Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.

(24): 2016

Experimental Determination of Ballistic Performance

of Composite Material Kevlar 29 and Alumina Powder/
Epoxy by Spherical Projectile
Luay Hashem Abbud
Department of Air conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
Mustaqbal University College
luayhashem@yahoo.com
Abstract
In this study, a response of hybrid composite laminate woven fiber Kevlar29 – Al2O 3 Powder/ Epoxy
subjected to high velocity impact loading is presented. The energy absorbed due to impact of small rigid
projectile on composite materials targets is determined experimentally. The energy absorbed due to impact
of hemispherical projectiles on the developed composite laminates is investigated. The results revealed the
maximum ballistic limit at impact velocity is found to be 390.87 ± 6 m/s for an the 18 mm target thickness.
The ballistic limit velocity predictions are based on the theoretical method presented from another article.
The initial velocity and residual velocity results showed good is agreement compared with the predicted
results of Ipson and Recht equations. With 5.4 % of accuracy based on the experimental value for the
theoretical model for ballistic limit velocity.
Keywords: Impact and Ballistic, Al2O3, Laminates, Armor and Hybrid composite
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ‬
‫ ﻭﻤﺴﺤﻭﻕ ﺍﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻴﺒﻭﻜﺴﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ‬Kevlar29 ‫ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻫﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻟﻴﻑ‬
‫ ﻤﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻥ‬18 ‫ ﻡ\ﺜﺎ ﻟﺴﻤﻙ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬6±390.87 ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺫﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻑ ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺍﻗﺼﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﺴﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺃﺨﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﻜﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬
‫ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺫﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﺴﺒﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻲ‬
‫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ‬%5.4 ‫ ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ‬Recht ‫ﻭ‬Ipson ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﺩﺭﻭﻉ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻫﺠﻴﻨﺔ‬، ‫ ﺼﻔﺎﺌﺢ‬،‫ ﺃﻟﻭﻤﻴﻨﺎ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﺴﺘﻴﺔ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬
1. Introduction
It is only during the early years of the Industrial Revolution that improved methods
of providing more armor were developed. This was mainly due to the improved
production techniques and the need to overcome continuously escalating threats. For
thousands of years, warfare was conducted on foot and on horseback. However, during
the last sixty years, drastic changes in warfare have taken place.Introducing new
materials enhanced the use of composites in personal armor. The Kevlar fibers reinforced
composites were used extensively for that purpose. Helmets, armor jackets and vests as
well as leg armor were made of such materials. Ballistic penetration experiments have
been performed on aluminum nitride ceramic at a velocity ranging between 1000 to 1200
m/s (Yadav 2003).The proposed three types from ceramics were effected impact by using
steel projectile. However, the damage was discussed and compared for the different types
of ceramics (Strassburger,1994; Kozhushko,1991).The proposed finite element
simulations and the experimental work during high velocity impact on confined multi -
layered ceramic/steel targets (Pablo,2000,Teng,2008).The ballistic performance of
Polymethylmethacrylate under impact by a rigid spherical projectile in the range of 89.3
– 670 m/s in this paper proposed analytical model for the ballistic limit velocity from the
work done for target based on the experimental observations (Abbud,2010). The

