Heat Conduction

Lecture 5 1
Problem ---???. The PME building north side wall containing of four different
materials as shown in Fig. Since the upper and lower surfaces are insulated, the
heat flow can be assumed to be one-dimensional. Determine the heat flow rate
per square meter of the exposed surface for a temperature difference of 300°C
between the two surfaces.
Solution:
Given parameters
kA = 100 W/m.°C, kB = 70 W/m.°C
kC = 70 W/m.°C, kD = 20 W/m.°C 𝛥𝑥𝐶
𝛥𝑥𝐴 = 4 cm = 0.04 m, 𝛥𝑥𝐵 = 𝛥𝑥𝐷 = 10 cm = 0.1 m 𝛥𝑥𝐵
𝛥𝑥𝐶 = 5 cm = 0.05 m 𝛥𝑥𝐷
T1 - T2 = 300°C 𝛥𝑥𝐴
The heat transfer rate per unit area,
𝑇1 − 𝑇4
𝑄/𝐴 =
𝛥𝑥𝐵 𝛥𝑥𝐷
𝛥𝑥𝐴 𝑘 𝑘𝐷 𝛥𝑥
+ 𝛥𝑥𝐵 𝛥𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑘𝐴 𝐷 𝑘𝐶
+ 𝐵
𝑘𝐷 𝑘𝐵
300
⇒ 𝑄/𝐴 = 0.1 0.1 = 89922 W/m2
0.04 70 × 20 0.05
( 100 + 0.1 0.1 + 70 )
20 + 70 2
Lecture 5 & 6
 Heat Conduction in a Long Cylinder
Consider a long cylinder of inside radius ri, outside radius
ro, and length L, as shown in Fig. The cylinder is exposed
to a temperature differential Ti −To . For a cylinder with
length very large compared to diameter, it may be
assumed that the heat flows only in a radial direction, so
that the only space coordinate needed to specify the
system is r.
In the similar way of plane wall we can write down the
radial heat conduction equ. for a long cylinder.

The one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation

in a cylinder becomes
𝑞

Noting that the heat transfer area in this case is A = 2πrL

For the case of constant thermal conductivity the above
equ reduces to
𝑞
τ
𝑞
Lecture 5 & 6 𝑞 3
where again the property k/ρC is the thermal diffusivity of the material. The above
equ. reduces to the following forms under specified conditions
𝑞
τ
Consider 𝑞=𝑔 and
𝑞 τ
τ 𝑞

Lecture 5 & 6 4
 1𝑑 𝑑𝑇
𝑟 =0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑 𝑑𝑇
⇒ 𝑟 =0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Integrating,
𝑑𝑇
𝑟 = 𝐶1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------(i)
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑟
⇒ 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐶1
𝑟
Again integrating,
𝑇 = 𝐶1𝑙𝑛𝑟 + 𝐶2 --------------------------------------------------------------(ii)
Boundary Conditions,
At r = 𝑟𝑖, T = 𝑇𝑖 -------------------------------------------------------------(iii)
At r = ro, T = T0 -----------------------------------------------------------(iv)

