03a Process Equipment, Plant Layout and Piping Design –

Part 1
ME 426 – Industrial Plant Engineering
Thermofluids Design Part II
1 Introduction to Equipment & Piping
Engineering
Process design and procedure; EPC/EPCM/FEED; sub-disciplines;
equipment and piping engineering specializations

2 Static & Rotating Equipment Design &

Performance Calculations
Pressure vessels/drums; towers & columns; tanks; reactors; auxiliary
static equipment; pumps; fans & blowers; compressors & expanders;
related international codes and standards

3 Piping Design, Stress Analysis,

Materials Engineering & CAD Systems
Plant layout & plot plan; pressure design; piping layout & supports;
flexibility analysis; welding & examinations; testing; material selection;
bulk piping components; specialty components; CAD systems;
relevant international codes and standards
03-1 Introduction to Equipment &
Piping Engineering
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
PROCESS DESIGN AND PROCEDURE

• An industrial process converts feed material to useful products of desired

quality in commercial scale.
• It involves steps that should be 1) technically viable 2) safe and 3) economical.
• These steps involve heat, mass, and momentum transfer, together with
mechanical and chemical interactions.

Table 1:
Industrial
processes
and
related
equipment
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
PROCESS DESIGN AND PROCEDURE

1. Specify the process or operational requirements.

2. Analyzing the probable methods and procedures to achieve them.
3. Application of process principles and engineering theories for designing a
device or a system for optimum performance.
4. Selecting the proper materials for the construction to suit process conditions.
5. Evaluation and optimization of the design.
6. Preparing the specifications and drawings for vendors for them to prepare
applicable quotations and thereafter, fabrication after actual purchase
agreement.
7. Construction, installation and commissioning of all related equipment,
structures, ancillaries, etc. and management of the processes thereafter

Can be generally summarized into the EPC / EPCM approach:

E - Engineering C - Construction
P - Procurement M - Management
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
EPC / EPCM APPROACH

• It is a professional engineering services contract approach for the actual

realization of industrial process facilities, which includes energy, agriculture,
chemical, pharmaceutical, food and beverage, oil and gas, etc.
• The project owner/client stays in complete control of the project while
engineering consultants manage the activities from start to finish. The latter
takes care of all stages of the project, which includes planning, engineering
and purchase requirements, contractor and vendor management on behalf of
the project owner/client.

FEED – FRONT END ENGINEERING DESIGN

• It precedes the EPC/EPCM phase of a project.

• It is used as the premise for engineering consultants to analyze and use as a
reference to bid on the EPC/EPCM part of the project.
• It takes after conceptual design or feasibility studies.
• It includes studies to figure out technical issues when it comes to actual EPC
execution and comes up with an estimate of rough investment cost for the
project owner/client.
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
EPC / EPCM DISCIPLINES

• Process engineering
• Process system design engineering
• Safety/fire protection engineering
• Electrical engineering
• Control systems/instrumentation engineering
• Civil, structural and architectural engineering
• Equipment Engineering
• Static/Stationary equipment engineering
• Rotating equipment engineering
• Combustion equipment engineering
• Systems/package equipment engineering
• Piping/Pipeline Engineering
• Piping layout and design
• Piping stress engineering
• Piping materials engineering
• Piping CAD systems engineering
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
EPC / EPCM DISCIPLINES

• Project controls engineering

• Cost control
• Schedule control
• Estimating engineering
• Procurement engineering
• Purchasing/Buying
• Expediting
• Shipping/transport
• Material management
• Construction engineering
• Fabrication (shop/field)
• Erection/Field engineering
• Quality assurance/quality control
• Commissioning, testing, after-sales
• Engineering management

For a complete list of definition of terms, see:

https://www.theprojectdefinition.com/p-engineering/
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING

PROCESS EQUIPMENT

• Equipment used in chemical and materials processing.

• Designed with a process or series of process in mind and can be customized
for containing chemical reactions, control of flow, storage, etc.

