
Mostafa Kabolizade, Hamid Ebadi, and Mehdi
Anas Altartouri, Eva Ehrnsten, Inari Helle, Riikka En-
Mokhtarzade, Automatic Building Extraction Using a
nesjärvi, and Ari Jolma, Geospatial Web Services for
Fuzzy Active Contour Model.
Responding to Ecological Risks Posed by Oil Spills.
Ugar Alganci, Elif Sertel, Mutlu Ozdogan, and Cankut
Chuli Hu, Nengcheng Chen, and Jia Li, Geospatial Web-
Ormeci, Parcel-level Identification of Crop Trees Using
based Sensor Information Model for Integrating Satel-
Different Classification Algorithms and Multi-resolu-
lite Observation: An Example in the Field of Flood
tion Imagery in Southeastern Turkey.
Disaster Management.
Yang Hang, Zhang Lifu, Gao Yingqian, Hu Shunshi, Li
Meixia Deng, Liping Di, Weiguo Han, Ali L. Yagci, Chun-
Xueke, Zhang Genzhong, and Tong Qingxi, Temperature
ming Peng, and Gil Heo, Web Service-based Monitor-
and Emissivity from Thermal Airborne Hyperspectral
ing and Analysis of Global Agricultural Drought.
(TASI) Data.
Bryan G. Talbot and Lisa M. Talbot, Fast Responder: Mo-
Chao Tao, Yihua Tan, and Zheng-rong Zou, Hierarchical
bile Access to Remote Sensing for Disaster Response.
Method of Urban Building Extraction Inspired by Hu-
man Perception. Samantha Brennan and Jon Corbett, A Hot Topic: The
Role of the Geoweb after Wildfire.
Haifa Debouk, Ramon Riera-Tatché, and Christina Vega-
Garciá, Assessing Post-fire Regeneration in a Mediter- Daniel McInerney, Jesus San-Miguel, Paolo Corti, Ceri
ranean Mixed Forest Using Lidar Data and Artificial Whitmore, Cristiano Giovando, and Andrea Camia, De-
Neural Networks. sign and Function of the European Forest Fire Informa-
tion System.
Hongbo Pan, Guo Zhang, Xinming Tang, Deren Li, Xi-
aoyong Zhu, Ping Zhou, and Yonghua Jiang, Basic
Products of the ZiYuan Satellite and Accuracy Evalua-
tion.
Joann W. Harvey and Edwin J. Green, Illustrating the
Temporal Progress of Environmental Change.
Jiaying Wu, Kerry Cawse-Nicholson, and Jan van Aardt,
3D Tree Reconstruction from Simulated Small Foot-
print Waveform Lidar.
William L. Marks, John S. Iiames, Ross S. Lunetta, Siamak
Khorram, and Thomas H. Mace, Basal Area and Bio-
mass Estimates of Loblolly Pine Stands Using L-Band
UAVSAR.
Huadong Guo, Huaining Yang, Zhongchang Sun, Xinwu
Li, and Cuizhen Wang, Synergistic Use of Optical and
PolSAR Imagery for Urban Impervious Surface Estima-
tion.

Assessing the Relationship between Ground
Measurements and Object-Based Image
Analysis of Land Cover Classes in Pinyon and
Juniper Woodlands
April Hulet, Bruce A. Roundy, Steven L. Petersen, Ryan R. Jensen, and Stephen C. Bunting
Abstract understory cover can result in accelerated soil erosion rates,