991
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

experimental investigated depth of penetration and crack formation by small steel spheres
projectiles of thicker armour ceramic targets under high velocity impact (Paul 1998).
Sintered sub-µm Al2O3 was the development of highly transparent armor components of
hard and high strength for thin targets components (Andreas,2005). Impact behavior of
ballistic performance of various alloys aluminum 7075-T651 against7.62 mm projectiles
were conducted Increase in the hardness of the aluminum alloys led to increase in the
resistance to the projectiles effectively (Teyfik, 2008). The influence of the high-velocity
impact tests were have proposed the experimental work and a finite element numerical
model on thin woven carbon/epoxy laminates. Also, the projectile,a steel sphere
weighting 1.73 g, was launched at a velocities ranging from 70 to 531 m/s (Lopez, 2008).
A finite element numerical model for the early impact behaviour of single and multi-ply
Kevlars 129 fabric armour systems (Novotny,2007;Tan,2006). The fracture behaviour
and damage evolution in mullite fibre reinforced–mullite matrix composites have been
proposed by using chevron notch (CN) technique and ballistic impact tests (Boccaccini
2005). The energy and momentum changes were the proposed of three approaches an
analytical approach,based on first principles, an analytical evolution of applying
penetration prediction equations and an experimental were presented (Hetherington
1996). Several studies have been performed to determine the ballistic limit velocity by
flat cylindrical, ogive and hemispherical nosed steel projectiles of 19 mm diameter of
layered aluminum plates of different thicknesses (Gupta, 2008).
2. Experimental Setup
2.1 Tensile and Compression tests of the composite
An important subject for this investigation is to study the stress – strain behavior of
the Kevlar fiber and Al2O3/ Epoxy for bi-directional woven fiber. The tensile and
compression test devices are carried out by using a universal testing machine (Instron
model 3366). Tensile tests are conducted according to the standard (ASTM D 3039/D
3039 M-95a) (ASTM Standards, 1995).The standard method determines the in–plane
tensile properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high–modulus
fiber. The displacement and applied loads recorded and the data were acquired digitally.
The composite materials properties were calculated by using a composite strain
gage/quarter–bridge strain gauge circuit supplied from Tokyo (Sokki Kenkyuio Co., Ltd.
The utilized gage type is a BFLA – 2 – 8 with a gage resistance of 120 ± 0.3 Ω. Then, the
strain was connected with a Data Acquisition (DAQ) bridge system for reading the
transverse strain.
2.2 High Velocity Test
High velocity tests were carried out using a high velocity testing rig. Basically, the
rig consisted of a double–clamped base on which a gun barrel of (10 mm) nominal bore
and (300 mm) in length was mounted as shown Figure 1.In the line of fire for the
projectile, the velocity before the target and the residual velocity after the target were
measured by high speed cameras. Other parts of the catch chamber unit are the anvil and
impact base. They are important to hold the specimen to be tested, when the specimen has
been placed between the base and the anvil as shown in Figure 2; both were tightened by
using nuts and bolts to avoid the specimen moving out of the impacted targets.
2.3 Projectile velocity measurement
The projectile velocity measurement test was performed to compare between the
theoretical projectile velocity and the actual projectile velocity. For each pressure setting,
a similar projectile shape and mean weight was used to obtain the mean projectile muzzle

992
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

velocity. The test results are as shown in Figure 3. he overall results showed that the
mean projectile velocities measured from the modified ballistic testing apparatus have a
12 % difference from the theoretical calculation. This was caused by the friction effect
that occurs during the projectile movement inside the barrel due to any imperfections in
the projectile contour. Lesions or erosion damage were found prominently at the neck and
frontal section of the projectile (after recovery). Also, it was observed that the difference
is significant at higher speed due to an intense friction effect.
The projectile mass is denoted by m, the length of barrel by L, and the cross –
sectional area of the barrel by A. The propellant pressure at the back end of the projectile
is denoted by the letter Pp. At any instant of time, Newton’s law applied to the projectile
as shown in equation (1) where u p is the instantaneous projectile. Velocity and xp is the
corresponding distance traveled by the projectile (Seigel, 1965).
du p du p
m  mu p  pp A (1)
dt dx p
If equation (1) is integrated, it becomes as stated in equation (2) where v is the
muzzle velocity of the projectile. (Seigel 1965).
L
v2
m  A  p p dx p (2)
2 0
The spatial average propelling pressure, p is defined as shown in equation (3)
L
1
p   p p dx p (3)
L0
The projectile velocity is as shown in equation (4). (Seigel 1965).
2 pAL
v (4)
m
This result, equation (4), indicates essentially the factors upon which the projectile
velocity depends. To increase the projectile velocity, one must increase the value of the
quantities under the square root sign. Thus, the first step in achieving a higher projectile
velocity is to change the sizes of the projectile and barrel so as to increase the value of
AL/m; this requires, for a given cross–sectional area A of the barrel, that m be smaller
and L larger.
3. Analytical Models
The theoretical model of the penetration and perforation of rigid projectile
hemispherical against a hybrid composite (Kevlar-29, Al2O3 and epoxy) target plate
clamped at its outer periphery will be based on the conservation of the total energy; in
this case the loss of the kinetic energy of the projectile K.E is equated to the total work
done WT in the deformation. The energy was assumed to be classified into three types
that include (Abu Talib, 2012):
a) The elastic work, WE
b) The work done radial stretching, Ws
c) The work done plastic bending, Wb
The total work done is the sum of the above-mentioned individual work expressions
(Abu Talib, 2012).