Lecture 5 & 6 5
Using BC (iii), Ti = 𝐶1 ln 𝑟𝑖 + C2 --------------------------------------------------(v)
Using C (iv), 𝑇0 = C1 ln 𝑟0 + 𝐶2 ----------------------------------------------------(vi)
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0
𝑇𝑖 -𝑇0 =𝐶1 ln 𝑟𝑖 /𝑟𝑜 ⇒ 𝐶1 = ln(𝑟 /𝑟 ) 𝑖 𝑜
From v ,
𝑇 −𝑇
𝑇𝑖 = 𝑖 0 ln 𝑟𝑖 + 𝐶2 ,
ln(𝑟𝑖 /𝑟𝑜 )
𝑇 −𝑇
⇒ 𝐶2 =𝑇𝑖 - 𝑖 0 𝑟𝑖
ln(𝑟𝑖 /𝑟𝑜 )
From (ii),
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0 𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0
∴ T = 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2 = lnr + 𝑇𝑖 - 𝑟𝑖
ln(𝑟𝑖 /𝑟𝑜 ) ln(𝑟𝑖 /𝑟𝑜 )
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0
⇒ T- 𝑇𝑖 = ln (r/ 𝑟𝑖 )
ln(𝑟𝑖 /𝑟𝑜 )
𝑇−𝑇𝑖 ln(r/𝑟𝑖 )
⇒ =
𝑇0 −𝑇𝑖 ln(𝑟0 /𝑟𝑖 )
𝑑𝑇
Now, Q = - KA
𝑑𝑟
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0
= - K. 2𝜋rL. where, A= 2 𝜋𝐾𝐿
rln(𝑟𝑖 /𝑟𝑜 )
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0 𝑑𝑇 1 1 𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0
= ln(𝑟0 /𝑟 ) = 𝐶1 =
𝑖 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 ln(𝑟𝑖 /𝑟𝑜 )
2 𝜋𝐾𝐿

Lecture 5 & 6 6
 Solid cylinder with energy generation
𝑑2𝑇 1 𝑑𝑇 𝑞
+ + =0
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘
Assumptions
-steady state
-one dimensional
𝑑2𝑇 1 𝑑𝑇 𝑞
+ + =0
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘
1 𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑞
⇒ (r )+ =0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘
𝑑 𝑑𝑇 𝑞
⇒ (r ) + r =0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑘
Integrating,
𝑑𝑇 𝑞
⇒r + 𝑟 2 /2 = 𝐶1 ----------------------------------------------------------(i)
𝑑𝑟 𝑘
𝑑𝑇 𝑞 𝐶
⇒ + r
= 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------(ii)
𝑑𝑟 2𝑘 𝑟
Boundary Conditions
𝑑𝑇
=0, at r = 0 ----------------------------------------------------------------(iii)
𝑑𝑟
T = 𝑇0 at r = 𝑟𝑜 ------------------------------------------------------------(iv)
Again Integrating equ. (ii),
𝑞
T= - 𝑟 2 + 𝐶1 ln r + 𝐶2 --------------------------------------------------------(v)
4𝑘 7
Lecture 5 & 6
Using BC (iii), From equ. (ii),
𝐶1 = 0
From equ. (v),
𝑞 2
T = - 𝑟 +𝐶2
4𝑘
Using BC (iv), From equ. (v),
𝑞 2 𝑞 2
𝑇0 = - 𝑟 +𝐶2 ⇒ 𝐶2 = 𝑇0 + 𝑟
4𝑘 0 4𝑘 0
Now from equ. (v),
𝑞 2 𝑞
T = - 𝑟 + 𝑇0 + 𝑟02
4𝑘 4𝑘
𝑞𝑟02 𝑟
∴T = {1 – ( )2} + 𝑇0
4𝑘 𝑟0
Heat flow
𝑑𝑇 𝑞𝑟
Q = -KA = - K.2𝜋rL (- ) = 𝜋𝑟 2 L𝑞
𝑑𝑟 2𝑘
𝑄 𝑞𝑟
Heat flux, q = =
𝐴 2
Temperature at the centre, at r = 0 , T= 𝑇𝑐
𝑞
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇0 + 𝑟02
4𝑘 8
Lecture 5 & 6
Problem---??. Calculate the centre temperature of a solid cylinder which is
used in CE engineering building for testing purposes of 2 cm diameter with
heat generation rate 2x 108 w/ 𝑚3 . The surface temperature of the
cylinder is maintained at 100℃. Assume K = 20 w/m℃. Also calculate the
heat flux at the surface.
Solution: Given parameters,
𝑞 = 2x108 w/𝑚3
𝑞𝑟02 𝑟 𝑇0 = 100℃
T= {1 – ( )2} + 𝑇0 𝑟0 = 1 cm = 0.01 m
4𝑘 𝑟0