Land managers need to rapidly assess vegetation composition greater runoff, and increased soil hydrophobicity (Madsen
and bare ground to effectively evaluate and manage shrub et al., 2011; Petersen and Stringham, 2008; Pierson et al.,
steppe communities that have been encroached by pinyon and 2010; Roundy and Vernon, 1999). An increase in tree canopy
juniper trees. We used an object-based image analysis (OBIA) cover and biomass associated with lengthened fire return
approach to estimate land cover classes found in pinyon-juni- intervals within these communities can also increase the
per woodlands, and evaluated the relationship between ground potential for intensive crown fires (Miller and Tausch, 2001).
measurements and OBIA land cover measurements. We acquired Accurate assessment of understory and overstory cover
high-spatial resolution color-infrared imagery for five sites with within expansion woodlands is needed to properly time fuel
a Vexcel UltraCamX digital camera in June 2009. We simultane- reduction treatments to restore ecological function and resil-
ously collected ground-based cover measurements within 30 m ience (Miller et al., 2005; Tausch et al., 2009). Remote sensing
× 33 m subplots. OBIA mean land cover class differences by site can offer an efficient alternative to assess these rangelands
ranged from underestimating litter by 3 percent to overestimat- with reduced monitoring costs (Booth et al., 2008; Booth
ing live trees by 1 percent when compared to ground-based and Tueller, 2003; Hunt et al., 2003; Tueller, 1989), and more
measurements. Overall accuracy for thematic maps was 84 complete and representative measurements across a land-
percent with a Kappa statistic of 0.80. Although OBIA cover scape than from ground-based measurements alone (Booth et
estimates varied slightly from ground cover estimates, methods al., 2005; Tueller, 1996). Object-based image analysis (OBIA)
provide land managers with options for prioritizing manage- techniques that group similar, neighboring pixels into distinct
ment practices and enabling monitoring at an operational scale. image objects within designated parameters (Burnett and
Blaschke, 2003; Ryherd and Woodcock, 1996), have shown
success in describing landscape patches evaluated with
Introduction high-resolution imagery (Karl and Maurer, 2010; Laliberte
Land management agencies inventory and monitor range- et al., 2004; Laliberte et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2006). However,
lands across broad and heterogeneous landscapes. Many remotely-sensed image research for shrub steppe communities
of these lands in the western United States are converting encroached with P-J woodlands is limited (Davies et al., 2010;
from sagebrush steppe communities into pinyon (Pinus) and Madsen et al., 2010; Sankey and Glenn, 2011; Weisberg et al.,
juniper (Juniperus) (P-J) woodlands as trees invade and infill 2007; Yang et al., 2012).
(Miller et al., 2000; Miller and Tausch, 2001; Romme et al., Our objective is to test the accuracy of OBIA cover meas-
2009; Tausch, 1981). Increased tree dominance typically urements from high-spatial resolution imagery (0.06 m pixels)
results in the loss of understory plant community structure relative to ground-based cover measurements within P-J expan-
and composition and an associated decline in ecological sion woodlands at (a) the subplot scale (0.1 ha), and (b) an
function across these heterogeneous landscapes (Miller operational scale for land management decisions (i.e., by site).
et al., 2000). On sites with high soil erosion potential, loss of We propose that OBIA cover estimates from high-resolution
remotely sensed imagery are sufficiently similar to ground
cover measurements for accurately assessing P-J woodlands.
April Hulet is with the USDA-Agricultural Research Service,
Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, 67826-A
Highway 205, Burns, Oregon 97720, and formerly at Brigham Methods
Young University, Plant and Wildlife Sciences Department,
Provo, Utah 84602 (april.hulet@oregonstate.edu). Study Area
Our study includes five pinyon and/or juniper woodlands
Bruce A. Roundy and Steven L. Petersen are at Brigham located in four western US states (Oregon, California, Nevada,
Young University, Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, and Utah) that are associated with the Joint Fire Sciences
275 WIDB, Provo, Utah 84602.
Ryan R. Jensen is at Brigham Young University, Department of Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
Geography, 622 SWKT, Provo, Utah 84602. Vol. 79, No. 9, September 2013, pp. 799–808.
Stephen C. Bunting is at the University of Idaho, Department 0099-1112/13/7909–799/$3.00/0
of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, P.O. Box 441135, © 2013 American Society for Photogrammetry
Moscow, Idaho 83844. and Remote Sensing

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Remote Sensing-based House Value Estimation
Using an Optimized Regional Regression Model
Zhenyu Lu, Jungho Im, Lindi J. Quackenbush, and Sanglim Yoo
Abstract Sunding and Swoboda, 2010). Such hedonic models typically

