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    Quadric Surfaces

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    Imre Kersting
    The document discusses several quadric surfaces including cylinders, cones, spheres, ellipsoids, paraboloids and hyperboloids. Cylinders, cones, spheres and ellipsoids are defined by equations in three variables representing their geometric properties. Paraboloids and hyperboloids are also defined and their characteristic traces discussed.

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    Quadric Surfaces

    Uploaded by

    Imre Kersting
    59 views2 pages
    The document discusses several quadric surfaces including cylinders, cones, spheres, ellipsoids, paraboloids and hyperboloids. Cylinders, cones, spheres and ellipsoids are defined by equations in three variables representing their geometric properties. Paraboloids and hyperboloids are also defined and their characteristic traces discussed.

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    Quadric surfaces

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    The document discusses several quadric surfaces including cylinders, cones, spheres, ellipsoids, paraboloids and hyperboloids. Cylinders, cones, spheres and ellipsoids are defined by equations in three variables representing their geometric properties. Paraboloids and hyperboloids are also defined and their characteristic traces discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    59 views2 pages

    Quadric Surfaces

    Uploaded by

    Imre Kersting
    The document discusses several quadric surfaces including cylinders, cones, spheres, ellipsoids, paraboloids and hyperboloids. Cylinders, cones, spheres and ellipsoids are defined by equations in three variables representing their geometric properties. Paraboloids and hyperboloids are also defined and their characteristic traces discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    Quadric surfaces

    Circular cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2
    𝑥2 𝑦2
    Elliptical cylinder 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1
    In the xy-plane these equations describe curves. In 3-d they are
    surfaces orthogonal to the coordinate plane. Of course, changing the
    variables creates cylinders orthogonal to a different coordinate plane.
    We can also shift them away from the origin, for example (𝑥 − 𝑘)2 +
    (𝑦 − 𝑙)2 = 𝑟 2

    Parabolic cylinder 𝑧 = 𝑥 2
    These are often given informal names such as parabolic
    gutter/trough/sheet. In the coordinate plane (in this case the xz-
    plane) these are curves (parabolas). In 3-d they are parabolic
    cylinders orthogonal to the coordinate plane. Any parabola equation
    on a coordinate plane is simultaneously the formula for a parabolic
    cylinder in 3-d.

    Circular cone 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 , or 𝑧 2 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑦 2
    Elliptical cone 𝑧 2 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2
    The surface 𝑧 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 (half of the surface shown in the diagram
    alongside) has no conventional name. Some resources call it a cone
    and others call it a half-cone.

    Sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2
    𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
    Ellipsoid 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 = 1
    A sphere is a special case of an ellipsoid. The a, b and c give the
    equivalent of “radii” in the three dimensions of the ellipsoid. We can
    shift these off the origin just as we do with circles and ellipses.
    (𝑥 − 𝑘)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑙)2 + (𝑧 − 𝑚)2 = 𝑟 2

    Circular paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
    Elliptical paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2
    Paraboloids with the z-axis as the axis of symmetry are the most
    commonly encountered, but swapping the variables allows for
    paraboloids with axes of symmetry parallel to the x- and y-axes. A
    characteristic of paraboloids is that the traces parallel to the axis of
    symmetry are all parabolas with the same orientation.
    Hyperbolic paraboloid 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
    This formula describes the surface shown in the diagram. A
    characteristic of a hyperbolic paraboloid is that the three sets of
    traces (curves of intersection when slicing parallel to a coordinate
    plane) are hyperbolas (parallel to xy-plane in this diagram), parabolas
    with an upward (smiley) orientation (parallel to xz-plane) and
    parabolas with a downward (sad) orientation (parallel to yz-plane).
    Examples in the real world include saddles and Pringle crisps.

    𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
    Hyperboloid of one sheet + − =1
    𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
    Vertical traces of this surface are hyperbolas of the “left-right” type,
    𝑥2 𝑧2 𝑦2 𝑧2
    that is 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 = 1 or − 𝑏2 = 1. These traces intersect the xy-plane
    𝑎2
    but not the z-axis. A cone (of suitable gradient) placed inside this
    surface will be an asymptotic surface.

    𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
    Hyperboloid of two sheets 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 𝑐 2 = −1
    Vertical traces of this surface are hyperbolas of the “top-bottom” type,
    𝑥2 𝑧2 𝑦2 𝑧2
    that is − 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 or − + = 1. These traces intersect the z-axis
    𝑎2 𝑏2
    but not the xy-plane. A cone (of suitable gradient) placed outside this
    surface will be an asymptotic surface.

    Image credit: All images in this document are copyrighted by Pearson Canada Inc and are used
    here under fair use of the prescribed course textbook.

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