At r = 0, T= 𝑇𝑐
𝑞 2𝑥108
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇0 + 𝑟02 = 100 + (0.01 )2 = 350 ℃
4𝑘 4𝑥20

𝑞𝑟
Heat flux, q =
2
𝑞𝑟0 2𝑥108 𝑥0.01
At r = 𝑟0 , q = = w/𝑚2
2 2
=10 w/𝑚
6 2
Lecture 5 & 6 9
Problem----??. A 2-kw resistance heater wire whose thermal conductivity
is k = 15 w/ m℃ has a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 0.5 m and is used
to boil water in CUET canteen. Wire is 105 ℃, determine the temperature
at the centre of the wire.

Solution: Given parameters,

𝑇0 = 105 ℃
Wire volume = 𝜋𝑟02 L = 𝜋(0.002)2 x 0.5 𝑚3
2000 𝑟0 = 2 mm = 0.002 m
𝑞= w/𝑚 3
= 3.18 x 10 8
w/𝑚 3
L= 0.5 m
𝜋(0.002)2 x 0.5
𝑞 2 3.18𝑥108
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇0 + 𝑟 = 105 + (0.002)2
4𝑘 0 4𝑥15
=126.2 ℃

Lecture 5 & 6 10
 Multiple cylinder 𝑄

The length of the cylinder is = L

𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑄
𝑄=
𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑟2
1
2𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝐿

𝑄
𝑇1 − 𝑇3
𝑄=
𝑟 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 2 𝑙𝑛 3
𝑟1 𝑟2
+ Fig.: One-dimensional heat flow
2𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝐿
through multiple cylindrical sections
and electrical analog
𝑄
𝑇1 − 𝑇4
𝑄=
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑟2 𝑙𝑛 𝑟3 𝑙𝑛 4
1 2 𝑟3
+ +
2𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐶 𝐿

Lecture 5 & 6 11
 𝑇2 − 𝑇3
𝑄=
𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑟3
2
2𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝐿

𝑇2 − 𝑇4
𝑄=
𝑟 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑟3 𝑙𝑛 4
𝑟3
2
+
2𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐶 𝐿

𝑇3 − 𝑇4
𝑄=
𝑟
𝑙𝑛 4
𝑟3
2𝜋𝑘𝐶 𝐿

Lecture 5 & 6 12
 [Ref. J. P. Hollman]

T3 = 100°C

𝑄 T3

𝑄 T3

Lecture 5 & 6 13
Problem---??. A cylindrical insulation for a stream pipe where the stream pipe is
used as hot water for making coffee in PME building has an inside radius 6 cm,
outside radius 8 cm and a thermal conductivity 0.5 W/m°C, the inside surface of
the insulation is at a temperature 430 °C and the outside surface at 30 °C.
Determine the heat loss per unit length of this insulation.

Solution:
Given parameters
r1 = 6 cm = 0.06 m,
r2 = 8 cm = 0.08 m
ki = 0.5 W/m.°C
T1 = 430°C, T2 = 30°C

𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇0
𝑄=
𝑟
𝑙𝑛 0
𝑟𝑖
2𝜋𝑘𝑖 𝐿
2π𝑘 (𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0 ) 2π×0.5(430−30)
⇒ 𝑄/𝐿 = 𝑟0
= 0.08 = 4368.1 w/m
𝑙𝑛 𝑙𝑛 0.06
𝑟𝑖

Lecture 5 & 6 14
Problem 2.20. A steel pipe in PME building with 5-cm OD is covered with a 6.4-mm
asbestos insulation [k = 0.16 W/m.°C] followed by a 2.5-cm layer of fiberglass
insulation [k = 0.04 W/m.°C]. The pipe-wall temperature is 315°C, and the outside
insulation temperature is 38°C. Calculate the interface temperature between the
asbestos and fiberglass. [J. P. Hollman]