Figure 1:
Typical industrial
process equipment

https://info.stonewallco.c
om/blog/topic/process-
equipment-engineering
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
STATIC (STATIONARY) EQUIPMENT

• These are process equipment that does not move, has no moving parts and is
thus considered “static”.
• Examples are heat exchangers, pressure vessels/drums, towers and columns,
tanks, reactors, filters, etc.

Figure 2:
Typical static equipment
in industrial plants

https://amarineblog.com/
2020/10/30/what-is-
static-equipment-in-oil-
gas/
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
ROTATING EQUIPMENT

• These are process equipment that has moving parts, typically in a rotary
manner. They are the prime movers of fluids in in industrial setting.
• Examples are pumps, compressors, expanders, turbines, centrifuges, mixers,
agitators, fans, blowers, etc.

Figure 3:
Typical rotating
equipment in industrial
plants

https://slideplayer.com/sli
de/10233274//
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
COMBUSTION EQUIPMENT

• These are process equipment that elevates the temperature of process fluids,
or are handling fluids subjected to the transfer of internal energy from a
combustible fuel.
• Examples are furnaces, fired heaters, boilers, steam generators, air
preheaters, superheaters, flare stacks, dryers etc.

Figure 4:
Typical combustion
equipment in industrial
plants

https://whatispiping.com/
fired-heaters/
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
SYSTEMS/PACKAGED EQUIPMENT

• These are process equipment that functions as mini plants & have their own
specific product output that are intermediate requirements in process operations.
• Examples are equipment handling fuel systems, compressed air, chemical
injection, steam tracing, water supply/distribution, fire-protection, material
handling/conveying.

Figure 5:
Typical
systems/packaged
equipment in industrial
plants

https://www.linkedin.com
/pulse/advantages-skid-
mounted-packaged-
equipment-systems-
rajakrishnan/
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
PIPING ENGINEERING

• It is a discipline of Mechanical Engineering that covers the design of piping and

layout of process equipment in an industrial setting.
• Piping is an assembly of piping components used to convey or distribute
process fluid from one item of equipment to another in an industrial plant.
• It includes bulk components such as pipes, fittings, flanges, valves, gaskets,
bolts, piping supports, etc. and specialty components such as strainers, traps,
orifices, relieving devices, sight glasses, safety showers, etc.
• For a team of piping engineers, activities are broken down into
• Piping layout and design
• Piping stress and supports
• Piping materials
• Piping CAD systems/modelling
• Deliverables include:
• Plot plans, equipment layout, piping arrangement drawings, piping
isometrics, line detail list/line designation table, tie-in schedule, m=nozzle
orientation drawing, piping demolition drawings, pipe support details,
material take-off (MTO), piping material classes, piping specifications,
specialty items list, valve and specialty items datasheets, technical bid
evaluation reports, stress analysis reports, 3D piping model
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
PIPING LAYOUT AND DESIGN

• Involves proper planning of arrangement of process equipment and the

layout/routing of piping.
• Includes adherence to industry codes and standards, and client specifications
with regards to pipe routing and equipment arrangement.

Figure 6:
Typical piping layout
(plan view) with access
area for equipment

https://www.littlepeng.co
m/single-
post/2018/02/02/piping-
layout-considerations-
calgary-ab/
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
PIPING STRESS ANALYSIS

• Involves stress analysis of critical piping systems and ensuring that the piping
stresses and loads on equipment are within allowable limits as imposed by
industry codes and standards.
• Includes responsibility for locating of piping supports and transfer of load
information to piping designers and equipment and structural engineers.

Figure 7:
Typical piping layout
subjected to stress
analysis

https://cpa-
pipesupports.com/engin
eering/pipe-stress-
analysis/
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
PIPING MATERIALS

• Involves preparation of piping material classes, material specifications and other

material procurement related documents such as requisitions (purchase
specifications), technical bid evaluations and vendor document review.
• Includes datasheet preparation of specialty components, checking of material
take-off (MTO) and bill of materials/bill of quantities as prepared by layout and
design group.