993
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

WT  WE  W S  Wb (5)

WT 
2 2
3 y hR  d2 
1   21 12 
  
w0 e
r
 2 21 
 E  r  1    3h 2  h 3  


 d 2  2  61   21 12   E1 1   12 r   12  3h  h   
 c  2 b  2 a   2 3

1 2
mVb 
2 2
3 y hR

 d2 

1   21 12 
w0 e
r  E  r  1    3h 2  h 3  
 2 21

 
 61     
2  c  2b  2a  d
 2  2  21 12  E1 1   12 r   12  3h  h 
2 3
 
Finally, the ballistic limit velocity Vb of the target function of its composite
material properties can be expressed as: (Abu Talib, 2012)
 3 2 hR 2    2 3  
2  y
 d  w e  r  E 2   r  1   21  3h  h    
1      2  0 (6)
Vb     
m   c  2b  2a   21 12  d  2 
6 1         2 3  
  2   21 12   E1 1   12 r   12  3h  h   
 
4. Results and Discussions
4.1 Mechanical Properties of the Tensile and compression tests
The tensile tests have been applied for pure epoxy resin and aluminum oxide
powder with reinforcement fibers Kevlar 29. The particle size for alumina powder is 10
µm and the weight fraction has values for all tests equal to 30 %. These tests were done at
room temperature. Two types of tests are used for evaluating the mechanical properties of
the composites materials, which are the tensile tests and the compression test. The stress
strain curves for the tensile and compression tests are shown in Figures 4 and 5. The
figures represent the tensile test in hybrid composite laminate woven fiber Kevlar29 –
Al 2O3 Powder / Epoxy, with a strain gauge to measure the lateral strain and the Poisson’s
ratio. It is clear that there is an effect of the mechanical properties of the alumina /epoxy
on the overall properties for the composite ply. This effect is decreased as the properties
of the fiber increase as in the stress strain for Kevlar reinforcement shown in Figure 4. It
was shown that the Al2O3 / Epoxy not only gives higher properties but also give large
woven factors. This is because of its higher properties. The composite properties are
affected directly by the fiber properties. This causes the highest properties for the Kevlar
fiber composite.
4.2 Impact Test
The impact testes are done for the fabricated specimens as shown and discussed in
this section. The first parameter studied for these tests is the effect of incident velocity on
the residual velocity. The second parameter is effect of aread density on ballistic limit
velocity. This is clearly demonstrated in Figure 6 in which plot for the armor composite
material (Kevlar 29 + Al2O3 / Epoxy) against hemispherical projectile diameter 8 mm and
weight 5 g. For this reason the different layers woven Kevlar reinforce and Al2O3 / Epoxy
composite plate different thickness and 100 * 100 mm squared. The clamping reduces the
dimension diameter 80 mm. The results for these tests are shown in Figures (7 - 13) are
show that the residual velocity increased as the incident velocity increases because the
residual energy is not absorbed and increases with the incident velocity for armor
composite material (Kevlar 29 + Al2O3 / Epoxy) targets of different layers in range
3,4,6,8,10,20 and 30 layers. The comparison all figures with empirical suggested formula
by Ipson and Recht (Recht,1963), the results good agreements is obtained and average
percentage error is 3 %. The formula is a power function of the incident velocity and the

994
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

ballistic velocity as follows: Vr  Vi 2  Vb2 , where Vr is the residual velocity, Vi is the

incident velocity and Vb is the ballistic velocity.
The percentage error is 5.4 % calculated based on the experimental value for the
theoretical model for ballistic limit velocity Vb.
Vbth  Vb exp
Error %   100%
Vb exp
The ballistic limit velocity was a critical issue. Experimental, numerous test were
conducted at hybrid composite with thickness near 18 mm to estimate the ballistic limit
under shots by hemispherical projectile, and the velocity data and pressure gage data
were recorded. The ballistic limit velocity for armor composite material (Kevlar29 +
Al 2O3 / Epoxy) is higher than other composite materials, which indicates these materials
are capable of absorbing more energy during high impact applications, was found to be
30 layers, which indicates that this stacking sequence withstands a higher velocity and no
penetration at a maximum velocity of 390.87 ± 7 m/s and therefore absorbs more energy
during the impact as shown in Table1.
Ballistic limit test data were recorded for full arrest with hybrid composite
specimen, and the maximum energy absorption was 381.9 J at 390.87 m/s with a target
thickness of 18 mm as shown in Table 1. Also the ballistic limit results are compared
with theoretical results by calculating the ballistic velocity as expressed in equation 6.
Intrinsically, the impact depends on the shape of the projectile end and the target
geometry. The area of projectile nose related to the amount of impact force concentrated
in the projectile tip at the impact moment, in this predictive the failure mechanism of
composite relate with projectile velocity, projectile shape criteria. Essentially, the failure
mode must be clarified when the Vi is larger than the necessitous velocity for penetration,
The absorbed kinetic energy increase with increasing impact velocity. Also, the amount
of energy absorption is dependent on increase of layer number. Figures (14 - 16) are
show photos of the armor composite material target woven fiber after going through the
impact of hemispherical projectile for different thickness.
Conclusions
The main conclusions of that can be drawn are:
1. From the bests for determining the mechanical properties of woven fiber and alumina
powder composite materials, yield stress, compression and modules elasticity were
evaluated which were improvement in the performance of hybrid composites.
2. The delamination and large deformation energies are found to be increased as the
incident velocity increases near the ballistic limit velocity.
3. The absorbing energy due to impact is found to be higher for hybrid composite that
have the higher mechanical properties which were the increase in target thickness
improves the ballistic performance of a target.