This study proposed a new method to predict residential predict house values using three sets of variables depicting
property value using remote sensing data as a major data structural, location/neighborhood, and environmental amen-
source substitute to traditional inputs in house price estima- ity characteristics of residential houses. Among the three
tion models. An optimized regional regression (ORR) approach groups of variables, structural variables, such as the type of
was proposed in this study. This approach integrated a house, total living area, lot size, number of rooms, and exist-
differential evolution optimization algorithm along with ence of central heating, have generally been more important
the ordinary least square regression to improve house value than the other variables for hedonic modeling in the literature
prediction accuracy. In addition to ORR, four other regression (Yoo et al., 2012). Unlike the usually uniform and solid con-
methods, random forest, Cubist regression trees, geographi- tribution of structural variables, the contribution of neighbor-
cally weighted regression, and global ordinary least square, hood and environmental variables to house values varies in
were also employed to provide a comparison. Results showed different regions (Kong et al., 2007; Yu and Wu, 2006).
that models using remote sensing data are capable of acquir- A range of studies have reported accurate results when
ing accurate house price information. In addition, the volume using hedonic methods to estimate the implicit price of resi-
of residential buildings proved to be an efficient substitute dential property (Shultz and King, 2001; Dehring and Dunse,
for total living area, the most important variable of the house 2006; Selim, 2009). The modeling accuracy reported by these
price estimation model (i.e., a hedonic model). The ORR studies can be partly attributed to the availability of high-
approach yielded the most accurate predictions followed by quality structural data, such as house construction and parcel
the geographically weighted regression. Further investigation data. However, these high-quality datasets are not globally
indicated that the ORR approach has three major advantages: accessible because of issues such as privacy and cost. Some
it is effective, stable, and the results are readily interpretable. of these high-quality data are not continuously updated, and
might not be accurate enough to reflect the current status of
the residential property. For example, the total living area
Introduction of the property might not be updated when an expansion is
With the fast increase of urban populations across the world, done by the owner. In addition, housing properties are not
extracting socio-economic characteristics from timely remote generally ready for GIS analysis, which requires considerable
sensing data is highly significant for planning and monitoring time and effort to make them available in GIS form. Exploring
the urban environment. As an important component of the timely generation of suitable substitutes for these datasets
urban environment, and of private properties in particular, from remote sensing data is worthwhile.
characteristics of residential houses have drawn wide public Remote sensing devices are capable of capturing urban
attention. The value of housing, as a composite and heteroge- characteristics over a large geographic area in a timely man-
neous good (Cheshire and Sheppard, 1995), is determined by ner, and have provided data that several studies have inte-
a variety of characteristics (e.g., structure, neighborhood, and grated with structural attributes to estimate housing values
environmental amenity). Detailed housing information, such (Yu and Wu, 2006; Hamilton and Morgan, 2010). Compared to
as age, number of rooms, and neighborhood condition, has obtaining neighborhood and environmental variables, iden-
been widely used to assess house values. Obtaining accurate tifying structural characteristics of residential houses from
and timely housing value information is a necessary but chal- remote sensing data is a much more challenging task. Some
lenging task. structural variables, such as number of rooms or existence
Hedonic modeling has been commonly used in housing of central heating, cannot be directly obtained from remote
market analysis (Ismail, 2006; Yu et al., 2007; Selim, 2009; sensing data. However, remote sensing is capable of providing
information, such as footprint area and volume of residential
houses, which can serve as surrogates for structural variables
such as total acreage of a residential property and total living
Zhenyu Lu is with AnchorQEA, LLC., Liverpool, NY 13088. area of a residential property. For example, Lu et al. (2011)
Jungho Im is with the School of Urban and Environmental used residential building volume and footprint area derived
Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and from lidar data to estimate population. They reported that
Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea (ersgis@unist.ac.kr). their estimation model explained 80 percent of the residential
Lindi J. Quackenbush is with the Department of

Environmental Resources Engineering, State University of
New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
Syracuse, NY 13210. Vol. 79, No. 9, September 2013, pp. 809–820.
Sanglim Yoo is with the Department of Environmental 0099-1112/13/7909–809/$3.00/0
Science, State University of New York College of © 2013 American Society for Photogrammetry
Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210. and Remote Sensing

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Point-based Classification of Power Line
Corridor Scene Using Random Forests
Heungsik B. Kim and Gunho Sohn
Abstract data processing tasks required for corridor scene analysis