Solution:
Given parameters
r1 = 2.5 cm = 0.025 m
r2 = r1 + 6.4 cm = 0.025 m + 0.0064 m = 0.0314 m
r3 = r2 + 2.5 cm = 0.0314 m + 0.025 m = 0.0564 m

ka = 0.16 W/m.°C, kfg = 0.04 W/m.°C

T1 = 315°C, T2 = ?, T3 = 38°C

We know

𝑇1 −𝑇2 𝑇1 −𝑇3
𝑄= 𝑟 and 𝑄 = 𝑟 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 𝑟2
1
𝑙𝑛 𝑟2 𝑙𝑛 𝑟3
1 + 2
2𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝐿

Lecture 5 & 6 15
 𝑇1 − 𝑇3
𝑄=
𝑟 𝑟
𝑙𝑛 2 𝑙𝑛 3
𝑟1 𝑟2
+
2𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝐿 2𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝐿
𝑇1 −𝑇3 315−38
⇒ 𝑄/𝐿 = 𝑟 𝑟 = 0.0314 0.0564 = 108.3 W/m
𝑙𝑛 2 𝑙𝑛 𝑟3 𝑙𝑛 0.025 𝑙𝑛 0.0314
𝑟1
2𝜋𝑘𝐴
+ 2𝜋𝑘2 2𝜋×0.16
+
2𝜋×0.04
𝐵

𝑇1 −𝑇2
𝑄/𝐿 = 𝑟2
𝑙𝑛
𝑟1
2𝜋𝑘𝐴

315−𝑇2
⇒ 108.3 = 0.0314
𝑙𝑛 0.025
2𝜋×0.16
⇒ 𝑇2 = 290.4 °C
Lecture 5 & 6 16
Problem 2.26. A hot steam pipe in CUET academic building having an inside surface
temperature of 250°C has an inside diameter of 8 cm and a wall thickness of 5.5
mm. It is covered with a 9-cm layer of insulation having k =0.5 W/m°C, followed by
a 4-cm layer of insulation having k =0.25W/m°C. The outside temperature of the
insulation is 20°C. Calculate the heat lost per meter of length. Assume k = 47
W/m°C for the pipe. [J. P. Hollman].

Solution:
Given parameters
r1 = 4 cm = 0.04 m
r2 = r1 + 5.5 mm = r1 + 5.5/1000 m = 0.0455 m
r3 = r2 + 9 cm = 0.0455 m + 9/100 m = 0.1355 m
r4 = r3 + 4 cm = 0.1355 m + 4/100 m = 0.1755 m
k1 = 47 W/m.°C, k2 = 0.5 W/m.°C, k3 = 0.25 W/m.°C
T1 = 250°C, T4 = 20°C
We know
𝑇1 −𝑇4 250−20
𝑄/𝐿 = 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 = 0.0455 0.1355 0.1755
𝑙𝑛 𝑟2 𝑙𝑛 𝑟3 𝑙𝑛 𝑟4 𝑙𝑛 0.04 𝑙𝑛 0.0455 𝑙𝑛 0.1355
1 + 2𝜋𝑘2 + 2𝜋𝑘3 2𝜋×47
+ 2𝜋×0.5 + 2𝜋×0.25
2𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