995
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

Fig.1. Ballistic panel Gas gun (Mohamed 2007)

Impact Base

Nozzle Barrel

Anvil

Target Specimen

Fig. 2 The target specimen has been placed between the base and the anvil
500

400
Velocity (m/s)

300
Experimental
Theoretical
200

100

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Pressure psi

Fig. 3. Velocity measured with pressure for gas gun

996
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

200

180

160

140
Stress MPa

120
Woven 4 layer
100 Woven 6 layer
Woven 8 layer
80

60

40

20

0
0 1 2 3 4
Strain %

Fig. 4. Tensile stress strain for composite materials woven Kevlar

80

70

60

50
Stress MPa

40 Woven 6 layers

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Strain %

Fig 5. Compression stress strain for composite 6 layer woven Kevlar

997
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

450
Ballistic limit velocity (m/s)

400

350
300
250

200
150 Woven Kevlar 29 + AL2O3/Epoxy

100

50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
2
Areal Density (kg/m )

Fig. 6. Ballistic Performance of armor composite material versus areal density by

hemispherical projectile
1200

1000
Residual velocity m/s

800

Ipson and Recht

600
Experimental

400

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Incident velocity m/s

Fig. 7. Final velocity V(r) versus incident velocity V(i) for 3 layer woven composite
by hemispherical projectile

998
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

1200

1000
Residual velocity m/s

800

Ipson and Recht

600
Experimental

400

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Incident velocity m/s

Fig. 8. Final velocity V(r) versus incident velocity V(i) for 4 layer woven composite
by hemispherical projectile

1200

1000
Residual velocity m/s

800

Ipson and Recht

600
Experimental

400

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Incident velocity m/s

Fig. 9. Final velocity V(r) versus incident velocity V(i) for 6 layer woven composite
by hemispherical projectile

999
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

1200

1000
Residual velocity m/s

800

Ipson and Recht

600
Experimental

400

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Incident velocity m/s

Fig. 10. Final velocity V(r) versus incident velocity V(i) for 8 layer woven composite
by hemispherical projectile

1200

1000
Residual velocity m/s

800

Ipson and Recht

600
Experimental

400

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Incident velocity m/s

Fig. 11. Final velocity V(r) versus incident velocity V(i) for 10 layer woven
composite by hemispherical projectile

1000
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

1200

1000
Residual velocity m/s

800

Ipson and Recht

600
Experimental

400

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Incident velocity m/s

Fig.12. Final velocity V(r) versus incident velocity V(i) for 20 layer woven composite
by hemispherical projectile

1200

1000
Residual velocity m/s

800

600 Experimental

400

200

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Incident velocity m/s

Fig.13. Final velocity V(r) versus incident velocity V(i) for 30 layer woven composite
by hemispherical projectile

1001
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

Fig.14. A cross sectional view of perforated zone composite material target of 20

layer woven fiber Kevlar/ Al2O3 powder in a Epoxy matrix struck by a
hemispherical projectile as Vi = 321.78 m/s

Fig.15. Composite material target of 30 layer woven fiber Kevlar/ Al2O3 powder in a
Epoxy matrix struck by a hemispherical projectile as Vi = 385 m/s

1002
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

Fig.16. Composite material target of 30 layer woven fiber Kevlar/ Al2O3 powder in a
Epoxy matrix struck by a hemispherical projectile as Vi = 390.87 m/s