The power line network, interconnecting power generation (Ituen and Sohn, 2010). This is because airborne lidar can
facilities and their end-users, is a critical infrastructure on rapidly provide highly dense and accurate three-dimensional
which most of our socio-economic activities rely. As society (3D) information of corridor objects without the use of ground
becomes increasingly reliant on electricity, the rapid and control. Having such high quality 3D information will facili-
effective monitoring of power line safety is critical. In particu- tate difficult photogrammetric computer vision tasks, such as
lar, accurately knowing the current geometric and thermal feature extraction, feature grouping, and contextual analysis.
status of power lines and identifying possible encroachments Despite its potential, thus far not much research effort has
is the most important task in the power line risk manage- been made employing airborne lidar data to explore classifica-
ment process. To facilitate this task, the correct identification tion methods of the corridor scenes. Hence, today’s corridor
of key objects comprising a power line corridor scene from mapping practice still remains an expensive physical process
remotely sensed data is the first important step. In recent that is not suitable for the large-scale, rapid commercial com-
years, airborne lidar has been successfully adopted as a cost- pilation of corridor maps (Liang et al., 2011). To address the
effective and accurate data source for mapping the power indicated issue, this research investigated the potentials of a
line corridors. However, in today’s practice, the classification supervised learning classifier, specifically Random Forests, in
of power line objects using lidar data still relies on labor- the classification of corridor objects with airborne lidar data.
intensive data manipulation, and its automation is urgently The classification is known as a computer vision pro-
required. To address this problem, this paper proposes a cess, which transforms remotely sensed data into informa-
point-based supervised classification method, which enables tion by properly assigning the class labels from a finite set of
the identification of five utility corridor objects (wires, pylons, object classes to unknown observations. In the classification
vegetation, buildings, and low objects) using airborne lidar algorithms, a feature set measuring characteristic proper-
data. A total of 21 features were investigated to illustrate ties of the object classes for each observation provides basic
the horizontal and vertical properties of power line objects. input to differentiate one class from the others, or to group
A non-parametric discriminative classifier, Random Forests classes into clusters based on similar features (Guo et al.,
model, was trained with refined features to label raw laser 2012; Samadzadegan et al., 2012). In lidar classification,
point clouds. The proposed classifier showed 91.04 percent the grid-based and point-based approaches are two distinct
sample-weighted and 90.07 percent class-weighted classifica- methods to extract the feature set. The grid-based approach
tion accuracy, which indicates it could be highly valuable for considers 3D laser point cloud to be raster imagery, which is
large-scale, rapid compilations of corridor maps. A sensitivity represented as a 2D array. In this method, the raw lidar point
analysis of the proposed classifier suggested that when com- cloud is interpolated into a grid space, and each grid (pixel)
pared, training with class-balanced samples improves classi- contains representative information, such as height from the
fication performance over training with unbalanced samples, first return, number of returns, laser intensity, backscatter-
particularly with corridor objects such as wires and pylons. ing coefficient, width of reflected pulse, and so on. Lodha
et al. (2007) used Gaussian Mixture Models to model train-
ing datasets obtained from grid lidar data, and applied
Introduction the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate
Effective management of the power line network requires supervised modeling parameters and posterior probabilities.
accurate power line mapping and monitoring. Power line A classification rule for specific objects was constructed from
mapping today is an on-site surveying process that urgently geometric and topological relations among regions resulting
requires the improved capability to quickly and accurately from segmentation over grid lidar data for detecting buildings
detect, classify, and monitor objects within the corridor (Forlani et al., 2006); classifying forest types (Antonarakis
(Flood, 2011). These key corridor objects include terrain, et al., 2008); detecting single trees (Zhang and Sohn, 2010;
vegetation, towers, power lines, buildings, roads and water- Lin et al., 2011); and predicting single tree attributes (Yu
ways. Traditionally such corridor scene analyses have relied et al., 2011). Grid-based classification has often been used
on labor-intensive manual approaches that entail investiga- to fuse multiple laser echoes with multi-spectral informa-
tion of video footage captured on site. Recently, however, tion obtained from optical imagery for urban classification
airborne lidar (Light Detection And Ranging) has attracted purposes (Guo et al., 2011). A set of parameters extracted
much attention for its potential to automate the complicated

Geomatics Engineering Program, Department of Earth
and Space Science and Engineering, 312 Petrie Science & 0099-1112/13/7909–821/$3.00/0
Engineering Building, York University, 4700 Keele Street, © 2013 American Society for Photogrammetry
Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada (hskim@yorku.ca). and Remote Sensing

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september
16-19, GIS-Pro 2013: URISA’s 51st Annual Conference for GIS Profession- Upcoming Workshops in the
als, Providence, Rhode Island. For more information, visit http://www.urisa.org/
gispro2013. ASPRS Webinar Series
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Dreseden, Germany. For more information, visit http://spie.org/security-de-
fence-europe.xml?WT.mc_id=RCal-ESDW and http://spie.org/
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30, 2013 Kentucky GIS Conference, Louisville, Kentucky. For more information,
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Monday & Tuesday, October 14 & 15, 2013
october Instructor: Bob Burtch
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tion, visit http://www.cirgeo.unipd.it/laserscanning2013.
to register. ASPRS Sustaining Member
11-17, ISPRS Conference, Serving Society with Geoinformatics, Antalya, Turkey. companies who have multiple employees
For more information, visit w ww.isprs2013-ssg.org. who want to take the webinar at the same
12–13, ISPRS Workshop, Object Extraction for 3D City Models, Road Databases time should contact Kim Tilley at kimt@asprs.
& Traffic Monitoring – Concepts, Algorithms, and Evaluation, Antalya, Turkey. org for information on quantity discounts.
For more information, visit http://www.cmrt13.tum.de/. Attending a webinar without registering is
an ethical violation.
December
2-5, 2013 Shanghai International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Social
Develop, Shanghai, China. For more information, visit www.sirrs.org.
march 2014
23–27, ASPRS 2014 Annual Conference, Louisville, Kentucky. For more infor- Who Do I Contact to
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A Random Set Approach for Modeling Integrated
Uncertainties of Traffic Islands Derived from
Airborne Laser Scanning Points
Liang Zhou and Alfred Stein
Abstract object-oriented analysis, natural phenomena are mapped on