Figure 8:
Typical technical bid
evaluation table and
vendor offer for review

https://whatispiping.com/
technical-bid-evaluation//
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
PIPING CAD SYSTEMS/3D MODELLING

• Involves maintenance of 3D computer model of piping design, and includes

handling of material databases, vendor information as prepared in the 3D model,
manages information that can be extracted from the model such as bill of
materials, piping isometrics, etc.
• Responsible for interference checking, not only of piping, but that of other
disciplines such as equipment and structural. Includes “hard” interferences
(actual material-to-material interference) and “soft” interferences (interference on
personnel access areas, equipment removal spaces, insulation, construction
access etc.).

Figure 10:
Typical piping 3D model

https://www.littlepeng.co
m/single-
post/2018/02/16/applicati
on-of-computer-aided-
design-to-piping-layout
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
INDUSTRY CODES AND STANDARDS

• Includes a set of rules of any technical society, organization or association of

any governmental authority, that are set forth or referenced in the engineering
design and construction, and applicable in the performance of work in
accordance with good industry practices

STANDARD
• A set of technical definitions, specifications, and guidelines.
• They function as instructions for designers, manufacturers, operators and users
of equipment
• They are created by individual companies, organization, or even countries.

CODE
• A standard that has been adopted by governmental authority and has the force
of law
• A standard also becomes a code if it was incorporated in a business contract.
• It tells you what need to be done, but doesn’t explain how it should be done.
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering

Table 2:
Difference between code
and standard
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
INDUSTRY CODES AND STANDARDS FOR EQUIPMENT AND PIPING
ENIGNEERING

• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel

Code
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
INDUSTRY CODES AND STANDARDS FOR EQUIPMENT AND PIPING
ENIGNEERING

• American Petroleum Institute (API)

Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
INDUSTRY CODES AND STANDARDS FOR EQUIPMENT AND PIPING
ENIGNEERING

• ASME B31 – Code for Pressure Piping

Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
INDUSTRY CODES AND STANDARDS FOR EQUIPMENT AND PIPING
ENIGNEERING

• ASME B31 – Code for Pressure Piping

Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
INDUSTRY CODES AND STANDARDS FOR EQUIPMENT AND PIPING
ENIGNEERING

• ASME B16 – STANDARDIZATION OF VALVES, FLANGES, FITTINGS, AND

GASKETS
Introduction to Equipment & Piping Engineering
INDUSTRY CODES AND STANDARDS FOR EQUIPMENT AND PIPING
ENIGNEERING

• ASME B16 – STANDARDIZATION OF VALVES, FLANGES, FITTINGS, AND

GASKETS
Reference Materials:
• Ray, S., Das, G., Process Equipment and Plant Design – Principles and Practices
(2020). Elsevier, Inc.
• Barker, G. The Engineer's Guide to Plant Layout and Piping Design for the Oil and
Gas Industries (2018). Gulf Professional Publishing Elsevier Inc.
• Mahajani, V., Umarji, S., JOSHI’s Process Equipment Design 5th ed. (2016). Trinity
Press – Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd.
• Bahadori, A. Essentials of Oil and Gas Utilities - Process Design, Equipment and
Operations (2016). Gulf Professional Publishing. Elsevier Inc.
• Antaki. G., Piping and Pipeline Engineering Design, Construction, Maintenance,
Integrity, and Repair (2003). Marcel Dekker Inc.
• https://int-es.com/news/what-does-epcm-stand-for/
• https://www.nextgen-tech.ca/services/engineering-procurement-construction-epc/
• https://www.chiyodacorp.com/en/service/ple/feed/
• https://www.theprojectdefinition.com/p-engineering/
• https://info.stonewallco.com/blog/everything-to-know-about-process-engineering
• https://www.piping-world.com/what-is-piping-engineering-and-
design#:~:text=Piping%20Engineering%20is%20a%20specialized,chemical%2C%2
0petrochemical%20or%20hydrocarbon%20facilities.
• https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/industry-codes-and-standards
• https://pediaa.com/difference-between-code-and-
standard/#:~:text=The%20main%20difference%20between%20code,established%
20after%20years%20of%20use.
• https://www.wermac.org/societies/asme_bpvc.html
• https://inspectioneering.com/tag/asme+b31
 Thank You
03a Process Equipment, Plant Layout and Piping Design
– Part 1