⇒ 𝑄/𝐿 = 449.1 W/m 17

Lecture 5 & 6
 Spherical Conduction
1 𝑑2
𝑟𝑇 = 0
𝑟 𝑑𝑟 2
𝑑 𝑑
⇒ . 𝑟𝑇 = 0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑑 𝑑𝑇
⇒ 𝑇 + 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇 𝑑 𝑑𝑇
⇒ + 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑2 𝑇
⇒ + + 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 2 =0
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
2
𝑑 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
⇒ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 2 + 2𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑑 𝑑𝑇
⇒ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 0 -------------------------------------------------------(i)
𝑑𝑟
Integrating equ. (i),
𝑑𝑇
𝑟2 = 𝐶1
𝑑𝑟
𝐶
⇒ 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑟 12 𝑑𝑟 -----------------------------------------------------------(ii)
Lecture 5 & 6 18
Again integrating equ. (ii),
𝐶1
𝑇= − + 𝐶2 ---------------------------------------------------------(iii)
𝑟
Boundary conditions,
At r = ri, T = Ti -------------------------------------------------------(iv)
And r = r0, T = T0 -----------------------------------------------------(v)
Using BC (iv) from equ. (iii),
𝐶1
𝑇𝑖 = − + 𝐶2
𝑟𝑖
Using BC (v) from equ. (iii),
𝐶1
𝑇0 = − + 𝐶2
𝑟0
𝑟𝑖 𝑟0 𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0
⇒ 𝐶1 = −
𝑟0 −𝑟𝑖
𝑟0 𝑇0 −𝑟𝑖 𝑇𝑖
⇒ 𝐶2 =
𝑟0 −𝑟𝑖
Lecture 5 & 6 19
Heat transfer rate,
𝑑𝑇
𝑄= −𝐾𝐴
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑇 𝐶1
Where, 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2
= =
𝑑𝑟 𝑟2
𝑟𝑖 𝑟0 𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0
=−
𝑟 2 𝑟0 −𝑟𝑖
𝑟𝑖 𝑟0 𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0
⇒𝑄= −𝑘. 4𝜋𝑟 2 − 2
𝑟 𝑟0 −𝑟𝑖
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0
⇒ 𝑄 = 4𝜋𝑘𝑟𝑖 𝑟0
𝑟0 −𝑟𝑖

Lecture 5 & 6 20
Problem---??. Determine the heat transfer rate through a
spherical copper shell of thermal conductivity k = 386 W/m°C,
inner radius 2 cm and outer radius 6 cm. If the inner surface
is kept at 200 °C and the outer surface at 100 °C.

Solution:
Given parameters
ri = 2 cm = 0.02 m
r0 = 6 cm = 0.06 m
k = 386 W/m.°C
Ti = 200°C, T0 = 100°C
We know
𝑇𝑖 −𝑇0
𝑄 = 4𝜋𝑘𝑟𝑖 𝑟0
𝑟0 −𝑟𝑖
200−100
= 4π×386×0.02×0.06×
0.06−0.02
= 14551.9 W

Lecture 5 & 6 21
Thermal contact resistance
A surface is microscopically rough no matter how smooth it appears to be.

When two surfaces are pressed against each other, the peaks will form good
material contact but the valleys will form voids fill with air (surrounding fluid). As
a result, an interface will contain numerous air gaps of varying sizes that act as
insulation because of the low thermal conductivity of air, and non-flatness and
roughness of the contacting surfaces. Thus an interface creates some resistance
in transfer of heat and this resistance per unit interface area is called the
thermal contact resistance, Rc.

Fig. Magnified view of two materials in contact

If a heat flux is imposed across the junction, the uniform flow of heat is generally
restricted to conduction through the contact spots, as shown in figure. The limited
number and size of the contact spots results in an actual contact area which is
significantly smaller than the apparent contact area. This limited contact area
causes a thermal resistance, the contact resistance or thermal contact
resistance. Lecture 5 & 6
22
 Two solid bars are
brought into contact
a

The actual temperature

profile through the two

b materials
Fig. Heat flow when two different materials
are joined together and the effect
Fig. Illustrations of thermal contact resistance effect: (a) physical situation and (b)
temperature profile

Fig. Joint-roughness model for

analysis of thermal contact Fig. Temperature distribution and heat flow lines along two solid plates
pressed against each other for the case of perfect and imperfect
resistance. Lecture 5 & 6 contact 23
The rate of heat flow when two different materials are joined together
and causes a thermal contact resistance.

where the quantity 1/hcA is called the thermal contact resistance and hc is called
the contact coefficient.