Traffic islands play a major role in transport studies by affect- predefined thematic attributes and presented by crisp bounda-
ing traffic behavior safety, air pollution, and transport deci- ries. If the phenomena vary continuously and smoothly over
sion support. Point data obtained by laser scanning enable the time and space, however, a precise definition of the objects
determination of their locations. Planimetric errors, vertical may not exist, and it may thus be impossible to assign crisp
errors, and limited point spacing however affect their spatial boundaries to them (Cheng et al., 1997). For such phenom-
data quality (SDQ). In this study, we defined uncertainty as the ena, the boundaries need to be described as transition zones
lack of accuracy and analyzed its importance by modeling characterized by variable width rather than as crisp lines
each traffic island as a random set. The covering functions of (Shi, 2010; Stein et al., 2009).
the point data and their intermediate locations were deter- Recently, 3D point clouds acquired by laser scanning ena-
mined by point segmentation, followed by interpolation. In ble the automatic extraction of various spatial objects (Huang
this way, traffic islands were delineated from the background et al., 2011; Meng et al., 2012; You and Lin, 2011). Accuracy
with a transition zone. The study showed that point spac- of these extracted objects largely depends upon point densi-
ing has the largest contribution to the positonal accuracy of ties (Zhou and Vosselman, 2012). Due to the variable point
a traffic island. The area of the transition zone has a linear densities, the boundary of an object is preferably given as a
relation with the planimetric errors, whereas the influence of transition zone with an extension that is determined by the
the vertical errors on the accuracy decreases with increasing errors existing in laser points. On the one hand, planimetric
point spacing. Experiments were conducted to investigate the errors in laser points cause extensional uncertainties. Vertical
influences of the parameters in an SDQ analysis. The study errors, on the other hand, mainly determine the parameters of
demonstrated how different sources of uncertainty can be the applied point segmentation algorithms, where the height
integrated. Results showed the advantages of using random variation in the laser points is treated as intensity or color
sets for SDQ modelling. We concluded that modelling of traffic variations, similar to the treatment in image segmentation
islands by random sets provides meaningful information to algorithms (Felzenszwalb and Huttenlocher, 2004; Grady and
integrate uncertainties. Schwartz, 2006; Shi and Malik, 2000). In this way, the vertical
errors have an indirect impact on the extent of an object by
means of their influences on the segmentation results. Hence,
Introduction the three uncertainty factors jointly affect the recognition of
Spatial objects such as buildings, roads, and water bodies are the extent of the spatial objects.
essential entities for urban environmental management and Extraction of objects and their representations by uncer-
analysis. Specifically, urban road information plays a criti- tain extents such as transition zones, are considered as ele-
cal role in GIS data update, location-based services, naviga- ments of uncertainty modeling (Stein et al., 2009). Zhao et al.
tion systems, and traffic safety analysis (Shahi and Choupani, (2011) adopted a random set method to quantify the exten-
2009). For example, in traffic safety analysis curbs as vertical sional accuracy of spatial objects extracted from images. The
elevation differences between two adjacent roadway surfaces variability of a random set reflects the degree of accuracy of an
are potential safety hazards because they can affect the stabil- object. In order to eliminate the subjective effect of user-tuned
ity of vehicles and the driver’s ability to handle it (Baek and parameters of the distribution function on the random set
Hummer, 2008; Glennon and Hill, 2004). Traditionally, these model, such as the choice of a threshold, the authors devel-
spatial objects are determined either by land surveying and oped a general parameterisation of a mixed Gaussian random
photogrammetry or by segmentation techniques applied to set model (Zhao et al., 2011). To use the mixed Gaussian dis-
high-resolution satellite images (Lucieer and Stein, 2002). The tribution to parameterize such a random set however is still
resolution of remote sensing data, extraction methods, and subjective. As discussed in Friel and Molchanov (1999), there
geometrical representations lead to extensional uncertainties is considerable freedom of choice for weighting the param-
of those objects (Zhao et al., 2011). A proper understanding of eters, and further investigations might be required to justify
those uncertainties is likely to increase traffic safety and to ben- certain choices from a theoretical point of view.
efit other transport-related applications (Quddus et al., 2007).
The geometry of spatial objects and their topological
relations are determined by means of their boundaries. In an
University of Twente, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and 0099-1112/13/7909–835/$3.00/0
Earth Observation (ITC), Hengelosestraat 99, P.O. Box 217, © 2013 American Society for Photogrammetry
7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands (l.zhou@utwente.nl). and Remote Sensing