Table 1 Comparison between theoretical model ballistic limit velocities with

experimental results for ballistic limit velocity

Composite No. Thickness Vb Vb Energy Energy

Materials layer (mm) Theoretically Experimentally Theoretical Experimental
Kevlar29 (m/s) (m/s) (J) (J)
Kevlar29/Al 2O3 3 2.1 30.4 25.45 2.3 1.6
Kevlar29/Al 2O3 4 3 48.3 51.37 5.83 6.59
Kevlar29/Al 2O3 6 4.35 64.72 61.89 10.47 9.57
Kevlar29/Al 2O3 8 5.4 69.81 73.24 12.18 13.4
Kevlar29/Al 2O3 10 9.67 105.44 99.78 27.79 24.89
Kevlar29/Al 2O3 20 14.23 193.95 200.13 94 100.13
Kevlar29/Al2O3 30 18 398.2 390.87 396.4 381.9

References
Abbud,L.H., Talib, A.R.A., Mustapha, F., Tawfique, H., Najim, F.A.,2010, Behaviour of
transparent material under high velocity impact. International Journal of Mechanical
and Materials Engineering; 5:123-128.
Abu Talib, A.R., L.H. Abbud, A. Ali, F. Mustapha,2012,Ballistic Impact performance of
Kevlar-29and Al2O3 powder/Epoxy Targets under High Velocity Impact. Materials
and Design; 35: 12-19.
Andreas, Krell, Thomas Hutzler, Jens Klimke,2005,Physics and Technology of
Transparent Ceramic Armor: Sintered Al2O3 vs Cubic Materials. RTO-MP-AVT-
122, NATO.
ASTM D3039/D3039 – 95,1995, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer
Matrix Composite Materials. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 14.02.

1003
 Journal of Babylon University/Engineering Sciences/ No.(4)/ Vol.(24): 2016

Boccaccini, A.R., S. Atiq, D.N. Boccaccini, I. Dlouhy, C. Kaya, 2005, Fracture behaviour
of mullite fiber reinforced–mullite matrix composites under quasi-static and
ballistic impact loading. Composites Science and Technology; 65: 325–333.
Gupta, N.K., M.A. Iqbal, G.S. Sekhon,2008, Effect of projectile nose shape, impact
velocity and target thickness on the deformation behavior of layered plates.
International Journal of Impact Engineering; 35: 37–60.
Hetherington, J. G., Energy and Momentum,1996, Changes During Ballistic Perforation.
International Journal of Impact Engineering; 18(3): 319-337.
Kozhushko, A.A., I.I. Rykova, A.B. Sinani,1991, resistance of ceramics to penetration at
impact velocities above 5 Km/s. Journal de Physique III;1: 117-122
Lo´pez-Puente, J., R. Zaera, C. Navarro, 2008, Experimental and numerical analysis of
normal and oblique ballistic impacts on thin carbon/epoxy woven laminates.
Composites: Part A; 39:374–387.
Mohamed, Thariq Bin Hameed Sultan, ShahNor bin Basri, Mohammad Saleem,2007,
Prasetyo Edi, High Velocity Impact Analysis of Glass Epoxy-Laminated Plates.
Thesis University Putra Malaysia.
Novotny, W.R., E. Cepusˇ, A. Shahkarami, R. Vaziri, A. Poursartip,2007, Numerical
investigation of the ballistic efficiency of multi-ply fabric armours during the early
stages of impact. International Journal of Impact Engineering; 34:71–88.
Pablo, D. Zavattieri and Horatio D. Espinosa, 2000, Ballistic penetration of multi-layered
ceramic/steel targets. American Institute of Physics; 8: 1117-1120
Paul, J. Hazell and Michael J. Iremonger, 1998,Damage of ceramic armours subjected to
high velocity impact by steel spheres. Journal of Battlefield Technology; 1(1): 1-13.
Recht, R.F. and Ipson, T.W.,1963,Ballistic Perforation Dynamics, J. Applied Mechanics,
30: 384 – 390.
Seigel, A.E. , 1965,The Theory of High Speed Gun. AGARDograph 91, NATO.
Strassburger E., H. Senf and H. Rothenhausler,1994, Fracture propagation during impact
in three types of ceramics. Journal de Physique III; 4: 653-658
Tan,V.B., T.W.Ching,2006,Computational simulation of fabric armour subjected to
ballistic impacts. International Journal of Impact Engineering; 32:1737–1751.
Teng, X., T. Wierzbicki, M. Huang, 2008, Ballistic resistance of double-layered armor
plates. International Journal of Impact Engineering; 35: 870–884.
Teyfik Demir, Mustafa Ubeyli ,R.Orhan Yıldırım,2008,Investigation on the ballistic
impact behavior of various alloys against 7.62 mm armor piercing projectile.
Materials and Design; 29: 2009–2016
Yadav, S., G. Ravichandran,2003,Penetration resistance of laminated ceramic/polymer
structures. International Journal of Impact Engineering; 28:557–574.

1004