How to reduce the thermal contact resistance

-increasing the joint pressure. Increased joint pressure results in a deformation
of the peaks of the contact surfaces, thereby creating a larger contact area
between the solids.
-replacing the air at the interface by a better conducting gas such as, helium or
hydrogen
-increasing the interface pressure
-increasing the contact temperature
-inserting a soft metallic foil such as, fin, silver, copper, nickel or aluminium
between the two surfaces
-applying a thermally conducting liquid called a thermal grease such as silicon oil on
24
the surfaces before they are pressed against each other. Lecture 5 & 6
 Variable thermal conductivity k (T)
-For a plane wall the temperature varies linearly during
steady state one-dimensional heat conduction when the
thermal conductivity k is constant.
-this is no longer the case when the thermal conductivity
changes with temperature (even linearly).
-the variation in thermal conductivity of a material with
temperature in the temperature range of interest can often
be approximated as a linear function and expressed as

Where β is temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity

-the average value of thermal conductivity in the
temperature range T1 and T2 in this case can be determined
from

-the average thermal conductivity in this case is equal to

the thermal conductivity value at the average temperature.
-when the k of a material varies rapidly with temperature, it
becomes necessary to take into account the variation of k
with temperature. Lecture 5 & 6 25
 Overall heat transfer coefficient
Consider the plane wall shown in Fig. exposed to a hot fluid
A on one side and a cooler fluid B on the other side. The
heat transfer is expressed by

The overall heat transfer is calculated as the ratio of the

overall temperature difference to the sum of the thermal
resistances.
𝑄

where, 1 / h A is used to represent the convection

resistance
The overall heat transfer by combined conduction and
Fig. Overall heat transfer
convection is expressed in terms of an overall heat-
through a plane wall
transfer coefficient U, defined by the relation:
𝑄
where, A is the area for the heat flow and U is the overall heat transfer
coefficient which is defined as

The overall heat-transfer coefficient is also related to the R value which is

Lecture 5 & 6 26
Example 3.2. In PME building one of the north side class rooms has a glass window
which is 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide with a thickness of 8 mm and a thermal
conductivity of k = 0.78 W/m· °C. Determine the steady rate of heat transfer
through this glass window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day
during which the room is maintained at 20°C while the temperature of the outdoors
is -10°C. Take the heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of
the window to be h1 = 10 W/m2· °C and h2 = 40 W/m2· °C, which includes the effects
of radiation. [Ref. Yunus A. Cengel].
Solution:

Lecture 5 & 6
27
Example 3.3. In PME building south side class room (3rd year) has one double pane window
which is 0.8-m-high and 1.5-m-wide and consisting of two 4-mm-thick layers of glass (k = 0.78
W/m· °C) separated by a 10-mm-wide stagnant air space (k = 0.026 W/m °C). Determine the
steady rate of heat transfer through this double-pane window and the temperature of its
inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 20°C while the temperature of
the outdoors is -10°C. Take the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer
surfaces of the window to be h1 = 10 W/m2· °C and h2 = 40 W/m2· °C, which includes the
effects of radiation. [Ref. Yunus A. Cengel].
Solution:

28
Lecture 5 & 6
Overall heat transfer coefficient
for a hollow cylinder
For a hollow cylinder exposed to a convection
environment on its inner and outer surfaces, the
electric-resistance analogy would appear as in Fig.
where, again, TA and TB are the two fluid temperatures.
The overall heat transfer would be expressed by:

𝑄 -------------------------------------------------------------------(i)

𝑸 𝑄
𝑻𝑨 −𝑻𝑩𝑇𝐴 − 𝑇𝐵
Dividing the equ. (i) by Ai and Ao So, = = and
𝑨𝒊 𝐴0
𝑼𝒊 𝑈0
The terms Ai and Ao represent the inside and outside surface areas of the inner
tube. The overall heat-transfer coefficient may be based on either the inside or
the outside area of the tube. Accordingly,

The general notion, for either the plane wall

or cylindrical coordinate system, is that 29
Lecture 5 & 6
 [Ref.: J. P. Hollman]

for a hollow cylinder

𝑄 30
Lecture 5 & 6
 Home work and self assessment:
Practice: Mathematical Solved out Examples of
Chapter 2 (J. P. Hollman) and Chapter 3 (Yunus A.
Cengel).

Lecture 5 & 6 31