members only.

and sign up.
ASPRS MEMBERSHIP
ASPRS Members Are
To join, go to
www.asprs.org
members only.

and sign up.
ASPRS MEMBERSHIP
ASPRS Members Are
To join, go to
www.asprs.org
Assessing the Performance of Linear Feature
Models: An Approach to Computational
Inference
Eugenio Y. Arima, Robert T. Walker, and Dante G. Vergara
Abstract perhaps even more pronounced in attempts to reproduce the

A methodology for judging the performance of simulation features of a “true” map using spatial simulation, in which
models that involve linear features is presented taking as its case the error associated with misrepresenting the processes
test case a model that produces logging road networks. The that generate the pattern also surfaces. By allowing cell
approach combines existing methods of accuracy assessment, neighborhoods to contribute to cell classification, the fuzzy
based on the so-called epsilon band, with the principle of measures take an important step in attenuating the contami-
statistical inference. This requires adapting neutral models nation of similarity measurements arising from intractable
from landscape ecology to generate a bootstrapped probability map-based errors.
distribution reflecting the probabilistic characteristics of sto- The present article takes up the issue of assessing map
chastic networks. The distribution is then used for inferential agreement, and in particular the issue of assessing goodness-
hypothesis testing, taking as its “null” hypothesis that a net- of-fit for landscape simulations. In our case, however, simu-
work has been produced randomly. The assessment method- lation is aimed at spatial features not normally modeled in
ology is used to evaluate the road network simulation model land change science applications. Rather than attempting to
under six different parameterizations. Results are compared account for the areal extents of specific land classes, or land
to findings obtained by the use of fuzzy similarity metrics. The change classes as the case may be, we instead seek to repro-
paper argues that the epsilon band method provides confi- duce one dimensional networks, specifically road networks.
dence that model performance departs significantly from a In reality, such networks exist in two-dimensional Cartesian
randomized process, and that conclusions are free of at least space. Nevertheless, in a raster representation, cells revealing
one class of spurious results. a road “state” do no cluster to form discernible patches, as is
typical of categorical states of land, such as “forest cover” or
“agriculture.” Further, in the aggregate across a model extent,
Introduction the count of road cells relative to non-road cells is likely to be
Evaluating the performance of spatial models has grown in small.
importance in recent years: particularly with the emergence of Our interest in road networks stems from recognition of
land change science and its interest in modeling land-use and the environmental impacts associated with transportation
land-cover change (Gutman, 2004). Traditional performance infrastructure, particularly in tropical environments where
evaluation methods often rely on cross tabulations, or con- roads open natural areas such as forests to human settle-
tingency tables, where the proportion of a given land-cover ment and development. Of high relevance in this regard is
category correctly classified is compared against the propor- the demonstrated link between road networks and emer-
tion that is misclassified by omission or commission. A key gent patterns of forest fragmentation (Forman, 2003). Land
approach stems from Cohen’s Kappa coefficient that summa- change scientists, aware of this important connection, have
rizes in one statistic the degree to which the proportion cor- begun elaborating models meant to predict road network
rectly classified differs from what would be expected from a architectures (Merry et al., 2009; Soares-Filho et al., 2004).
random agreement (Cohen, 1968). Since its original statement, An obvious question is the extent to which existing methods
Kappa has undergone a variety of adaptations which have for model assessment carry over to the network case. This
turned it into a widely used, model evaluation tool (Congalton is the question that motivates the research discussed here.
and Green, 2009; Pontius, 2000; van Vliet et al., 2011). Recent As part of our answer, we present a new approach, based
advances have relaxed the constraints of a cell-by-cell assess- on the principle of statistical inference, which is often used
ment of similarity through the application of fuzzy set theory, to determine whether statistical regression models possess
given the reality that map production is likely to involve not explanatory power. Although we motivate our presentation
only quantity disagreement but also location error (Hagen, by the simulation of road networks, the method generalizes
2003; Pontius and Millones, 2011). This potential problem is to any modeling effort aimed at generating network patterns,
such as streams in a hydrological system (Chaput-Bardy
et al., 2009).
Eugenio Y. Arima is with the Department of Geography

