Colligative Properties of Solutions

Colligative Properties
of
Solution
Colligative Properties of Solution
- properties that depend on the amount of dissolved solute

and not on the kind or chemical nature of the solute
 Vapor Pressure Lowering
 Boiling Point Elevation
 Freezing Point Depression
 Osmotic Pressure
Vapor Pressure Lowering
Vapor Pressure
- The pressure exerted by the vapor particles on the liquid
at equilibrium.
𝟎
∆𝑷 = 𝑿𝑩 𝑷𝑨
where:
∆𝑃 = 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑋𝐵 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝐴0 = 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
The vapor pressure of 𝐻2 𝑂 at 28C is 28.3 mmHg. Find the vapor pressure of a solution
containing 100 g of sugar, 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11 in 500g of 𝐻2 𝑂 at 28C. ( Ans. 28.02 mmHg)
The vapor pressure of 𝐻2 𝑂 at 28C is 28.3 mmHg. Find the vapor pressure of a solution
containing 100 g of sugar, 𝐶12 𝐻22 𝑂11 in 500g of 𝐻2 𝑂 at 28C. ( Ans. 28.02 mmHg)
The vapor pressure of pure liquid solvent A is 0.80 atm. When a nonvolatile substance B
is added to the solvent, its vapor pressure drops to 0.60 atm. What is the mole fraction
of component B in the solution? (Ans. 0.25)
The vapor pressure of pure liquid solvent A is 0.80 atm. When a nonvolatile substance B
is added to the solvent, its vapor pressure drops to 0.60 atm. What is the mole fraction
of component B in the solution? (Ans. 0.25)
Boiling Point Elevation
. The boiling point elevation of a solution is directly

proportional to the number of solute particles.
∆𝑻𝒃 = 𝑲𝒃 𝒎
where:
∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐾𝑏 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
31.65g of sodium chloride is added to 220.0 ml of water at 34C. How will this affect
the boiling point of water? Assume the sodium chloride completely dissociates in the
water. (Molal boiling point constant of water is 0.51C kg/mol). (Ans. 2.53C)
31.65g of sodium chloride is added to 220.0 ml of water at 34C. How will this affect
the boiling point of water? Assume the sodium chloride completely dissociates in the
water. (Molal boiling point constant of water is 0.51C kg/mol). (Ans. 2.53C)
A solution was made up by dissolving 3.75 g of a pure hydrocarbon in 95.0 g of acetone.

The boiling point of pure acetone was observed to be 55.95C, and of the solution,
56.50C. If the molal boiling point constant of acetone is 1.71 C.kg/mol, what is the
approximate molecular weight of the hydrocarbon? (Ans. 123 g/mol)
A solution was made up by dissolving 3.75 g of a pure hydrocarbon in 95.0 g of

acetone. The boiling point of pure acetone was observed to be 55.95C, and of
the solution, 56.50C. If the molal boiling point constant of acetone is 1.71
C.kg/mol, what is the approximate molecular weight of the hydrocarbon? (Ans.
123 g/mol)
Freezing Point Depression
The freezing point depression of a solution is directly

proportional to the number of solute particles.
∆𝑻𝒇 = 𝑲𝒇 𝒎
where:
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑚 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
What is the freezing point of a 10%(by weight) solution of CH3OH in water? (The molal
freezing point of water is 1.86C/molal). (Ans. -6.45C)
A solution containing 4.50 g of a nonelectrolyte dissolved in 15 g of water freezes at -

0.372C. Calculate the approximate molecular weight of the solute. (Ans. 180 g/mol)
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point
A solution is prepared by dissolving 2.40 g of biphenyl, 𝐶12 𝐻10 in 75.0 g benzene. Find
the (a) boiling point and (b) freezing point of the solution (Ans. 80.6 C; 4.44 C)
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic Pressure
- The pressure required to prevent the net movement of
water
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic Pressure
- The pressure required to prevent the net movement of
water
𝚷 = 𝑴𝑹𝑻
where:
Π = 𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐿
𝑅 = 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 0.0821
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
𝑇 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (𝐾𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛)
Osmotic Pressure
The average osmotic pressure of blood at 25C is 7.7 atm. How many grams of glucose
(𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 ) is needed to prepare a 110 – L solution that is isotonic with blood at 25C?
(Ans. 56.6 g)
Osmotic Pressure
A solution of crab hemocyanin, a pigmented protein extracted from crabs, was

prepared by dissolving 0.750 g in 125 cm3 of an aqueous medium. At 4C an osmotic
pressure rise of 2.6 mm of the solution was observed. The solution had a density of
1.00 g/cm3. Determine the molecular weight of the protein. (Ans. 5.4 x 105 g/mol)

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Colligative Properties

- properties that depend on the amount of dissolved solute

 Vapor Pressure Lowering

 Boiling Point Elevation

 Freezing Point Depression

Vapor Pressure Lowering

∆𝑃 = 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

Boiling Point Elevation

. The boiling point elevation of a solution is directly

∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

A solution was made up by dissolving 3.75 g of a pure hydrocarbon in 95.0 g of acetone.

A solution was made up by dissolving 3.75 g of a pure hydrocarbon in 95.0 g of

Freezing Point Depression

The freezing point depression of a solution is directly

∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

A solution containing 4.50 g of a nonelectrolyte dissolved in 15 g of water freezes at -

A solution of crab hemocyanin, a pigmented protein extracted from crabs, was

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