and the Environment, The University of Texas at Austin,
305 E 23rd Street, STOP A3100 CLA 3.416, Austin, TX 78712 Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
(arima@austin.utexas.edu). Vol. 79, No. 9, September 2013, pp. 847–855.
Robert T. Walker and Dante G. Vergara are with the 0099-1112/13/7909–847/$3.00/0
Department of Geography, Michigan State University, © 2013 American Society for Photogrammetry
116 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824. and Remote Sensing

members only.

and sign up.
ASPRS MEMBERSHIP
ASPRS Members Are
To join, go to
www.asprs.org
members only.

and sign up.
ASPRS MEMBERSHIP
ASPRS Members Are
To join, go to
www.asprs.org
Geospatial Power
in Our Pockets
The ASPRS 2014 Annual Conference Theme
Geolocational capabilities
“Geospatial Power in Our Pockets” of our smart phones,
notebooks and personal
will be held at the Galt House Hotel, devices are changing the
Louisville, Kentucky, March 24-27, 2014. way we do business,
monitor our environment,
interact with imagery, plan
our travel, socialize and,
generally, conduct our daily
lives. Even as we are being
shaped by the power of this
technology, our geospatial
community has the skills
and knowledge to shape
its future. And we can only
imagine what is possible in
the next decade. Come to
Louisville in 2014 and show
us the future of Geospatial
Power in Our Pockets.
Types of Presentations
Submit a brief outline for any of the following types of presentations
and be included at the ASPRS 2014 Annual Conference. For
information on allotted times, available equipment and other
logistics with regards to presentation types, please visit the
conference web site at www.asprs.org/Conferences/Louisville-2014.
• Oral Presentation
• Poster with Lightning Talk
• Special Session – Organized Group
• Workshop
• Commercial Session
ASPRS 2014 Annual Conference • Geospatial Power in Our Pocket • March 23 – 27, 2014
Track #1 – Geospatial Power in Our Pockets
• Geospatial Apps
• Privacy Issues of Geolocational Data
• Mobile Data Collection, Management and Processing
• Image Data Streaming
• Challenges in Data Display on Mobile Devices
• Geocaching
• Wearable GIS
• Image Processing in the Cloud
• 3D/4D Geovisualization
• Open Standards and Interoperability
• Crowd Sourcing and Volunteer GIS
• Integrated Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and Mobile
Mapping
• The Future of Geospatial Power in Our Pockets
Track #2 – Emerging Technologies

• Big Data on Small Devices
• Web Services for Image Access and Geospatial Processing
• Cyberinfrastructure
• Surface from Motion (SfM)
• How We Navigate: Dependency on GPS vs. Map Reading
Skills
• Indoor Positioning and Building Information Models
(BIM)
• Geodesign
• Remote Sensing in Natural Disasters
• Pattern Recognition in Remote Sensing
• Geospatial Cloud Computing
• Object-Based Image Analysis
• Uncertainty, Accuracy and Error Assessment
• Photogrammetry and Handheld Devices
• Location-Based Services (LBS) Ethics and Privacy Issues
Track #3 – Business Management

• Data Management and Workflow
• New Technologies to Solve Big Problems
• Workforce Recruitment and Training
• Technology Overviews
• Equipment Purchase for the Small Business
• Contracts and Bidding – Processes and Opportunities
• Geospatial Tools for Small Businesses
• Emerging Trends in Geospatial Services
• SBA Loan Limit Increases and Your Business
http://www.asprs.org/Conferences/Louisville-2014
Track #4 – Core Technologies Important Dates
• Close Range Photogrammetry
• Digital Frame Camera Presentation Outlines Due
• Airborne & Terrestrial Lidar October 4, 2013
• Airborne & Spaceborne Thermal and Radar
• Multi/Hyper-spectral Imagery Workshop Proposals Due
• High-Resolution Satellite Imagery October 4, 2013
• Unmanned and Autonomous Aerial
• Full Motion Video (FMV)
Notice of Acceptance
November 8, 2013
• Multiple-Sensor Data Fusion
• Data Compression
Speaker Registration Due
• Image Matching
December 9, 2013
• Feature Extraction
• Image Enhancement Paper and Poster Deadline
• Automated Aerotriangulation (for inclusion in Proceedings)
• Sensor Orientation January 18, 2014
• Surface Model and Orthophotography
• Visualization and Animation
• Multi-Dimensional Environments
• Open Source Programming
Papers and Posters
• Virtual Reality/Simulation/3D
for the Proceedings
All oral and lightning talk poster
presenters should submit their final
Track #5 – Application Areas presentations to the Conference
• Mobile Geospatial Services for: Proceedings electronically no later
♦ Education than March 1, 2014. Complete details
♦ Business will be included in the Notification
♦ Law enforcement of Acceptance e-mail and online.
♦ Natural disaster preparedness, assessment To be included in the Proceedings,
and response you MUST make an oral or poster
♦ Tourism and cultural heritage presentation at the conference.
♦ Infrastructure development
• Radar Mapping
• Web Services
• Extraterrestrial Mapping
• Land Cover/Land Use
• Archaeology
• Agriculture
• Change Detection
• Urban Mapping
• Homeland Security
• Sustainability
• Forensics
• Transportation
• Hydrology and Water Quality
• Coastal and Marine Studies
• Climate Change
• Invasive Species
• Forestry, Wetlands and Other Vegetation
Mapping and Analysis
• Wildlife
• Geology
ASPRS 2014 Annual Conference • Geospatial Power in Our Pocket • March 23 – 27, 2014
Pro f es s ion a l D ir e c t or y
NEW MEXICO TEXAS WEST VIRGINIA
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Geospatial Power
in Our Pockets
ASPRS 2014 Annual Conference
and co-located JACIE Workshop See page
856 for
March 23-28, 2014 Louisville, Kentucky USA more
conference
Save the Date! details.
THE
INFORMATION SOCIETY
Your data needs to live
beyond the project.
Once you have collected lidar and imagery data for
a particular project, there’s no reason to stop there.
Get more out of your investment using Esri® ArcGIS®
software. You can manage these massive volumes of
data for many other purposes. ArcGIS provides the
automation, on-the-fly processing, and visualization
that make accessing and analyzing remotely sensed
data easier. Make your lidar and imagery data
accessible with ArcGIS.
Learn more at esri.com/lidar
Copyright © 2013 Esri. All rights reserved.

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING The official journal for imaging and geospatial information science and

ience and technology

GLEN CANYON DAM, ARIZONA

ASPRS workshops – Sunday afternoon and

Technical sessions and exhibit hall hours are on

NEW: Three presentations per 90-minute technical

More Exhibit hall hours to maximize opportunity

Exhibitors’ Reception – Tuesday night followed

Registration is open and program information is available online at

The ASPRS Manual of Airborne Topographic

500 pp. Hardcover & Kindle. 2012.

Kindle price: $110

766 Septem b er 2 013 Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing

Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing September 2013 767

COPYRIGHT 2013. Copyright by the American Society for Photogrammetry

PERMISSION TO PHOTOCOPY. The appearance of the code at the bottom

768 Septem b er 2 013 Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing

Recent IT technologies and online services are tremendously alter-

continued on page 770

Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing September 2013 769

770 Septem b er 2 013 Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing

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772 Septem b er 2 013 Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing

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Details can be found in the Certification and

774 Septem b er 2 013 Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing

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Member Champions by Region from January 1, 2013 – July 31, 2013

Alaska Potomac Haluk Cetin

CLASSIFIEDS ASPRS MEMBERSHIP

Brooke King *indicates student member

776 Septem b er 2 013 Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing

Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing September 2013 777

ASPRS Lidar Division Releases ASPRS's Newest

ASPRS Launches First eBook –

778 Septem b er 2 013 Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing

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SAVE THE DATE! — Upcoming ASPRS Conferences

March 23–27, 2014 April 18–22, 2016

november 17–20, 2014

780 Septem b er 2 013 Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing

Board of Directors Mid-South Region - 2016

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ProceedIngs (PrInted): **Instructions last updated January 2013

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PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING September 2013 787

To become a member and gain access to these

To become a member and gain access to these

798 Septem b er 2 013 Photogrammetric engineering & remote SenSing

Abstract understory cover can result in accelerated soil erosion rates,

PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING September 2013 799

To become a member and gain access to these

Abstract Sunding and Swoboda, 2010). Such hedonic models typically

Lindi J. Quackenbush is with the Department of

fax: ____ e-mail: