Objective Proficiency 2nd Ed Wa

Map of Objective Proficiency Student’s Book
TOPIC LESSON FOCUS EXAM SKILLS GRAMMAR VOCABULARY

Unit 1 1.1 Listening and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 1 Perfect tenses Introduction to idioms
Ring the changes 8–13 1.2 Grammar Paper 2 Writing: 1 Summarising ideas Phrasal verbs
Talking about change 1.3 Reading into Writing Paper 3 Listening: 4 Word formation – suffix
endings
Exam folder 1 14–15 Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 3
Word formation cloze
Unit 2 2.1 Reading and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 7 Aspects of the Collocations with
Expectation 16–21 2.2 Grammar and Vocabulary Paper 3 Listening: 1 future traveller
Expectations 2.3 Listening and Speaking Paper 4 Speaking: 1 Pronunciation: Prepositional phrases
homophones Have no + noun
Phrases – nouns with
related verbs
Writing folder 1 22–23 Paper 2 Writing: 1
Essay
Unit 3 3.1 Listening and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 2 Conditional Phrases – fixed pairs of
Strange behaviour 24–29 3.2 Grammar Paper 2 Writing: 1 Reformulation clauses words
Content to be supplied
Human and animal behaviour 3.3 Reading into Writing Modifiers – quite, rather,
fairly
Word formation –
negative adjectives
and 4
Open cloze
Key word transformations
Unit 4 4.1 Reading and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 5 Past tenses Collocations
Sweet rituals 32–37 4.2 Grammar and Vocabulary Paper 4 Speaking: 2 Compound adjectives
Food and ritual 4.3 Listening and Speaking Adjectives and idioms to
do with food
Review
Revision Units 1–4 40–41
Unit 5 5.1 Listening and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 1 Countable/ Phrasal verbs
The consumer society 42–47 5.2 Grammar and Vocabulary Paper 2 Writing: 1 Working with two uncountable Phrases with right
Advertising, shopping 5.3 Reading into Writing texts nouns Prepositions
Paper 3 Listening: 2 Possession Abstract nouns
Spelling
Lexical cloze
Unit 6 6.1 Reading and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 2, 4 Degrees of Phrases with take
The sound of music 50–55 6.2 Grammar and 6 likelihood Collocations with
Music 6.3 Listening and Speaking Paper 3 Listening: 2 Pronunciation: adjectives and adverbs
Paper 4 Speaking: 2 contrastive stress Idioms with music words
Essay
Unit 7 7.1 Listening and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 3 Participle clauses Idioms with eye
Before your very eyes 58–63 7.2 Grammar Paper 2 Writing: 1 Exemplifying your Extended noun phrases
Art and sight 7.3 Reading into Writing ideas Adjectives showing
Paper 3 Listening: 1 disapproval
Multiple matching
ma p o f o bj e c t ive p ro f i c i e n c y stu d e nt ’s bo ok 3
Unit 8 8.1 Reading and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 4 Inversion Compound adjectives
Urban jungle 66–71 8.2 Grammar and Vocabulary and 7
City living 8.3 Listening, Speaking and Paper 4 Speaking: 3 Phrases with place
Vocabulary
Set text question: Film tie-in
Unit 9 9.1 Listening and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 2 Gerunds and Phrases with come
Fitting in 76–81 9.2 Grammar and Vocabulary and 4 infinitives Prefixes
Attitudes 9.3 Reading into Writing Paper 2 Writing: 1 Linking Linking words and
Paper 3 Listening: 4 phrases
Personal appearance,
personality
Gapped text
Unit 10 10.1 Reading and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 1, 3 Reference Expressions with turn
Globalisation 84–89 10.2 Grammar and and 4 devices
Language and culture Vocabulary Paper 3 Listening: 1 Expressing
10.3 Listening and Speaking Paper 4 Speaking: 2 wishes and
preferences
Pronunciation:
word stress
Article
Unit 11 11.1 Listening and Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 2 Gradability Phrasal verbs
For better, for worse 92–97 Vocabulary and 3 Idioms to do with
Relationships 11.2 Grammar Paper 2 Writing: 1 Reformulation 2 relationships
11.3 Reading into Writing Paper 3 Listening: 3
Exam folder 6 98–99 Paper 3 Listening: 4
Multiple matching
Unit 12 12.1 Reading and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 1, 4 Passive Idioms with technical
At the cutting edge 100–105 12.2 Grammar and 6 structures words
Scientific advances 12.3 Listening and Speaking Paper 4 Speaking: 3 Pronunciation: Phrases with set
stress and
emphasis
Report
Unit 13 13.1 Listening and Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 1 Reported speech Vocabulary – the
Save the planet 110–115 Vocabulary and 2 environment
The environment 13.2 Grammar Paper 2 Writing: 1 Giving opinions Register
13.3 Reading into Writing Paper 3 Listening: 1 Synonyms

Multiple-choice text
Unit 14 14.1 Reading and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 4 Articles review Register
Get fit, live longer! 118–123 14.2 Grammar and and 7 Pronunciation: Phrases with live
Sport and health Vocabulary Paper 3 Listening: 3 noun/verb/ Phrases with nouns and
14.3 Listening and Speaking Paper 4 Speaking: 2 adjective stress no article
Prepositions
Word formation
Letter
4 ma p of o bj ec t ive p r o f i c i e n c y stu d e nt ’s bo o k
Unit 15 15.1 Listening and Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 2 Purpose and Topic expressions
The daily grind 126–131 Vocabulary Paper 2 Writing: 1 Contrasting ideas reason clauses Neologisms
The world of work 15.2 Grammar Paper 3 Listening: 3 Gender-specific words
15.3 Reading into Writing
Sentence completion
Unit 16 16.1 Reading and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 3, 4 Concessive Adjectives describing
Hidden nuances 134–139 16.2 Grammar and and 5 clauses character
Literature and the printed Vocabulary Paper 4 Speaking: 3 Pronunciation:
word 16.3 Listening and Speaking silent consonants
Set text question: Review
Unit 17 17.1 Listening and Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 1, 2 Comparison Idioms to do with
Defining happiness Vocabulary and 4 emotions
144–149 17.2 Grammar and Paper 2 Writing: 1 Full Task 1 Metaphor
Happiness and well-being Vocabulary Paper 3 Listening: 4 Synonyms
17.3 Reading into Writing Idioms to do with
hardship
Multiple-choice questions
Paper 3 Listening: 3
Multiple-choice questions
Unit 18 18.1 Reading and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 1, Review of Synonyms
On freedom 152–157 18.2 Grammar and 3, 4 and 6 modals
Freedom Vocabulary Paper 4 Speaking: 2
18.3 Listening and Speaking Pronunciation:
stress and
intonation
Essay
Unit 19 19.1 Listening and Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 1 Word order and Adjectives describing
The unexplained 160–165 Vocabulary and 2 adverbs personality
Strange places and happenings 19.2 Grammar Paper 2 Writing: 1 Full Task 2 Onomatopoeia
19.3 Reading into Writing Paper 3 Listening: 2 Word formation
Exam folder 10 166–167 Paper 4 Speaking
Unit 20 20.1 Reading and Vocabulary Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 2, 4 Uses of have, get Expressions with go
A sense of humour 168–173 20.2 Grammar and and 5 and go
Humour Vocabulary Paper 3 Listening: 3 Pronunciation:
20.3 Listening and Speaking Paper 4 Speaking: 3 loan words
Articles and letters
General advice
Grammar folder 178–188
Revision crosswords 189–191
Answers and recording scripts 192
Acknowledgements 278
map o f o bj e c t ive p ro f i c i e n c y stu d e nt ’s bo ok 5

1.1 Ring the changes
Listening
2 1 02You will hear five different people talking
about a key change in their lives. Tick each speaker’s
life-changing moment. There is one extra that you
will not need.
life-changing moment 1 2 3 4 5
being made redundant
gaining media attention
Speaking meeting ‘Mr Right’
1 Everyone goes through changes, whether by choice heading the wrong way
or because of something outside their control. Talk losing something special
about changes that have happened to you or might
stepping in for someone
happen in the future, relating them to these phrases.
• a change for the better 3 102 Listen again to check your answers. Then
• the earliest change you can remember choose one of the speakers and describe what
• a new location happened to him or her.
• a change of direction in your life
• a change of heart
Which two phrases above are examples of idioms? Vocabulary
Find a third idiom on this page.
Phrasal verbs
Idiom spot Exam spot

At C2 level, you need to understand and use phrases and
Phrasal verbs are tested in Parts 1 and 4 of Paper 1. Remember
idioms where the meaning is not transparent. You will
that their use is generally informal, so they should be used
probably know the individual words used, but this may not
with care in Paper 2, where the tasks mostly require a more
help! Some examples of common idioms are given below.
neutral or formal register.
Choose the correct option (a or b) to complete each definition.
These idioms are used in the Listening section.
EXAMPLE: If something happens out of the blue, it is
a) unexpected b) creative. Answer a)
You will already have come across many phrasal
1 When things fall into place, events happen to a) change verbs, but now you need to add to this knowledge.
the order of a list b) produce the situation you want. If there are gaps in your learning, try to fill them
2 If something goes downhill, it a) gradually becomes worse
b) picks up speed.
in. How many phrasal verbs can you come up with
3 If something is on the cards, it is a) likely to fail b) likely to from the recording in 2? Remember that some
happen. phrasal verbs contain two particles rather than
4 When you are talking about a change in your life and you say
the rest is history, you mean that a) it happened a long time one (an adverb and a preposition), as in the last
ago b) you are sure that people know what happened next. example.
8 u n it 1
4 Match the verbs to the correct particle(s) to form 6 Read the text below, which is from the introduction to
phrasal verbs that were used by Speakers 1–5. Four a book on feng shui. Decide which answer (A, B, C or D)
of them are ‘three-part’ phrasal verbs. best fits each gap.
example: break up (3)
verbs particles
break catch cheer come around at
cut end get hang back down
help jump pay run in off
settle take track turn on out The ancient Chinese philosophers who considered
up with feng (wind or air) and shui (water) to be the
(1) of mankind also understood that these
5 Now complete these sentences using a phrasal verb were not the only supportive elements flowing
from 4 in a suitable tense. Sometimes the passive through the (2) . They perceived a subtler
form will be needed. (3) , calling it chi or ‘cosmic breath’. This
example: The whole family moved to Switzerland life force is well-known to acupuncturists, who
last month and their two children are have (4) elaborate maps of the ‘meridians’
settling in well at school there. or channels it uses to flow through the body. Kung
a Their lives changed completely once the loan Fu masters believe that chi can be concentrated in
as it meant they could treat the human body, allowing someone to (5)
themselves to meals out and weekends away.
almost supernatural feats, such as the breaking
b An old school friend me
of concrete blocks (6) by using the edge of
on the Internet and we met up
recently to compare our life stories. their hand. A real feng shui master is able to
c The company offered Maria a post in the New (7) the flow of chi in a site, and may advise
York branch and she the changes to the environment to (8) health,
chance. wealth and good fortune.
d During the last recession, local businesses
recruitment and no graduate
trainees as a result.
e Jeff explained that shortly after they bought the
house together, he and his wife
and she moved to another town. 1 A sustainers B providers C keepers D promoters
f People often manage to advance their careers 2 A background B location C outlook D landscape
by the right people and telling 3 A vigour B weight C energy D stimulus
them what they want to hear. 4 A shown up B built up C put up D laid up
g Everything fell into place – she was offered the 5 A perform B play C act D conduct
scholarship at Harvard, the flight was booked 6 A barely B merely C hardly D slightly
and her missing passport just 7 A suspect B realise C sense D endure
in time! 8 A set about B come about C go about D bring about
h My brother has had a change of heart and is
willing to me
with decorating the flat after all.
Exam spot
Part 1 of Paper 1 is a short text with eight gaps. Don’t panic if
you find unfamiliar words in options A–D. Try the other words
in the gap first. If you’re sure they don’t fit, choose the word
you don’t know.
ri n g t h e c h a n g e s 9
1.2 Grammar clinic
1 Read these short texts about alternative ways of

approaching city life. The highlighted parts illustrate Corpus spot
some of the grammar areas that C2 learners
Correct the errors in perfect tenses in these sentences, which
continue to have problems with. What are they? were written by exam candidates.
a Three years ago I have been to Germany on a cultural
2 Tick any grammar areas below that you feel you exchange.
need to work on. Add your main grammar problem if b Tourism is a word that is being used for the
it is not listed. last 50 years.
c In England last year, I was able to appreciate things I have
Modal verbs never seen in my entire life.
Passives d The noise levels have been measured in our suburb the
other day and are twice the acceptable level.
Conditionals e All these years I’m practising basketball, I’m trying to
Perfect tenses become a better player.
f When you will have bought your train tickets, you should
Relative clauses take one each and put it into the machine.
Reported speech g Supposing they would have got married, wouldn’t the day
Uncountable nouns have come when they got bored with each other?
h Nowadays, almost every disease has a cure and people
have been caring more about their health.
A LIFE LESS ORDINARY

Knit the City
From knitted graffiti to guerrilla crocheting – needle crafts
have exploded in ways entirely unforeseen by previous
generations. Our grandmothers would no doubt approve
of twenty-somethings knitting something similar to a tea
cosy (which they used to cover their teapots), even when
it is large enough to keep a London phonebox warm! This
original item of knitwear has been made by Knit the City,
a subversive group of knitters who also operate in other
capital cities. In Berlin, for example, a woolly ‘Currywurst’
was created entirely out of yarn recently. For those not in the
know, the Currywurst is a popular fast food item – over 800
million of the sausage treats are sold every year!
Pink Lady Flamingo

You may have come across the extravagantly dressed Pink Lady Flamingo,
whose real name is Maryanne Kerr, busking on the underground in London. She
auditioned for an official licence to perform her music, having experimented with
many previous careers. “I’ve been busking since I broke a recording contract with
a major record company,” said Maryanne, “because I refused to be dictated to.”
She added that she became a busker more than forty years ago and announced
that she is in her late seventies now and still busking.
10 u n it 1
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

3 Explain how tense choice alters the meaning in 4 Answer these questions so that they are true for you,
these sentences. In which two sentences is there no using perfect tenses.
change in meaning? a How long have you been learning English?
a Mirek has gone / went to Gdansk on business. b What have you never done that you would like
b Our society has been suffering / was suffering to do?
from high unemployment for decades. c What change has been made to your town or
c We were given / have been given more time to city recently that you don’t approve of?
complete the task. d Which single change would most improve your
d Top government ministers have been dealing / quality of life at home?
have dealt with the problem. e What may have changed in your life by this time
e Matt and James have played / have been playing next year?
golf all day.
G page 178
f I’ve thought / been thinking about what you said.
g Is there anything else we could have done / will
have done?
h Come October, we will have lived / will have
been living here for eleven years.
5 Complete the text below, using the words in brackets in such a way that they fit the space grammatically.
Innovation
in our lives
Across the centuries, people’s daily lives (1)
(continually transform) by innovation. One of the most obvious
characteristics of the 20th century was the rapid growth of technology,
with individual quality of life (2) (improve) immeasurably
as a result. Basic labour-saving appliances such as washing machines,
refrigerators and freezers were commonplace in the home by the 1960s
and the demand for these and other ‘white goods’ (3)
(further stimulate) by the availability of cheap electricity and noticeable
increases in personal wealth during that decade.
Personal computers first made their appearance in the home in the

1970s, but surely few people (4) (be able to)
imagine then that the home computer could evolve into the
super-fast, super-sleek machines of today. Nor could they
(5) (even think) that handheld mobile
gadgets would (6) (use constantly) by
all of us, in our desperation to keep up with everything
from office correspondence to world news.
So what lies ahead of us? By 2025, will we

(7) (embrace) even more sophisticated
technological aids – or will the world’s resources
(8) (deplete) by mankind to such an
extent that there will be insufficient electricity to support
these advances? Only time will tell.
1.3 Reading into Writing: Summarising ideas
3 For sentences a–j, replace the words in italics with

a single adjective formed from one of the verbs or
nouns given. What adjectives are formed from the
four remaining words?
adventure alternate disaster dispose
exhaust experiment flaw hope
1 What changes do you notice in the world around identify mass notice philosophy
you? Identify the changes shown in the pictures and predict speech understand
categorise them, choosing from the adjectives below.
Then suggest other changes that could be classified example: I’ve been given this very lengthy and
under these categories. complete list of all the repairs needed in
the flat. Exhaustive
commercial environmental physical
political social technological a My boss’s response to my plea for changes to my
job description was exactly what I was expecting.
b If the weather is unfavourable, do you have any
other suggestions to replace our original plans?
Vocabulary c Both sides in the conflict are expressing their
optimism that the ceasefire will hold.
Word formation d Jeremy seems to have calmly accepted the news
2 The adjectives above are formed from nouns. about the break-in.
Generally, the suffix -al is added to the noun, as e That play I went to see last night was trying
in environmental. Explain the formation rules for something new in its use of dialect.
commercial and technological. f I was incapable of any reply when Ella told me
she had quit her job.
The suffixes -able and -ive frequently combine g It’s really easy to see how much fitter Liam has
with verbs to form adjectives, as in favourable and become since he started swimming regularly.
supportive. Explain the formation rules for creative h Your last piece of writing was without any
and variable. mistakes whatsoever.
The suffix -ous combines with nouns, as in
i Many of today’s products are used only once and
courageous. Give two more examples.
then thrown away, which is having an impact on
the environment.
Other common adjectival suffixes added to nouns j The updating of the university’s computer
are -ful and -less, as in meaningful and harmless. Give system has had extremely bad and far-reaching
two more examples of each. consequences.
12 u n it 1
5 Choose from a–f the best summary
Exam spot sentence for text 2, judging it by
the inclusion of information, use of
In the Paper 2, Part 1 compulsory task, you will read two short texts in order
alternative words, choice of register and
to summarise and evaluate them. You will need to reproduce different ideas
concisely, using your own words wherever possible. conciseness. Say why the remaining
sentences are less successful.
4 In extracts 1 and 2, important information has been underlined.
a Mauve not only radically changed
Do the same in 3 and 4. Then answer questions 1–3 below the
the dye industry but also led to
texts.
new discoveries of anything from
1 perfume to aspirin.
us from facial features,
We pick up on health and social stat b By cooking up mauve in his lab,
where people were
as shown by a recent research project Perkin pushed the dye industry
females and wealthy
unconsciously attracted to healthy forward and set the ball rolling in
ure of a face (without
men, even when they only had a pict other industries too, such as perfume
by.
make-up or jewellery) to judge them and photography and aspirin.
c In accidentally discovering mauve,
Perkin transformed dyeing and
2 many other areas, notably medicine.
It was in 1856, while working in his tiny laboratory at
d Perkin discovered a special pale
home, that William Perkin produced, quite by chance,
the colour mauve, which not only revolutionised the
purple colour and this discovery was
dye industry but also led to important innovations revolutionary for the dye industry
in perfume, photography and, most significantly for and also for the pharmaceutical
modern medicine, to the development of aspirin. industry, since it led to the
innovation of aspirin.
e Aspirin owes its development to
Perkin, who found mauve by chance
3 in his laboratory at home.
Rather than burgers and fries being a product of
the social changes seen over the last fifty years in f Commercially-speaking, Perkin’s
America, the author suggests that fast food brands chance discovery was very
were to a large extent responsible for these changes, important, as other innovations
as they profoundly affected both lifestyle and diet. followed, for example the
development of aspirin.
4 6 Now write summary sentences for texts
Tiny holes found in human teeth
estimated to be over 3 and 4, referring to the parts you have
8000 years old are now believed underlined and using between 12 and
to be the earliest
evidence of dentistry, for when the 20 words for each. Use your own words
se holes were
examined with an electron microsc wherever possible.
ope, researchers found
their sides were too perfectly rou
nded to be caused by
bacteria and have therefore propos
ed that they were
drilled by prehistoric dentists.
1 Which information in text 1 is summarised in the following

sentence?
People form opinions of others by looking at their faces.
What has been omitted?
2 Which phrase in text 1 could be replaced by the verb assess
or evaluate?
3 Which underlined words in text 2 could be replaced by
others?
Exam folder 1
Paper 1 Part 3 Word formation cloze
In Part 3 of the Reading and Use of English paper, you will be asked to read a text and complete
the eight numbered gaps with a form of the word in capitals at the end of the line. There is an
example at the beginning of the text.
There are three main categories of changes that are tested. These are affixation (suffixes and
prefixes), compound and grammatical changes. Unlike lower level examinations, at Proficiency
level there is no limit to the number of changes which might be required to the root word.
Below are some examples of the changes you might need to make.
Affixes i The of fast food CONSUME

is increasing at a frightening rate.
noun to adjective flaw to flawless j seems to suit Ella DOMESTIC
noun to negative adverb effect to ineffectively – she’s really happy with her home life.
adjective to negative adverb definite to indefinitely k The side wall of the house had to
verb to noun act to interaction be . STRONG
verb to plural noun apply to applicants l I believe she had the FORTUNE
adjective to verb deep to deepened to have been seriously ill as a child.
m The broken vase turned out to be
1 Do the following for practice. Make sure you check totally . REPLACE
the following: n She showed her deep
• do you need to make the word plural? by slamming the APPROVE
• is a prefix needed? door in our faces.
• does any prefix need to be negative? o The police tried to evict the three
a There are a number of from the building. OCCUPY
activities now CURRICULUM
being offered at the school. Compounds
b People have always enjoyed the Compounds are often tested at this level.
effects of sea air. BENEFIT example:
c Tony is a really OPINION
a The of the meeting COME
person.
was rather inconclusive.
d The animal really KING
Answer: outcome
fascinates my young daughter.
b His brother had a second-hand car
e Stefan was a COMPEL
which was barely . ROAD
collector of gadgets throughout his life.
Answer: roadworthy
f It was rapidly becoming
that we would have APPEAR
to make changes to our plans.
g There have been a number of
female in the INNOVATE
field of aircraft design.
h There were a number of
built into the CONSTRAIN
contract.
14 exam f o l d e r 1
2 Match a word from A with one from B to form a compound noun EXAM ADVICE
or adjective. The words in B can be used more than once.
● Read through the text carefully and
A B decide which form of the given word
frame worthy you need to use.
up fall ● Be careful as you will need to use a
negative prefix or another form of prefix
out date at least once.
wind work ● Check to see if a noun needs to be plural.
rain break
● All the words must be correctly spelled.
credit turn American spelling is acceptable.
down proof ● Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS
on your answer sheet.
3 Read the Exam advice and then do the task below.
Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the
same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS.
Example: 0 W I L F U L L Y
IT’S ONLY SKIN DEEP
We are the only animal that chooses what it will look
like. True, the chameleon changes colour – but not
(0) WILFULLY . Unlike us, it doesn’t get up in the morning WILL
and ask itself, ‘What shall I look like today?’, but we can and
do. Indeed, the (1) of body decoration points to the ANTIQUE
conclusion that it is a key factor in our development as the
(2) life-form on our planet. DOMINATE
By (3) their physical appearance our ancestors CUSTOM
distanced themselves from the rest of the animal
kingdom. Within each tribe this helped them to mark out
differences of role, status, and (4) . Our ancestors KIN
(5) developed extraordinary techniques of body APPEAR
decoration for practical reasons. How to show where one
tribe ends and another begins? How to (6) in a LINE
lasting way the significance of an individual becoming an
adult member of society? (7) , without the expressive ARGUE
capabilities of such ‘body language’ we would have been
(8) less successful as a species. FINITE
e x am f o ld e r 1 15
Expectation
Speaking
1 Work with a partner. Look at the photos. What
expectations would you have of a holiday in each of
the places? A
The prospect of a holiday is liable to persuade even
On which holiday might you the most downcast that life is worth living. Few events
. are anticipated more eagerly, nor form the subject of
get offthe beaten track?
more complex and enriching daydreams. They offer
. be able to chill out? us perhaps our finest chance to achieve happiness -
. possibly have to rough it? outside of the constraints of work, of our struggle for
o end up spending a fortune? survival and for status. The way we choose to spend
. get by on a shoestring budget? them embodies, if only unknowingly, an understanding
of what life might ideally be about. However,
. enjoy being a culture vulture? holidays almost always go wrong. The tragicomic
r get back to nature? disappointments of travel are a staple of office chat;
. be in the lap of luxury? the half-built hotel, the sense of disorientation, the
mid-afternoon despair, the dreary fellow travellers, the
lf you have had such a holiday, did it live up to your lethargy before ancient ruins.
expectations? Have you ever had a holiday which
exceeded/didn't live up to your expectations? B
I remember a trip to Barbados a few years ago. I looked
forward to it for months. But on my first morning on
the island, I realised something at once obvious and
@ rxam spot surprising; that my body proved a temperamental
ln Part 7 of Paper r there are a number of short texts or partner. Asked to sit on a deckchair so that the mind
one long text divided into sections. You need to read the could savour the beach, the trees and the sun, it
sections carefully and then look at the questions. Underline collapsed into difficulties; the ears complained of
your answer when you have found it. Make sure that your an enervating wind, the skin of stickiness and the
underlined text fully answers the question. toes of sand lodged between them. Unfortunately, I
had brought something else that risked clouding my
appreciation of my surroundings; my entire mind - not
only the part that had planned the journey and agreed
Reading to pay for it, but also the part committed to anxiety,
boredom, self-disgust and financial alarm. At home. as
2 You are going to read an article about holidays and I had pored over the photographs of Barbados, I had
what we expect of them. Read through the article felt oblivious to anything besides their contents. I had
quickly to get a general idea of what it is about, simply been in the pictures; alone with their elements.
But melancholy and regrets were my bedfellows on
ignoring the highlights for now. What does the
that Caribbean isle, acting like panes of distorting glass
writer think about holidays? between myself and the world.
UNIT 2
oooooooooooooooooooaoo-
You need to decide in which part of the text you will find the
answer to the questions. Do the following question for practice.
Which section mentions a number of unanticipated
problems faced by the writer? m--l
You will see that there are problems mentioned in sections A,
B, C and D (highlighted). Howevea which section mentions
problems which are'unanticipated' and'faced by the writer'?
Now do questions z-8.
Which section mentions

the possibility of the writer altering a previous tz]--l
pattern ofbehaviour?
negative emotions being ever present? rcT-l
There was a trip to a hotel in France a
the fact the some conditions must be met for t-4-t-l
friend took with his wife. The setting other aims to be achieved?
was sublime, the room flawless - and yet the frequency of a certain topic being raised? f5T-l
they managed to have a row which, for
all the good the room and setting did
the possibility that an unfulfilled objective may f6T-_]
be more desirable?
them, meant that they might as well have
stayed at home. The row (it started with the writer finding it impossible to achieve his goal? E-n
who had forgotten the key in the room the belief that the selection of a holiday is a tBT-l
and extended to cover the whole of the product of an unconscious desire?
relationship) was a reminder of the rigid,
unforgiving logic to which human moods
seem subject - and which we ignore at
our peril. Our capacity to draw happiness Vocabulary
from aesthetic or material goods seems
critically dependent on first satisfying Col locations with traveller
a more important range of emotional
or psychological needs, among them 4 The writer in the article talks about'dreary fellow travellers'.
the need for understanding, for love, Circle the most suitable collocation in these sentences.
expression and respect.
a Dr Parr was a frequent I recurrenf traveller to Dublin.
D b There has been a rise in the numbers of self-contained I
It may be necessary to accept that the independent travellers as opposed to those on packages.
anticipation of travel is perhaps the best c Seasoned I Practised travellers know exactly how to get an
part about it. Our holidays are never as upgrade on their bookings.
satisfying as they are when they exist in
an as-yet-unrealised form; in the shape
d I'm fed up with reading about all these intrepid I heroic
of an airline ticket and a brochure. ln travellers going up the Amazon river in a canoe.
the great 19th-century novel, Against e The hotel offers/atigued I weary travellers an excellent
Nature, by JK Huysmans, the narrator opportunity to recharge their batteries.
goes on a few holidays which go wrong
and then decides never to leave home
f LuxVac is the resort for judicious I discerning travellers -
ones who know how to appreciate the good things in life.
again. He has the itineraries of the major
shipping companies framed and lines his g My father has always been more of a I an armchair I sofa
bedroom with them. He fills an aquarium traveller, much to my mother's disgust!
with seaweed, buys a sail, some rigging h Susie is the kind of inveterate I habitual traveller who will
and a pot of tar and, with these aids is
probably never settle down in one place.
able to experience the most pleasant
sides of a long sea voyage without the i The hotel touts lie in wait for unguarded I unwary travellers
inconveniences such as sea-sickness, and then take them to unsuitable lodgings.
storms or uncongenial fellow passengers.
I continue to travel myself but there are 5 Discuss with a partner.
times when I too feel there might be no . Do you agree with the ideas put forward by the writer?
finer journeys than those provoked in the
Why / Why not?
imagination by remaining at home slowly
turning the pages of an airline timetable.
. Do you think it's better to travel hopefully than arrive?
Why / Why not?
EXPEcrArroN F
I
I
Aspects of the future
1 When we want to talk about the future in English d Sue is going to get I is getting her visa next week,
we have to use a variety of tenses, modals and if she has time.
expressions, not just willdo.The context of the e It's a lovely day - I think I'll go I I'll be going to
sentence is what tells us which aspect of the future the beach.
to use. f I rang her up to tell her that I won't go I I'm not
going to the party because I'm already busy that
For example, there are many different variations
night.
possible for the verb in brackets here:What you (do)
g I'll see you on Saturday. What will you do I will
tonight?
you be doing in the afternoon?
Answers h By the year 2040 a manned space ship will travel
a What are you doing tonight? I will have travelled to Io.
b What will you do tonight? i The hotel ls not to allow I is not allowing guests
c What are you going to do tonight? to use the car park this week, while building
d What will you be doing tonight? work goes ahead.
e What will you have done tonight? j I will do I am doing my packing this afternoon,
f What were you going to do tonight? if I can find my suitcase.
Before you can decide which aspect of the future to k Peter wiII have been painting I will have painted
use, you needto know the context. With a partner, that portrait for three weeks by Saturday.
discuss when each of the forms above would be used. I This time next year we will have finished I will
finish our exams.
GIGIEET m Dont let him read in the coach - he'll feel I he\
going to feel sick.
Note - the present simple is also used to express
n What will you be doing I will you do if the flight
is delayed tomorrow?
the future when talking about travel arrangements,
e.g. The ship leaves on Saturdays, and also about
o Tomorrow k I will be Tuesday.
facts that cant be changed, e.g. Tomorrow is
p I will have I am having caviar tonight - it's
already in my fridge!
Wednesday.
q I'll ring you on my mobile when I will arrive I
arriye.
2 Choose the best alternative in sentences a-s.
r Stop worrying - the train is arriving I will be
EXAMILE: I think I *iU tGS,n- faint - let me
arriving soon.
get some airt
s Will I Shall I help you?
With a partner, decide what you would say in the
following situations.
EXAMILE: Your birthday tomorrow. Im 22
tomorrow. / I'Il be 22 tomorrow. (fact/
neutral future)
a He never does any work, I'm stre he\ going to

get I he\ getting the sack.
b That will be I is going to be the postman - he
usually comes round at this time.
c The plane for Zvich leaves I will leave at 16.00 a Your intention to clean your car tomorrow.
on Fridays. b You see dark clouds in the sky.
c The weather next week.
UNIT 2
Your dinner tonight - salmon and salad already The judge closed the club ........... there
in the fridge. was too much noise being made.
Your government - a solution to pollution by The speech to the assembly was made
the year 2050. the Prime Minister who,
f Your future job in 10 years' time. unfortunately, couldn t attend.
g An airline timetable - Singapore 6.00 Fridays. c I think you, ........................................, bear some
The following expressions are used to express
responsibility for making her leave home.
probability: d Tom was................... downloading the file
when he realised it might have a virus attached.
. to be bound fo + infinitive
e The journalist reported that the city was
. to be certain fo + infinitive
. to be likely/unlikely to + infinitive
r ih;;;iiil;.";'J" 3o/o.
Using a suitable tense or one of the expressions g Tom looked ........... for the photos he
above, talk to your partner about the following: had put away in the attic.
a The effects the growth in the speed of travel will h The book was released ........... a TV
have on your life. special and a DVD.

b The goals you will have achieved by the middle i Everyone here,................ Agnes and
ofthe century. Liam, has tickets for the trip.
c It's your English friend's first day on holiday in
Have no ...
your town. Tell him/her what to expect.
The following expressions can be used for the very
7 Have is often used in expressions with an abstract
noun with no. With a partner, use these expressions
near future.
to say what is true for you. Take care with
. to be about to + infinitive - more informal use,
prepositions.
everyday situations and spoken English
. to be on the brink of + noun; fo be on the point/ EXAMILE: I dont object to staying at home instead
verge of + gerund/noun - more formal use,
of travelling abroad.
usually in written English I haye no objection to staying at home
ExAMeLE: The government is on the brink of collapse. instead of travelling abroad. No, this
She was on the verge of bursting

isn't true for me. I really enjoy going on
into tears.
holidays and dislike having to stay at
I'm about to make a cup of coffee.
home.
Make sentences using one of the expressions above a I'm not interested in going somewhere like Las
and including one of these words or phrases. Think Vegas.
carefu lly a bout formal/informa I use. b I dont regret spending too much money on my
last holiday.
disaster leave home get married
bed extinction revolution
c I cant remember childhood holidays.
a scientific breakthrough
d I wouldnt hesitate to book a cruise.
e I will have to stay at home this year rather than
go away.
f I don t intend to ever go to Disneyland.
Vocabulary g I dont have time to look at lots oftravel
brochures.
Prepositional phrases
5 Complete sentences a-i with the following
prepositional phrases. (Use each phrase once only.) @ rxam spot
Parts r-4 of Paper r test a broad range ofvocabulary, so
in the region of on behalf of you should learn vocabulary in an organised way. Write
on the brink of in vain on the verge of down new words and phrases in your vocabulary notebook
to some extent on the grounds (of)/(that) under headings such as prepositional phrases,adjective-
noun collocotions, phrasal verbs and so on.Tryto include an
in conjunction with with the exception of example sentence to show meaning and usage.
EXPEcTAToN
F
ln Part r of Paper 4 you may be asked questions about
your expectations and ambitions in life. Here you
are going to hear three short extracts which are all
concerned in some way with expectations.
1 The words and phrases in italics below occur in the

extracts. Before you listen, work with a partner and
explain their meaning.
a Conservative ideas about women in the
workplace really get my goat.
b I got abit carried away when I went shopping
and spent far too much money.
c How much did you fork out for your new shoes?
d The credit card bill was pretty hefty this month
- I'll have to watch my step in future.
My sister was on a tight budget when she was at
college. You hear a radio newsreader talking about a new
She let her imagination run wild when she survey of young people. What does he say about
painted her room. young people's expectations now?
I'm dead set on goingto university and getting A They continue to rise with their age.
my degree. B They are slightly more realistic than previously.
His ideas for expanding the company are very C They are different to those of a previous
mrch in line with mine. generation.
2 ljEYou will hear three different people talking
about their expectations. For each extract, choose
@ thrase spot
the answer (A, B or C) which fits best according to
ln the first listening extract, the speaker said:
what you hear.
I didn't intend to be thumbing lifts.
lf you'thumb a lift',you signal with your thumb for a vehicle
to stop and give you a free lift. Many nouns for parts of the
You hear a woman talking about her expectations body have related verbs that are used in phrases or idioms.
of a round-the-world trip. How does the speaker Match the verbs t-6 with a-f to form phrases or idioms.
Which verb can be used twice?
say she felt when planning her trip?
r elbow I a the burden
A shocked by the potential cost z face I b the bill
B happy to make compromises 3 foot I c the idea
C doubtful whether she could go 4 shoulder I d theline

5 stomach I e themusic
6 toe I f people aside
Use the phrases to complete these sentences, changing the

You hear a student talking about someone who has
verb form where necessary.
influenced him. What does he think is the most a lt is part of a manager's job to ................ of complaints made
important factor in becoming successful? by guests.
b Don't worry about paying for your hotel - l'm happy to
A having a supportive family
B having academic qualifications C On his return to Canada, he fina1|y................ and told his
wife about his debts.
C having high expectations of yourself d At the resort, I a|ways................ on company policy, even if I
disagreed with it.
e Jenny couldn't rea1|y................ of moving to a big city, so she
turned the job down.
t The woman in the queue so she could get on the
plane first.
UNIT 2
3 Discuss these questions with a partner.
rxam spot
Do you have much opportunity to travel? Where
@
ln Part r of Paper 4you will be expected to have a
would you go if you had the choice? conversation with the interlocutor - the person who will
How would you feel about a round-the-world be asking you questions during the examination. This part
trip? of the examination is aimed at settling you down and also
encourages you to give information about yourself - for
c What are your expectations of a job and salary? example, your plans and expectations.
d How important to you is it to do well Try not to begin every sentence with'l think'. Use a variety of
academically? language, e.g.
How do you feel about the idea of becoming an - personally, it's my belief,for my part, in my view, speaking
personally
entrepreneur? - on the whole, generally, by and lorge,for the most port
What would your priorities be if you were - I'm undecided/unsure,l'm ambivolent about, I'm in two
minds about
bringing up children?
Pronunciation
4 A homophone is a word which is pronounced in Can you tell me the weigh to the centre of town,
the same way as another word but has a different please?
meaning or a different spelling or both, for example b How many pears of trousers do you own?
they're/their/there. c Let's meat for lunch tomorrow.
d His new girlfriend is air to a fortune.
Replace the wrong word in each of the sentences
e Walking down the isle was the scariest thing
with its homophone and write a sentence which
Ellen had ever done.
shows how the other word is used.
The school principle is going to speak to
EXAMILE: I aodffi#what to expect from this new everyone at midday.
government. Great the cheese over the vegetables and bake
There were no strawberries in the market for twenty minutes.
today. h The horse tossed its main and neighed.
I This fish bar does the best place and chips in
town.
EXPECTATION
Part r Essay
Part compulsory question on Paper 2. You have to
1 is the
write an essay based on two short texts, which either present
opposing or complementary viewpoints. There will be two
main points in each text. You must summarise and evaluate
the ideas expressed, using your own words as far as possible
and adding your own ideas on the topic where relevant.
The essay should be between 240 and 280 words in length.
Remember that you will only have 90 minutes to complete the
whole of Paper 2, so use your time wisely. It is better to spend
some time planning what you are going to write, rather than
attempting to do a rough copy of a whole answer.
Read the two texts below and say whether they contain
opposing or complementary ideas about museums today.
Text 1
Even in our information-rich digital age, when there are diverse

2 Decide on the four main points that are
covered in the texts, choosing from a-f.
ways of occupying our leisure time, museums continue to play
a fundamental role in society. Over the last decade in particular, Underline the parts of each text that
museums have become more community-orientated, and the confirm your choices.
majority seek to be inclusive rather than elitist, reaching out to
a Given the wealth of information
everyone. This change of heart has necessitated a degree of
online, museums are no longer
creativity in the presentation of information. Objects rarely 'speak for
themselves' and, where a low reading age must often be assumed, relevant.
museum curators have looked to modern technology to breathe b Judicious use of technology has
more life into exhibits, whether through interactive techniques, or made museums more accessible to
accompanying audio-visual effects. the public.
c Many museums create innovative
Text 2 displays but this is at the expense of
substance.
d Museums have had to reduce the
The purpose of a museum is to stimulate learning and broaden number of objects displayed due to a
the horizons of its visitors, yet many museums nowadays lack of funds.
appear to neglect this responsibility in an attempt to entertain
e In contrast to their former position
rather than educate. The dumbing down of exhibitions is
in society, museums now seek to
widespread - in short, the medium has become more important
than the message. Learning is all too often compromised by
engage a wider audience.
technological wizardry, which may impress on a superficial level f The recent shift in policy is
but essentially trivialises, and provides a content-lite'experiencel undesirable as museums have lost
Whether this is in response to government cuts or merely sight of their core role in society.
reflects a trend among museum directors, it is undoubtedly a
change for the worse.
WRITING FOLDER 1
Using the sentence openers below, rewrite your four choices EXAM ADVICE
from a-f in z, in your own words.
a Read the texts carefully.
The first text suggests that ...
a Underline the four key points.
The second text raises the issue of . ..
a Decide how far you agree with these
The writer is of the opinion that ... points.
Additionally, it is argued that ... o List some relevant ideas of your own.
Read the sample answer below, thinking about these questions. o Plan your answer in four or five
paragra phs.
Does the writer
a Select one or two important phrases to
I ru--arise all four points from the texts? quote from the texts.
f] evaluate each of the four points? a Remember to use your own words
f] tt" their own words throughout? where possible.
I add relevant ideas of their own?
-The to<trccnslder_the-rele.,of ,r,,t.qn"s-in our/ ,nodetn wel^-ld. BptL,Je-xts- ideLrtif2: e'-,

rhif+ i," r?lLrsel{h1 policy, r.,hi..h hcr= hod .r^ inpcrcl on hor.v /naseurns c)te seetaby lhe
g.^.ntl prtl'lic,
The ti,'s+ le2<l vie.ws mr{seuhls posiiively .-,^d +h", rurîler. suggesls lhat a real
ofle.rnpi hot b,r.'n Io oilrocl a tôte div."r. a^di.n.., Jn order lo suppor^f
"nade
i[is, nrrrse.rnn cutâlors hov.o h.rd lo corne urp rvith alier"ncriive wayt of displaying
llre o[rj,:c+s in their posse.ssion cr^d h.rr". r.li"d ou" new lechnology Io"lcrecrlhe- tôre.
life"into ihenr.This is an infere.sfino poinl of vi,:w tlrat jLnstifies ih<z urse of innovofive.
+e-chnoloqy zrs .e \^,ay of enqoqin.r Veople's inter.esl in rnqseum.xhibi*., especially
lhose rt,ho a,êt l.:.ss li+e.r,ata.
Jn conlras| lhe second te.><t rôises ihe issue of"dr.r"trir.g dowr^"anrd ils wrîten
cl.:inrs ihot those in chc.r'ge of m*=en,r^s lrove lost thn:'ir woy, Th.y h.^v. forgolien
ihcrt the pw.pose. of a ,mr^su^nr is to stirnurlate. ltzarninq and btoade.n thehorîzons
of iis visitor^s a'nd th. wrile.r is of t[,: opinion thai this is a change tor^ ihe \.rorse)
6.caus. the ,rr:diLnror has Lt.con"" ntore. intporlant lhan ll.,e vnessage,
The tirsi lext orrtlines [ow ,""r,s.:*n"s ha.r. token steps to rnointoirr lheir^ rôle irr
our"infortnalion-rich digital age", while the. se.cond te.xi conrplains c,bout ih.. ,nse of
technology ir,r rnuseutrns n.:,rr,odoys,
Rewrite the second sentence of Paragraph 3 in your own words.

You may find some of this alternative vocabulary useful.
purpose - aim, function, objective
stimulate - encourage, promote
a change for the worse - less desirable, an unfortunate outcome
the medium - the method of delivery
the message - the subject matter, the content
Write a final paragraph of about 6o words, including your own

ideas about the points made in the texts.
WR. lT'l N G. f O L P,E:R,::'li,:

Strange behaviour
Speaking
@ ehrase spot
1 Look at the following sayings about the weather and discuss
ln the recording, Peter Watkins uses the phrase:
them with a partner. Do you think they are true? Do you have life and death.
similar sayings in your country? Do sayings such as these have Pairs of words used like this are fixed - you
any place in our modern world? cannot say death and liJe.
. Red sky at night, shepherd's delight, Red sky in the morning, Using a dictionary to help you, decide whether
these pairs are in the right order and explain
shepherd's warning. how you would use these phrases.
. Cows lying in the field means rain is on its way. give and take black and white
again and time thick and thin
high and dry go and touch
Listening fortune and fame blood and flesh
Z t
EE You are going to hear a writer called Peter Watkins being first and foremost soul and life
interviewed by the programme presenter, Sue Manchester. He is
Complete the sentences below with the correct
talking about his book, which discusses the behaviour of animals phrase.
and birds in relation to the weather. a Jenny promised to live with Nigel through
For questions a-j decide whether these statements are true or b When Joe was 18 he left home to find
false.
It was........................................ whether we would
a Sue has little faith in the accuracy of sayings about the get to the airport in time.
weather. ........... , we need to solve the
budget problem and then we can move on to
b Peter says that nowadays people are less interested in other issues.
sayings than in previous times. e ........... , w€ see this pattern of
c Peter says that low-flying birds suffer badly in storms. behaviour repeati ng itself.
f There needs to be a bit of
d Peter believes that there is a logical explanation for why in every relationship.
certain birds change their habits. c My brother James is the........................................ of
According to Peter, insects have difficulty in sensing any family party.
h My aunt treats her relatives really
changes in the atmosphere. badly, considering they are her own
t Sue concludes that the rain goose's behaviour is surprising.
o Peter says that weather sayings used to be confined to the When the company closed down I was left
b
........... without a job.
farming community. How could you not understand? Look at this
h Peter says that the sayings fulfilled a basic human need for letter - it's all there in
control.
Sue agrees with Peter about the contradictory nature of
some of the sayings.
Peter says that in the past people relied on animal and bird
behaviour to predict the weather.
uNrT 3
Read through the article quickly,
Vocabulary ignoring the spaces for now. What is the
Modifiers article about?
3 Both speakers in the recording used words such as quite, rather

\++-
k +
and fairly,which are adverbs of degree, to modify what they *ar\ '
were saying. --l
. fairly means 'moderately' -1" ,
. rather can be used before negative adjectives to mean
.
'moderately'; it can also be used before positive adjectives to
mean'more than expected'
quite has a variety of meanings, ranging from 'moderately' a \,\
-k
F\ 'T
to 'totallyl depending on the tone of voice that is used. \
r.!-P
r-EE Listen to some sentences which includ e quite being read and
then match the speakers r-5 with the appropriate meaning,a or b. rft-
a totally b moderately
Reports of unusual animal behaviour prior
Note that quite means 'fairly' before a gradable adjective.
(0) ......7..9..... the occurrence of earthquakes
These are adjectives which can be modified, such as good,
have been recorded in literature dating as
clever, helpful. Quite means tompletely' before an ungradable (1)................back as 1784. However, to
adjective. Ungradable adjectives are those which cant be (2) ................, there has been very little
modified, such as fantastic, brilliant, dreadful, etc. in-depth scientific research into the
phenomenon. However, (3) ................ that a
geophysical tool has not been designed
which gives advance warning of an
4 Use the following adjectives and the adverb of degree specified impending earthquake, observations of
to talk about the sayings below. animal behaviour might (4) ................ out to be
a useful tool.
. to be dubious of/about; cautious about; sceptical of
(rtse rather) Animals and birds could act as geosensors.
. mystified by/about; annoyed by/about; convinced by/ It is well known that the Earth's
about (use quite meaning tompletely') electromagnetic field is used by birds and
fish as an aid to navigation and migration.
. certain of/about (usefairly)
Sharks (5) use of low or high
EXAMILE: Youth is wasted on the young.
frequency el ectro-receptors to detect objects
I'm quite mystified by what is meant by 'Youth is and to communicate. Perhaps it is time to
wasted on the young'. A-fter all, young people usually (6) ................this sensitivity to good use?
make the most of the time they are young' I think Animals may have the means to understand
this is just something old people think because the signal that says 'leave this place' or
they're jealous. 'fly-away now' or (7) ................ is necessary to
a Money is the root of all evil. survive the coming catastrophe. lt comes
(8) ................ no surprise, therefore, that
b Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy
animals have the potential to act as accurate
and wise.
geosensors, to detect earthquakes before
c If you give a man a fish you feed him for a day, but teach
they occur.
him to fish and you feed him for life.
d A friend in need is a friend indeed.
e Dont count your chickens before they are hatched' Read the article again and decide where
the following words should go.
@ rxam spot whatever far as given

ln Paper t,Part z, make sure you read through the whole text before
make put turn date
attempting to fill in the spaces. Quite often the answer to a space is
dependent on information later on in the passage.
STRANGE BEHAVIOUR
How does the weather affect your mood? Do you think people's
characters are influenced by where they live and the weather
they are used to? Give some examples.
Read this article about the effect of the wind on mood.
There's an old English saying:When the wind is in the east,'tis

good for neither man nor beasf. Whether you believe in folklore
or not this oneS got a grain of truth in it. Winds have been
associated with a rise in the levels of serotonin, a compound
which occurs in the brain and which controls mood, sleep and
blood circulation. This rise in serotonin has been found to occur
in the Swiss population during a Fdhn wind. The Fohn is said to
be responsible for traffic accidents rising by flfty per cent and a
rise in industrial injuries by twenty per cent.
It's not only the Swiss who suffer. Los Angeles is occasionally
buffeted by the Santa Ana, a hot dry wind named after the
canyon it sometimes blows through. One study found that
murders rose by up to a half during a Santa Ana, no matter
if it blew during winter or summer. ln California's early days,
defendants in crimes of passion were able to plead for leniency,
citing the wind as an extenuating circumstance.
The quality of the air can be a force for good, however. The
Victorians especially prized sea air for its health-giving properties.
Sea air is charged with negative ions which makes it feel
invigorating. To get a similar effect you can stand next to a
waterfall, or even under a domestic shower.
.----*/--
Now, with a partner, complete the sentences using information 3 What kind of conditional is used in each
from the article. sentence in z? When do we use these
a When the Fohn blows, ... forms?
b Ifyou go to the seaside, ... EXAMPLE: People can be adversely
c Even if the Santa Ana blew at a different time to normal, . .. affected if a certain wind is
d I wouldnt have murdered my wife ... blowing. Zero conditional
e You are less likely to have an accident if ... (present tense + present
f If I were lou, ... tense). This is used to express
a universal truth or habitual
action.
Corpus spot
The Cambridge Learner Corpus shows that even at Cz level, learners still make mistakes
with basic conditional clauses. Be careful to use the right tense and check whether a
negative or positive verb form is needed. The learner example below contains a common
mistake - what is it?
rxatterc: If someone treats these two things equally, he can eosily succeed in both, unless
he does not succumb to the temptation of laziness.
UNIT 3
There are other forms of the conditional besides the Rewrite each sentence, beginning with the words in
four basic patterns. Look at the following examples italics, without changing the meaning.
and discuss how they are formed and what they I didnt drown
EXAMeLE: because my instructor
express.
knew how to help me.
ExAMrLE: But for my father's help, I wouldnt have Had my instructor not known how to
been able to complete my course. help me, I would have drowned.
'But is used in third conditional
for' a Could you tell her my address if, by any chance,
sentences and has the meaning of 'If it you see her.
hadn't been for'. Should
a Should you happen to see Lucy, tell her to ring b As people were dependent on farming for their
me. livelihood, it's not surprising that they used
If you would sit down, I'm sure Mr Peterson will animal behaviour to predict the weather.
see you soon. Given that
c I'll diet if you will. c You can borrow my bike but you must take care
d You can borrow the money from me as long as of it.
you pay me back. Provided that
Had I known about the weather conditions, I Ki ndly have a seat as I'm sure Mr fohnson wont
wouldnt have ventured out. be long.
Provided that you tell the truth, nothing will a
happen to you. e My advice to you is to get another job.
You could be a lot thinner now, if you hadnt a
given up your diet so easily. f I'm not earning much money because I didnt
Were the Prime Minister to announce lower tax work hard enough to pass my diploma.
increases, the country would be delighted. rf
You cant come unless you have an invitation. I wouldnt have been able to afford to go to
university except that my grandmother left me
If isn't the only conjunction used in conditional
some money.
sentences. Complete the sentences using the
But for
following conjunctions.
h Climatic changes may, in due course, render
given that on condition that weather lore obsolete.
but for i without even if Were
provided that / as long as suppose/supposing
unless
Speaking
...........lightning tends to strike the
nearest high point, you would do well not to 7 ln groups, ask and answer these questions.
stand under a tall tree during a thunderstorm. What will you do if
...........you learn to drive better, I wont a you cant get home tonight?
be getting in your car again. b you get more homework than you expect?
...........you use a sun screen, you c your Internet stops working?
shouldnt get burnt. d the fire alarm goes?
..........the support of my boss, I What would you do if you
wouldnt have been promoted. e won the lottery?
...........you do say you love me, I'm not f lost your mobile?
marrying you. g were on a plane which was hijacked?
I'll give you a lift to school ........... vou
'"""""""""""""""""""/ h had the chance to take six months' holiday?
wash the car for me at the weekend.
What would you have done if you'd
........... there was an air traffic
i been born with a mathematical or musical gift?
controllers' strike, what would you do? j been given the opportunity to study in the USA?
k been born poor?
STRANGE BEHAVIOUR
Reading into Writing: Reformulation r
What makes you angry? Look at this list. With a partner, put them
in order with the most infuriating at the top. Justify your decisions.
a People talking loudly on their mobiles
b Being overtaken by a sports car
c Rude shop assistants
d Computers that keep crashing
e fokes which are in bad taste
f Poor government decisions
g Being overcharged
The nouns in the box express extreme emotions. Decide which

emotion (a-f) they express.
rage dejection rel'ulsion tedium
bliss sorrow fury dread
incredulity terror loathing astonishment
apathy delight
EXAMILE: disgust - revulsion, loathing

a anger d sadness
b fear e surprise
c happiness f boredom
Read through the article below on anger and answer the
questions that follow.
New psychological research suggests that air rage, road rage and other seemingly irrational
outbursts of wild-eyed, foaming-at-the-mouth fury could be extreme responses to the
violation of a set of unwritten rules that choreographs our every waking moment without
our even realising it. Apparently, we walk around in a sort of invisible bubble which is egg-
shaped - this is because we allow people to come closer from in front than from behind
- an entire language is expressed via the amount of distance we choose to keep between
each other. In northern Europe and North America (lovers, close friends and wrestling
partners aside) the average depth of the bubble is about a metre. S/hen it's intruded
upon the physiological responses can range from feelings of mild annoyance and tension
to a pounding heart, raised blood pressure, sweating and severe anxiety. Tension levels
increase hugely when someone comes too close and you get a feeling of being invaded, and
responses fall into two categories. The first kind are blocking tactics when you avert your
gaze, put your hand up at the side of your head or just make yourself immobile;
then there
are the tension and anxiety-reduction responses, hair-pulling, foot-tapping, getting red in the
face and ultimately leaving the scene.
Where do you think you would read this article? Why does the writer describe air and road rage
What evidence is there to support your decision? as'seemingly irrational'?
A in a magazine or newspaper
List both the inward and the outward signs
B in a psychology textbook
which may occur when one's space is invaded.
C in an advertisement
D in a health awareness leaflet
uNtT 3
Vocabulary
Word formation
4 Complete the second sentence of each pair below with an
adjective with a negative prefix.
EXAMILE: The driver didnt apologise for his bad behaviour.
The driver was unapologetic about his bad behaviour.
It's very hard to predict the results of the meeting, I'm
afraid.
The outcome of the meeting is........................ , I'm afraid.
You cant deny that global warming is becoming a real rxam spot
threat.
@
ln Part r of Paper z, you will need to summarise
It is................... that global warming is becoming a real some information. Summarising will use new
threat. language and not incorporate large amounts
of the original. lt is important to manipulate
There is a real need to raise consciousness about the
words, especially as you have to write a
influence of the media on our lives. summary within a set word limit. One way of
Many of us are still largely ........... of the influence doing this is to use a negative adjective.
of the media on our lives and this needs to change.
The damage to the car was of no significance. 5 Read through the text in 3 again and
There was an ...................... amount of damage to the car. then write a summary sentence using
It wont be possible to replace that vase, I'm afraid. no more than r8 words. Where possible,
Unfortunately, that vase is try to use different words from the ones
My father never seemed to exhaust his supply of jokes. in the text and try to use some of the
My father seemed to have an...................... supply of vocabulary from z and 4.
jokes.
Liz never tries to assert herselfin tricky situations.
Liz is a very ................. tpe of person.
The solicitor's advice didnt help me form any conclusions
about my situation.
The solicitor's advice was rather ........... about my
situation.
STRANGE BEHAVIOUR
Paper r Part z Open cloze
In this part of Paper 1, you will be asked to complete a text which has eight numbered gaps. The missing
words will have a mainly grammatical focus, although there might be a few vocabulary items. Each gap must
be filled with one word only and must be correctly spelled.
It is very important to read through the whole text carefully before you decide to write anything down. Some
answers may be dependent on a sentence which comes later in the text. Awareness of the writer's train of
thought and logical argument is often tested at Proficiency level.
EXAM ADVICE
The areas which are often tested are:
o First of all read through the whole
. fixed phrases, e.g. as a rule, to all extent and purposes article carefully and go back and decide
. relative pronouns, e.g. who, which which type of word is missing from each
. linkers, e.g. moreover, let alone
gap, e.g.a verb, a noun or a preposition,
etc.
. prepositional phrases, e.g. out of order
a Make sure that your word makes sense
. phrasal verbs, e.g. to turn up, to take over in the text and fits grammatically.
. prepositions, e.g. result in, regardless of o Use only one word in each gap.
. collocations, e.g. seriously interesting, widely read a Write your answers in CAPITAL LETTERS
. reflexive pronouns, e.g. myself, himself on your answer sheet.
. articles, e.g. the, a Example: 0 AO
. comparison, e.g. fewer, many
Read the Exam advice and then do the task.
Read the text below about French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson and think of
the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an
example at the beginning (0). Write your answers lN CAPITAL LETTERS.
Example: F-l C
HENRI CARTIER.BRESSON
Henri Cartier-Bresson helped establish photojournalism (0) .....A9-.... an aft form.

He believed that photography (1) capture the meaning of outward
appearance and so his camera accompanied him (2) he went in the world.
ln his twenties, he travelled in Africa, recording his experiences with a 35-millimetre

Leica. lts portability and the ease with (3)................ one could record instantaneous
impressions were hugely advantageous. This type of camera was particularly
relevant to Cartier-Bresson. lt lent (4) not only to spontaneity but to
anonymity as well. To such an extent Cartier-Bresson wish to remain a silent, and even unseen,
(5)................
witness, that he covered the bright chromium parts of his camera with black tape to render it less visible.
Cartier-Bresson travelled unceasingly, but there was (6) ................ compulsive or hurried about his travels or his
photography. One story tells of how Cartier-Bresson was present during the student riots in Paris in 1968.
Undeterred (7) ................ the explosive nature of the riots, he continued to take photographs at the (8) ................ of
about four per hour.
EXAM FOTDER 2
Paper r Part 4 Key word transformations
There are six key word transformations in Paper 1, Part 4. Read EXAM ADVICE
the Exam advice and then complete the exam task r Read both sentences very carefully.
r Make sure that you actually use the
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to word given and that you don't change
its form in any way.
the first sentenoe, using the word given. Do not change the word
I Don't add anythingwhich isn't
given. You must use between three and eight words, including the necessary.
word given. Here is an example (0). a Make sure your sentence means the
same as the first sentence.
Example: o You will often need to use the words in
0 lt's unlikely that the product would have taken ofi, if they the first senteRce in a different form. For
example, you may have to change a verb
hadn't run such a massive TV campaign. to a noun.
likelihood a Remember to count the number of
words you write. Contractions count as
*1.:* * two words.
:::: : "::::: ::'iflT'ff;ta*ns off
O I WOULDHAVEDEEN LIfiLELIKELIHOODOF
The group leader's poor judgement jeopardised the safety of the climbers.
put
The climbers'safety by the poor judgement of the group leader.
Paula and I have been friends since 2008.

dates
My. ............. to 2008.
'lt wasn't my fault that the window got broken,'Gary said.

responsibility
Gary denied the window.
My grandmother has finally got used to living alone.

terms
My grandmother living alone.
I am not expecfring an increase in summer sales this year.
upturn
I have in summer sales this year.
The students were told to either keep quiet or leave the art gallery.
no
The students keep quiet or leave the art gallery.
Sweet rituals
ldentify the ritual that is taking place in each picture. How

common are ceremonies like these where you livel Give another
example of ritual behaviour involving special food or drink.
l-El Listen to a man talking about ritual family meals. What

happens before the event and on the day itself? Describe a family
gathering you have had to attend.
Reading
3 This extract is from the novel Reef by Romesh Cunesekera, a Sri
Lankan author. Read it once to form an overall impression. What
is the relationship between the narrator and Mister Salgado?
Before Miss Nili first came to our house on the poya-holiday of wobbled, making the whitewalls around the rim go fuzzy. Mister
April 1969, Mister Salgado only said to me, A lady is coming to Salgado watched the vehicle slowly disappear.
tea.' As if a lady came to tea every week. It had never happened 'The lady ate well,' I said brightly.
before in his life, or mine, and yet he acted as if it were the most 'Yes.'
5 natural thing in the world. Luckily he gave me some waming. He 'Sir, the love-cake was good? Really good?'
was concemed to make sure there was plenty of time to prepare, 'Yes.'
even though he acted so nonchalant. I made everything - little 'And the patties also she liked?'
coconut cakes, patties, egg sandwiches, ham sandwiches, cucumber 'They were good.'
sandwiches, even love-cake . .. I made enough for a horse. It was just
They were more than good. I knew, because I can feel it inside
l0 as well: she ate like a horse. I don't know where she put it; she was
me when I get it right. It's a kind of energy that revitalises every
so skinny then. So hungry-looking. I expected her to bulge out as she
cell in my body. Suddenly everything becomes possible and the
ate, like a snake swallowing a bird. But she just sat there on the cane
whole world, that before seemed slowly to be coming apart at
chair, one leg coiled under her, her back straight and her face floating
the seams, pulls together. But however confident I was about the
happily in the warm afternoon haze while huge chunks of the richest, perfection of what I produced, like everybody else, I needed praise.
15 juiciest love-cake disappeared into her as into a cavern.
I needed his praise and I needed her praise. I felt stupid to need it,
'You like cake?' he asked her stupidly. but I did.
She made a lowing sound between bites. It made him happy, and She came again the following poya-day and then regularly almost
although I didn't approve of her being quite so uninhibited so soon in every weekend after that for months. I made mutton patties and a
our house, I was touched too. small cake every time, and she always said how wonderful they
'Where did you get this, this cake?' Her lips glistened with my were. Mister Salgado ate nothing: he watched her eat as if he were
butter, and one corner of her mouth had a line of golden semolina feeding an exotic bird. He drank tea. He always drank lots of tea:
crumbs which smudged into a dimple as she spoke. estate-fresh, up-country broken orange pekoe tip-top tea. He looked
'Triton made it,' my Mister Salgado said. Triton made it. It was completely content when she was there. His face would be bright,
the one phrase he would say with my name again and again like a his mouth slightly open with the tips of his teeth just showing. It
2s refrain through those months, giving me such happiness. Triton made was as if he couldn't believe his eyes, seeing Nili sitting there in
it. Clear, pure and unstinting. His voice at those moments would be front of him. I would bring the patties in four at a time, fried only
a channel cut from heaven to earth right through the petrified morass after she arrived to ensure they came fresh and hot-hot, straight
of all our lives, releasing a blessing like water springing from a river- from the pan. When she finished the last of the first batch, I would
head, from a god's head. It was bliss. My coming of age. wait a minute before bringing in a second plate. 'Nice and hot-hot,
30 'Your cook? He makes a lovely cake,' she said, endearing herself to Missy,' I would say, and she would murrnur her approval. After she
me for the rest of my life. finished a couple of the new panies, I would come again with fresh
After tea she said she had to go. I went to get a taxi for her. She tea. 'More patties?' She would shake her head - I would always
stayed with him alone in the house while I went up to the main road. ask when her mouth was full. This allowed Mister Salgado to speak
It didn't take long. A black tortoise of a taxi with a butter-coloured on her behalf. 'No, bring the cake now.' It was our little ritual. I
35 top came along, and I rode in it like a prince back to the house. would nod, she would smile and he would look longingly. I would
The driver croaked the old hom warning them of our approach. We give her enough time to savour the aftertaste of the patties and feel
rolled in right up to the porch. I got out and held the door open while the glow of coriander inside her. kt
the tea slip down to cleanse
Mister Salgado helped her in. 'Bye-bye,' she said to him and then her palate and subdue the nerves that had been excited by the spice
turned to me. 'That cake was really good.' and fattened by the meat, and only then bring out the cake on a
40 The taxi rolled down to the gate and veered to the left. The wheels small salver for Mister Salgado to cut.
uNrT 4
@ exam spot @ styl" extra
ln Paper t, Part 5,you should not only read the text thoroughly but the The first part ofthe text associates certain
questions too. Wrong answers are often very close to the text in meaning. animals with Miss Nili. Find these references
and explain their effect.
Triton describes the taxi as having a butter-
4 Now read the text carefully to answer questions t-6. coloured top.W hy has the writer used this
I What was Mister Salgado's state of mind before his first tea- adjective instead of yellow? How does it tie
in with Triton?
party with Miss Nili?
A He felt confident, as it was a role he was accustomed to
performing.
B He appeared relaxed, but inwardly, he was worrying about Vocabulary
the event.
Collocations
C He wished he had told his cook about the visit more in
advance. 5 Explain the precise meaning of the
D He became nervous about his cook's obvious lack of words in italics below.
experience. I would give her enough time to savour
rvVhat effect did Miss Nili's large appetite have on the the aftertaste ofthe patties ...
narrator?
Savour is a verb that is commonly used
A He felt rather sorry for her because she was so hungry.
in other contexts apart from food.
B He suspected that she was hiding some of the food.
Underline the nouns or noun phrases
C He had mixed feelings about her unconventional way of
that collocate with this verb in a-e.
eating.
D He thought she should take more care when she ate. EXAMPLE: At 37,the Oscar-nominated
actress is savouring every
\ahy did the narrator derive so much satisfaction when he
moment of her new status.
heard the phrase'Triton made it'?
A It gave him a sense of purpose in his life. a After years in the wilderness, the
B Mister Salgado said the phrase so rarely. band were finally savouring success.
C Miss Nili didnt believe the cake was home-made. b His father, Pat, should have been
D The words improved the atmosphere at the tea-partF. savouring freedom alongside them,
but had died in prison.
How did the narrator feel about his taxi ride back to the
house?
c She has decided to retire at 33 and
savour the memories of her career.
A He was annoyed that it was such a slow vehicle.
B He was concerned about Miss Nili during his absence.
d Its more recent past can be savoured
just by wandering aimlessly through
C He appreciated being helped out of the taxi.
the streets.
D He enjoyed the relative luxury of the experience.
e Laurence was now savouring every
What do we learn about the narrator in the penultimate word quite as much as the wine.
paragraph?
A His successes in the kitchen dictated his general mood. 6 ldentify the collocations by matching
B He thought it reasonable to expect praise for his cooking. each verb to two nouns from the box.
C He knew he would benefit from some help in preparing Write a sentence for each one.
the food. a consume c relish
D His feelings had been hurt by Nili and Mister Salgado. b devour d swallow
Which phrase best describes Mister Salgado's behaviour at books challenge equivalent
subsequent tea-parties? news pill pride
A feverishly eating and drinking quantity thought time
B full of praise for Triton's wonderful efforts
C slightly incredulous at Nili's regular presence EXAMPLE consume + equivalent
D nervously monitoring the supply of food Each of us consumes the
equivalent of two trees a year
in paper use alone.
SWEET RITUATS
Review of past tenses
What implements would people have

been using z,ooo years ago when eating
their food? How long ago was the first
metal cutlery made, do you think? Why
has the recent design of the Swedish
'spork'proved so successful (see picture
below)?
Read the text, ignoring any underlining.

Then explain briefly how the appearance
and use of the fork has changed over the
past 4oo years.
Fork-tike imptements for spearing food have been However, even Coryat did not regard forks as being
used for over 2000 vears. For exampte, the Ancient for eating with, but for hotding the meat in ptace whi[e
Romans used to use specia[ spoons with one'prong or ca rvi n g.
two at the end of the handte for winkting out shetl.fish. Atthough in the course of the seventeenth century
The first 'modern' fork is thought to have been used there was some use of individual. forks, peoole wou[d
in the eteventh century by the wife of the Venetian more often share forks with others, wiping them
Doge. Forks are mentioned again three centuries carefutty on their napkins as they wou[d spoons. lt
[ater, in 1361, in an inventory of the ptate owned by the was onty in the nineteenth century that eating with
Florentine Commune. However, the first real evidence a fork truly began to proliferate, and at this time
10 that forks had spread as eating tools came some two there were important modifications to its basic
hundred years later, in a 1 570 engraving of a knife, design. Craftsmen had been making forks with three
fork and spoon. ln 1605, King Henri lll of France and prongs, but these were now shortened, moved ctoser
his companions were satirised for their fork-wietding together, and a fourth 'tine' commonty added. With
effeminacy. 'They woutd rather touch their mouths the fork's design in transition, one-handed eating was
with their tittte forked instruments than with their increasingty in vogue: the knife was put down once
fingers,' wrote Thomas Artus, who ctaimed that they the food had been cut up and the fork was then used
looked especiatty sitLy as they strove to capture the to take the food to the mouth. Diners with yet more
peas and broad beans on their p[ates - as we[[ they etaborate manners sought to perform this manoeuvre
miqht have done, since earty forks had Long, wideLy for every mouthful consumed. This form of 'zig-
separate prongs and scooping with them must have zag' eating was stil.[ customary among the French
been impossibte. bourgeoisie in the 1880s, though the English were
0n returning home from ltaty in 1611, the Engtishman successfulty introducing a new fashion, where the
Thomas Coryat bore the news that he had seen forks knife was kept in the right hand and the fork hetd in
in ltal.y and had decided to adopt them. The reason the Left, much as we have been doing ever since.
'E for the lta[ian custom was, he explained, that
these extremeLy fastidious, u[tra-modern
people considered that any fingering of the
meat that was being carved at tabte was a
transgression against the laws of good manners,
30 'seeing a[[ men's fingers are not alike cleane'.
uNrT 4
Find examples of the following ways of 5 Complete these sentences using the verbs in brackets in a
talking about the past, choosing from suitable tense. Sometimes you will need to use a passive (P) or
the underlined parts ofthe text and a modal(M).
com pleti ng statements a-d. a In seventeenth century France, a nobleman's education
a reference to an earlier point in past (think P) to be incomplete until he
tense b From the sixteenth century, women seem to

b two ways of referring to habitual (carve) meat at British tables, though by the mid-nineteenth
past action: and century, carvinq at formal meals ,............. (carry out:
P) mainly by servants.
two examples of speculating about The French ........... (insist + always) that salad
the nast. usins ........... (tear: M + P) rather than cut with a knife,
talking about something that a rule which probably
LI ........... (arise) in order to
continues to be true today, using the eliminate the taste of metal - lettuce ........... (dress:
tense P)ro with oil and vineqar or lemon, which
(react: M) with some metals.
Find the following past forms or form
Arriving in Athens pursued by the Furies because
elsewhere in the text and explain the
he...................... (murder)hismother,Orestes
choice of tense or form.
........... (give: P) dinner, but so horrified were the
.t.t.'.1.1.
e one past passive infinitive

\o
other diners that they ........... (eat) in silence and

f two different past tenses in the
........... (drink) from a separate pitcher.
passive
Although live-in household staff ................. (continue)
U three different continuous tenses
D to be the norm in America up until the 1920s, their
h four irregular past verb forms in the numbers ........... (start) to decline in Europe much
active (name their infinitives)
earlier.
f For the last hundred years, the separate tiers ofa British
weddinso cake """"""""""""""""""""
(suooort:
\ II
P) bvI Inillars.
'
although more recently, upturned champagne glasses

........... (choose: P) by some couples as a variant.
@ rxam spot
Proficiency texts are bound to contain words Th e text r nts and fo r k-w i e I d i n g
ef er s to fo r k-lfke i m p I em e
you don't know, so you need to develop ways of effeminacy. Combining words like this helps to show your
guessing meaning from context clues.
language range. Answer these questions.
4 technicaltermtine.
Line 43 contains the 1 Who or what might be spoon-fedby
Work out its meaning by looking at the a a vet? b an academic? c a manager?
words around it. Which words help you? 2 Why might the following be on a knifu-edge?
a a president b the economy c a top athlete
Now explain the meaning of these
3 If a salver is silver-plated, name an object that is
words and phrases.
a copper-plated. b chrome-plated. c gold-plated.
a implements (line 1)
a Why might each of the following have been/oil-wrappedz.
b inventory (line 8)
a soft cheese b smoked fish c baked potatoes
c effeminacy (line 14)
d scooping (line 20) 5 Sweets are often sugar-coated. Can you name a food that is
e fastidious (line 26) vanilla-flavoured? b vitamin-rich? c fat-free?

a
f transgression (line 29) 6 Who or what would you describe as

g in place (line 32) a flesh-eating? b beer-swilling? c blood-sucking?
h proliferate (line 39) 7 What might be
i in transition (line 44) a oven-proofr b foolproof? c tamper-prooft
j in vogue (line 45) 8 How would someone look or behave if they were
a clown-like? b doll-like? c owl-like?
SWEET RITUALS
Listening and Speaking
1 ldentify the fruit below and classify their lE Listen again and explain the meaning
appearance, flavour and effect on your taste buds
ofthese phrases.
according to these adjectives.
a perfect wilting weather
fleshy luscious juicy sour b stacked up according to variety
sensuous fibrous bitter heavenly c exotic foliage
chewy sharp exquisite soft d the Moghul dynasties
watery appetising pulpy sweet e amazingdiversity
tender sugary overripe
The journalist talks about people in lndia
eating seasonally. With the variety of choice offered
by supermarkets, it is often possible to buy produce
out of season ls this a good thing?
Discuss the following related points.

. Big supermarkets offer maximum diversity, but
minimal flavour.
. Local food producers do not get a fair deal from
multinational companies.
. There should be larger government subsidies for
organic farming.
. People should eat to live and not live to eat.
@ tdiom spot
There are many common English idioms to do with food. Use
the pictures on the opposite page to complete idioms a-j.
Then use some of these idioms in sentences describing the
situations in a-h opposite.
a the........................on the
b have a........................ on vour........................
c out all vour in one
d have bisser to frv
e sweeten the......,..............
f take something witn a ........................ of
s soill the
2 lEIl Now listen to a journalist's report on the h sell like
growing of mangoes in lndia. Take notes under these
i 9et ........................ on Vour
i eat humble
headings and review the main points in pairs. rxrmpr:: Jack told us he had flown to Los Angeles for the
. Ideal temperature for ripening weekend and had had dinner with Carey Mulligan,
but we didn't believe him.
. Chief mango-growing area
We took lack's story about flying to Los Angeles and
. Facts about the mango tree having dinner with Carey Mulligan with a pinch of
. History of mango-growing in India salt.
}-\ uNrr4
l
@ @ txam spot
ln Part z of Paper 4, there is a two-way conversation between
the candidates, lasting four minutes in all. This consists
of an introductory one-minute task, followed by a longer
\.-lll--I
*/
discussion. Using visual prompts such as photographs,
you should take turns to speak and react to your partner's
opinions as well as giving your own.
Wi' -ffi*
5 Pictures A-D show four different aspects of current
food consumption. First, discuss the issues illustrated
in A and B, using the phrases below and your own
ideas.
l@- ,q
Picture A: air miles, seasonal produce, the buying
power of supermarkets
Picture B: shrink-wrapped, rubbish disposal, health
implications
a This government is raising taxes but is also bringing in

additional benefits for employees.
b Although I'm freelance, l'm only working for one company
- if they closed down, lU be left high and dry.
c Not realising that Professor Samuels was in front of him in
the canteen queue, Harry started imitating his Australian
accent - when the professor turned round, Harry felt really
embarrassed.
d Valentina had decided to stay on here as a student, but
now she's been offered a scholarship at Harvard, so she's
off to the US.
e Journalists have been criticising the rugby team all season
but after this amazing victory, they will have to admit they
were wrong.
f I finally managed to persuade Simon to tell me his big
secret - he's getting married!
g Sharon is studying for an MBA and running a big
department - and she has building work going on at home
too.
h The earrings Maria has designed are doing really well on
the market stall.
6 Now talk together about all four pictures, suggesting

how lifestyle choices could be modified to promote a
greener future.
5WE ET RITUALS
Part z Review
In Part 2 of Paper 2,you may be asked
to write a review of a book, film, TV
programme, concert, or other media
event. In addition to reviewing your
particular choice, you are likely to have
to comment in a more general way,
asin the sample task below. Read the
question carefully, so you know exactly
what is required.
Look at the photograph and write three

descriptive sentences about the sea.
Read this exam task and look at the

paragraph plan.
Your college magazine has invited students to contribute a film review to a special
feature entitled Special effects:essenfia/ nowadays - or distracting? Write a review of
a film you have seen that uses special effects and say whether you think they are an
important aspect of today's films.
EXAM ADVICE
o When writing a review, provide a
balance of information and opinion.
- o Do NOT describe the whole plot, as this

LecLd in lo revier-z is inappropriate.
- fntroduce frlm - 'Trre Perfect Storm' a Introduce your opinions with a variety of
- Descfibe ifs specrcll effecls I inkers.
a Use rhetorical questions to preface
opinions and ideas.
o Showyour range ofvocabulary,
including specialist terms.
Decide how wellthe sample answer on page 39 follows the plan. . Name the film (book, play, etc.) early in
the review.
What improvements would you make in terms of content and
organisation?
l-\ wRrrrNG F'LDER 2
)
The final paragraph contains an example
This is cr very good exclmp\e to consider. fn one r"zcry, it is of a rhetorical question. This is a useful
not cr fypica\ Holly..-zood fi\m, crs there is no hcrppy ending, stylistic device for introducing opinions
bql in other \./6Lys - the aclors qsed. the money spenl. lhe and works particularly well in essays
soecict\ effecls - it is and articles - and, as here, in the general
Vhy is if 'perfect'? ft is actua\\y cr \./ecrfherm6rn \-/ho L(ses comment in reviews.
lhis \-/ord. As he tracKs the vorsening \"/eafher out ai sea.
The writer should have followed up the
\./e see him oettino oenqinelv excited ctbour.t fhe unique set of
rhetorical question with some relevant
r.zecrlhef condilions. This r-rcLs crn interesting pcrft fof me.
opinions on the use of special effects. For
The cctolctin of lhe fist-rino boat. crcled bv Georce Cloonev,
example:
does not ccrre cr-bout the scrfely of his men. He on\y r-zcrnfs
fo find fish and mcrKe \ols of 5o he
to sea. turnino off the \"/ecrfher foreccrsls ctnd iqnorinq Specrx to most Hol\ywood producers
the sensib\e advice of crnofher ccrptctin (c,. ve/y cLflraclive and tt'ey vou\d probab\y argL(e lhe
r-zomcrn), r-zho is in love .,vith him crnd doesn't .-rcrnt him io ccrse. Yet l']ey (*e no subslilqte
risK his life. And yes, lt-rey ccrtch \ots of fist r, bul llren ltne for cLn origincr\ sloryline or eng.lging
ice-mcr.chine on bocrrd b/ecr-(s dor.zn, ..-rhich mectns thctl he
dicr\ogue. Used .^,ise\y, specicrl effecls
needs to relu.rn to harbour tuicK\y before the f ish go bad, blend into a film senmlessly, cts
so fre decides to oo bcrcK rioht lhrouoh lhe r"zofst r-zecrther. demonsfrcrled in Peter JcrcKson's
This is r-zhere the specicr\ effecfs slcrrf. They nre rectl\y very Oscctr-r"zinning 'Ttre Lord of tne
oood. c.nd include some c\ever use of compufers. You fee\ Rings: Ttre Fello':strip of ft.re Ring'. ff
as lhouoh vou crre in the boat r"riIh fhem. fctcino ttrose bio not, lhey vi\l only irrilafe.
\-/cLves.
r AI the end, lhe ship goes dovn cLnd \./e see one
of tl-re scti\ors - the f ilrn crlso trcrs AcrrK Vcrh\berg - drifting
on 6Ln emotv Sea. lhinKinq becrutifu\ thoctqhts ctbout his Write about 5o words of your own to
oir\friend Tnen tt-'e fi\m shor-,s the oir\friend. looKinq out to follow the rhetorical question (**).
secr .-zith ctn crnxiou5 \ooK on lrle( fcLce.
Are soecicr\ effecfs crn essenticrl oct(l of cL\\ fi\ms todc.v? " Now answer this exam task in 28o-32o
fn fhis fi\m, tl"'e specict\ effects \rerc arobcLb\v ils besl lhinq words, following the advice on page 38.
Make a paragraph plan and check useful
vocabulary in a dictionary before you
Based on the sentences you wrote earlier about the sea, write a start writing.
phrase or a sentence to follow the (-), describing the waves.
An international film magazine wants
4 ln Part z, it is important to demonstrate your range of language.
readers around the world to contribute
Use these words and phrases as replacements in the text. They
a review to a special edition entitled
are in text order.
The Art of Advertising: Selling Products
a blockbuster i outstanding through Film.You decide to write a
b budget j digital imaging review of a particularly memorable
c sub-plot k gigantic advertisement. ln your review, you
d (by)
portrayed I stars should evaluate the visual impact of
e heads out m cuts to the advertisement, outline its other
f crew n scanning the horizon features, and assess how much
g eye ofthe storm o prerequisite influence such advertisements have
h kick in p feature ON US.
WRITING FOLDER 2
8fl
Units l-1Revision in
Use of English
1 For questions r-8, read the text below. Use the word given in
capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in
the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
VENICE
I first arrived in Venice by train. My parents and I had driven from
Milan, but they had very (0) ..I-lJp-t4gHTF-!41'-t'Y..lett the car at Mestre, because they THINK
knew how vital first impressions were. That afternoon my father (1) ................ to show TAKE
me Venice. The thing to remember, he told me, was that however (21 ................ GLORY
its churches and palaces, the greatest miracle was the city itself, (3) ................ by sea CIRCLE
and marsh.
You might ask why anyone in their right mind would build a settlement in so (4) INVITE
a location. ln fact, the reason was fear. ln the days of (5) ................ , Venice did not ANTIQUE
exist; but then, in the fifth and sixth centuries, the Barbarians swept into ltaly, and
the panic-stricken (6)................ of the great mainland cities fled to the lagoon. And the INHABIT
lagoon continued to protect Venice throughout her history, separating her from the
(7) ................ feuding cities of the mainland. Today, more than ever, we have cause for PERPETUA:TE
(8) ...... : it is thanks only to the lagoon that Venice has been spared the motor car. GRATEFUL
2 For questions r-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and
eight words, including the word given.
I I'm afraid the only option open to me is to ask 4 David looked as if he was about to cry when
you to leave the restaurant. he saw the damage to his motorbike.
alternative verge
I .......................... you to leave David looked like
the restaurant. when he saw
If I had known the flight was going to be late the damage to his motorbike.
leaving, I wouldnt have bothered rushing to the If you need to contact me urgently, then ring
airport. this number.
delay necessary
Had I.............. ....... to my Should ....................., ring
flight, I wouldnt have bothered rushing to the this number.
airport. I'm sure that the hotel will be good, as it was
The authorities made the landlord take on the recommended by Pablo.
financial burden of looking after the building. bound
shoulder The ..................
The landlord recommended it to me.
looking after the building.
u N rTs 1-4
For questions t-8, read the text and
decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best Too much on Aour plate?
fits each gap.
EXAMPLE: out B put across
Waste not, w&nt not!
@carried
C taken over D caught up Recent research (O) ......911{.t-&....*4-0-..... in heland amongst chefs
and consumers forurd that 48% of people admitted to regularly
A arms A degree over-ordering in restaurants. A campaign has been launched as a
B parts B scale resr-rlt, calling for the food-service indus@ to join (1) . . . ....... with
chefs and consruners to address the issue of food waste.
C forces C margin
To bring the research findings to (2) ................ , the owner of a
D roles D quantity
restaurant in Dublin is creating a "Great Irish Waste" menu,
A fruition A shorten reconsidering food ingredients that have been tluown away,
B life B discount rejected or (3) ................ inedible and turning them into imaginative
C action C minimise dishes that are both appetising and of a suitable (4) ................ to
serve his customers. He says that while there will always be some
D book D abbreviate (5) ................ of waste in the kitchen, due to elements such as bones
A held A expectations or fat trimmings, there's an opportunity to (6) ................ wastage in
B deemed B associations the restaurant itself through better communication. "Even though
so much food comes back on customers'plates and goes in the
C said C regulations
bin, the m4jority of diners aren't aware of the environmental
D regarded D implications or cost (7) ................ of that waste. Without con$uners shifting
A model A comes down to their mindset, restaurants will struggle to reduce food waste
B equivalent B sets offagainst significantly."
C measure C lives up to Tackling this problem as a consruner is shaighfforward.
IJltimately, it (8) ................ smart shopping, clever cooking and
D standard D gets over with
shrewd storage.
Writing
4 Add punctuation and capital letters to the following book review where necessary.
Then divide the review into suitable paragraphs. The first sentence is done for you.
No one has yet written'Froth: the Trend that Changed Thats pretty frothy too. ln fact universal foam runs into
Historyi buI Universal Foarn comes pretty close to being another current publishing style the book of lists. Among
the definitive example of publishing froth The book blends the subjects covered here are volcanoes shaving foam
two recent publishing trends the newer of which is the champagne fire fighting equrpment and meringues, Then
wacky science subject, lf there is a market for books on you list everything you know about everything in the first
cryptography chronometry or cod and books on all these list 101 important facts about galaxies 20 things you
subjects have sold well in the last decade then there is never knew about the cappuccino and so on, Finally all
no Teason why any subject should seem boring. Once this is wrapped up in the academic style as old as exams
you have discovered a subject so obscure that no other where you simply cram in all the knowledge that you can
publisher has come across it before all that remains is to possibly get hold of and regurgitate it with the echoing
prove that it holds the key to universal understanding. solemnity of a tv anchorman on the simpsons suggesting
Cod a biography of the fish that changed the world is a rhetorical question can everyday foams like milk foam
a pretty good example but universal foam the story of ever be fully understood and controlled. At which point
bubbles from cappuccino to the cosmos outdoes it since there is foam flecking this reviewers lips You cant really
it permeates the universe from the smallest to the largest blame the author sidney perkowitz who has worked hard
scale, After all there arent any galaxies stretched on the and writes clearly lt is not his fault that he has nothing
skin of unimaginably vast cod nor do physicists speak of particular to say after he has got through the bits that
the world arising from fluctuations in the quantum codfish particularly interest him the fairly technical discussions of
5o the boys bumper book of froth might contain as every how to measure foams and describe them mathematically.
best-seller should everything you need to know about However the fact is there is no sound reason for this book
the universe. Then again it might contain everything else. to have been written in the first place
REVISION
The consumer society
Speaking
1 Discuss these topics with a partner.
. What is a shopaholic? Do you think
you're one? What percentage of
items that you buy are things you
want rather than need?.
How often do you buy clothes, CDs,
Listening
shoes, computer games, books and 2 ltrEYou will hear an interview between a radio presenter
chocolate? called Paula and her guest, Mike James, who is the presenter of
How important are designer labels a programme called Pricewise.This is a TV programme which
for you? champions consumer rights. For questions r-9, complete the
Do you think it's necessary to keep sentences with a word or short phrase.
in fashion? In2002, Mike fames began working on a (l)
Have you ever had to complain for a nightly news programme.
about something you've bought? Mike says that the programme keeps all correspondence on
What happened? a (2) ................ for future use.
Would you prefer a refund or an Mike says that it's important that (3) ........... read the
exchange ifyou took an item back to script carefully.
the shop? Mike gives the example of an advert which offered to sell
Do you know what legal rights you people a (4) ................ and some land.
have as a consumer? If not, who Mike says a researcher was shown a table next to the
would you turn to for advice? (5) ..................... in a restaurant.
Mike talks about a story about ordering food
(6) ................ . from a supermarket.
@ rxam spot A supermarket customer was sent (7) ..................... instead
ln Part z of Paper 3,you need to complete nine ofwhat they had ordered.
sentences with information you hear on the
recording.There is no need to write very much,
Mike mentions people complaining about trainers which
just a word or short phrase. You should write (8) .................
down the words you hear - there is no need to Mike says that manufacturers and retailers are worried about
use your own words.
poor (9)
uNrT 5
Vocabulary 4 For questions r-8, read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C
or D) best fits each gap.
Phrasalverbs
3 1-@ Listen to the conversation again
and write down the phrasal verbs you
hear which mean the following. (They
are all in the order in which you will
hear them.)
a to intend t to discover
b to agree to do C
b to test Stondordized shopping molls hove become the new
c to investigate h to mention Moin Streets of the USA occording to one (l) ................
d to make inquiries i to tolerate on the subject. Along with ontibiotics ond personol
e to be highlighted j to concede computers, the shopping moll hos been (2) ................ os
one of the top 50 wonders thot hove revolutionized the
lives of people todoy. But shopping molls didn't just
@ Phrase spot hoppen out of the blue. The moll wos originolly
Mike James talked about Pricewise becoming (3) . . ... . of os o community center where people
a programme'in its own right'.ln its own right would (4) . . . ..for shopping, culturol octivity, ond
means by itself, without being part of another
programme.
sociol interociion. lt is sofe to (5) thot the moll
There are many other expressions that use right. hos ochieved ond surpossed those eorly expectotions.
the right way round by rights The first enclosed moll wos developed in o suburb
.l956
to serve someone right in the right of Minneopolis in ond wos designed to get the
to be right underyour nose as right as rain shopper out of the horsh weother. The phenomenol
to make all the right noises right on time growth ond development of shopping centers wos o
to be within your rights the film rights
noturol (6) . . . . of the migroiion of populotion out
Choose one ofthe above expressions to from the cities ond (7) . . .the growth of the use
complete the sentences below. (You might of the outomobile. The success ond impoct of the
need to put it in a different form.)
a ........................................you should be in bed at shopping moll moy hove something to do with their
9.oo Pm. potentiolto (8) community life.
b l've had a cold but I'll be
when l've had a holiday.
c I refused to apologise because I knew I was
The police never found the murder weapon,

lAscholar Bmaster Cbody Dauthority
even thoush it was 2 A putforward B setup C pickedup D broughtout
His book has been very successful 3 A imagined B devised C conceived D formulated
and it looks like he's all set to sell
too.
4A'cluster Bconverge Cgroup Drally
...........
Helena turned up to the meeting 5Asay Btell Cspeak Dremark
for a 6Asequel Bupshot Cfollow-up Dconsequence
change.
7 A corresponded B paralleled C correlated D equated
I You'd be well ........................................ to ta ke that
SAraise Bmagnifr Cenhance Dheighten
dress back to the shop - it's torn at the collar.
h Dave.................. so I expect he'll be
promoted ahead of me. 5 Talk about the following with a partner.
I Turn it the other way, you can't read it if it . Where do you like to shop - in a town centre or in an out-
isn't ...................
j It'll ...................... Michelle of-town mall?
........... if no one ever speaks to . What do you think of the threat to small independent shops
her again! from large chains?
. Why do you think shopping centres or malls are so popular?
THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

Some uncountable nouns can be made singular if
Corpus spot they are used with a bit of or a piece of.They can
also be made plural by adding bits of or pieces of.
Several of the sentences below, some from the Cambridge
Learner Corpus, contain common mistakes connected with
However, many uncountable nouns have special
countable and uncountable nouns. Correct the sentences words to make them singular or plural, for example a
which are wrong and leave the ones which are correct. Ioaf of bread.
wHons
txanetr: lt gives you new#tons, ! would say a larger
window on the world. Match the noun with its special word.
lnformation is uncountable and should be singular. a a burst of glass
a The acoustics in this room are terrible. b a pane of smoke
b How many luggages did you bring with you?
c a stroke of abuse
c Doctors and scientists, with their researches, have
managed to give us a better life. d a grain of dust
d The news this morning were terrible - more price rises and e a gust of thunder
teachers'strike.
a
e Thanks to the revolution in transports, travelling has
f a speckof luck
become easier. g a stream of emergency
f Marco Polo set off on his travels from Venice. h arayof wind
g Drivers should watch out for roadworks on the Mz5 this
i a source of
morning.
sunshine
h Equipments such as the tape recorder and stereo are very j an item of applause
outdated. k a rumble of sand
i My advice to you is to keep quiet about what is happening
I a puff of
in the office. amusement
j The future behaviours of our children will depend on a m a state of clothing/news
good upbringing.
w
k I live on the outskirt ofthe city. 3 You must spell correctly in the examination. Read
I The fishmonger weighed out three kilos of fishes. through the following advertisement and find the
m I was never much good at statistics.
nouns which are spelled wrongly. Use your dictionary
n The sceneries in New Zealand are spectacular.
o Traffic is becoming a problem in most cities nowadays. to help you.
p The police is aware of the break-in.
q My father is a Professor of Economic.
1 Some nouns have different meanings according to Look around. You're in the midst of
whether they are used uncountably or with a or an
a global maelstrom. A swirling mass
or in the plural. Write sentences which show the two
of converging technologies and new
meanings of the following nouns.
business oportunities unleashed by the
ExAMILE: damage lnternet. All waiting to be harnessed by
The fire did enormous damage to the large lT service providors. As one has
town. said: 'We've focused our energy and
The judge awarded her f,l million in resauces on creating technology to solve
damages. the unique problems of thousends of
a work f language individual businesses. Last year alone we
b iron c
b comfort invested $2.5 bilion of our global lT and
c disorder h experience telecomunications revenus on R & D.
d speech i capital lnnervations that keep your company
e loom j coffee one step ahead of the lnternet. And light
years ahead of the compettition.'
uNrT 5
4 There are three ways of showing
Vocabulary
possession in English:
Prepositions
A The apostrophe
5 Read the article and fillthe spaces with a suitable preposition.
- used with people, e.g. customers'
rughfs (NB the customer's rights
refers to one customer; the
customers'rights refers to more
than one.)
- used with time and distance, e.g. a
days pay
Using'of'
- usually used with objects, e.g. the
price ofpetrol
- used to talk about position, e.g.
the back of the room
Using a noun as an adjective

e.g. a table leg, a travel agency
Complete the following sentences using

one of the forms above, A, B or C.
a (seat, back) Can I sit in the
........... on the way home?
b (boss, wife) His ........... is
in hospital having a baby.
(room, corner) The boy was sitting
in the..............
d (dav. oav) When is There has been a huge rise (1) .................. the number
e (week, holiday) Mary only had one of sports 'superstores' on the High Street. You go in and are O
........... last year. faced (2) ........... a giant wall, consisting entirely
(wine, glass) Would you prefer a (3)..................... shoes,eachmodelcategorised
........... or a tumbler for (4)..................... eithersportsaffiliation,basketballstar;
your drink? economic class or consumer niche.
(delay, moment) The decision was I noticed a boy (5) even greater awe
...........
taken without a (6).....................
the towering selection of footwear than
h (Anne, best friend) I was. His eyes were glazed (7) ........... a psycho-
has just got a job in Milan. physical response (8) . the overwhelming
i (door, handle) Take care with that sensory data. This phenomenon, known as the 'Gruen Transfer',
- it's loose. is commonly observed (9)..................... a shopping mall or
j (field, sports) The team went out High Street store.
onto the ........... , wearing Having finished several years (10) ........... research
their new strip. (11). .... ....... this exact psychological state, I knew to
proceed (12).................. caution. I slowly made my way
(13) ................... the boyb side and gently asked him.
'What is (14)
going ........... in your mind right now?'
He responded (15) ........... the slightest hesitation,

'l don't know which trainer is me and l'm no good
(16)................... making choices!'

1 Discuss these questions in groups.
. Is there a certain advertisement that has appealed to you
more than others? Why? 2 Read the texts below on advertising.
. What do you think makes a good advertisement? Think about:
. Do you think admen can sell anything? Think of some . where you would find these texts,
things that might be difficult to sell. e.g. in a newspaper, magazine,
. Should advertising be curbed in any way? Should there be research paper, novel, encyclopaedia,
restrictions on, for example, junk food being advertised leaflet, brochure, etc.
on TV? . what style the writer is using, e.g.
. Do you think some people are more vulnerable to formal, informal, journalistic,
advertising than others? academic, personal, narrative, etc.
Text I Text
Te> 2
Advertising: exploiting
the vulnerable?
Advertising and young people
Concern about young people5 lack of
It's been estimated that young people today shell out nearly life skills and cognitive ability to evaluate
€50 a week on clothing, entertainment, and fast food. And advertisements has provided much scope
that's not all. It's now beginning to dawn on advertisers that, for research and heated debate. Embedded
through nagging power, young people not only influence within the discussion is the contention
the purchases of the goods and services that appeal to that advertising to this group is inherently
them, but they also influence many of the purchases in
'unfair'. However, many now believe that
the vulnerabilities of young people are often
the entire household, even down to the family car. This is
overstated and that, having grown up with
an advertiserb dream. People, especially in the 13-19 age
the constant barrage of advertising, they are
group, buy on impulse. They are less likely than others to
able to pay it little or no attention. There is
weigh up price differences or get recommendations. They
also the argument that, by providing product
buy based on what their friends are buying, what will information, advertising helps young people
make them more popular with their peer group, or what a make more informed choices.
celebrity they are into says they need.
h uNrr5
)
Find words in the texts which mean the 5 Write two paragraphs, summarising and using your own words
same as the following in the context. as far as possible, the information in the two texts. Begin with
(They are in text order.) Use an English- a sentence which tells the reader what the texts are generally
English dictionary to help you. about, for example:
Text I Text 2 The two texts discuss the pros and cons of advertising to young
occur to assess People.
pester extent
Then continue, summarising the two points that each text
including claim
makes. Begin:
whim essentially
evaluate exaggerated
Text I claims that ...
Text 2 argues that ...
Read through the sentences below and
decide which are the two main points
that each text is making. Vocabulary
Text I
a Young people like to buy the same
Abstract nouns
things that everyone else does. 6 Being able to manipulate words is a very useful skill for both the
b Young people do not spend time Writing and Reading and Use of English Papers. Complete these
carefully considering what to buy. sentences by changing the word in brackets into an abstract
c Young people have more money noun. Use a dictionary to help you.
than ever to spend nowadays.
ExAMILE: I value her (friend) greatly. friendship
d Young people have a great deal of
influence on what is bought by their
a They quarrelled out of sheer (bored).
friends and family. b Some new products have built-in (obsolete).
c Environmental (aware) has increased dramatically over the
Text2
last decade.
a Young people pay little attention to
d He felt great (proud) when his youngest daughter won first
advertising as they are used to it.
prize.
b There has been increased concern e He's got the (confident) to walk into an interview and get
about the amount of advertising that
the job.
is aimed at young people.
f The government believes that its (austere) programme will
c Advertising can be helpful to young
reduce inflation.
people by providing them with
g His friends take advantage of his (generous), and borrow his
product information.
things without asking.
d Young people dont have the
h Now she is 18, she is keen to have her (independent) from
background knowledge to be able to
her parents.
make sensible choices.
i He complained that the (inefficient) of the bus service was
having an impact on employment.
j His feelings of (insecure) made him desperate to get other
people's approval.
k Scrooge is a character in Charles Dickens' book A Christmas
Carolwho is famous for his (mean).
I (Individual) is the idea that freedom of thought and action
for each person is the most important quality of a society,
rather than shared effort and (responsible).
m Louise's (aspire) to help others come from her own
misfortune as a child.
n I think it's important to treat his articles with a degree of
(sceptical).

Paper r Part r Multiple-choice cloze
This part of the Reading and Use of English paper is composed of a text drawn from
a range of different sources of written English, for example from advertisements,
newspaper articles, encyclopaedia entries, literary texts, etc. The text contains eight
gaps and is followed by eight four-option multiple-choice questions.
The questions test your knowledge of the following.
ldioms
They had a terrible row, all because Mike had got hold of the wrong end of the
........... when Sonia was explaining what had happened at the beach.
A line B stick C rope D ruler

The answer is B. Io get hold of the wrong end of the stick means to misunderstand
something. ldioms are expressions which cannot be changed.
Collocations
Primary education has been ..... underfunded in this area of the country for
many years now, and it is about time something was done about it.
A seriously B deeply C highly D remarkably
The answer is A, Senbus/y and underfunded are often used together. Words that are
often used together in this way are called collocations.
Fixed phrases
Everyone quickly .....,..... their places on the stage in readiness for the curtain
to go up.
A made B had C saved D took
The answer is D. Io take one's place is a fixed phrase. This means that it contains
elements that can change with the sense of the sentence, e.g. he toak his place, they
took their places.
Complementation
The menu ........... of various starters, main courses and desserts, all, in my
opinion, designed to please the eye rather than the palate.
A consisted B composed C contained D comprised
The answer is A. Consrsf takes the preposition of. Your knowledge of prepositions,
reflexives and verb patterns is tested in this type of question.
Phrasal verbs
Pete didn't bother to ...................... up until nearly the end of the lesson, and then he
just slouched into the room and flung himself into a seat with no apology.
A come B show G catch Dgo

The answer is B. Io show up means to put in an appearance.
Semantic precision EXAM ADVICE
Therain ........... down slowly under his coat collar, a Read the whole text carefully before
making him feel thoroughly damp and miserable. looking at the options.
A crept B waded G trickled D teemed a Think carefullyabout your choice of

answer. Remember that you are often
The answer is C. Trickled is the only option which refers to slow being tested notjust on choosing a
word which is grammatically correct,
movement of water. The precise meaning of a word in relation but also one which best fits the sense or
to the whole context, either at sentence or whole text level, is tone ofthe text.
tested. o Always choose an answer, even if you
are not sureyou are right.You are not
Read the Exam advice and then do the task below. penalised for wrong answers. You have a
z5Yo chance ofgetting an answer right,
For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer even if you really have no idea what the
answer is!
(A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the
beginning (0).
A brought B given C shed D shown
0 I
ABCD
: E E
MERCHANT@FLORENCE
An ltalian academic, Giorgio Stabile, has (0)......4...... to light the fact

that the ubiquitous symbol of lnternet era communication, the @
sign used in email addresses, is actually a 500-year-old invention
of ltalian merchants. He claims to have (1) ................ on the earliest known example of the symbol's use, as
an indication of a measure of weight or volume. He said the @ sign (2) an amphora, a measure of
capacity based on the terracotta jars used to transport grain and liquid in the ancient Mediterranean world.
The first known (3) ................ of its use occurred in a letter written by a Florentine merchant on May 4, 1536.
The ancient symbol was (4) in the course of research for a visual history of the 20th century.
(5)................ , the sign had made its way along trade routes to northern Europe, where it (6) ................ on its
contemporary accountancy meaning: 'at the price of'. According to Professor Stabile, the oldest example
could be of great value as it could be used for publicity purposes and to (7) ................ the prestige of the
institution that has it in their (8)................ .
1 A encountered B stumbled C run D fallen

2 A substituted B represented C described D typified
3 A instance B occasion C precedent D illustration
4 A uncovered B unwrapped G unearthed D unmasked
5 A Outwardly B Actually G Logically D Apparently
6Aput B took C set D came
7 A enhance B tift C elevate D embellish
8 A tenure B proprietorship G possession D custody
EXAM FOTDER 3
The sound of music
5peaking Reading
1 Cive your opinion on the following statements. 2 You are going to read an extract from an article.
. Listening to music helps me to concentrate, Seven paragraphs have been removed from the
especially when studying. extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the
. Every child should have the opportunity to learn one which fits each gap (r-7). There is one extra
an instrument. paragraph which you do not need to use.
. Some instruments are easier to learn than others.
To help you, the first two answers have the links
. Listening to pop music improves my mood.
highlighted. Underline the links which give you the
. Classical music is far superior to pop music.
answers to the other gaps.
As a mathematician with strong musical interests who grew

4
up in a family of musicians, I have been asked about the
connection between music and maths many times. And I have lndeed, yes, we can. For a start, both mathematics and music
bad news: although there are some obvious similarities between deal with abstract structures, so if you become good at one,
mathematical and musical activity, there is (as yet) no compelling then it is plausible that you become good at something more
general - handling abstract structures - that helps you with
evidence for the kind of mysterious, almost magical connection
the other. lf this is correct, then it would show a connection
that many people seem to believe in. l'm partly referring here to
between mathematical and musical ability, but not the kind of
the'Mozart Effectl the hypothesis that children who have heard
obscure connection that people hope for.
music by Mozart are supposedly more intelligent, including at
mathematics, than children from a control group. 5
1
Of course, abstract structures are not confined to mathematics
and music. lf you are learning a foreign language then you
Of course, this <onclusion does not show that there is no need to understand its grammar and syntax, which are prime
interesting connection between mathematics and music. lt was examples of abstract structures. And yet we don't hear people
always a little implausible that lazily listening to a concerto would asking about a mysterious connection between mathematical
earn you extra marks on that maths test you are taking tomorrow ability and linguistic ability.
but what about learning to read music or spending hours
practising the piano? That takes genuine effort. 6
ln an effort to dispel this air of contradiction, let me give
2
one example of a general aptitude that is useful in both
Demonstrating a connection of this kind is not as easy as one mathematics and music: the ability to solve problems of the ?
might think. To begin with, there are plenty of innumerate is to B as C is to D" kind. These appear in intelligence tests (car
musicians and tone-deaf mathematicians, so the best one could is to garage as aircraft is to what?) but they are also absolutely
hope to demonstrate would be a significant positive correlation central to both music and mathematics.
between aptitudes at the two disciplines. And then one
would face all the usual challenges of establishing a statistical 7
connection. I take the view that the general question of whether
mathematical ability and musical ability are related is much
3
less interesting than some similar but more specific questions.
And yet, the belief that the two are interestingly related won't go Are musicians more drawn to certain composers (Bach, for
away without a fight. I cannot help observing that among the instance)? Are musical mathematicians more drawn to certain
mathematicians I know, there do seem to be a surprising number areas of mathematics? One can imagine many interesting
who are very good indeed at the piano. surveys and experiments that could be done, but for now this
is uncharted territory and all we can do is speculate.
UNIT 6
3 What do you think about the idea that
people who are good at music are also
@ rxam spot
good at maths? Do you think listening
Read the introduction to get an idea of what the text is going to be about.
to music or learning an instrument can
Then read the text and the missing paragraphs.
improve your overall intelligence?
Read through the paragraphs on either side of the gap very carefully. Don't
just read the paragraph before the gap as this might not give you any
clues to the missing text. This part of the exqm is testing, understanding of
content as well as reference devices.
@ Phrase spot
Phrases with the verbtake are often tested at
A Ifeel that it would be more like the straightforward link between ability this level. ln the text there was take a test,take
at football and ability at cricket. To become better at one of those then effort and take seriously.
you need to improve your fitness and co-ordination. That makes you Complete the gaps with one of the following
better at sport in general. words or phrases:
part exception to
For example, identifuing and controlling for other potentially
the view for granted
influential factors is difficult, and as far as I know there has been no
truly convincing study of that type that has shown that musical ability
place a stand by surprise
enhances mathematical ability or vice versa. issue advantage

notice into account/consideration
c The second phrase is a clear answer to the first. But one can be more account of second place
precise about what this means. lf you try to imagine any other second
Alicia took great ........................................ the fact
phrase, nothing seems'right' in the way that Mozart's chosen phrase does. that her name had been left offthe guest
Iist.
D Could it be that the rewards for that time-consuming dedication Don't take any........................................ of what
spill over into other areas of intellectual life, and in particular into Sue says - she's just in a bad mood.
The seminar will take........................................ in
mathematics? ls there any evidence that people who have worked
the new lecture room on the fourth floor.
hard to become good at music are better at mathematics than
people who are completely unmusical? And in the other direction, are
He rarely took ........... in
proceedings, preferring rather to have a
mathematicians better than average at music? backseat role.
This institution takes
My guess is that that is because the link exists but not the uncertainty: that all employees should be treated fairly.
grammar feels mathematical. Music, by contrast, is strongly tied up When you add up your business expenses
don't forget to take ........................................ hotel
with one's emotions and can be enjoyed even by people who know
tips.
very little about it. As such, it seems very different from mathematics, The Minister took .....................
so any connection between the two is appealingly paradoxical. with the interviewer over whether the
government was sticking to its manifesto
It is not hard to see why such a theory would be taken seriously: we pledges.
would all like to become better at mathematics without putting in
Mark took ....... .... of the breeze
and went windsurfing.
any effort. But the conclusions of the original experiment have been
His sudden appearance took me
grossly exaggerated. lf you want your brain to work better, then not
surprisingly, you have to put in some hard graft; there is no such thing j Fatherstendto havetotake
as an intellectual perpetual-motion machine. Mozart CDs for babies when a new baby comes
and toys that combine maths and music might help, but not much, along.
and the effects are temporary. We need to take ........................................ the
neighbours if we're going to have a party.
G Luisa was fed up with being taken
Ibelieve that there is a study waiting to be done on this: are
........... and decided to leave
mathematicians more drawn to this rather than to other instruments? both her husband and family.
Of the mathematicians I can think of who are superb instrumentalists, m The teacher decided it was time to take
all but one are pianists. While we wait for scientific evidence to back up ........... on school uniform and
the anecdotal evidence, can we at least argue that it is plausible that not allow the children to wear trainers in
there should be a connection? class.
H Music is full of little puzzles like this. lf you are good at them, then
when you listen to a piece, expectations will constantly be set up
in your mind. Of course, some of the best moments in music come
when one's expectations are confounded, but if you don't have the
expectations in the first place then you will miss out on the pleasure.
THE SOUND OF MUSIC

Modals: Degrees of likelihood
Likelihood ranges from absolute

certainty to complete impossibility and
can be expressed in a number of ways:
. with modal auxiliaries can, mty,

could, might, should, ought to, must
be, can't be inthe present and with a
perfect infinitive in the past
. with a sentence beginning with If
and followed by a that-clatse
. by an adverbial such as perhaps,
without a doubt, etc.
1 Which of the sentences below express the

following? ln pairs talk about the likelihood of the following
A complete certainty (negative and positive) happening.
B strong probability/possibility a The birth of another Mozart.
C weak probability/possibility b An asteroid hitting Earth.
D general or theoretical probability/possibility c People having brain transplants.
a The chances are it will rain tonight. d English no longer being the language of the Internet.
b He cant have got home already, as I think e New Zealand winning the football World Cup.
the trains are delayed. f Electric cars taking oyer from petrol-driven ones.
c He couldnt have looked less enthusiastic if ln groups decide what person or event the speaker
he'd tried. might be talking about in these extracts from radio news
d Caroline is bound to pass her violin exam. bulletins.
e You shouldnt have gone swimming off the EXAMpLE: '... and as the car slows down for him to
rocks, because you really could have had an
wave to the crowds a shot is heard ...'
accident.
It may be a movie star.
f You definitely wont have any problem with
your application, as it looks fine. The chances are itb a politician.
g The package ought to arrive in a couple of Itb bound to be someone famous because he's
days. waving at the crowds.
h The postman mustVe already called - look a '... he's coming down the steps slowly, and with a
there's a letter on the table. final movement that looks like a small jump because
i I may very well see you on Saturday. of the atmosphere, he . ..'
j There's every likelihood of rain this b '... and the crowds are standing outside waiting for
afternoon. the happy couple to come out onto the balcony ...'
k It can be interesting to re-read books you c '... and she has been successful in both her singing
read as a child. and acting careers, having number one singles for the
I She's certain to get lost when she goes to past twenty years ...'
Tokyo. d '... he's won more championships than anyone else in
m There's a faint chance I'll get a car for my his field and, though he's near retirement age now, I
birthday. think he still has some more cups to win ...'
e '.. . And scientists are saying that because of this
breakthrough the world will soon be free of this
disease ...'
l\uN,rG
5 Quickly read through this extract from an article about pop music
to get some idea of what it is about. Don't fill in any spaces at this
@ rxam spot
stage. When you've read it, answer the questions below.
ln Paper t, Part 4 transformations, you must use
between three and eight words including the
key word. Contractions (ca n't, w o n't, etc.) cou nt
as two words. Check your answers for length
and accuracy before transferring them to the,
answer sheet.
Band Manufacture
comprete the second sentence so that H:Il::1il:ffi,tJlll'.:J.::il'i1Tl]ltl ln ;;,; n.,.
it has a similar meaning to the first economists recognised pop music's importance (Z) ......................
sentence, using the word given. Do a business, pointing (3)............. that it contributes moTe
not change the word given. You must (4)...................... export earnings than the steel industry, but
use between three and eight words, strange as it (5) ........... seem, people in some countries
pop than they do on fruit and vegetables,
including the word given.
spend more on
(5) ...................... such serious money washing around, the
I In all probability Alan will get a quesrion of (7) ................ will be the nexr big thing is
place to study music at Oxford. (8) ...................... too important to be left to random factors such
chances as chance and talent, (9)...................... the great names of rock in
The .................. the 60s and 70s formed bands spontaneously (10)
accepted to study music at Oxford. they were discovered and then marketed, their successors are
increasingly (11) to be brought
Professor Potts is unlikely to retire (12)................... by marketing men, Many groups, often sold
before she has to. as four young men oT women in (13).............. of their own
doubtful destiny, were in (14) ..................
dreamed up and promoted by
I1.................... middle-aged men, Designing a band is much the same as designing
early retirement. (15).................. other product: take a basic, successful model
and adapt it The challenge, when everything has been tried alreadv, is
Unless there is a last-minute hitch,
to persuade consumers that what you
the Head's job is his for the taking. are doing is in some way innovative.
bound
He's ..................
there isnt a last-minute hitch.

It's possible that the fire was caused
by an electrical fault in the gym.
likelihood
In ................
of the fire in the gym was an
electrical fault.
It's pretly certain that we'll win a gold
medal this year in the 100 metres.
foregone
It's .... ................
is ours for the taking in the 100

metres this year.
There's a strong possibility the
audience will ignore any mistakes
she makes at the concert.
take a What is the writer's attitude to the pop industry?
It's highly b What comparison does the writer make in the article?
of any mistakes she makes at the
c What conclusion does the writer draw?
concert. Now fill the spaces with one word only.
THE SOUND OF MUSIC

1 Link the following instruments with the category

they belong in.
@ styl" extra
brass electronic keyboard ln the interview you've just heard, wood was described as
percussion string woodwind finely grained
and
violin clarinet drum
incredibly strong
saxophone cello flute
This kind of adverb-participle and adverb-adjective
triangle piano synthesizer collocation is fairly common in English and you should try
guitar trumpet xylophone to familiarise yourself with them. Below are some more
common collocations.
1-@ You are going to hear an interview with Sue
seriously ill widely believed
Pearson, who teaches violin-making at a college. For strongly worded carefully chosen
questions r-9, complete the sentences with a word singularly successful staggeringly expensive
or short phrase. keenly priced
Write a sentence which includes the following words and one
of the collocations above.
EXAMPLE: sister /food poisoning
Steos to My sister is seriously ill with food poisoning.
making a violin My sister sent a strongly worded letter to the

restaurant when she got Jood poisoning.
a a monster / Loch Ness
b boyfriend / birthday present
The interviewer describes violins as c designer clothes / out-of-town retail outlets
being elaborately (1) d seats / rock concert
Sue prefers to have wood which has e new album / number one
grown in a (2) ........... climate.

Itt important for the grain to be uniforrn
that the violin will have (3) ........... @ tdiom spot
well as strength. Complete the following sentences using one of these words.
Sue explains that there is a great deal ofir One is used more than once:
tune chord song string note score

The thickness of the wood is a lt was clear from people's reactions that the newcomer
what Sue refers to'as the (5) was someone of ........................
of the violin. b The new college principal would appear to be in
........... with most of the students.
(6) c I put in a bid for that old piano because it was going for a
and bottom ofthe
Students find the
d Rachel did an advanced lT course before she started work,
to make sure she had a second ........... to her
hardest par:t of bow.
Sue believes e The fight occurred when the youths decided they needed
to settle the........................................ with the other gang.
the sound f The soeech seemed to strike therisht
Sue with the crowd and they clapped loudly.
(e) g Her biography struck a ........................................ with quite a few
elderly people who had had a similar experience.
violinS
@ exam spot
ln Part z of Paper 4, there is a two-way conversation between
the candidates: a one-minute task, followed by a three-
minute related task. ln Unit 4 you looked at the one-minute
task. ln the three-minute task you are given visual material
and asked to speculate, evaluate, compare, give your opinions
and make decisions.
UNIT 5
3 Look at photographs A-D. You need to imagine that a television
Pronunciation
documentary is being produced on music today.These pictures
show some of the aspects that are being considered. You 4 rE ln 6.2 you looked at modals. The
have about three minutes to decide which aspect is most tone of voice that is used with certain
representative of music today. modal auxiliaries can change the
meaning. Listen to these sentences.
What feeling is the speaker expressing?
For example, irritation, anger, surprise,
being reproachful, etc.
a You could have rung me from the
station.
b You could have rung me from the
station.
c You might ask before you borrow
the car!
d You might ask Pete if you can
borrow his car.
e Liz should have got here an hour
ago'
f Liz should have got here an hour
ago.
5 1I[ You are going to hear other

examples of contrastive stress.
Underline the word which is stressed in
the sentence you hear and answer the
question that follows.
EXAMPLE: I wanted white wine with
the meal.
Did she get white wine? No.
I thought youd gone home.
Is the person at home?
I thought youd gone home.
Is the person at home?
She's an English teacher.
Does she teach English?
She's an English teacher.
Does she teach English?
I'm not buying a car.
Is he buying a car?
I'm not buying a car.
Is he buying a car?
She's not pretty.
Is she pretty?
She's not pretty.
Is she pretty?
Try to include some mention of the following: I had wanted to see the paintings.
Did he see the paintings?
accessibility popularity
sound quality value for money
I had wanted to see the paintings.
Did he see the paintings?
THE SOUND OF MUSIC

Part r Essay Choose sentences from a-f that are
closest to your own wording. Decide
Look back at Writing folder I on pages 22-23 for basic facts whether the remaining sentences
represent ideas in the texts.
about this compulsory question. An essay is a discursive task
that expresses an argument. Clear organisation is required, a Music should have a special place
together with a logical sequence of ideas. The register used in the school curriculum because
should be'unmarked'- that is, neither formal nor informal it allows children to participate in
- and impersonal in tone, as there is usually no reference to something productive.
personal experience. The best-known performers earn a
great deal, so state support cannot be
1 Read the two texts below, which contain complementary justified.
ideas on the status of music in society. Express these ideas in It is short-sighted to cut the study
sentences, using your own words. of music in schools, given its proven
positive effects.
Text 1 Despite the widespread presence of
music in the modern world, it tends
to be under-valued.
Music is something that we perhaps take for granted in our
Parents should pay for their
daily lives, particularly when it exists in the form of background
music in public places or advertising jingles, and with the huge children's music tuition throughout
availability of downloadable music, we now have ready access to their schooling.
whatever we desire. However, do we as a society take music as It is scandalous that promising
seriously as we should? Professional musicians are highly-skilled young musicians are often unable to
individuals, yet many of them struggle to find regular work and develop in their field.
their talent is seldom recognised. In most countries, they receive
no state support and many are forced to abandon a career in 3 Read these exam instructions, paying
music altogether. What a waste! attention to the highlighted parts. Note
down additional ideas of your own that
are relevant to the topic.
Text 2 Write an essay summarising and
evaluating the key points from both
texts. Use your own words throughout
Music has been downgraded in importance in our schools and is
as far as possible, and include your
often the first subject to be withdrawn from the curriculum, with
more and more emphasis placed on core subjects. Yet research own ideas in your answer.
has shown that those who learn music from a young age benefit in
different ways. Music lessons are creative and engage children in
a collaborative activity that has a real outcome. Even if parents are
reluctant to contribute additional funding for instruments, they will
usually come to see their offspring perform in the school concert.
Let's give music back the status it deserves in education.
:\ wRrrrNc F'LDER 3
)
When writing an essay,there are various ways of introducing an EXAM ADVICE
argument. Read these sentence openers and choose one from
each section to preface your differenf ideas.
I Refer to the four key points clearly in
your answer.
Generalising o lntroduce the main argument atthe
It is often said that ... outset.
It is usually the case that ... o lnclude ideas of your own that are
relevant.
People tend to regard ...
The reality is that .., I Organise your ideas in logical
paragraphs.
Specifying I Make sure your argument is coherent.
From the classical performerl point of view, ...
r lnclude an effective conclusion.
Professional musicians are seen a.s .. .
I Use a variety of sentence openets and
In terms of the sehool curriculum itself, ... linkers.
As far as parents are concerned, ... r Write in an unmarked register, using an
Raising an argument impersonal tone.
Considertng... o Use your own words wherever possible.
On the question of ...

No one would dispute ... 6 Now write your essay, following the
Giving one side Exam advice and the instructions in 3. You
One argument in favour of thk is . .. should write z4o-z8o words.

In support of...
It is true that ..,
Giving the other side
At the same time ...
In actualfact ...
On the other hand, ...
In contrast to . ,,
Set/Weighed against this is ...
This is not to say that ...
Plan your essay, organising your ideas in a paragraph plan.Then

draft an introduction that outlines the scope ofthe essay.
Before your very eyes
Listening
1 ldentify each of the pictures opposite. What do
they have in common with the unit titl6?
@ nam spot
Part t of Paper 3 contains three short extracts, each with
two multiple-choice questions. Read through the questions
before you listen, to predict what to listen out for. You hear a man talking on
the radio about Percy Shaw,
2 'rlm You will hear three different extracts. First, an inventor.
read the questions and check any difficult words in
5 What prompted Percy Shaw
your dictionary.
to work on his invention?
For questions t-6, choose the answer (A, B or C) A He was involved in a serious car accident.
which fits best according to what you hear. There B Something on which he had relied disappeared.
are two questions for each extract. C His eyesight was no longer as keen as it once
was.
6 Which part of his invention is likened to an
You hear a woman being interviewed on the radio eyelid?
about the eye. A the pad B the base C the assembly
I What is the woman's profession? 3 Explain the meaning of the phrases in bold in the
A zoologist B psychologist C journalist recording scripts for Extracts Two and Three in your
2 What point does she make about staring? own words.
A Humans have to resort to less direct forms of
Extract Two
intimidation.
B False eye spots on animals prove that the 'It was always the same wall and he appeared to be
eye is irreplaceable. attempting pictures, as well as showing a definite
C Animals make eye contact to signal they are sense of colour ... As soon as Sam completed one
about to attack. magnum opus I would take it down and replace it
with a fresh canvas, so to speak ... You see, he has
absolutely no leanings towards art, being heavily
You hear a woman talking about when her son into information technology!'
was very young.
3 Why did the woman choose not to tell her son Extract Three
off when he drew on the wall? 'Driving home through the unlit outskirts of
A She felt guilty as she had not been keeping Halifax at night, he found the perfect substitute
an eye on him. for night vision, following the glint of his
B She thought his pictures added some much- headlights in the metal tramlines. But he ran into
needed colour. a problem: no longer in use, these rails were soon
C She believed it was wrong to put a stop to taken up for good. With this serious setbach
his creativity. Shaw decided it was time to come up with
4 Now that he is grown up, how does she feel something that would help him - and others - to
about the action she took? steer in the dark. His now ubiquitous invention,
A sceptical B justified C regretful modelled on the eye of a cat, consists of a mirror
and a spherical lens mounted on a rubber padl
:\ uN,r7
'l
laiom spot
4 Read the text about the French artist Georges Seurat.
@ Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of
Which of these idioms was used in the recordings? What do the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the
the others mean?
same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
catch someone's eye turn a blind eye (to)
look someone in the eye see eye to eye (with)
have an eye for be in the public eye
Use your imagination to the full to finish these sentences.

a The thing that really caught my eye was ...
b I shouldn't have turned a blind eye to ...
c My boss looked me in the eye and said ...
d l've never seen eye to eye with ...
e You definitely have an eye for ...
f People who are in the public eye should ...
@ *am spot
The Paper r Part 3 word formation task tests related parts
of speech and compound words. Read the text carefully - a
space may require a plural or negative form.
Few artists discover a (0).....|$F-A!-\l.l.N.9F!4-l-.... direction so young in life. Barely into his MEAN
twenties, Georges Seurat did just this, developing one of the most lucid classical styles
since the fifteenth century, the (1) ........... of which was the dot. ESSENTIAL
This was a radical departure from the style of lmpressionist artists such as Pissarro and
Renoir. (2) ..................... the unit of lmpressionism had been the brush-stroke, always HITHER
(3) ..................... in form - fat or thin, clean or smeared, streaky, squidgy or PREDICT
transparent - and (4) ........... mixed to conform with the facts of sight. INTUITION
Seurat wanted something with greater (5).................. than that. A child of STABLE
late nineteenth-century positivism and scientific optimism, Seurat drew on studies
of visual colour analysis to generate his own (5) ..................... style. The most COMPARE
(7) ..................... work of this nature was 'The Law of Simultaneous Colour Contrast', INFLUENCE
written by Eugdne Chevreul. According to Chevreul, colour recognition was a matter of
(8) ..................... - a web of connected events - rather than the simple presentation of ACT
one hue after another to the eye. Seurat resolved to make this process explicit on canvas
by making his colour patches tiny, reducing them to dots: hence the name, 'Pointillism'.
@ styt" extra
Look at this example from the text. rxnrupre : One of the most creative artists of the zoth century,
A child oJ late nineteenth-century positivism and scientific Picasso produced many dffirent styles in the course of
optimism, Seurat drew on ... his working life.
The use of an extended noun phrase to preface a sentence like a A high ly-regarded a nd grou nd-brea king fil m-maker,
this is common in biographical and other academic writing. b Best-known for their awe-inspiring poetry,
Complete the sentences a-d, which start with noun phrases,
c The most significant political thinker of his generation,
writing about people of your choice.
d A leading innovator in her field of expertise,
Write two more complete sentences on subjects of your choice.
BEFORE YOUR VERY EYES

1 a ldentify the part of speech of each underlined
word in the following sentence, which is from
one of the recordings in 7.r.
You may see a pair of dazzling headlights
eyeballing you.
@ rxam spot
to give more information
You can use participles in clauses,
about a noun. lncluding these clauses in Paper z answers will
impress the examiner, as your writing will be more complex
and sophisticated.
b ldentify the participle and say what it refers to in

these examples, also taken from 7.r.
i Driving home through the unlit outskirts of Halifax at
night, Percy Shaw would follow the glint of ...
ii His invention, modelled on the eye of a cat, consists
of ...
c Sometimes the position of the participle clause in the
sentence alters the meaning. Explain the difference in
meaning of these two sentences.
i I saw our cat sitting precariously on the roof.
ii Sitting precariously on the roof, I saw our cat.
Compare the two pictures. One is by the rgth-century British
artist J.M.W. Turner and the other was taken by the Hubble
Space Telescope.
Would you describe each as beautiful? Why? / Why not?
How else might you describe these pictures? Would you use
any of these words?
awe-inspiring dazzling flamboyant

indistinct natural spectacular
unimaginable
Now read the article, ignoring the use of italics. Why does
the writer draw a parallel between the Hubble image and
Turner's work? What idea is expressed about art and beauty?
Say whether the italicised participles in the article are used

actively or passively. Does each one refer to simultaneous
action or to previous action? For example, Gazing is an active
use, referring to the same time as the action in the main
clause of the senten ce (we are savouring).
uNrT 7
Join a sentence from r-6 with one from a-f, starting each
new sentence with a participle clause. Think about timing
in the two sentences you are joining. An example (0 + g) is
given.
EXAMILE: Having slashed the half-finished canvas with a
knife, the temperamental artist threw his paints
out of the seventh-storey window one by one.
0 The temperamental artist slashed the half-finished
canvas with a knife.
I The exhibition includes some rather shocking images.
2 Andy Goldsworthy's sculptures often occur in open
landscape.
J Physicists want to create order from chaos.
4 The photographer took quite a few warm-up shots.
5 People come in from the street for an hour's rest.
6 I have already bought two previous works by this artist.
a They dont realise that the beds - and they themselves -
are part of an installation.
b They are constantly trying to reduce the universe to a
set of basic principles.
c It has received mixed reactions from members of the
public.
d I am looking out for a third.
e Then he caught the model unawares in a more relaxed
pose.
f They are particularly effective during dramatic weather
conditions.
g He threw his paints out of the seventh-storey window
one by one.
Complete the sentences with a suitable passive participle,

formed from one of the verbs below.
announce choose damage make

search sell show
The sculptures ..................... for the exhibition will

all have to travel to New York by sea.
Many of the images . . . in advertisements
at the moment are based on original artists' work.

The colourful posters .. .. at the gallery
could themselves become collectors' items one day.
|ewellery ......... from recycled glass and
plastic is particularly popular.
Delays have mainly been caused by visitors' belongings
.......... at the exhibition entrance.
The shortlist ...... yesterday has already
provoked strong criticism.
The museum basement by flooding
last November will remain closed to visitors.

Reading into Writing: Exemplifying your ideas
I What is a visual clichd? Decide which of the images

shown are the most clich6d, giving your reasons.
Then describe something that is a clich6 for you.
2 Read the two texts about clich6d images. Do they

give complementary or opposing arguments?
How far do you agree with the points made?
Text 1 Text 2
When is a picture worth a thousand

words? Some of nature's most remarkabte
images become ctich6s through familiarity,
thanks to the commerciaI wortd we live
in. Transferred to a squat greetings card
or poputar poster, the once exceptionaI
representation of a radiant sunset over
tranqui[ sea is rendered mundane. For
consumer-driven websites, it is visuaI
rather than verbaI impact that counts, at
least at the outset. The use of originat,
intriguing photos suggests creativity and
innovation, white certain stock photos have
become overused ctich6s, a disincentive
to woutd-be customers. lmages are more
inf[uentiatthan ever in our digitaI age.
:\ uN,r7
\
3 Which text gives specific examples of clich6d
images? Why is this done, do you think? The
@ styl. extra
comments in Style extra may help you.
Many adjectives carry disapproval, as in these examples from
the two texts:
. slavish copying-the idea of copying is reinforced bythe
adjective and a lack of originality suggested
rxam spot .
@ sq u ot g reeti ng s ca rd - the adjective descri bes someth i ng
that is small and ugly, so a contrast is emphasised between
ln Part t of Paper z, the texts are a starting point for your own the exceptional and the mundane.
ideas. Although you need to summarise and evaluate the
Here are other adjectives used to show disapproval, some of
points made,you should move beyond any specific examples
which occurred in earlier units.
given in the texts, to include different examples of your own.
Spend five minutes before you start writing, listing other childish behaviour o fatuous remork
things you can mention to support your evaluation. florid poetry/speeches glaring errors/joults
Read these paragraphs, ignoring spaces r-8 for the moment. Where does the writer make
reference to specific examples? Underline the phrases used to introduce these.
Both texts-oonsider the nc.gativo effect of oltchdd iuryes. The

frst text-tc llucerned with
fhotoyofU flrrn and the important point tnade is that (l) . ......... remains ntal in the
a5 an art
search
fortr"ly ortgnalphotoyaphb ;nryes, (2) portrait s/tots, suc/t as those b7 lruing
Penn an/ Dane Arbus arnon! ot/ters, sho"/d be riewed by ot/rers in t/te profession as
(E) trggers for new derehpments and technQnes, rather than neref betry rep/uated -
the 'bknsh copying" that is refewed to so (a) ... ...
by the writer,
T/te second furt out/ines the pirotalposition of imayry in onnnodern worW espan/ly in
relation to the use ofp/totoyaphs to se//yods an/ senrices on the lnternet
for instance Take
the dichd-ridden use of rbwals like the business hardshake or the world as a jlobe that appear
on (s) rnarketin! websites. Giren t/tat these images are ubiTuitous, /tow can they be
sffite"tf (t) ? As the sayinj joes, "fanilkrtty breeds contetnpt" - such a dejree (
oreruse totally (Z) ................what was initalf apo*e(u/inage, nakiry it banaland (8)
Use the words given in capitals below to form

suitable words to fit in spaces r-8 in the text in 4. Central to both these texts is a constderation
Questions z and 8 require a compound.
ofthe role tf (l) in the zft century. The
r EXPERIMENT 5 COUNT
fr# furt is qutte specnlist in tts subiect matte4
2 LAND 6 PERSUADE
3 INSPIRE 7 VALUE focustng
nhly o, (z) rrte second furt is
4 DISMISS 8 PLACE lt rttllt,
farunore relerant to contemporary l;lte.
orbua/impact"
Select suitable phrases from a-d to insert in the final arlues that is (S) A
paragraph opposite, to produce an answer of the
target exam length (z4o-z8o words).
achie,re - an)/ cntnpany see/<inT to enyage new
customers ria its website has no a/ternatiue but

a one of the most crucial aspects
b innovative visual material to inrest in (1) and cannot aford to be
c genuinely creative excellence , satisfed with second-best
d photography in its own right

Paper t Part Z Multiple matching EXAM ADVICE
Read the title and, if there is one, the
This part of the Reading and Use of English paper focuses on subtitle carefully.
your ability to retrieve specific information from a text. You are Skim the sections quickly to get an idea
of the subject matter. Don't worry about
given 10 questions and you must find the answers either in a vocabulary that you aren't familiar with.
group of texts or in one which has been divided into sections. O Read through the questions carefully.
a Scan the text to find the specific
Read the Exam advice and then do the task below. information that answers the questions.
When you find an answer in the text,
You are going to read an extract from an article about underline it and put the question
number next to it.
paintings. For questions 1-10, choose from the sections
(A-E). The sections may be chosen more than once. Don't spend too much time looking for
an answer to a question. Leave it until
the end and go on to the next question.
ln which section are the following mentioned?
the inscrutable nature of the subjects t At the end, go back to the questions you
have no answer to or the ones which
the artist's ability to give an insight into temperament fl you are unsure of. Never leave a blank
tm
on your answer sheet.
the integrity of the image portrayed The questions ask you to locate words/
phrases/sentences that mean the same
the view that the artist was an innovator as the ones used in the questions - a
delight in a painting's ability to endure il paraphrase. Often, an idea will be repeated

in more than one section, but only one
the background to a painting being well documented

the view that a painting's impact depends on
il section really answers the question.
Don't just look for a word in the
question being repeated in the text. This
its surroundings ru will not be the answer, just a distractor.
a painting which gives an image of a lost world t Check to make sure that the part of
the text where you think the answer is
fully answers the question. Sometimes
admiration for an artist who dared to challenge
conventional ideas m the question comes in two parts,for
example, a surprising view held on the
conflicting opinions about the subject of a painting m inteqritv of a subiect.
Mr and Mrs Andrews, by Gainsborough HenryVII,29 October 1505, by unknown artist
:\ E*AM F.LDER 4
)
Paintings which inspire
Art erperts giue their opinions
A Luisa Sutton
A Bar at the Folies-Bergire, by Edouard Manet
Manet was inviting some kind of response in the way in which he presented women in his work
and he succeeded in bridging the gap between classical traditions and painting modern life. Above
all, I have tremendous respect for the fact that he was a breakthrough artisl a champion of realist
modernism who was censured for breaking the mould. Through the medium of painting, Manet
constantly reassessed the prevailing attitudes of the world he was living in. Today we are used to
mulfiple perspective - seeing the same image from different angles. This was not so in Manefs
time, and in this painting we see him crossing boundaries as he switches reality by employing a
mirror to reflect his subjects.
B Paul Harris
Henry WI, 29 October 1505, by unknown artist
Visually, this is a sfunning portrait; Henry moves towards the viewer from the parapet wearing
the red robes of lancaster, his hands on the ledge. It is immediately exciting and emotive. Henry
VII was on the lookout for a new bride and this was painted to be sent to the court of Maximilian,
much as we would send a photo today. So the provenance is clear. Portraits of other English
monarchs, Richard III in parficula\ are, in comparison, stiff and remote. Henry VII's portrait
speaks in a very particular way. His eyes look at one. He is Renaissance Man but, at the same time
one sees a shrewd, wise and wily man who, throughout his reign, managed to amass the forfune of
the Tudor dynasty.
C Tom Nev*man
tames W and I, 1618, by Paul Van Somer
I used to work for an art handling company in New York, and I came to realise how wonderful
paintings are as entities. Old paintings last for so long because of the materials used - the oil is
so robust, it expands or contracts depending on the heat. They can be rolled up and taken around
the world, they'll never die. This portrait, in particular, made a huge impression on me. Works of
art often lose their power as soon as they're placed in a museum. This painting is where it belongs
- in a palace. Subject to who you speak to, James is either a buffoon or a tactical genius, but in
this work he looks so stately. The painting was clearly commissioned to convey regality - and it
worked on me, 400 years later.
D Paula Smith
Mr and Mrs Andrews, by Gainsborough
I chose this painting it has personal relevance for me. I grew up in my grandmother's house
as
in [.ondon. She was an excellent copyist of Gainsborough. We had copies of all of his paintings,
except for this one, which my grandmother didn't approve of. I've always found it incredibly
beautiful though. The two figures in this wonderful painting have very enigmatic expressions.
What are they up to? What are they thinking? And then what are we to make of the landscape? It's
an agricultural scene, in the middle of the day, but there are no agricultural workers anywhere to
be seen. Where on earth is everybody? What a strange ahnosphere the place has, a long ago era
that will never be recaptured.
E Lynn D'Anton
An Old Woman Cooking Eggs, 1618, by Veldzquez
What is most striking about this painting is surely its veracity. One gets the feeling that one is
looking into a room in which there are no obstacles to understanding. Nothing comes between
the subject and the observer. The artist here is the perfect observer. When I saw it a few years
ago in the National Gallery of Scotland, set alongside many other works from Velazquez'syoulh,
there was no doubt in my mind that it was a masterpiece. I think that it is easy for many people to
empathise with this painting in one way or another.
EXAM FOTDE R
Urban jungle
Rank these factors according to their likely importance for city residents.
What would be the most important benefit for you?
diverse employment opportunities effortless access to amenities
low levels of pollution spacious living accommodation
sufficient open spaces
Reading Vocabulary
2 You are going to read an extract from an article on Compound adjectives and their
urban planning (see page 67). First, look at questions
collocations
r-ro and check you understand the key words and
phrases that have been highlighted.
Several compound adjectives are used in the article,
ln which section are the following mentioned? such as mixed-use, car-dependenf. Compound
the interrelationship between metropolitan adjectives are often formed from a present or past
amenities and good conduct t]-ft participle with a preposition, as in boarded-tp,
an adjective, as in slow-p aced, or an adverb, as in
the failure to see through a project
according to its original design tzT-_] forward,-thinking.
an indication of the expectations
held by a majority of citizens rcT-_] 4 Make compound adjectives using these lists and
the lack of transport infrastructure suggest noun collocations for each one. For example,
in one development t4l-l well-constructed (house); smashed-up (car); quick-
th i nki ng (politi ci a n).
the avoidance of urban
development on the periphery f5T_l
the apparent failure to foster
quick
sufficient urban renewal t6T-_l
an experiment in mixed-use long smashed up
communities prior to the CNU rTT-l poorly sighted out
an inability to identify adequate
blown through
sites ofa certain type fsT--l
the slow pace of change due to fitti nglfitted
relatively recent construction to-n running/run
an unforeseen environmental
thinking/
consequence of planning policy iioT-l thought
3 For questions t-1o, choose from the sections (A-E) in
the text opposite. The sections may be chosen more
than once.
UNIT 8
The New Urbanism
a rch itectu ra I movement
A The Congress for the New Urbanism (CNUI was founded two decades ago by a group of
talented architects in the USA, who were tooking to create sustainab[e, watkabte, mixed-use
neighbourhoods. 0ne of their most ambitious projects, by founder member Peter Calthorpe,
was Laguna West, south of Sacramento. However, during the grim Catifornia recession of the
1990s, the original developer for this scheme went bankrupt and the entire project was taken
over by a [ess sympathetic devetoper, who contravened virtually att of CNU's principtes. Had
Laguna West been completed as Catthorpe ptanned it, it wouLd have been one of the great
visionary new towns of the late 20th century. As things have turned out, it is just another
conventiona[, car-dependent suburb. And the current extent of New Urbanist communities in
terms of poputation absorption impties that if they are regarded as a sotution to metropotitan
problems, att the usual c[ich6s - shuffting the deckchairs on the Titanic, fiddting while Rome
burns, etc. - must apply.
B Ttre key principl.es of the CNU remain unchanged. They seek to promote neighbourhoods
that are diverse in terms of use and have mixed poputations in terms of age, race and income.
They betieve in giving communities transportation atternatives - especiatty watking, cycting and
pubtic transit. They have a strong preference for'infitt' devetopment - that is, the use of land
within a buitt-up area, especia[ly as part of a community redeve[opment project - rather than the
endless expansion of cities sometimes referred to as 'urban sprawt'. They give some priority to
accessibte pubtic spaces, community institutions and a variety of parks and other green spaces,
in order to foster exemptary civic behaviour.
G New Urbanist communities are intended to be more than residential. subdivisions, with
shops, a wide range of personaI and consumer services, and workp[ace sites at[ conveniently
accessibte on foot. This is one of the ptans for Kenttands, perhaps the most successful of the NU
communities to date, and yet commerciaI development in terms of emptoyment opportunities
is tagging far behind. The same idea of 'self-containment'was one of the principtes behind the
creation of the British new towns of the 1960s, such as Mitton Keynes and Telford. Job prospects
were certainty good in these towns, though unfortunatety the vacancies did not cater to the
resident poputation, due to skitt mismatch and other reasons. The overwhetming tendency was
for residents to work elsewhere, with the jobs avaitabte in the new towns fitted by commuters
from outside, with the net resutt being more use of fossil fuels rather than [ess.
D Critics of the CNU say that it embraces pie-in-the-sky sociaI engineering based on a fatse
diagnosis of society's urban probtems, an excessive faith in the abitity to change the wortd, and
the prescription of policies that are imptementable onty under very speciaI circumstances. Urban
capitaI stock is already targety in ptace and remains a constant, while much of the residential
housing in the US has been buitt in the last 40 years, so innovation through renewat is off the
agenda for the time being. Hence, the practicat consequences of New Urbanism continue to
be a smat[ number of retativety sma[[ communities accommodating a miniscute proportion of
metropotitan poputation growth. The US government-sponsored company Fannie Mae's research
into housing preferences shows that up to 80% of US househotds woutd hope to live in a singte-
famity dwetting with a garden, regardtess of income, race or current tenure status. lt is onty
possibte to meet these preferences through high-density deve[opments in the suburbs.
E As for the idea that somehow New Urbanism can contribute to the stabitity, if not revivaL, of city
centers, it remains just that - an idea. Most NU communities are being buitt on green field sites
some distance away from the centraI city, and infitt devetopment has been limited - probabty of
necessity because of [and scarcity - to tiny pockets. Hence, there is no identifiabte retationship
between NU communities and the fate of central cities and those who Live there. lf there is some
consensus for tackling the social probtems found in the centrat cities land it is by no means ctear
that this consensus existsl, it wou[d be far better to deaI with these problems via direct, tightty-
targeted measures rather than via [and use controls and sociaI experiments on the metropotitan
fringe. The reaI issue for the city of today is how to counter or accommodate the obvious loss
of commerciaI investment from its heart to its suburbs, which has created run-down centraI
neighbourhoods supported by few amenities. The New Urbanists are [argety sitent on this.
URBAN JUNGLE
I This sentence from the article in 8.t is an example of inversion.
A+ the very end of a dead-end
. .-.:s. Had .fa L street(l)
Laguna West been compteted as Calthorpe planned it, it woutd
a rather run-down hotel. Jan and
have been one of the great visionary new towns of the tate 20th
century. I ' I approached it in trepidation - in
spite of the torrential rain, it looked
Inversion is often used in formal English, but in fact also appears neither warm nor welcoming. Just
inside the door on a rickety bar
in less formal writing and spoken English, to emphasise or contrast
stool (2) an old man,
something.
probably the night porter. Above
The example above shows inversion in a conditional sentence with his head (3) ............................. the keys
the past perfect. The fixed expression Hqd it not been for... also uses to all the roons - not a single one
the past perfect, to talk about the reasons for changed results: taken, or so it seemed. We looked
Had it not been for Ben, we would have got totally lost in Madrid. at each other, conscious ofthe
Inversion is also commonly used after a time adverbial, like the next rain lashing down outside. Only by
two examples. chance (4) ............................. we come
No sooner had we left the building than it started to pour with rain. this way in the first place, but
Barely had lanie recovered from her operation when she was promoted.
there was nothing for it: we steeled
ourselves and checked in.
Sometimes a full time clause precedes the inversion.
Only after a rigorous security check were we allowed to enter the building,
At the top of three flights of
stairs (no Uft) (5) ............................. a
long, dark corddor, that eventually
led to our room. How could they
put us so far away when every
2 Finish the sentences using your own ideas and the tenses specified.
room was vacant? We decided to
a Never before ... (present perfect) go down and ask to be moved.
b Only once in my life ... (present perfect) However, scarcely (6) .............................
c Scarcely ... (past perfect) when ... (past simple) we back in the lobby when six
d No sooner ... (past perfect) than ... (past simple) or seven taxis drew up outside,
e Hardly ... (past perfect) when ... (past simple)
f Not until last month ... (past simple)
g Seldom ... (present simple)
h Rarely ... (future simple) Here are some other tlpes of
i Had it not been for the fact that ... (past perfect / past simple inversion:
and would have + past participle) after prepositional phrases with zo
On no account should children be left
Inversion also occurs in written description after adverbials of unsupervised in this play area.
place (usually prepositional phrases). In no way can a goalless draw be
Opposite the gallery entrance stands an imposing bronze statue. seen as a good result United.
for
Under the table sat a tiny mouse with bright, beady eyes. Under no circumstances was Sally
Notice how the verbs used in these examples are to do with going to admit defeat.
location. Verbs of movement, for example, come, go, run, are also after not
used in this way. Not only did the team win the county
Up the hill crawled the number 77 bus. cup, they also came top of their
Alongside the road runs the River Avon. league.
Not one grain of encouragement did
3 Complete the short description in the grey panel using these verbs in she show him throughout the course.
a suitable past tense. Use each verb once only.
be do hang have sit stand stretch
UNIT 8
For questions r-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not
change the word given. You must use between three and eight
words, including the word given.
I That week, the train was late every day except for Friday.
run
Only................
/ """""""""""" ..... that week and that was
Friday.
2 Shortly after Sue and Brian met, he announced they were
getting married.
had
Scarcelv / ""...""" "'
he announced thevI
were getting married.
3 You are not staying out late tonight!
no
Under stay out late tonight!
They left their car and almost immediately heard a deafening
crash.
sooner
No . ......... . they heard a deafeninq
discharging hordes of well-dressed,
crash.
happy individuals, including a bride
and groom. It seemed the old man's Kerry didnt send us any postcards during her travels through
niece had just got maxried and the Argentina.
entire wedding paxty was staying one
over at her uncle's hotel. Jan didn't Not.................. ... she was travellinq in
sleep a wink that night, and neither Argentina.
(7) ............................. I. It was the best It wasnt long before the bus company increased their prices for
party we'd ever been to! a second time.
put
Hardly before they increased
them again.
The demand for tickets is so high that the play has been
after little extended by a month.
Little did I think then that I would has
miss the bright lights in years to come. So ..................... the play has been extended
Little was she expecting Sam to walk by a month.
through that door.
There are beautiful buildings in Barcelona and it has a
with so/such ... that wonderful climate too.
So popular has the system become only
that it now carries nearly two million In Barcelona, not................. . is also
passengers each day. wonderful.
Such was the outcry that the
advertisement had to be withdrawn.
with neither or nor

Yasmin doesn't relkh living in a high-
rise apartment and neither do I.
Jenny hasn't been asked to work
overtime and nor should you be.
URBAN JUNGLE
Vocabulary
Phrases with place
4 Look at this sentence from the recording.
Everythings fallen into place.
What is the meaning of the idiom below? The noun place has several meanings and is used in many common
How might it apply to living in a village phrases. Complete sentences a-e to check how many you know
as opposed to a city, or vice versa? Use the a During the festival, there are a lot of exciting events
pictures for ideas. ........... place in different parts of the city.
The grass is always greener ... b Traffic restrictions have been ......... place for
several months in an attempt to reduce pollution levels in
UE Listen to three people discussing
the urban area.
where they live. What is their relationship?
What are the pros and cons of their lifeplan?
c The amount of litter on our streets is appalling -
there are empty drinks cans and discarded packaging
UE As you listen again, note down the ..... the place!
idioms you hear that include these key words. d The citv of Derrv has been awarded olace
Then match them to explanations r-6. and is the UK City of Culture for next year.
a blue I only benefits e I felt really ............. place at the party as everyone
b frame 2 to summarise else had dressed down for the occasion, while I was still in
c roses 3 reduce your options my office clothes!

d burn 4 not possible 5 Read the text about an organisation called PLACE. Select nouns
e nutshell 5 by chance from the box to complete spaces r-8.
f worlds 6 things arent perfect
acronym aspirations consultation
demolition network neighbourhood
Iaiom spot occupancy regeneration sector spaces
@
How can idioms be learned most efficiently?
They can be grouped in various ways:
PLACE was established in 2OO4 and is an architecture centre
' as pairs of words: high and dry, touch and go
'.by topic: eat humble pie, spill the beans based in Belfast, Northern lreland - the name is the I ................ of
by form: out of (the blue / this world), in (a Planning, Landscape, Architecture, Community and Environment.
nutshell / the bag)
. PLACE belongs to a large, loosely-connected 2 ............... of centres
by key word: strike (it lucky / a chord / gold)
and organisations across the world, from Canada to Japan.
One of the key words in 3 is used in many other
idioms. Which one? Use it in a suitable form to
complete these idioms and then give an example
PLACE does not design buildings or public 3 ................ its role -
is to engage people in how architecture and design affects
situation to explain the meaning of each.
their lives. For example, they have embraced the education
a ... a hole in your pocket 4 ................, reaching out to young people in order to increase
b ... the midnight oil
c aet your fingers ... their understanding of good design.
d fiddling while Rome ...
e have money to ...
f ... your bridges
UNIT 8
Which organisational aspect does each of these
rxam spot phrases relate to? Write B, D or E beside each
@ one.
ln Paper 4 Part 3, each candidate has an individual long turn
of two minutes. You will be given a prompt card containing EXAMPLE: Speakingpersonally ... E
the question you have to speak about. Below the question
are three ideas, which you can include or not, as you wish.The
a The question is complex ...
emphasis is on your ability to speak fluently and to organise b All things considered ...
your ideas into a coherent whole. Before yod start speaking, c ... ls aseparateissue.
use the ten seconds allowed to order your thoughts.
d One definite disadvantage is ...
6 Look at the prompt card below.ln groups of four,

e That is not to say that ...
brainstorm and note down possible ideas, starting with
f The third and perhaps most important ...
o
b Take the area of ...
the three areas listed but also including other aspects.
h To eyaluate this ...
Remember to think of both positive and negative points.
I By way of illustration ...
j Moving on to ...
Are there more benefits or drawbacks to living in k Taking everything into account ...
a city nowadays? I More specifically ...
o employment o amenities o housing

8 One person in each pair should now run through
their long turn, with the second person time-
keeping and taking notes as to where an idea
7 Now form two pairs. Each pair should select three of the could be developed or should be cut down. Aim
group's ideas and then decide how to organise these for 3o seconds on each of three ideas, with a
ideas into a short talk. short introduction and conclusion.
Things to consider are:
Balance
@ rxam spot
Both benefits and drawbacks need to be mentioned.
Following each long turn in Paper 4 Part 3, the second
Discourse management candidate is asked a question by the interlocutor that
relates to what they have been listening to, so you must
What is the clearest order of ideas?
pay attention during the two minutes when your partner is
How will you introduce the topic? speaking, and listen carefully to what is said. One minute is
How can you signal a new point? allowed for your response to the interlocutor's question and
further discussion with the other candidate.
How will you round off?
Exemplification 9 Give your long turn to the rest of the group. One
Can you give examples to underline your point of view, student in the second pair should take on the
either personal or general? role of the interlocutor, asking Student B one of
the questions below after Student As long turn.
The fourth student in the group should time
the performance and indicate when the time
Since the sectarian troubles in Belfast, the city allowed has elapsed (see Exam spot for details).
has undergone many changes and improvements,
and PLACE has recently played a part in this
Choice of questions for Student B:
5 ................ . At the junction of the Falls and the
Clen Road in West Belfast lies the site of the former o What is the main drawback to city living,
Andersonstown Barrack, an oppressive presence in in your opinion?
the 6 for many years. Following the 7 o Do / Would you enjoy living in a big city,
of the original building and several failed attempts on the whole? (Why? / Why not?)
to invest in the site, PLACE was asked to run a o lf you could make one improvement to
programme of public 8 ................ and participation, your neighbourhood, what would it be
and why?
which was very successful.
URBAN JUNGLE
Part z Set text question: Film tie-in While you are watching the film, think
about the following questions.
Question 5 of Paper 2 offers two options, a) and b) - one on

each of the specified set texts. At least one of these texts will
have a film version and it is acceptable to study the film in
place of or alongside the book. This Writing folder suggests
ways of approaching the set text through film, and includes an
essay task. Writing folder 8 focuses on writing a book review.
1 Read the suggestions below about how to start out on the set
text. would add?
ls there anything you
Dakota Fanning, the young actor

Tips for the set text who plays Lily, was born in the
. ljse the Internet to familiarise yourself with the story you are southern state of Georgia. She was
going to study. only 14 when the film was released.
. Watch trailers of the film to get an impression of the main How might her age and background
characters. have helped her performance?
. Visit a bookselling website to find out more - check out any The character of Rosaleen was recast
sample pages and customer reviews. as a youngerwoman in the film.
. Read online comments from people who have seen the film. Why do you think this was done?
. Do an Internet search on the author's name to see whether Through the book and film, we
s/he has an official website. learn a great deal about the process
of bee-keeping. Why is this theme
2 The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd was chosen as a set text important to the story?
for the Proficiency exam. Read this description of the story, taken How do the three sisters, August,
from the author's website. Does the story interest you? Why? / June and May, differ in character?
Why not? The author, Sue Monk Kidd, has
commented on the film's accuracy
Jtu 9euwt lik tSra in terms of scene setting. What

examples of this do you notice in the
It is the summer of 1964
"&
in South Carolina, USA. Living on a Pink House and its surroundings?
peach farm with her harsh, unyielding father, 14-year-otd Lity 4 Read the exam task below and the
Owens has shaped her entire life around one devastating, sample answer on page 73, ignoring the
blurred memory - the afternoon her mother was kitled, when
spaces for the moment. How would you
Lity was {our. Since then, her only real companion has been
conclude the essay?
the fierce-hearted, and sometimes iust fiercg btack woman
Rosateen, who acts as her'stand-in mother'. Your teacher has asked you to write
When Rosaleen insutts three o{ the deepest racists in town, Lily an essay discussing how events and
knows it's time for them both to leave. They take off in the onty details included in The Secret Life
direction Lily can think ol to a town catted Tiburon - a name she of Bees reflect the historical period
found on the back of a picture amid the few possessions left by in which the story is set. You should
her mother. Lity and Rosateen are given refuge in Tiburon by a give specific examples based on your
trio of black sisters who run a bee-keeping business from their knowledge of the book or the film.
home, the Pink House.
Write your essay.
wRrTrNG FOLDER 4
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f"o+t4
Now complete spaces r-8 with the correct 6 Now write an essay based on the exam task in 4. lf you have
word or phrase to do with film-making, not read The Secret Life of Bees, refer to the book and film
choosing from the box.There are two extra tie-in of your choice. Follow the advice given below.
words that you do not need to use.
action cast EXAMADVICE

cinematography crew
a Don't be afraid to refer exclusively to the film of the book - you
producer props department will not be penalised for doing this.
scene setting screenplay I Plan your answer, noting down specific examples that you can
script writer wardrobe manager mention,
a Use an appropriate register for the task type required - this will
be unmarked to formalfor an essay.
a Summarise your views in a conclusion.
a Demonstrate a wide range of language, including vocabular;t
relevant to novels and film-making.
Units 5-8 Revision
Use of English
1 Read this extract from the book No Logo.Decide which answer
(A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
I Atokens Bemblems C marks D signs
2 Aelegance Bcountenance C flamboyance D resemblance
3 A scurried into B put onto C tucked into D latched onto
4 Acaused Bkept C served D made
5 Aflap Bbill C note D tag
6 Abranch Baccessory C annexe D extension
7 Adiscover Buphold C reveal D pioneer
8 Aleading Bprevalent C dominant D outstanding
Logos on clothes used to be generally hidden from pay for style.

view discreetly placed on the inside of the collar. Gradually the
Small designer (1) ................ did appear on the outside logo changed
of shirts, but such sporty attire was pretty much from being an ostentatious affectation to an active
restricted to the golf courses and tennis courts fashion (6)................ . Most significantly, the logo started
of the rich. In the late 1970s, when the fashion to grow in size, a process which continues today. No
world rebelled against the (2) of the hippie Iogo has ballooned more than Tommy Hitfiger's, the
era, Lacostes alligator escaped from the sports brand that has managed to (7)................ a clothing
club and (3) ................ the streets, dragging the Iogo style that turns its faithful adherents into walking,
decisively onto the outside of the shirt. These logos talking, life-sized Tommy dolls. Logos have become so
(4) ................the same social function as keeping the (8)................ on the clothing on which they are featured
item of clothing's price (5) on: everyone knew that they have essentially transformed these clothes
precisely what premium the wearer was willing to into empty carriers for the brands represented.
For questions t-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three
and eight words, including the word given.
I Many people used to believe that they would 4 We werent aware at the time that we were
lose their soul if their photo was taken. making a big mistake.
widespread know
taken would mean losing your soul. mistake we were making.

2 I m quite sure that Bill hasnt left yet as I saw 5 I had only just come back from the supermarket
him yesterday. when I realised I had forgotten to buy any milk.
set returned
Bill .. as I saw No sooner
him yesterday. I realised I had forgotten to buy any milk.
3 Bridgton is very proud of its new shopping mall. I ve often thought of you when listening to that
takes sonata by Barsanti.
Bridgton ..................... its come
new shopping mall. Many's when I
have been listening to that sonata by Barsanti.
}-\ uNrrs 5-8

Vocabulary
3 Decide which word or phrase is correct in the following sentences.
ExAMILE: You're well within yoar right/dghts to g My neighbour took exceptionlpart when I left
complain to the manager. my car parked outside his house.
The correct expression is'be within your h His speech when he came on stage certainly
righti. struck a notelchord with the audience, who
loved it.
a Pablo couldnt find his credit card anywhere,
even though it was right under his chinlnose all
i It is widelylstaggeringlybelieved that glaciers are
not melting because of climate change.
the time.
b Aburstlpuffofapplatse greeted his entrance
j A rumble of thunderlwind corlJd be heard in the
distance.
onto the stage.
c Toni has been seriouslylsingularly unsuccessful
k I think the festival succeeded because it was in
chordltune with what the audience expected.
in her attempts to sell her range of clothes.
d It was a grainlstroke of luck that the plane was
I Stefan takes the standlview that people should
be responsible for their own actions.
delayed because of bad weather, otherwise we
m I have never beenlseen eye to eye with my boss.
would've missed it.
e I'm fed up with being taken for grantedlby
n Lisa's behaviour at the party was incredibly
childishlyouthful.
surprise by -y flatmates, who seem to expect me
to do all the washing up.
o I always knew that my sister would turn out to
be someone of notel score.
f Celebrities complain bitterly about being in the
public eyelpurse, but this is the price they pay
for fame.
Writing
4 lnsert rhetorical questions A-E into this essay about modern art and music.
A Is the world of contemporary music any better?
B Yet is there genuine technical skill in Damien Hirst's sheep, pickled in formaldehyde?
C What has happened to good judgement and common sense?
D So should we look again to nature to provide us with the beauty that we crave?
E Have these composers really nowhere left to go?
who shunned his masterpieces and saw him die at

FT-l In my opinion, the art world lacks both. It the age of 31, poor and unappreciated. Maybe in
has, moreover, abandoned its traditional role, that of
another twenty years, the music that
being pleasing to the senses. Modern artists are merely
I personally cannot fathom will be
out to shock, to be sensationalist. Bound up with this
regarded as safe and conventional;
ruthless modernism is intense commercialism. Prices
the art installations seen as old hat.
are inflated by urban galleries and urbane collectors,
Fl-_.] rhe jury's still out. Living
whose'discerning' purchases appreciate by the day, as
in our post-industrial society, the
mediocre artists are successfully hyped as the latest
vast majority of today's artists and
Andy Warhol or Georgia O'Keeffe.
musicmakers fail to give us any beauty
T------r---------- l
I2I lHere, too, we are no longer given works we can in their work, exhibiting only their
enjoy, but'difficult' music with no discernible melody, own creative frustration. Fl-_l
that jangles the nerves and leaves us with a dreadful Or at least, as Andy Goldsworthy has
headache. proved, art could be transported to
Fl---l Yet perhaps I am making the very same a more meaningful setting, where
mistake as contemporary critics of Georges Seurat's, commercialism does not hold sway.
REVISION
Defining happiness
1 What makes you happy? Explain the meaning of these quotes tdiom spot
and say which comes closest to your own views.
@
2E Listen again for the following idioms and
'Happiness is not being pained in body or troubled in mindl
expressions and explain their meaning.
A person is never huppy except at the price of some ignorancei a be on cloud nine (Speaker r)
'The happiness of your life depends upon the quality of your b through rose-tinted spectacles (Speaker z)
c beyond my wildest dreams (Speaker z)
thoughtsi d in my book (Speaker 3)
'Happiness resides not in possessions, and not in gold - e put yourself on the line (Speaker 4)
happiness dwells in the soull f feel under the weather (Speaker 4)
g tip the balance (Speaker 5)
'You're happiest while you're making the greatest contribution.'
Choose four ofthe expressions above to use of
situations r-4.
r ln a roomful of people, Jack was the only one
[istening z
to stand up and challenge the speaker.
Fiona chooses to remember only the good
2 Before listening, check your understanding of these words by things about her teenage years.
putting them into three meaning groups. 3 I think children should show respect for their
elders.
bliss contagious elation ephemeral 4 They were undecided whether to take the
day off, but then they saw the sun was
euphoria fleeting infectious invasive shining.
momentary rapture transient virulent
3 2trEYou will hear five short extracts in which different people are talking about the nature of happiness.
TASK ONE TASK TWO

For questions choose from the list (A-H)
l-5, For questions 6-10, choose from the list (A-H)
which ingredient each speaker sees as contributing which huppy memory each speaker mentions.
to happiness.
While you listen, you must complete both tasks.
A intellectual stimulation A enjoying a cosy environment
B domestic harmony I m B feeling at one with nature Speaker I re
rm
Speaker
C spectacular
surroundings Speaker 2
tE C making a contribution
to society SPeaker 2
D financial security
E D achieving a goal as a team Soeaker
rE
Speaker 3 3
E success at work E discovering a secret place '
F physical fitness Speaker 4 F receiving a valuable gift Speaker 4
m
G close friendships
H mental well-being
Speaker 5
G experiencing something
H winning a to.rrnament"
new
SPeaker 5
m
uNrru
Vocabulary But a word of warning - don't mix your metaphors! For example,
it would sound odd to talk about a wave of sympathy igniting,
Metaphor because waves are not associated with fire.
@ styt. extra
ln the recording, one speaker talks about
infectious Iaughter, using the adjective
metaphorically. The Cambridge English Corpus
minor complaints
shows that many words to do with illness and a glut of
health are used in this way.
4 Form collocates from the adjectives

(list A) and nouns/ noun phrases (list
B) below. There may be more than one
possible match.
7 ln this extract from My family and other animals,the writer

and naturalist Cerald Durrell recalls his idyllic childhood on the
island of Corfu. For questions r*8, read the text and decide which
answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
flaw in the argument
Gradually the magic of the island settled over us as gently and clingingly
as pollen. Those days were (1) , each with a tranquility, a
timelessness, about it, so that you (2) ................ it would
never end. But then the dark skin of night would
(3) ................ and there would be a fresh day waiting
for us, glossy and colourful as a child's transfer, and
with the same (4) of unreality. In the morning,
Here are some sets of verbs that are when I woke, the bedroom shutters were luminous and
often used metaphorically. Give each set barred with gold from the rising sun. The (5)
a heading to reflect meaning and add morning air was full of the scent of charcoal from the
any similar verbs. kitchen fire, full of eager cockcrows, the distant (6) ...........
of dogs, and the unsteady, melancholy (7) ................ of the
EXAMPLE: breakout, erupt, hurt, goat-bells as the flocks were driven out to pasture. We ate
wound medical/health brealdast, a leisurely and silent (8) ................ , out in the
similar verb: ache garden, under the small tangerine trees.
a bloom, flourish, mushroom, spring up I Acompatible Bidyllic C spotless Dpicturesque

b flow, ooze, ripple out, trickle 2 Awanted Byearned Cwished Daspired
c burn out, flare up, ignite, smoulder 3 A hang back B draw in C peel off D spring up
d blow up, break, rage, sweep 4Astain Bshield Cfleck Dtinge
e dazzle,light up, shine, sparkle 5 Aheady Bstrong Cinfectious Drobust
f boil, bubble, simmer, stew
6Ableat Byup Cscreech Dpurr
Make a noun phrase by combining an 7 A song B hum C tune Dbuzz
expression from list A at the top of the 8 Acontest Bincident C episode Daffair
page with one from list B. Then use the
Where in the text does Durrell use similes and metaphor?
phrase in your own sentence, continuing
the theme with a suitable verb from 5. Think of a particular moment when you were utterly content.
EXAMILE: A flash of wild inspiration Where were you? What was happening around you? Describe the
sparkled in her eyes. scene and explain how you felt, making use of metaphor.
DEFINING HAPPINESS
1 The following lists relatingto happiness summarise the views of
the Creek philosopher Epicurus. How far do they still hold true
today, in your opinion? Would you add anything in each column?
2 Read thistext about Epicurus. For questions r-8, think of the word
which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
Comment on the following statements,

Life of Epicurus
which illustrate various ways of making
comparisons. You don't have to agree!
picurus, who was born on lhe verdanl island
a I'm as huppy now as I was at the age
of Samos, took early (0) .................-T-9
of 10.
philosophy. When only 14, he started travelling, to
Id far rather spend time with close
learn lrom the likes 0f the Platonist Pamphilus. Finding friends at home than be wined and
himself at (l) .............. with much of this
dined at expensive restaurants.
teaching, he decided t0 define his own philosophy of life.
Id much sooner be a penniless
(21..................... immediatelysetthisphilosophy student than a lonely millionaire.
apart fr0m other lines 0f thought was its emphasis Possessing wealth is nowhere near as
on sensual pleasure. (3) ................... , if any, important as being in good health.
philosophers had ever made admissions of this kind and
Listening to recordings of live
Epicurus shocked many, n0t (4) ........................................ when
concerts is nothing like as
he set up a school (5) .................... very aim was
exhilarating as taking part in an
[0 prom0te happiness. Nevertheless, despite 0utrage actual live event.
and criticism, his teachings at[racted support and
Watching a football match is not
spread (6) .................... afield, from Syria to Gaul. nearly as much fun as playing in
Even [oday, Epicurus's name lives (7)
one.
in many languages in adjectival form - in English,
Going on holiday is by far the best
'Epicurean' signifies being dedicated to the pursuit of
remedy for a broken heart.
pleasure.
Relaxing by a warm fire is a good
In fac[, Epicurus drank water rather than wine, and deal better than being out in a
usually restricted his diet t0 bread, vegetables and a snowstorm.
palmful of olives. (B) ..................... were the tastes
0f the man who, after rati0nal analysis, had reached
the striking conclusion that the essential ingredients of
happiness were the most inexpensive, however elusive
they might be.
uNrT u
Read sentences a and b.Then complete sentences List all the synonyms you know for happy and decide
c-h using similar comparative structures with your which meaning from 5 is closest in each case. Then
own ideas. write an example sentence for each synonym, using
a The sooner the country clears its debts, the better the comparative or superlative form where possible.
things will be. EXAMPLE: exhilarated PLEASED
b The later we hold the party, the more people will The more exhilarated you feel, the less
be able to come. you want to sleep!
c The more possessions you own, the
For questions t-6, complete the second sentence so
d The wider the gap between rich and poor, the

that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given. Do not change the word
given. You must use between three and eight words,
including the word given.
I Their mother was determined to visit Paris and
nothing would stop her.
set
h The more anxious Paris and nothing would stop her.

the 2 Graham took back his words on noticing there
were fresh strawberries on the menu.
tune
Graham
Vocabulary noticed fresh strawberries were on the menu.
Synonyms 3 We found it difficult not to laugh because the

situation was so funny.
5 The word hoppy has different meanings. Match keep
the guidewords in capitals to sentences a-d. Then We found it difficult to
say which meaning the two dictionary entries for such a funny
synonyms of happy are closest to. situation.
PLEASED WILLING NOT WORRIED LUCKY fenny felt elated when she won the regional
a Id be more than huppy to help you get ready for skating competition.
the party. cloud
b Mum would be happier if I didnt have to travel fenny was ..................... place
alone overnight. in the regional skating competition.
c Meeting Mike at the concert like that was a Reading a thriller is far more enjoyable if you
happy accident. dont know the ending.
d People are generally at their happiest when the nowhere
sun is shining. Reading a thriller is
fun if you
fortunate /'fcr.tJ.1.s17 @ /'fc:r-l adj aemowNc lucky:
[+ fo infinitive] You're uery fortunate to haue found such a
already know the ending.
louely house. o He was fortunate in his choice of assistant. Ralph needs to move out quickly in order to get
o [+ f/raf] It was fortunate that they had left in plenty of
on with his life.
fime. A The opposite is unfofiunate.
sooner
The.................. ... as to get on
ecstatic /rk'stet.rk, @ /-'ste!-/ adj exremely happy:
with his life.
The new president was greeted by an eatatic crowd.
DEFINING HAPPINESS
@ rxam spot
Remember the importance of reformulation -you will lose
marks if you use words that occur in the texts.Think of
synonyms you can use instead.
Use the pictures to help you define the term'quality
of life'.
4 Read the Exam spot and then read the sample answer
on page r49. Underline any words and phrases
What other factors are involved besides the ones that have been 'lifted'from the texts and rewrite
illustrated? Discuss your ideas with a partner. them. Quoted terms do not need to be replaced. For
example, it would be better to change the underlined
These factors are often used to measure quality of parts of the first paragraph as follows.
life. Which did your discussion in t include?
climate gender equality ln both ca*s, hnlthinese is seen ds a crucial altribufe,

life expectancy political freedom un hold down a job,
since il dictales whether somoone
stability in relationships job security
and therefore ifiIuences other 4ualitl of life' indicalors.
3 Look at this exam task.
Write an essay summarising and evaluating the key points from both texts.
Use your own words throughout as far as possible, and include your own
ideas in your answer.
tTt he phrase 'quality of life' embraces a number

Every yeor, much mediq ottention is given to
I of different aspects, including physical health,
'quolity of life', usuolly following the publicotion
emotional well-being, material wealth, community
of reports indicoting the best cities to live in, the
life, political stabiliry job satisfaction, and even
most temperote world climotes, the country with
geography and climate. Only the most fortunate of
the sofest economy, ond so on. Such onolyses ore
individuals will have access to 'perfect' conditions
interesting, but how much use con the individuol
in all categories, and the various quality-of-life
moke of them? ln spite of odvonces in mobility,
index calculations are averaged-out statistics. Yet
it is unreqlistic for most of us to emigrote to this
it could be argued that a person's state of health
yeor's top country, nor should we hove to toke such
determines their ability to work and benefit
o rodicol step. Everything storts ot home - even
from community life, so is of prime importance.
those who struggle to moke ends meei con enioy o
On the other hand, certain aspects are outside
good quolity of life providing they ore heolthy ond
the individual's control - political freedom, for
supported by friends ond fomily.
example, or the local climate.
uNrT 17
@ ldiom spot
goth turts dul with the concept of qualtty of life ln the second text, the idiom make ends meetis used. What
does it mean?
and considor which factore wihin lhio umbrella lerm Choose suitable idioms to match the cartoons below and
qre tha most imporlant in rulity. ln bolh casot, then explain the meaning of all eight.
cut corners
phaa-AW is seen as being of Primo inPortance.
down and out
since rt deturmines an individual's ability to work and keep your head above water
will defermine manv of fhe olher asoects too. feel the pinch
-lhe in the red
firsl text gives 4n overview of the factors that
on a shoestring
go to make up a pers0n'6 qualty of ltfe, nenlioning tighten your belt
hulth and well-being, ncial involvement, worK, fho a rough ride
political etalus quo and the local climate. Not only

doe,s it underlino the fact lhat wilhout good hwtth,
job utisfaction and an active and fulfilling role in
lhe community are impossible, bul also, it argues

thal aome aepecb cdnnot be changod - political
focrground and freodom, for orample.

'the second fext
focu*e on fhe annual phenomenon
of quality-oJ-life indexes and, while viewing them
aa informativo, questione the value of thoir having
such prominence in tho media. For most of ue, if ia
academic which city in the world has the best qudlily

of lifz as we hqve no rwl oPPoftunitl to uproof our
existence and rus:h to efurt a new life thore. Nor is
it nocetsary, 4rgue6 the writor, as a good qualtty of

Iife is olitt possi\lle, provided that the individual is
hulthy and supportad by friende and family.

While lhis may bo Irue up to a poinl, if ia
nevorthelees going to be far more dfficult for people
trapped in poverty lo gain a qualtty of life equal
to that of people at the other end of lhe wulth

spectrum - eepecially in our malerialist sociel,1,
where posseaeions seem to count for so much and

wo lre constantly encouraged to wish for more.
DEFINING HAPPINESS
Paper 3 Part r EXAM ADVICE
a You have seconds to read the
Multiple-choice questions 15
questions before you hear each extract.
Make good use of this time.
In Part 1 of the Listening paper you will hear three short r Use the first hearing to get a general
idea of what the extract is about.The
extracts. There will be a mixture of monologues - only one questions are in the order in which you
person speaking - or a conversation between two, or possibly will hear the answer on the recording.
more, speakers. There are two questions for each extract with However,you sometimes need to hear
the whole extract to answer some
a choice of three answers for each question. You will hear each q uestions.
extract twice.
r Always keep the questions in mind
when you answer. Some of the choices
Here are some examples of the types of questions.
for each question may look correct, but
What does the speaker say about ...? not answer the question.
o The second time you hear the extract,
What do the speakers agree on? mark your answer on your answer sheet.
What is the speaker comparing X to? o Always put an answer, even if you aren't
sure. You have a 33% chance of getting it
Why does the speaker say ...? right.
a Points aren't deducted for wrong
I|4tat is the speaker\ opinion of...? answerS.
How did the speaker feel about ...?
Normally in Part 1 there are three different extracts. Only

two extracts are included here to give you an idea of what you
might expect in the examination.
1 2E Read the Exam advice and then do the task below.

You will hear two different extracts. For questions 1-4, choose the answer (A, B or C) which fits best
according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.
You hear two people talking about a new album by a You will hear a woman talking about a book of
singer called Lisa Gray. photographs by artist, Dorota Kowalska.
1 What does the man say about Lisa Gray? 3 What does the speaker say about Dorota
Kowalska?
A She's known to be unconventional.
B She's uninterested in fame and success. A She's at her best portraying American
C She's had to struggle throughout her career. working-class people.
2 What do the speakers agree about?
B She insists she prefers working in Europe
to the USA.
A The album will be too commercialfor some C She clearly feels little warmth for the USA.
of her fans.
B The album is a radical departure from
4 What is the speaker's opinion of the
photographs?
previous work.
G The album contains a mixture of musical A The artist is mocking her subjects.
genres. B The subject matter is in poor taste.
C The photos evoke apathy in the viewer.
E*AMF.LDERe
]
Paper 3 Part 3 lttlultiple-choice questions
In Part 3 of the Listening paper, you will hear a conversation E,(AftTAIMCE
between two or more speakers. There are fiire questions, all l You have one,lnfnute to read the
in the order in which you hear the informatlon you need to questions and possihle aRsw€rs.
answer them. The five questlons each have a choice of four a Don't get stuck on one question. Make
sure ysg are always reading ahead so
answers. The questions are testing whether you can understand
that you don't get lost.
the speaker's opinion, what the speaker is saying generally or in
a For more advice on how to answer the
detail and also what you can infer frorn the eonversation. You qUestions, Eee,the Exam a-dvke b"sx.for
will hear the convssation twice, Fart r.
2 'zfi Read the Exam advice and then do the task below.
Ybu will hear two p.eople, Darren and Helena, talking about Danon's new oareei. For
queslions 1-5, ehoose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which fib best aeeording to what you hear.
'l When she first heard Dan-en had given up his job in the Gity of London, Helerra
A thought it was just a tempora[r arrangement.
B wonied absut how he would manage financially.
G believed it would be easy fsr him to followa new cafeer.
D claimed she [<new that this might happ.en.
2 Helena and Darren both agree that the voluntary sector
A shouldn't be seen as an easy option.
B is not as well organised as other sectors.
G employs fewer graduatas than banking.
D prefers to take people on long-term eo.ntracts.
3 How did Danen react when he got his new job?
A He felt very peeeimistic about his abilities.
B He felt able to tell ex+olleagues his true feelings.
G He suddenly got cold feet.
D He decided to a'ccept the challenge"
4 How dld Danen get on in his new environrnent?
A The slow pace,got on his nerves at first.
B He felt rather patronised by some of his workmates"
G He fitted into the routine of things quite Quickly.
D It made him less cynieal about peoplefs motives.
Danen is planning to continue in the voluntary seetor because he believes
A he is temperamentally more suited to the work.
B he likes the slower pace.
G he feels he is making a differenee
D he prefers the shorter hours.
On freedom
1 The statements below form part of the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United
Nations in r948. How far are these statements adhered
to in today's world?
. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude.
. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,
detention or exile.
. Everyone has the right to a nationality.
. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought,
conscience and religion.
Reading
2 You are going to read an extract from a book on human rights. Seven paragraphs have
been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each
gap (r-7).There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
Values for a godless age \

When the BerlinWall came tumbling fundamental human rights. And it is in the interests of human rights
down in 1989 so did the plaster cast no longer just a soft sideshow. organizations to seek to reinforce the
which had kept the idea of human legitimary and authority of the state,
3
rights in limbo. It was now free to within a regulated global framework.
The fact that strangers from different
evolve in response to the changing 6
countries can communicate with each
conditions of the late twentieth Part of the new trend in human
other through the worldwide web is
century. rights thinking is therefore to include
having a similar effect in dealing a
1 blow to misinformation. During one powerful private bodies within its
Of course, in one sense, the quest for recent major human rights trial over remit. The International Commission
universal human rights standards sixty websites sprang up to cover of Jurists has recently explored ways
after the Second World War was an the proceedings, while sales of the in which international human rights
early attempt to communicate across government-controlled newspaper in standards could be directly applied to
national boundaries, albeit a rather that country plummeted. transnational corporations.
faltering endeavour, with its claims to 4 7
universality challenged both in terms Whatever the way ahead, the
The effect of increased responsibility
of authorship and content. More lessons of the past must be learnt.
at this highest level has been to
recently, a loosening of the reins Any world view or set of values
continually extend the consideration
of the human rights dialogue has which is presented as self-evident
of who is legally liable, directly
ushered in wider debate. is ultimately doomed to failure.The
or indirectly, under international
2 human rights law. In part, this case for human rights always needs
Perhaps the best known of these is is an acknowledgement that to be made and remade. In a world
Amnesty International, established even individuals need to be held where globalization
in 1961. Before Amnesty, there responsible for flagrant breaches too often seems like a
were very few organizations like of others'rights, whether these are modernized version of
it, yet now there are thousands preventing protesters from peacefully old-fashioned cultural
operating all over the world. Whether demonstrating or abusing the rights imperialism, it is
campaigning for the protection of of children. important to query
the environment or third-world the claim that human
5
debt relief, any such organization rights are universally
It has been noted that paradoxically, accepted.
is engaged in the debate about
in such circumstances, it may be
UNIT 18
A
The problem is that the growth of globalization One of the most significant of these is what
makes the protection of nation states a has come to be called'globalization', the
pointless goal in certain circumstances. collapsing of national boundaries in economic,
Ttansnational corporations with multiple political and cultural life. From the expanding
subsidiaries operating in a number of countries role of the world's financial markets and the
simultaneously wield significant economic and spread of transnational corporations to the
revolution in communications and information
political power and it is often extremely difficult
technology, more and more areas of people's
for the state - both home and host governments
lives are affected by regional, international or
- to exercise effective legal control over them. transnational developments, whether they are
aware of this or not.
B
If the proliferation of pressure groups has raised
the profile of the human rights debate, satellite
Not only must states not infringe rights, and
television has reinforced much of the content enforce those rights which fall within their
of their campaigns. The fact that from our direct sphere (like providing a criminal justice
armchairs we can all see live what is happening system or holding fair elections), but they also
to others around the world has had an enonnous have'positive obligations' to uphold rights
impact on the way the struggle for human rights enshrined in human rights treaties, even when it
is viewed. It would not be remotely believable is private parties which have violated them.
to plead ignorance nowadays, for 24-hour news
coverage from the world's hotspots reaches us all. G
The results of its investigations were published
c in 1999 in a unique pamphlet on Globalization,
This is, after all, a uniquely propitious time, as Human Rights and the RuIe of Law. The issue
the values and language of human rights are to be faced is whether to treat these and other
becoming familiar to more and more people, corporations as 'large para-state entities
who judge the merits or otherwise of political to be held accountable under the same sort
of regime as states', or whether to look for
and economic decisions increasingly in human
different approaches to accountability'that
rights terms. Arguments seem fresh and
are promulgated by consumer groups and the
appealing in many quarters where once they
corporations themselves'.
sounded weak and stale.
H
D No longer the preserve of representatives of
On a global scale, it is not strong states that
nation states meeting under the auspices of the
are the problem here but weak ones, as they fail
United Nations, a developing conversation is
to protect their citizens from private power - taking place on a global scale and involving a
whether it is paramilitaries committing murder growing cast of people - for an increasing range
and torture or transnational corporations of pressure groups now frame their aspirations
spreading contamination and pollution. in human rights terms.
How do you view the future for universal human rights? What 5 Replace these words and phrases in
role does the lnternet play in social and political change? Will paragraphs A-H with suitable synonyms
increasing globalisation lead to more or less freedom for the or phrases.
individual? Why?
a wield ... power (A)
Look back at the extract and find words or phrases which mean b proliferation (B)
the same as a-f. c raised the profile (B)
d propitious (C)
a caught between two stages of development e infringe (F)
b a relatively weak attempt f enshrined in (F)
c a relaxing of the rules g promulgated by (G)
d a less important event
e causing something or someone great difficulties h under the auspices of (H)
f briefor scope
ON FREEDOM
Should animals enjoy the same
rights as humansl Outline your Corpus spot
views with reference to the
Aslhe Cambridge Learner Corpus shows, modal
animal welfare campaigns shown. verbs often cause problems, even at Proficiency
level. Correct any errors in these sentences. One
sentence is correct.
a Animals could be kept in zoos, but they must
to have a comfortable place to live in.
b l've written a few notes about things that
may be changed if the campaign is to
succeed.
c His dog ought to be registered because then
they might have been able to trace it.
d Much more should have been done to bring
this epidemic under control.
e You mustn't have been here last summer-
the caf6 only opened a month ago.
f I needn't have bought these batteries if I had
known you were going to buy some too.
g lf only we should live our lives again,
knowing what we know now!
h lt can't be possible foryou to phone back
later?
Choose the correct modal form in each

ofthese sentences.
a I needn't have I shouldn't have gone
out last night as I had so much work
to do.
b You might have I needed to have rung
me to say youd missed the bus - I
was worried sick.
Fitrd out how yo! 6n Mk€ th€ world . nore ldint plac€ toruimlt.
Vlsit PEIAoT!,
It must have I could have been a
full three hours later when the ship
finally docked.
2 2m Listen to this extract about the use of animals in medical Legally, people mustn't I needn'tvote
research. ls the speaker for or against animal testing? Why?
in a general election if they dont
want to.
The speaker used various modal verbs to express different I'm sure I don't have to I mustn't
functions. Here are two examples. remind you of the need for
Animals must be used in order to trial new drugs and treatments confidentiality.
safely. (obligation) You really shouldn't I needn't cover
It could in fact be damaging to human health. (speculation) up for him every time - you'll get
Before you do the exercises in the Corpus spot, turn to the yourself into trouble one day.
Grammar folder to review the different functions modal verbs Need I O"ght I to have let someone
have. know about this earlier?
Would I Might you mind if I didnt
give you a lift all the way home
tonight?
UNIT 18
For questions r-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three
and eight words, including the word given.
I You didnt spend enough time on this project. 4 You should have spilled the beans about Lisa
put before now
You ousht let
hours on this project. If onlyyou could
2 Factory farming was surely less humane before secret before
these guidelines were established. now.
prior It's time the organisation told the truth about the
Factory farming must misuse of its funds.
of these straight
guidelines. The organisation should set
3 I really admire people who are prepared to risk its funds were
their job for the sake of their principles. misused.
line 6 Would you mind if I asked you to sign this
I really admire people who are prepared to petition?
for the sake of raise
their principles. Would vou
asking you to sign this petition?
5 For questions r-8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of
the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line.There is an example at the
beginning (0).
Mankindt intuition of freedom, and our (0)..lPELl_T_![!94.7_l9l!... of IDENTIFY

freedom with knowledge, sets us apart from animals. The
animal's grasp of fieedom is (1).................in comparison, SIGNIIY
being only the freedom to respond to external stimuli. The
nearest creature to us on the (2) .,......... tree of life, the EVOwE
chimpanzee, cannot retain an image for a sufficient length of time
to be able to reflect on it. 50 animal life is largely a matter of
conditioned reflexes, performed in an (3) TERMINATE
presen! in short, animals are little more than machines with
consciousness.
While the animal is carried along (4)...................., on the stream SUBMII

of timg mankind has certain capacities that (5) POWIR
us to resist the current or look into the future. Our (6) RESOURCE
in developing language was the first step towards this 'conquest of
time'. l-anguage 'fixes' experiences, and places the experience of
the past on an equal (7) ..................... with that of the present. t00r
lmagination was bound to folloW as a (8) NATURE
progression from 'labelling' a past experience to conjuring up its
mental image.
ON FREEDOM
1 ldentify what aspect of freedom - or the lack

of it - is shown in the three pictures A-C,
using some of these words and phrases.
civildisobedience politicalregime
free speech sweatshoP
child labour
Z zE Now listen to the first stage of a Speaking Test' 3 \8 Listen to the second stage of the same task'
Partz,based on these pictures. Do both candidates What two additional aspects of 'freedom'do the
do what is required? Could the discussion have been candidates decide to include?
more balanced? lf so, how?
UNIT 18
Pronunciation 6 For questions r-8, read the text below and decide which answer
(A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
4 2,I4 Read the Exam spot and then
listen to utterances a-ftaken from the
recording. Notice how the speakers
stress certain words and vary their
Sccia[ !nsdle * n tmm[$',ffi

intonation.
a Anyway, what about picture A?
b I didnt say they succeeded.
c Looking at picture B, I suppose
fcr greatllil f' pe rlmm"n?
it's illustrating the rights of the
individual, isnt it?
d Yes, that's animportant point - you
dont have that freedom of choice
everywhere.
Speaking purely for myself, I'd want
to include something on education.
I'm not sure that's strictly about
freedom, though. ln the 21st century, the revolution may not be televised- but recent
experience suggests it is likely to be tweeted, blogged, texted
and organised on Facebook. After (lf more than 3 million
@ exam spot tweets, gigabytes of YouTube content and thousands of blogs,
Pronunciation, including stress and intonation, a new study finds that social media played a (2) ................ role in
is assessed in Paper 4. lt is important that shaping political debates dur"ing the Arab Spring. Conversations
what you say has some rhythm and flows as
connected speech. Stress important content about revolution often (31 ................maj0r events, and social media
words and remember to vary your intonation carried inspiring stories of protest across international borders
according to whether you are asking a question, (41 ............... .
agreeing with something or contrasting
information. Don't worry if you have problems During the week before former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak's
pronouncing individual sounds - what is
important is the overall effect, which must be resignation, for example, the total (51 ................ of tweets from Egypt
easy to understand. - and around the world - about political change in that country
ballooned from 2,300 a day to 230,000 a day. Videos (61 ................
5 Now read this task, which is based on protest and political commentary went viral - the top 23 videos
the same set of photos. received nearly 5.5 million (71 . And the amount of content
(81 ................ online by opposition groups increased dramatically.
Imagine that all these photographs
have been entered for an award: Most
powerful image in journalism.Talk I A testing B analysing C judging D estimating
about the message that each picture
2 A premium B firm C decisive D heavy
conveys and decide which one should
3 A preceded B dated C backed D unfolded
win the award. You have three minutes 4 A visibly B instantly C firstly D directly
for this. 5 A toll B ratio C equation D rate
6 A issuing B starring C featuring D turning
Think quickly of one or two points to 7 A looks B regards C sights D views
make about each picture. When you are 8 A posted B mailed C fixed D joined
both ready to start, note the time. Speak
for the full three minutes. Remember to
give your partner a chance to speak!
ON FREEDOM
Part z Article
Writing folder 5 also dealt with the
article task, considering aspects of HANO ON TO YOUR RICHTS!
style and ways of holding the reader's The preralerce ( rnobile co^munbation devices toyther with the
attention. This Writing folder focuses on *despread ,se oftncta/ networkiry and the lnternet haue altered
sophistication of language and writing
o"r *ay of l,.fe fwndamentalr. Thb artble weghs up their impact on
an article for a specific audience.
i"/i,rd"a/freedon ard assesses whether the outcomes are rea//y tltat
1 Read the exam task below. What is the great
intended readership of the article? What
I th;nk the bg plus with S,nartphones and tablets rs that frnnds and
style would you expect as a result?
are always contactab/a Parents need not be concemed for the
fant/y
An academic journal has invited wellftre of their henage children, as thry can keep track (thern. rhts
its readers to contribute to a series
nay be benefu,a/to the older jeneration, but I thnk it imposes unfar
of articles on new technologY and
personal freedom. You decide to submit limits on the ftberfy (their /<ids.
an article describing the effects that The downstde of ,uobih de,rices the worktng ad"ltb stan/point
frorn
new technology, such as the lnternet,
ts thatthV can be reached 24,/7 and the /istinction between work
social networking sites and mobile
phones, has had on people's lives and and hoê /tfe becones b/rrred, rhis ayin pkca constraints upon
explaining whether these changes have the indirid"al, who has opportunities to shut out the stress oft
fewer
led to more or less freedom. You should
ererTday l'fe.
also evaluate how positive the changes
are for society. At the same tirne, the lnteruet gires the abthly to control our lires,
"s
Write your article. rtjht? From bookrrl a ho/day to se/ating a new home, ere2thini can
be done direct, without any ,ni//leâ, restricting what ts on ofer'
Read this sample answer and decide So that b an exarnple (greater freedon - the freedorn (choice.
whether the content is relevant to the
As ftor socia/ networking, the chance to share ldeas and corntnunicate
task.Then underline any inconsistencies
Meaks that nobody need in the mo/ern
in style that you notice. ôre ffect;rref free/abne
wor/d. Fwrthermore, the roh pkyed by socia/ nedtn in disseminatiny
Tick the boxes that apply to the sample
informatlo n rnder less to /erant po /itbal rgg ines s/to ws how
answer.
networkiny sites can be ,sed to he/p out, contribu#ni to profond
I Complex ideas are communicated "s
convincingly. socalchange.
I Styt" is consistently appropriate for Howerer, t th;nk the bg snag of a/lth* b an ineritabh erosion of
the readership.
pri'rary. dnpky their innermost thoulhts and
Peop/e seem happy to
n Text is a well-organised, coherent
aspirations in a way that wou/d have been (in the prerious
whole. "nheard
n Errors only occur in less common centurT, but at what cost? lt is inpossib/e to turn the c/ock baclg yet
words and may be slips. it must be ackno*/edged that throuyh socia/ ,neda, restrictions ha're
n Grammatical forms lack control been placed on indi,r,/"a/frreedoa whtch nciety at /arye may cotne to
and complexity.
I Choice of vocabulary generally
,t!rtt
shows sophistication and precision.
h wRrrrNG F.TDER 9
\
Rewrite the parts of the answer you underlined in z, EXAM ADVICE
using these words and phrases to help you. Correct
Read the question carefully:to decide on an
any slips and decide on a more suitable title. appropriate style.
unequivo cally advantageoas (paragraph I ) o Think of a title that will be suitable for the readership.
the main asset of;, offspring (paragraph2) a Plan the content ofyour article before you start
one drawback; at all times (paragraph 3) writing.
it is undeniable that (paragraph 4) Decide whether it is appropriate to use headings for
the various sections ofthe article.
for the greater good (paragraph 5)
the adverse impact (paragraph 6) lnclude an introduction that outlines the article's
coverage and ties in with the title.
A good way of demonstrating sophistication in a Order the paragraphs logically, following your plan.
vocabulary selection is to draw on your knowledge o Make sure your ideas are expressed effectively and are
of word families. Find words in the article that are well linked.
related to the verbs in a-h. These occur in text order. o Summarise your main idea in a conclusion.
a prevail d constrain g asplre a Use a range of structures in complex sentences.
b contact e tolerate h restrict o Demonstrate your knowledge of vocabulary to the
full.
c benefit f erode
Check your answer for any slips you have made in
5 Look at the word family for the verb tolerate, which spelling or grammar.
is takenfrom the English Vocabulary Profile. All of
these words are within the level of Cz learners. Check 7 Read the exam task and use the mind map to
your understanding of the five words in italics by help you plan your ideas. Then write an article of
using them to complete sentences a-e. z8o-3zo words, following the Exam advice and using
vocabulary from this Writing folder and Unit t8.
Word family
An international research body is publishing a
Nouns: intolerance, tolerance book entitled Freedom in modern society and has
Verbs: tolerate asked for contributions from around the world. You
Adjectives: intolerable, intolerant, tolerant decide to submit an article for the book. You should
describe the current situation in your country with
a Canada very
has a ........... and inclusive regard to education, employment and family life
attitude to incomers and a great track record of and explain what aspects of freedom an individual
entrepreneurship. has the right to expect. You should also evaluate
b The issue of same-sex marriage still has the whether there are too many limits on personal
power to polarise views and what is remarkable freedom nowadays.
in this battle is how deeply each side feels itself a Write your article.
victim of the other's .
c Sometimes, if a situation is ........................................ , equoJ" d4hbs the Lal,u
walking away is the only way to cool things

/
down. \
d The researchers give some possible reasons \ ,/
personal lre*i.on
for the decline in juvenile violence, such
/
as the growth of community policing,
cultural of violence, and more
...........
less
I \
\
e
aggressive policies to regulate firearms.
The nation is somewhat unfairly portrayed as
an inward-looking society that is manifestly
I
more suweil)ancx,
\
tol,esana
of minorities.
wRtTrNG FOLDER 9
The unexplained
Speaking
1 Why do you think the topic of ghosts,
vampires and werewolves has been
popular in fiction for many years, and
more recently, in films? What evidence
is there for the existence of the
paranormal?
Vocabulary
2 Work with a partner and look at the
adjectives below. Decide which word is
the odd one out in each group.Justifyyourdecision.
a narve eeeptical ingenuous simple
b gullible derisive credulous trusting
c cynical scornful apathetic contemptuous
d sensitive sen"sible susceptible suggestible
e nosv currcus inquisitive humble
f upright immature irresponsible disrespectful
g pushy ec-centric persistent assertive
h pragmatic resourceful ingenious inventive
i tactful diplomatic impulsive discreet
Which of the words above might you use ts describe someone who
believes in ghosts? Use an English-English dictionary to help you.
Listening
3 2IE You will hear a radio programme ahout ghosts. For questions r-g,
complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
Athenodorus was disturbed by the noise made by (l) ..................... knocking against eaeh other.
Athenodorus was no longer bothered by the ghoet after a new (2) ..................... took place.
The ghost of a loved one in trouble is referred to by the speaker as a ' (3) . . . ..., ., 1
It has often been the case that people mistake a (a) . ,". for a ghost.
Harry Martindale was a (5) ........... by trade.
Harry had placed his (6) ........... on the spot where a Roman road used to be.
The sol,ilier's head was level with Harry's (7) ........ . . .
Harry said that the soldiers badly needed a (S)

Harry described the soldiers'weapons as looking like a (9)
uNrT 19
4 What do you think about Harry's experience? Do you For questions t-8, read the text below and decide
think it has the ring of truth about it or not? Why? / which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Why not?
@ styt" extra
ln the listening passage, what was described as'rattling'and
'murmuring'?
Words like these are called onomatopoeic words because they
seem to sound like their meaning.
Below are verbs connected with types of sound. Using an
English-English dictionary, decide what you would use these
words to describe.
EXAMPLE: howl
the noise made by an unhappy dog, also by the wind
I creak rumble slap hiss drip

I tinkle crunch slam growl peal I
i 't'.9_:,9'-!___:!1 ,_,:--1'::1 _ :l1g -r

Complete the sentences below with one of the verbs above.
a The stairs ........... as she tiptoed up to her
room.
b The farmer's shoe............... as he pulled it out of
the mud.
c Hooligans have................... my car tyres with a
knife.
d The snake.. ......... across the floor.
e You always know when the postman comes because he
........... across the gravel.
f I was kept awake last night by the tap
g The glass.... ....... as it broke on the floor.
h Steam ........... as it came out of the pipe.
Write a paragraph about one of the following, using some of
the verbs above to give a suitable atmosphere.
. Alone in a haunted house
. The Titanic sinking
. Home alone in a storm
A inscribed B recorded C minuted

D registered
A literally B exactly C accurately
D plainly
A loaded up B set in C turned over
D stood out
A intimates B divulges C signifies
D reveals
A brought out B laid down C carried out
D put down
A spontaneous B instinctive C impulsive
D voluntary
A triggered B derived C evolved
D extorted
A proficiency B competency C accomplishment
D potential
19.1 THE UNEXPLATNED

Word order and adverbs
1 Work in a group. Decide where to put the adverbs or adverbial

phrases in the following sentences.
a I went home. (yesterday, on foot)
b She walked to where another coach was waiting. (up the
hill, briskly, latea luckily)
c I was in the mood to go swimming. (hardly,last night)
d He is lyrng. (of course, still)
e Stephen spoke to me. (the other day, in a friendly way, in
fact)
t It rained. (non-stop, all day, heavily, strangely enough)
c
b People hide things of value. (apparently, in the attic, rarely)
h She performed the dance. (fac slowly, too)
i I think you should get out ofthe house.
(to be honest, more often)
I saw the comet. (only, in the sky,
yesterday)
Put the sentences, or parts of sentences,

in order. The last word of each sentence is
given in bold and capital letters are given.
Then put the sentences in order to make an
extract from an article about how Uluru, or
Ayers Rock, in Australia came to be created.
You will also need to add punctuation.
ExAMILE: central a or Ayers huge Uluru mound
sandstone Rock is in Australia ... Corpus spot
(Jluru, or Ayers Rock, is a huge sandstone Correct the mistakes in the word order of adverbs that exam
mound in central Australia ... candidates have made, making any other changes necessary.
Two sentences are correct.
a tells a Another terrible after how battle ... a He slumped into the nearby velvet armchair, holding
b originally One Uluru legend that a was states tightly his briefcase in his hands.
lake.
b Statistically looked at, however,the centre has attracted
more people, spending more money than before.
c ... that been to the for Aboriginal sacred has c Being rather into contemporary than old-fashioned art I
hundreds people of years. don't find the good old Tate Britain a place I would visit too
often.
d tell Earth paintings Many Aboriginal important d A lot of people actually do travel abroad, but apparently
stories. only a few return home with more knowledge and better
e ... world when the was the time created. understanding.
e I have always wanted to remember perfectly every movie I
f ... at to Earth rose up the blood-coloured revolt see and every book I read.
the form the great bloodshed in rock. f lt goes without saying that seldom you will see a very shy
g in that was made They by it spirits the believe person wearing a bright orange shirt.
tDreamtime'... g Kerry is a very green county: you hardly can find a road
where two cars pass each other.
h Most of us are aware of the fact that not always is this
solution economically viable.
i Before he appeared on the music scene, there hardly
existed 'Pop' music.
j Oddly enough, she never seems to be really angry and
perhaps that is the reason why I like confiding in her.
uNrT 19
Use one of the words from the box to complete each sentence
It is possible to change most
below.
adjectives into an adverb with the
addition of -ly, for example happy to hard hardly short shortly right rightly
happily. high highly late lately wrong wrongly
Some adjectives do not have an a I ................... ever see her nowadays - she's so busy.
adverb, for example friendly, lonely, b Sally thought very................. indeed of the gypsy's
silly.In this case you need to use fortune-telling powers.
an adverb phrase, for example I{e c The interviewer .......... claimed that the house was
looked at her in a friendly way. haunted.
Some adverbs have the same form as Sue thought long and .......... about whether to
the adjective, for example hard. He take part in the experiment.
works hard. Heb a hard worker. e Tell Marie I'll see her
f Youve done this calculation
Some adverbs may have two forms 6 They were just saying that they hadnt seen you
b
- one which looks like an adjective
and the other with -17. There is h The car turned round and went back the
...........
usually a difference in meaning. way it came.
i The article stopped . ...... .. of accusing anyone of
a hoax.
For questions t-8, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space.
Use only one word in each space. There is an example at the beginning (0).
a
(0) ...........911-O-.141p-.......... a visit to a house convince you that there may be
something worth investigating, follow these simple steps. There is much you
can do in the way of preliminary research before you (1)
any serious attempt to (2).............. out any practical investigation.
Documents devoted to the area can often be (5).................... interest
and a visit to the local museum will be invaluable. Maps can also provide
information on the whereabouts of underground water. Water running
underground through streams, old sewers and so (4).....................
beneath or close to the foundaflons of a house may subject it to spasmodic
thrusts. (5)..................... the water builds up, such jolts cause objects
in the house to move, increasing the general strain on the house,
(6)..................... produce noises that sound eerie at night. Such
possibilities have to be (7) ........... into account, depending on the
reportedparanormalactivity.In(B).............. event,knowledgeof
previous buildings in the area may produce a clue to any apparitions seen.
THE UNEXPLAINED
Reading into Writing: Full Task z
1 Read these facts about two former American presidents, Abraham Lincoln and John F. Kennedy.
m
W
AiJffi*?iffii"*T
Kennedywas elected to Congress
Both were rumoured to be killed
in a conspiracy. Neither was
confirmed to be a conspiracy.
fL ljffi Lincornwas
"r".t"lp,u,ia",,t
Both successors were named
Johnson. Andrew Jotmson, who
in 1860. John F. Kermedy was elected President in 1960. succeeded Lincoln, was bom
Both were parLicularly concerned with civil rights. in 1808. Lyndon Johnson, who
succeeded Kermedy, was bom
Both Presidents were shot on a Friday. Both were shot in
in 1908.
the head with one bullet.
Some sceptics say that you could take any two famous people and find a number
of similar-type coincidences between them. The only problem with that theory
is that there really havent been any listings of such comparisons. And certainly
none has been as extensive as the Lincoln-Kennedy similarities.
Do you think this is pure coincidence or do you think there is more to it than that?
2 Can you explain the following expressions? Have you any experience of the
situations they would be used for?
. Talk of the devil! . Female intuition
. To have a guardian angel . A feeling of d€ji vu
. It's a small world . A sixth sense
. To have second sight
3 Read the texts below.
Text 1 Text 2
or eu'idence of
An investigation of coincidences should be primarily

designed to get at the tnrth, or at least make
progtess towards it.The moment that chance ceases
to be a convincing explanation, uneasiness sets in.
Most people are embarrassed to speak out in case
they are thought of as eccenffics. Their experiences
may be commonplace enough - the occasional
precognitive dream; a feeling of d6jn vu or thinking
of somebody a moment before they ring up - but
they still feel the need for anonymity.
But a surprising number of people who clearly
regard themselves as free from irrational fears are
ready to admit that even mundane coincidences can
be disturbing.
uNrT 19
4 Look at the following words from the texts. What part of speech is each word in the text?
What other forms of the word are possible?
Text I Text2
speakout conscious
anonymity impression
disturbing dismissed
5 Use an appropriate form of the words in capitals to complete the sentences.
a He is a very ........... critic of what he calls 'paranormal geeksi SPEAK
b The newspaper article was................... of the possibility DISMISSED
of ESP (Extra-Sensory Perception).
c Her one wish after her experience was to remain ANONYMITY
d There was a rumour of some sort of a ........... at the DISTURBING
cemetery last night.
e Children of primary school age are very........................................ and IMPRESSION
tend to believe what they are told.
f You may not be aware of things happening but your
. probably registers events. CONSCIOUS
5 Look at the essay below, which is an attempt at the following exam task.
Write an essay summarising and evaluating the key points from both texts. Use
your own words throughout as far as possible, and include your own ideas in your
answers. Write your answer in 240-280 words.
The essay is a poor attempt. With a partner, decide what you think needs to be improved
and then rewrite it so that it fully answers the question.
The two texts contrast the pros and cons ofrcoincidences, whefher thry are
eridence (the paranormal or can be exp/ained on a pure/y ratunal lereL Text I argues
that people are orten embanassed by ,n^sral happeninjs and prefer not to tel/ anyone
about it |'ily think of a person iust before that person rings up then they don't te//
tlrem because thgr are worried tltat that person wtllth;n/< they are stupid.
nU
ftt/@ is that it is wrok! to
feelenbarrasse/ as, in fart, there is always a
rationalexp/anation for nearly erery'hinj that happens.
Text 2 says that we shouldn't beliere in superstition becarse nost things can be
expkined by science. Ereryone thoulht that the peopb on 5t Kildayt colds
ftor
sone paranorrua/ reason w/ten a shtp carue in. tn
fact, it was easi/y
explained once the tlteory fuerrus *as dbcouered.
I tota/ly ayee wtth this as I think that science is showiry u6 new thinjs allthe
time. Dwrinl ny short /fe many t/tirys hare been discorered */tir/t we *or/d
nerer have dreamt of in the past - eg. the rnobi/e phone, etc.
THE UNEXPLAINED F
t
Paper 4 Speaking
EXAM ADVICE
The standard format for the Speaking paper is for there to be
two candidates and two examiners. It is also possible to have . Don't worry if you think you do badly in
one part ofthe test.You are assessed on
three candidates and two examiners.
the complete test.
One examiner, called the interlocutor, asks the questions while o lfthe other candidate is better than
the other only listens. Both examiners will assess you. They are you, or not as good, you shouldn't worry.
You are assessed on what you do, not in
looking for accuracy of grammar, a wide and appropriate range relation to the other candidate.
of vocabulary and the ability to express opinions and abstract o lt! important to show sensitivity to the
ideas. Your pronunciation should be clear and you should be other candidate during the test. This
able to interact well with your partner(s). means allowing the other candidate to
speak and responding to what they say.
There are three parts to the test and it lasts for 16 minutes I Remember this is your opportunity to
(24 minutes for groups of three). Part I is two minutes (three showyou can speak English - use it!
minutes for groups of three), Part2 is four minutes (six I Do ask if you are unclear about what
you have to do.
minutes for groups of three) and Part 3lasts for 10 minutes (15
minutes for groups of three).
In Part 1 you will be encouraged by the interlocutor to talk

about yourself and give some personal opinions. In Part 2 you
and the other candidate have a decision-making task consisting
of visuals (up to seven pictures or photos) and/or a written
prompt. In Part 3 you will have the chance to speak for about
two minutes on a topic given to you and then have a discussion
with the other candidate, developing the topic you have been
given.
with a partner, taking it in turns to ask and answer the following typical questions.
Do this complete Speaking test
(Remember that in the exam the interlocutor will be asking the questions.)
Part 1
Ask each other these questions.

Questions for Student A to ask Student B
. Are you working or studying at the moment?
. How do you spend your leisure time?
. What would be your ideal iob?
Questions for Student B to ask Student A
. How do you travelto worl</college every day?
. What are your plans for the future?
. How imporlant are computers in your life at the moment?
'1..:::..:.:;..i
' .tr::: l:l l::l
1;.:. :i.:':.,:,. _.
Parl2 Student A
Here are some photos of useful inventions. Look at pictures A
and E and talk together about whether you could live without How has life changed in the past
them. You have about one minute to do this. hundred years?
@ a work
a education
. family life
Student B is now asked a question. Do

you think marriage is as impoftant today
as in the past?
Student A is then asked what they think
@ about this topic.
Now the roles are reversed and Student
B has the chance to speak, using the
prompts below if he or she wishes.
Student B
@F* What changes do you foresee in the

futu re?
a accommodation
o fashion
a transport
ffi'
Now look at a// the pictures. lmagine that an exhibition is going
Student A is now asked a question. Does
the future worry you at all?
Student B is now asked to comment on
to take place on the theme of 'Essential lnventions'. All these
this topic.
objects are to be included. Talk together about the importance
of the inventions shown in the pictures. Then suggest two other To finish the test both candidates have
inventions you would like to see included in the exhibition. to talk about changes to our lives in
general. This section lasts about four
You have about three minutes to do this.
minutes.
Part 3
Discuss together the following questions.
ln this part of the test you have to speak by yourself for about . What can we do to make the world
two minutes. You should listen carefully while your partner is a better place to live in?
speaking because you will need to comment aftenivards. . Are we losing touch with the natural
Both students should look at Student As card. There is a world?
question written on it and Student A has to give his/her opinion . Are people becoming less important
on it. There are some ideas on the card for you to use if you like. than machines?
EXAM FOTDER 10
A sense of humour
Speaking Reading
1 What do you think about these types of comedy? 2 Read this extract from a book by the American
. writer Bill Bryson, who is renowned for his dry sense

slapstick
. political satire of humour. lt was written after the writer and his
. family moved back to the USA after living in the UK.
stand-up
. His wife is English.
farce
. black comedy What impression does he give you of life in the USA?
How to have fun at home

My wife thinks nearly everything about American life is 'Vesuvius effect', though for obvious reasons it is best not
wonderful. She loves having her groceries bagged for her. to attempt this diflicult feat until your wife has gone out
She adores free iced water and book-matches. She thinks for the day, and to have a mop and stepladder standing
home-delivere d pizza is a central hallmark of civilization' by. The most exciting event with a garbage disposal, of
s I haven't the heart to tell her that waitresses in the States course, is when it jams and you have to reach in and unclog
urge everyone to have a nice daY. it, knowing that at any moment it might spring to life and
Personally, while I am fond of America and grateful abruptly convert your arm from a useful grasping tool into
for its many conveniences, I am not quite so slavishly a dibber. Don't try to tell me about living life on the edge.
uncritical. Take the matter of having your groceries bagged Now basements I know because I grew up with one.
o for you. I appreciate the gesture, but when you come Every American basement is the same. They all have a
down to it what does it actually achieve except give you an funny smell a combination of old magazines, camping
opportunity to stand there and watch your groceries being gear that should have been aired and wasn't, and something
bagged? It's not as if it buys you some quality time. I don't to do with a guinea pig named Mr Fluffy that escaped
want to get heavy here, but given the choice between free down a central heating grate six months ago and has not
Ls iced water at restaurants and, let us say, a national health been seen since (and presumably would now be better called
service, I have to say my instinct is to go with the latter. Mr Bones).
However, there are certain things that are so wonderful Occasionally, especially in starter homes, you will find
in American life that I can hardly stand it myself. Chief that some young gung-ho dad has converted the basement
among these, without any doubt, is the garbage disposal. into a playroom for the children, but this is always a
zo A garbage disposal is everything a labour-saving device mistake, as no child will play in a basement. This is because
should be and so seldom isnoisy, fun, extremely no matter how loving your parents, no matter how much
hazardous, and so dazzlingly good at what it does that you you would like to trust them, there is always the thought
cannot imagine how you ever managed without one. If that they will quietly lock the door at the top of the stairs
you had asked me eighteen months ago what the prospects and move to Florida. No, basements are simply and
zs were that shortly my chief hobby would be placing inescapably scary; that's why they always feature in spooky
assorted objects down a hole in the kitchen sink' I believe movies, usually with a shadow of Joan Crawford carrying
I would have laughed in your face, but in fact it is so. an axe thrown on the far wall. That may be why even dads
I have never had a garbage disposal before, so I have don't go down there very often.
been learning its tolerances through a process of trial and I could go on and on cataloguing other small, unsung
30 error. Chopsticks give perhaps the liveliest response (this is glories of American household life - refrigerators that
not recommended, of course, but there comes a time with dispense iced water and make their own ice-cubes, walk-in
every piece of machinery when you just have to see what it closets, electrical sockets in bathrooms, but I won't. I'm out
can do), but cantaloupe rinds make the richest' throatiest of space and aryrvay Mrs B has just gone out to do some
sound and result in less'down time'. Coffee grounds shopping and it has occurred to me that I have not yet seen
35 in quantity are the most likely to provide a satisfying what the disposal can do with a juice carton. I'11 get back to
you on this one.
UNIT 20
For questions r-6, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you Find these expressions in the text. ln
think fits best according to the text. your own words, explain what the writer
means by each of them. (Sometimes you
I In the first paragraph, what does Bill Bryson imply about his will need to explain the writer's choice of
wife?
words.)
A She has very poor taste in food.
B She is only happy so long as she can get things for a I dont want to get heavY here
nothing. (lines 13-14)
C She is only pretending to be uncritical of the American b a satisfying'Vesuvius effect'
(lines 35-36)
way of life.
D She is relatively unsophisticated. c and presumably would now be better
called Mr Bones (lines 50-51)
2 What is Bill's reaction to having his groceries bagged and
getting iced water?
d some young gung-ho dad (line 53)
e other small, unsung glories of
A He feels that the country hasnt quite got its priorities
American household life
right.
(lines 64-65)
B He would prefer to pay less and pack his own groceries'
C He thinks that service could be even better in American
f I'll get back to you on this one
(lines 70-71)
shops and restaurants.
D He is of the opinion that Americans waste a lot of time Did you find the extract funnY?
unnecessarily' Why? /Why not?
3 Why does Bill enjoy using the garbage disposal?
A It fulfils his notion of what a household gadget should t
B He has plenty of free time to experiment now he has
moved back to the States.
C He is finding it much easier to use than he thought he
would.
D It devours anlthing you put in it without any fuss'
4 What impression do you get of Bill when he talks about th
garbage disposal unit?
A He is irritated that the unit is so potentially dangerous'
B He is keen to help around the house and will happily
mend the disposal unit for his wife.
C He likes to experiment with it without fear of
interruption.
D He thinks the garbage disposal unit should take a wider
variety of garbage.
5 According to Bill, basements often
A make people feel intimidated.
B remind people of frightening incidents from their
childhood.
C make people want to start competing to see who can
make the best conversion'
D are a source of argument in families'
6 In describing his current home in the USA, Bill seems
A quite critical.
B fairly effusive.
C sometimes nostalgic.
D quietly indignant.
A SENSE OF HUMOUR
F
Uses of haver get and go
3 ln his book, Bill Bryson says he'could go on and

on', meaning he could continue indefinitely. The
sentences below all contain a phrasal verb with go.
Fill in the missing particle or particles in each

sentence.
a Last winter everyone in the house went
flu.
b Sue didnt normally go
competitions but thought she might win this
time.
c At least [500 went ........... museum
entry fees last time we had a holiday.

d The police went................ the evidence
very carefully.
e Would you mind going .... ............................. some
eggs?
f The boys sat on the beach and watched the tide
go ....................
A man't car had broken down, n he slopped the next car lhat came g They timed the fireworks to go ............
down lhe streel
at midnight.
Nhat's the problem?' asred lhe driver of fhe *cond car.
'l need nme help,' oaid lhe driver of the 'My car hat broKen
h Tamsin's shoes didnt really go
firsl car.
her jeans.
down and I must get it looked at.'
'l can'f help you,' nid the driver of the second car. 'l'm nol a mechanic.
i Not many people go .................................. basic
I'm a chiropodiet.' necessities in this country any more.
'ln that case,' said the
first driver, you can give ne a tow.' i
t' The milk went because Tim
forgot to put it back in the fridge.
1 The joke above is a play on words. Can you explain it?
Now match each phrasal verb above with its
The first driver wants to have his car looked at. What meaning below.
does this imply?
be spent on = explode =
2 Readthe information about have and get in the ebb = match =
Crammar folder and complete the following fetch = go SoUr =
sentences. enter = examine =
a Aunt Paula wont ........... her son become ill with = manage without =
criticised by anyone.
b I'11............... the dinner made if you set For questions t-6, complete the second sentence so
the table. that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
c Trevor ........... his clothes covered in oil using the word given (as part of an expression with
when he tried to mend his bike. go).Do not change the wotd given. You must use
d We.............. the TV and video stolen in between three and eight words, including the word
the burglary last month. given.
e Mr Johnson always ........... his windows I Penny Stone has become really self-important
cleaned by lack. since she was promoted.
f I couldnt ........... the door unlocked gone
with my key this morning. Getting a ......................... ....................... . head.
rdlGltrril
-\..
17O \ UNrT 20
\
Paul couldnt stop thinking about the argument For questionsr-8, read the text below and think
he had had with his brother. of the word which best fits each space. Use only
oYer one word in each space. There is an example at the
Paul ............ ... mind the beginning (0).
argument he had had with his brother.
The manager told the press that his team had
played very badly.
record
The manasero """""'
that his team had played very badly.
My grandmother would always make us eat I was staying recently in rather a smart hotel in
everything on our plates when we visited her. Melbourne, Australia. No (o) ..........5p.91!.t-8.......... had I
waste got into bed than I became aware of music coming
Nothing we were given to eat from the room next to mine. I knocked quite gently
at my on the partition wall in (1) ........................................ to
grandmother's house. indicate that it was unacceptably loud. I walked out
into the corridor to get the room number
I can never follow what he's saying - he's always
changing the subject.
el teleohonino the culorit. A
sleepy Australian voice replied and I told him in no
tangent uncertain (3)...................... that his music was
If he ................ I would disgracefully loud. After ten minutes the noise was
know what he was talking about. (4)...................... better. As I appeared to be
Although Theresa was a hard worker, she was getting(5)...................... fast,indesperation
unable to get her business to succeed. I telephoned hotel security. Eventually the hotel
go securitv men (6) uo. Thev
Theresa was unable to entered my room, walked to the side of the
of working bed and pressed a knob. There was silence.
hard.
(7)...................... the time it had been nothing
(8)...................... than my own radio with its
loudspeaker by the wall which had been the cause
Corpus spot of the trouble.
With a partner, correct the mistakes in the following

sentences. One sentence is correct. The rest all contain
a variety of different common student errors.
a Being a wet evening, I stayed at home.
b We would like to know all what has happened.
c He already is here.
d Only by listening intently, you will hear it singing.
e lt would be easier to decide if my son would be here.
f I have past my exam this summer.
g lt's worth to be alive on such a lovely day.
h Myfamily consists in six people.
i That is a mistake I do often.
j Your hair needs cutting badly.
k I suggest to do it immediately.
I This team is the best of the two.
m He is too honest a man to take that.
n My informations aren't up to date.
o I am wanting to meet you for a long time.
p I congratulate you to have got married.
q I wish it stopped raining. Have you ever had an embarrassing moment when
r You can eat as soon as the dinner will be ready. you made a faux pas or put your foot in it? Talk
s lt's a five miles journey. about it with a partner.
t A man came into the compartment to control the tickets.
A SENSE OF HUMOUR
1 How would you describe someone who is eccentric? Do you

know anyone who could be called eccentric?
Eccentrics can be extreme in the exuberance with which they

express their sense of humour. The way normal people regard
the eccentric often depends upon what they find funny. Read this
description ofthe antics of an eccentric.
'His mildest kind of practical joke is to push a dish of
meringue trifle into the face of a lady guest at a smart dinner
party in his home, having first asked her to smell it to see if
it is bff i There is an oubliette under one of his dining room
chairs, and any boring guest is seated over it and dropped
into the wine cellar when he can stand no more. His coup
de grAce was the miniature bomb that he planted inside his
son's birthday cake, which the boy detonated by blowing on
the candles, covering all his little friends with icing. The man's long-suffering wife had to
clean them all up, then explain and apologise to their parents after the party.'
Would you find someone like this funny or irritating?
2 z,ret You will hear a discussion in which a student, Terry, is talking to his psychology lecturer,
Dr Morris, about a new book on eccentricity.
For questions r-5, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what you hear.
I Terry was surprised to read that
A many famous people were eccentric.
B eccentrics live longer than average.
C eccentricity isnt a mental illness.
D little research has been done on eccentricity.
2 What does Dr Morris say about a definition of eccentricity?
A It is still a debated issue.
B It was formulated for western societies.
C It has recently been reassessed.
D It is generally agreed to be outdated.
3 According to Dr Morris, what is most people's attitude to eccentrics?
A They dismiss them as having mental problems.
B They are irritated by their lack of conformity.
C They regard them as being outside ofsociety.
D They have mixed feelings about them.
4 Dr Morris and Terry agree that the defining trait of an eccentric is
A an interest in other people's hobbies.
B a need to be the centre of attention.
C a lack ofregard for conventional behaviour.
D a desire to change society.
5 Dr Morris says that new research has found that eccentrics tend to
A remember their dreams clearly.
B respond well to external stimuli.
C score highly in belief in the paranormal.
D be good at looking after themselves.
u2 \ uNrT 20
\
Pronunciation 5 With a partner, look at the Part 3 Speaking tasks below. The
prompts are to give you some ideas on the subject. You can use
3 2mThe woman in the interview talked all, one or two or none of the ideas. Student A should look at Task
about a bizarre or risqud habit. English A and then speak about it for about two minutes.
has borrowed many words and phrases
from other languages. Use a dictionary
to find out the English meanings of Task A
these words and phrases, listen to the ls it better to conform or be different from your peers?
recording and then say them aloud.
of
in lieu prot6g6
o fashion
ad infinitum fracas
a relationships
ad nauseam cul-de-sac o leisure pursuits

par excellence clique
quid pro quo nom de plume Student A should now ask Student B the following question.
faux pas b€te noire Generally speaking do you feel pressurised to conform?
prima facie tdte ir tdte
hoi polloi Student A should then give their opinion on this topic.
niche
risqu6 coup de grAce Student B now talks for about two minutes on the following topic.
Using the expressions in 3, complete the
following sentences.
Task B
a It was such an embarrassing How much are people's ideas affected by what they see on
when I asked the the TV?
girl to introduce me to her father
and I found out it was her husband! o popular comedians
It's possible to give works of art to a documentaries
the government........ ........................... of o politicians and other famous people
tax.
Female writers in the past often used
Student B should ask Student A the following question.
4.........................
Some of Uncle Thomas's jokes tend

Which type of media influences you most?
to be a bit.................. Student B should then also try to answer this question.
Rosalie and I decided to go to a
cafefora......................... aboutthe Remember it is fine to hesitate in order to gather your thoughts
office.
- as long as you dorit pause for too long! You can also repeat
The boy next door talks about the question or use phrases such as:
trainspotting Umm... Let me see ... As I see it ...
You are apparently more likely to be Well ... I mean ...
burgled in a................... than on
a main road. You might also want to add something you'd forgotten to
Mv ) """""""""""1 is oeoole
r who mention or return to a previous subject. For this you can use
talk during a film at the cinema. phrases like:
By the way, ... As I was saying, ...
Incidentally, ... I forgot to say/mention that ...
It's very likely you will need to generalise during your talk. Use
phrases such as:
Broadly speaking... ln general ...
To a great extent ... On the whole ...
A SENSE OF HUMOUR
;:.lo;..
I
Part z Articles and Letters

1 Read the Part z tasks below and decide what is involved in each
one, choosing relevant aspects from the following list.
comparlson narrative
evaluation opinion
factual description speculation
A D
An in-flight magazine has asked its readers to Your school magazine is running a special feature
submit a light-hearted article with the title Space on books students have read, which is entitled
transpotT in 2050. Write an article describing Every good book has a message about /lfe. Write
possible future forms of transport and saying how an article about the set book you are studying,
you would take advantage of them. explaining what you feel it has taught you that you
can apply to life in general.
B
E
An international ecology magazine has invited
readers to contribute an article to a special edition The publisher of the book you have studied is
entitled Ways to save our planef. Write an article planning a new edition with pictures and has asked
outlining the environmental measures you think you to suggest which parts of the book would
should be taken by individuals and by governments benefit from being illustrated. Write a letter to the
and evaluating their chances of success. publisher, giving your suggestions and justifying
them with detailed reference to the book.
c
What should the style and tone of each task be?
You see a reader's letter in a general interest
magazine, which claims that family life is no Could all three articles (A, B and D) be written in
different nowadays to how it was twenty years either a light-hearted or more serious tone?
ago. You decide to write a letter to the magazine, Why? / Why not?
giving your opinions on the changes in family roles
and relationships and suggesting likely future
developments.
WRIT l.N'G'.PQ:['[)f,r ft {6
Select vocabularyfrom the pools below
that could be used in each task. Some
words can be used in more than orie.
Plot
Aio
fod"
$larrnirig
Stobal
q
,-g
aNenttlle %oa
trn
=f
.d-- oo^
%w
IE '*4& exhirararinE*n .1.!:: ..,'
't
ri-' lE
otaaf,
rtaerrrptsyqent
$o hbhra6h
l*"i;.-
o
ct
cr-
patri'areh
nuftpticity
unmistakab{e
unknown EXAMATMCE
Artfulerand lethn
a DEcide bn an approgriate,stvle and tone
foryour lffiet or artiele.
o Spend a few minutes thinking about the
Don't waste time counting every word of your anEwer. Work out angletotake,
how many words you write on average per line and then count r filake a list of possible ideas.
the number of lines you have written. There are 24 lines per page
I Order these ideas logically and to best
on the exam question paper. effect.
a Nste down relevSnt rvocabuldry,a64
Now answer one of the Part z task on the opposite page. Allow ex,pr.e+sions.
yourself 35 minutes and then stop writing. Estimate how many
r lnrJude rhetorical questionr to preface
words you have produced, check what you have written and oplnroRs.
malrc any improvemertts within the next ro minutes.
General edvfus,fui Peper a
I Spend time planning each question.
r Allcnrrr equal tlme fo-r gach qu.estion (r,rp
to 45 minutes).
e Galculate approximateiy how rfrany
wofdsyou ptoduce.
t Leave tlme'to check y.oul answer for
spelling and F.dfiImar.
Units 17-20 Revision
Use of English 2 For questions r-6, complete the second

sentence so that it has a similar meaning
1 For questions r-8, read the text below and decide which answer to the first sentence, using the word
(A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. given. Do not change the word given.
You must use between three and eight
Laughter's geography words, including the word given.
Wherever you go, you meet people who think that foreigners I You'll never sell your house if you
have either no sense of humour or at best, a (1) ................ one. let the rumours persist of it being
They are wrong. Humour is universal. But ianguage is not, haunted.
and neither are (2) of reference. Puns that (3) carry
on Chinese pictograms and their homophones are hard to You..
(4) . in English. Punchlines that assume an intimate if you want to sell your house.
knowledge of Italian politics (5) ................ few laughs outside
Rome. The comedy that traveis easily is often the most
2 It was kind of you to help us clean
obvious: Mr Bean and Beavis and Butt-head. Domestic humour up, but it really wasnt necessary.
is subtler and, generally speaking, more revealing. Thke this helped
example from Africa: You
A poor beggar is sitting by the side of the road. Suddenly the the cleaning up.
President's gleaming motorcade (6) past. (7) 3 It doesnt matter when he comes: I'm
afterwards, a plump and ragged man runs sweating by, not bothered.
(8)............... an obviously stolen goat under his arm. A minute
far
later, two policemen come rushing up in pursuit. 'Did you see
a fat thief come this way?' they ask. 'Yes', repiies the beggar,
He can
'but you'Il never catch him on foot.'
concerned.
4 I asked the press to keep her name
a secret so she would remain
anonymous.
had
In order
keep her name a secret.

5 Eliza did better than usual at her
debut performance, even though she
had a sore throat.
excelled
Despite
at
her debut performance.
1A crude B raw c rude D clumsy 6 She is unlikely to accept anything

2A frames B structures c figures D shells except a full apology.
3A take B work C impose D play would
4A furnish B render c supply D submit It is unlikely that anything
5A acquire B raise C bring D make to
her.
6A sweePS B slides c tiptoes D flounces
7A Promptly B Instantly c Shortly D Closely
8A clutching B retaining c clinging D possessing
h uNrrs 17-zo
'l
For questions r-8, read the text below and think of
the word which best fits each space. Use only one
word in each space.
A recent report, entitled

Surveillance: Citizens qnd the State,
says Britain leads the world in the
use of CCTV with an estimated
4 million cameras. The report
warns that "pervasive and routine"
electronic surveillance, together
(l) ................ the collection and processing of personal Writing
information, is almost taken (2) granted
nowadays.
5 Read this Part z letter, written to a magazine on the
subject of the supernatural. Add about too words to
Despite many surveillance practices and data collection complete the missing narrative, using suitable words
processes (3) ................ unknown to most people, the and phrases from Unit r9.
expansion in (4) ................ use represents'bne of the
most significant changes in the life of the nation Dear Sir
since the end of the second world war'i The report
I read the article entitled lnexplicable Evenfs in your
challenges the claim that CCTV cuts crime, and
magazine this month with great interest. As you have
questions (5) ................ local authorities should actually
asked for anecdotal evidence from your readers, I am
be allowed to use surveillance powers (6) .............. all.
In (7) ............... view, privacy is an "essential prerequisite writing to share my own story with you.
to the exercise of individual freedom' and the growing Before I tell you my own experience, I should stress
use of surveillance and data collection (8) ................ to be that, up until last January I had not been in the
regulated by executive and legislative restraint. least superstitious. lndeed, I have always been very
sceptical about the whole area of the supernatural.
What I am about to relate has changed my views for
Vocabulary good!
I was driving home from a meeting one winter's

4 For sentences a-j decide which word is correct.
afternoon and took a country road across the hills to
a The lock opened with a sharp click/knock. avoid the motonrvay traffic. As the car snaked its way
b I woke up to the rumble/peal of bells from the up the narrow road, the sky darkened around me and
town clock. it felt quite spooky. I turned up the radio and sang
c The dog growled/hlssed when it heard the garden along, in an attempt to raise my flagging spirits. Round
gate open. the next bend, however, was a sight I never wish to
witness again ...
d I think it was my sister's trusting/tactful manner
that made her vulnerable to pushy sales people.
e Todd gave a naive/derisive laugh when he found
out who had won the election.
f Becoming a government adviser has gone to
Can any of your readers explain my ordeal?
Trina's heart/head.
Yours faithfully
g My mother wouldnt allow any food in the house
to go to wqste/rubbish. Jessica Langley
h Please stop going off at a tangent/path - keep to
the subject.
i Thomas committed a coup de grace/faux pas
when he told his grandmother what he'd been
up to.
j There was a bit of a fracas/b|te noire last night
outside the town hall.
R EVIS IO N
Grammar folder
Unit r Past perfect continuous tense

This tense is used
Perfect tenses . to stress the continuity ofan event at an earlier point in
The perfect tenses are used in English in a number of ways. time
Their cat had been missingfor over a week when a
Present perfect simple tense neighbour spotted it in the local park.
o when talking about events or situations that started in
See also information regarding stative verbs.
the past and are still true
Amelia Kenton has lived in the same house all her life. Future perfect simple tense
o when thinking about the present effects of something This tense is used
that happened in the past . to refer to events which have not yet happened but will
I've lost my purse so I need some money for the bus. definitely do so at a given time in the future
o when talking about a recent event or situation By the end of September, I will have started that course in
lack has just phoned to wish you good luck. London.
o when referring to something that will happen at some
Future perfect continuous tense
time in the future
This tense is used
As soon as I have settled in, come and stay!
. to indicate duration at a specified time in the future
Present perfect continuous tense Come next Saturday, we'll have been going out together for
This can sometimes be used instead of the present perfect a whole year!
simple tense. So, in the first example above, you could also
say Amelia Kenton has been living in the same house all her Other modalverbs
Iife. To express regret about the past, should or ought to is
combined with a perfect tense form.
Main uses of the present perfect continuous tense are:
We should neyer haue bought AIex that drum kit!
. to stress the period of time involved
I'm sorry, I ought to have remembered that you can't eat
I've been sitting at this computer all day!
strawberries.
o to refer to a situation that continues
Membership numbers at this club have been falling year by
year.
o to focus on the present effects of a recent event
Unit z
You can tell it\ been raining - the seats are still damp. Aspects of the future
r to refer to something that has recently stopped There are many ways of expressing the future in English
Have you been crying? depending on meaning. We can use:
Note that stative verbs such as be, know, seem are not
Wil/ + infinitive
usually used in continuous tenses. For example, you would
. to predict what is going to happen based on past
not say lie been knowing lim since he was 15,but I've
experience or opinion
known lim since he was 15.
You must go to India - you'll enjoy it.
Past perfect simple tense o in more formal contexts for arrangements which have
This tense is generally used to clarify the timing of an been made in some detail
event. It is used The tour will begin at 9.30 and all visitors to the site will
o to refer to an event which took place before something need to wear good walking shoes.
else r for decisions which are made on the spur of the moment
Sailing towards the harbour I remembered how it had I think I'll go to Paris next weekend.
Iooked on my firrt visit, ten years eailier.
Sometimes this involves using words llke already or just.
I had just stepped into the bath when the phone rang.
G RAMMAR FOLDE R
Going to + infinitive Future perfect continuous
. to predict something that you have evidence for . to emphasise how long something has been going on for
Look at those clouds - l'm sure it\ going to rain. by a particular point in the future
. to express intentions or decisions The airline will have been carrying passengers for fifty
I'm going to see the Museum of Modern Art when I get to years at the end of March.
New York. Note that this tense isnt used with stative verbs, e.g. see,
believe, hear, know, become, etc.
Shall + infinitive
o to talk about the future instead of willwrth I and we, Expressions
although it is used less nowadays than previously e There are various expressions in English which are used
I shall certainly travel first class next time I go abroad. to express future meaning. These include:
o for offers to be about to
Shall I carry your bags? to be on the verge/point of
to b e b ound/ cer tain / likely / unlikely to
Present continuous to be on the brink of
. to talk about activities or events which have already been
arranged or are definite. The future continuous can also
be used in this context. It is a little more formal.
l'm travelling on the Orient Express to Venice.
Unit 3
I'II be travelling on the Orient Express to Venice. Conditional clauses
r to avoid going to + go we can use the present continuous There are four main types of conditional clauses.
form ofgo instead o Zero conditional - to express real situations
Hei going climbing in the Alps next summer. lf/When + present tense I present tense
r for surprising or unexpected events If I eat too much in the evening I can't sleep at night.
Paula is taking her mother on her honeymoon! o First conditional - to express real situations
If + present tense I future Iense wiII
Present simple
o to talk about future events such as a timetable or If you don't apologise, you'll regret it later.
programme
o Second conditional - to express unreal situations
The train for Burnley leaves at 5.00 sharp every Friday If + past tense I wouldl couldlmight
evening. If I had some money, I would live somewhere warmer.
. If I were you, Id go now before it rains.
in temporal clauses after a time conjunction
When you arrive in Beijing go directly to the hotel and I'lI r Third conditional - to express unreal situations
meet you in the lobby. If + past perfect I wouldlcouldlmight + have + past
participle
Future continuous If she hadn't had the chocolate chip ice cream, she would
r to talk about something that is going on at a particular have been in a worse mood.
time or over a particular period in the future o Mixed conditionals
The ship will be travelling at 20 knots as it cruises in the If + past tense I mightl couldl shouldlwould - for
Caribbean. situations in the present which affect the past
r for something that has been arranged previously If I weren't so untidy, I wouldn't have lost your keys.
Luisa will be visiting us again in the fall. If + past perfect I wouldlmightl could + infinitive - for
o when you want to appear very polite situations in the past which affect the present
WilI you be needing anything to drink, Sir? If I had moved to California, I would be much richer
today.
be + infinitive
r for official notices, newspaper reports, formal lnversion and conditionals
instructions and to give orders with'ifi
Sentences with inversion are more formal than those
Passengers are to leave by the rear door of the aircraft.
r First conditional
Future perfect This often expresses a tentative idea/request/offer, etc.
. to say when something will be completed by If you should require more assistance, please telephone.
I hope they will have finished the building work on the Should you require more assistance, Please telephone.
hotel before we go on holiday.
GRAMMAR FOLDER
r Second conditional I used to go swimmingfour or five times a week.
If you went out in this weather, youd be thoroughly Every spring, Grant visited his elderly aunts in Maine.
soaked. To talk about something which continued to happen
Were you to go out in this weather, youd be thoroughly before and after a given event, the past continuous is used.
soaked. While Kevin was away visitingfriends in ltaly, his Jlat was
r Third conditional burgled.
If I had known there was going to be a storm, I would To talk about a temporary situation in the past, the past
have stayed indoors. continuous is used.
Had I known there was going to be a storm, I would have The two families were eating a meal together for the first
stayed indoors. time.
For information about the past perfect, see also the section
Other conditional clauses on Perfect tenses on page 178.
. If + would I will: If you would take a seat, the doctor will
see you shortly. Speculating about the past
. If + will I will: I'il clean the house, if you'll mow the lawn. To express certainty or near-certainty about something
o Other words and phrases can be used to introduce in the past, the modal verb must is used with have and a
conditional clauses: past participle.
Those early settlers must have had access to fresh water.
Providing provided that, as/so long as are similar to f You must have seen that Johnny Depp film at least five
They are all emphatic forms emphasising a condition.
times!
Even if introduces an extreme condition.
To express uncertainty about something in the past, the
WeIl, iti true, even if you refuse to believe me. modal verbs could, may, might are used with have and a
Unless can be replaced by if ... not or providing ,,, not past participle.
but sometimes works better with except when. I suppose it could have been my mistake, though I labelled
I won't give a waiter a tiP except when / unless I get everything clearly.
excellent service. Experts are suggesting that the virus may have been
Supposing should be used at the beginning ofthe carried long distances on the wind.
sentence and is often not used as a linking word, but We might haye met at that party in 2010?
rather in the sentence setting up the condition. To express impossibility about something in the past, the
Supposing/suppose it rains tomorrow. What will we do? modal verbs can't or couldn't are used with have and a
past participle.
Given that is used when some fact is already known.
You can't have got to Leeds yet - it's afour-hour driye at
Given that this area is liable to flood, it would be unwise
least!
in the extreme to consider buying a house here.
lames couldn't have played cricket last week as he was
But for and without are often used with third away.
conditional sentences.
But for his help, I would never have managed to survive Using the passive in the past
the ferry crossing.
The passive is formed with the verb be and a past
participle.
The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham BelI.
Unit 4 Repairs were being made to the bridge at first light this
morning.
Talking about the past ForkJike implements have been used for over 2,000 years.
There are a number of ways of talking about the past in Both sides had been advised to seek fresh legal
English. representation before the trial.
. To talk about completed actions, the past simple is used. There are only two passive infinitives that are commonly
Novak Djokovic won his first Grand Slam singles title in used in English, the present and the perfect forms.
2008, at the age of 20. This yoghurt needs to be eaten before the 25th.
r To talk about events which occurred regularly or Radical cuts to the budget seem to have been made by the
habitually in the past, would or used to can also be used. Managing Director.
Itwas our little ritual. I would nod, she would smile and he Note that passive infinitives are often used after the verbs
would look longingly. appear, prove and seem, as in the second example above.
GRAMMAR FOLDER
Unit 5
For people and expressions concerning time and distance
an apostrophe is generally used.
Nouns my uncle's sister
Nouns can be countable or uncountable. the boy's shoes
r a year\ salary
Countable nouns can:
use a/an or the or some For objects o/is generally used.
be used in the plural the back of the room
take the following determiners: many, a large number of, the cover of the book
several, a few, few, a lot of A noun is often used as an adjective to indicate kind, use
r Uncountable nouns: or place.
can use the or some or nothing a table leg
are used only in a singular form a night flight
can take the following determiners: much, a great deal of, a a shop window
large amount of,Iittle, a little, a lot of
r Common uncountable nouns include:
most substan ces - coal, china, flour, etc. Unit 5
abstract nouns - happiness, admiration, freedom
Degrees of likelihood
all sports
most nouns ending in -ing - shopping, sightseeing Can is used to express possibility without reference to
accommodation, information, trffic, advice, Iuggage, luck, past, present or future.
weather, work, homework, furniture, evidence
He can sound offkey at times when he sings.
o Some nouns can be countable and uncountable with a Could, may and might express present possibility with
slight change of meaning. reference to the future, present or past.
She has grey hair. There are hairs on your jumper. It may/might/could be a good concert/ have been a good
The bridge is built of stone. I've got a stone in my shoe. concert.
o Some nouns can be countable and uncountable but

May not and mightnof express possibility negatively.
Get your ticket for the concert today; there may/might not
completely change their meaning.
be many left.
What\ the capital of your country?
The company has,rery little capital to work with.
He may/might not have bought the album you wanted.
r The majority of uncountable nouns can be made singular Deduction is expressed by must be I must have been,
or plural by adding a bit/piece of or bits/pieces of. However, will be / will have been and should be / should have
there are sometimes specific words which should be used been.
You must be tired after your performance.
instead.
a lump of sugar That'II be my guitar teacher; I heard him ring the door bell.
a shaft of sunlight She should have been able to sing at the concert, her sore
throat was much better.
o Some nouns with a singular form can be treated as singular
or plural, depending on whether the noun is seen as a unit Impossibility is expressed by cannot/can't and could not.
or a collection ofpeople. It can't be a flute; it sounds more like a clarinet.
The class is/are doing exams at present.
You couldn't have seen the new film - it hasn't been
released yet.
The committee is/are looking into the matter of vandalism.
o Some nouns look plural but take a singular verb.
Could and might can be used to imply criticism or
The news is on at 8.00 pm.
irritation. Intonation is very important in carrying
Athletics is an important part of the Olympics. meaning with these modals.
You might have told me youd be coming late.
. Some nouns like policelook singular but take a plural verb.
You could practise a bit more.
The police are involved in tryingto catch the thief.
Various expressions can be used to express likelihood:
it's a foregone conclusion
Possessive forms
the chances are
Possession can be signalled in English in three different there\ every likelihood
ways - using an apostrophe, using o/and using a noun as he'sbound to
an adjective. there\ a slim/faint chance
it\ doubtful
GRAMMAR FOLDER
o
Unit 7
Neyer and nowhere are used in a similar way.
Never had I felt more relaxed than that first week on
Participle clauses Corsica.
Participle clauses give more information about someone or Nowhere could we find fresh vegetables, and some dairy
something. In many ways, their function in a sentence is products were in short supply too.
similar to defining relative clauses. o Other negative words and expressions like this are little,
The man dancing oyer there is my brother. (The man who is no sooner, not.
dancing over there is my brother.) Little did we realise what we were letting ourselves in for.
No sooner had Phoebe arrived than she helped herself to a
The painting sold at auction yesterday has already been
drink without asking.
shipped to New York. (The painting that was sold at auction
Not a single word of thanks did they hear from her.
yesterday has already been shipped to New York.)
o e The fixed expression Had it not been for... is used to
The position of the clause can affect meaning.
talk about the reasons for changed results.
Standing at the top of the hill, I could just see the village.
(refers to the subject,'I')
Had it not been for supportive friends and family, she
could not haue handled the constant intrusion of the
I could just see the village standing at the top of the hill.
media.
(refers to the object, 'the village')
o Haying + past participle refers to previous action.
r Inversion also occurs at the end ofsentences with
neither, nor and so.
Having reached the top of the hill, I could just see the
Tim didn't feel like facing the press and neither did Lucy.
village.
Students haven't welcomed the new syllabus and nor have
. Being + past participle is used to express a passive.
their teachers.
The report being published today will force local
Karl wiII be pleased to finish work and so will L
governments back to the drawing board.
o Sometimes a time clause precedes inversion.
r Past participle -ed clauses are used in a similar way.
Not until two days later did we remember to call the
The images provided by the Hubble Space Telescope have
school.
given astronomers fresh insights.
Only once before have I felt like this about a project.
o Sometimes an adjunct of place precedes inversion.
At the end of the path lay the meadows.
Unit 8 In the distance stood the foothilk of the Himalayas.
lnversion r Inversion occurs with certain prepositional phrases.
In the normal word order of a sentence, a subject is
On no account are you to leave this room!
followed by verb. a
Under no circumstances can a replacement card be issued.
Madrid offers its visitors an excellent choice of restaurants In no way does that imply defeat.
and some wonderful bars too.
At no time did you give me an accurate picture of what
was going on.
However, sometimes this word order is changed, or
inverted. This is usually done to give emphasis within
r Inversion can occur with so + an adjective.
the sentence. For example, the sentence above could be So loud was the music that we couldn't attempt to chat.
So consistent has lohni performance been that he has
rewritten as:
Not only does Madrid ffir its yisitors an excellent choice of earned the nickname'Strongman'.
restaurants, but there are also some wonderful bars. o Such is used in a similar way to emphasise the extent of
r The broad negative adverbs barely, hardly, rarely, something.
Such is the demand for tickets that they are selling at
scarcely, seldom can be used like this.
double their face value.
Barely were we into our costumes when it was time to go
on stage. See also Unit 3 on page 179 for information about inversion
Seldom does a day go by without someone ringing up to in conditional clauses.
complain about the product.
GRAMMAR FOTDER
They stopped dancing when she cqme into the room.
Unit 9 (ceased)
Cerunds and infinitives They stopped to have a cup of coffee halfway through the
morning. (reason)
Verb + object + to-infinitive Try to stand up straight. (attempt)
r Some verbs include an object before a fo-infinitive: If you can't get the car going, try ringing the garage.
consider, warn, allow, believe, encourage, etc. (experiment)
I encouraged her to wear her school unifurm. I heard Adele sing in London. (once)
o Some verbs don t require an object: decide, refuse, hope, I hear the birds singing every morning. (repeated action)
fail, agree, start, etc.
I decided to throw out all the clothes I hadn't worn for a Yerb + -ing
year.
o Some verbs must have an object before an -ingwhen
they are in the active: catch, discover, observe, see, watch,
r Some verbs sometimes take an object and sometimes
etc.
doit: hate, help, like, love, want, prefer, need.
I ouerheard them talking about the new manager.
I like to swim every morning.
I like you to swim so that you get some exercise. but
They were overheard talking about the new manager.
Verb + (object) + bare infinitive o Some verbs dont have an object before -ing: admit,
r Some verbs are followed by a bare infinitive after an advise, consider, deny, face, finish, suggest, etc.
object: hear, feel, make, notice, see, watch, Iet, etc. I suggested going to the party early.
I made him shave his beard off.
Her parents let her choose the shoes she wanted.
Verb + to-infinitive or -ing? Unit ro

r Some verbs are followed by a fo-infinitive'. agree, aim, Expressing wishes and preferences
ask, demand, prepare, hope, manage, wish, etc.
I agreed to wear the unifurm. Wish and tf only
o Some verbs are followed by -ing: consider, avoid, o To talk about the present a past tense is used.
envisage, miss, imagine, etc. and all phrasal verbs. I wish I could speak Spanish.
Liz couldn't imagine wearing an evening dress. r To talk about the past a past perfect is used.
o Some verbs take either a /o-infinitive or -ingwith little or If only they had listened to their teacher.
no change in meaning: begin, start, cease, continue. o To express irritation or criticism of something happening
They began singing/to sing early in the programme. now would is used.
o Some verbs take a to-infinitive or -ingbut change their I wish he would stop answering me in English when I want
meaning: go on, stoP, try, remember, forget, regret, mean, to practise French.
come, hear, etc. Note: would isnt used if the object and subject are the same.
They came to accept her opinions. (gradual change) . If only is perhaps slightly stronger than I wish.
He came running into the room. (way of moving)
He went on to talk about the dress code. (next topic) Would rather / lt's time,etc.
He went on talking even when everyone started yawning. .are followed by a past tense to express a present idea
(continue) with an object.
I mean to wear jeans to the barbecue. (intend) It\ time the government invested in language training.
It means buying a new pair of shoes. (involves) Id rather you learned Spanish at school.
I regret to say that you are not properly attired. (present/ . are followed by an infinitive when making a general
future) statement.
I regret telling her that she looked scruffy. (past) It's time to leave.
I remember visiting the Costume Museum when I was
ld rather learn Chinese than Russian.
young. (remember - second action)
I remembered to post the parcel to her this morning.
(remember - first action)
GRAMMAR FOLDER
Unit rr Unit rz
Cradability Passive structures
A gradable adjective can be combined with an adverb like
reasonably or extremely to quantify that adjective. So, for
Formation
example, you can be fairly happy or very happy. This cannot The passive is formed with the verb be and a past participle.
happen with an ungradable adjective, as the adjective itself For modals it is formed with the modal + be + pastparticiple.
already holds some notion of quantity or degree. These An unmanned submarine has been developed to automatically
adjectives can be combined with adverbs like absolutely or track down and follow whales and tuna, alarming many
totally to add emphasis. conservationists.
We all feel slightly frustrated by the lack of communication on Miniature versions can now be produced at minimal cost.
this project. This table shows the formation of all passive tenses. Those
Charlotte was absolutely furious when she heard the decision. crossed through do not normally occur in English.
adverbs gradable adjectives Simple present It is made.

deeply angry Present continuous It is being made.
extremely cheerful Present perfect It has been made
fairly happy Present perfect continuous ft@t
immensely hurt Simple past It was made.
rather irritable Past continuous It was being made.
very upset Past perfect It had been made.
adverbs ungradable adjectives
Past perfect continuous Ir@e
absolutely Future It will be made.
awful
completely broken-hearted
Future continuous ffi+@e
Future perfect It will have been made.
entirely impossible
Futureperfectcontinuous
totally terrible @
utterly wonderful Use
o Pretty can be combined with both gradable and The choice of active or passive voice often defines the focus
ungradable adjectives in informal English. of the sentence. Compare:
Tomfinds it pretty quiet aroundhere in the evenings, so he Massive waves destroyed the harbour wall. (Active voice, the
often shoots off to town on his motorbike. focus is on the waves and what they did.)
It\ pretty amazing that someone who was at death\ door
The harbour wall was destroyed by massive uaues. (Passive
three months ago has just run the London marathon!
voice, the focus is on the harbour wall and what happened
. Really can also be combined with both types of to it.)
adjective, though with ungradable adjectives, the use can
In the second sentence, the waves are the agent. The agent
only be informal.
is typically introduced with the preposition b7.
For a really comfortable night's sleep, choose Maxtoni
The passive is used without an agent:
mattresses every time.
I've just had a really awful run-in with Duncan over his . when the action is more important than the person
marketing plan. doing it
o It\ going to be quite some time before car body panels are
Quite can be combined with both gradable and
cast from titanium.
ungradable adjectives, but there is a change of meaning.
I'm quite busy at work at the moment, but I've known it r when the person or thing that performed the action is
much worse. (= fairly) not known
You're quite impossible at times - sweet wrappers go in the In separate incidents across the city, shop windows were
bin not on the floor!(= completely) smashed and goods taken.
The oily stain had been hidden from view until now.
Some adjectives can be both gradable and ungradable, and
this is often accompanied by a change in meaning from The passive voice can be used to produce an official or
literal to more figurative use. impersonal tone.
Iake has been blind since an accident in childhood. Visitors must be accompanied by a member of staff at all
Our consumer society is fairly blind to the issue of poverty. times.
Each solution was heated to boiling point prior to lab
analysis.
}}\ .RAMMAR F.TDER

\
r
Unit 13 Singular, concrete nouns require an article, except for
some idioms. The definite article is precise and refers to
Reported speech something, while the indefinite article is vague and more
o As reported speech is used to tell someone else of what general, or is used when something is mentioned for the
happened, all pronouns change, almost all verb tenses, first time.
except second and third conditionals and past perfects, The runner in first place came from Kenya.
change and all words referring to a particular time or Steve is going to be a runner in the New York marathon.
place change. I No article is used with: certain countries; names of
'I saw this film two weeks ago.' mountains; meals, unless they are formal ones; bed,
+ She said she had seen that school, hospital, prison if they are being used for their
film two weeks before.
. Some changes are not quite so straightforward. Must intended purpose.
changes to had to and mustn'f becomes was not to for I intend to visit Australia.
obligation. lf must is used to talk about laws or general She's in prison for stealing.
truths then it doesnt change. Come down for breakfast!
'I must buy a new bicycle.' r The definite article is used with: rivers, seas, oceans,
"+ She said she had to buy a new bicycle. chains of mountains, gulfs and bays; newspapers; before
'You mustn't tell my mother.' musical instruments; before a superlative adjective; when
we know there is only one of something.
- She said I was not to tell her mother.
Tessa plays the violin.
'You must not go more than 40 kph.'
I read The Times.
- He said you mustn't go more than 0 kph.
The Sierra Nevada is a beautiful mountain range.
. With the first conditional, the verb tenses in the f clause The sky is very blue.
backshift in the usual way and will changes to would in
o The indefinite article is used when we mean bnd of
the main clause.
'If you don't hurry up, you'll miss your
something unless we want to emphasise the amount.
flight.' I d like a cup of coffee.
+ She said that if we didn't hurry up, we would miss our
Just one cup, not two.
flight.
r As a general rule, the second conditional doesnt change.
'He would be pleased if you visited him.'
- She said he would be pleased if she visited him. Unit t5
r Often a verb or a verb and adverb are used which Purpose and reason clauses
contain many of the elements of what is being reported. . A purpose clause normally comes after a main clause.
'What about picking up the litter?' she said.
I keep my mobile switched off when I'm working, so as not
+ She suggested picking up the litter. to be distracted.
'Goodness! Look at that rubbish tip!' he said. . Purpose clauses are introduced by the following
+ He exclaimed in horror when he saw the rubbish tip.
conjunctions:
'I had absolutely nothing to do with it,' he said. for fear that (formal)
+ He categorically denied having anything to do with it. lesf (formal)
in order to
in order not to
Unit 14 so as to
so as not to
Articles so that
o Plural, abstract and uncountable nouns do not need an r A reason clause can come before or after the main
article ifthey are used to talk about things in general. To clause.
Iimit these nouns a definite article is required. As it was late, lenny went straight to bed.
Sport is good for you. Id shut the window in case it rains.
The sport played the most is football. r Reason clauses are introduced by:
as
because
in case
since
GRAMMAR FO[DER
r
Unit 16 Other related expressions are nowhere near as ... as, not
nearly as . . . as and nothing like as .. . as.
Concessive clauses The new sports commentator is nowhere near as good as
These are used to give contrasting information to that given Iohn Motson.
in the rest of the sentence. A concessive clause can come This album is not nearly as good as their last one.
before or after the main clause. o Including an adverb of degree gives added emphasis. The
Although Moravia had more than thirty books published in nouns d bit, a good deal, a great deal, a little, a lot are
his lifetime, his first noyel is undoubtedly the best. also used in this way.
You're by far the cleverest person in this class, you know.
Shakespeare remains on the syllabus, even though many
Sally is a great deal younger than her brother.
British teenagers find his plays inaccessible.
r Concessive clauses are introduced by the following . Using a sentence with two comparatives shows that as
one thing changes, another thing also changes:
conjunctions:
The sooner we get home, the happier I'll be.
although
The more you practise the violin, the easier it will become.
despite
even if
even though
in spite of Unit 18
much as
though
Moda ls review
whereas Here are further examples of the many different functions
while of modal verbs. See also Unit 3 Conditional clauses and
o Unit 6 Degrees of likelihood.
Much as and whereas are less commonly used and occur
mainly in formal written English. Strong obligation
. With though and although, it is possible to omit the verb All passengers must observe the no smoking policy on board.
in the concessive clause. You'll have to wait in line like everyone eke, I'm afraid.
Although (we were) exhausted, we stayed up to watch the
I had to walk to school when I was young.
end of the film.
c Despite and in spite o/cannot be followed by a verb, but Weak obligation
take a gerund or noun. I ought to save a bit more money each month.
Despite running all the way to the station, we missed the You really should try to keep on top of your homework.
train.
In spite of the weather, we had a good time. Unfulfilled obligation (past)
o It is possible to add the fact that to these conjunctions George should have gone to visit his parents more often than
and then include a verb. he did.
Despite the fact that ]ess had very little money, her trip to We ought to have done more to this house.
Lisbon was a great success.
Prohibition
Students must not bring any personal belongings into the
examination room.
Unit 17
I don't care what you say, you can't stay out later than
Comparison midnight.
There are various ways of making comparisons in English.
No necessity
o Using a comparative or superlative adjective
We don't need to buy the cinema tickets in advance.
I'm happier now than I've ever been.
You needn't have bothered to come and see me off at the
That is the most outrageous suggestion you've made today!
station.
. Using the structure not as ... as
Holly k not as fast on the tennis court as she used to be. Speculation
Note that the variant not so ... as is less common Could it have been the right answer after all?
nowadays.
There might be some money in it for you.
G RAMMAR FOLDER
Deduction Mid-position adverbs
That must be the turning just beyond the garage. The rule here is that these go before a main verb, between
It must have been Mikei girlfriend you met. an auxiliary and main verb and after the verb to be.
o Adverbs of certainty - definitely, certainly
Ability
He will definitely win the cup.
I can get by on my forehand, but I can't play a backhand shot
to save my lfe.
o Adverbs of indefinite frequency - often, seldom, rarely,
Everyone in the class could understand sign language nev er, usually, o ccasionally
perfectly. She often loses her keys.

o Adverbs of manner - quickly, slowly, carefully
lmpossibility He quickly dived into the water.
Andrew can't play squash tonight. o Adverbs of completeness - almost, partly, nearly
There couldn't have been a power failure - the computer\ still
I have nearly finished the washing.
on.
r Adverbs of degree - completely, quite
Advice She was quite convinced that she was right.
You should cut down on chocolate if you want to lose weight. r Focus adverbs - just, even
Jerry really ought to see a doctor about his back problem. He didn't even apologise for forgetting my birthday.
They just appeared out of nowhere.
Permission
You can have a break now. End position adverbs
You may leave if you wish. (formal) r Adverbs of manner - quickly, slowly, carefully
She crossed the lane slowly. He dived into the water
quickly.
Unit 19 r Adverbs ofplace

She walked into the park.
Word order and adverbs o Adverbs of time - last night, tomorrow, yesterday
There are three normal positions for adverbs:
We saw her only last week.
. at the beginning of a sentence - Last night I saw a ghost. o Adverbs ofdefinite frequency - yearly, every hour
o in the mid-position - I have never had a paranormal I go to the gym twice a week.
experience.
If there is more than one end position adverb in a sentence
r at the end - She left work in a hurry. or clause, the general rule is to put them in the following
It is important to remember that there are exceptions to the order: manner - place - time, though this order can vary
following general rules regarding the position of adverbs, for reasons of emphasis.
usually depending on what the speaker is emphasising or We were walking peacefully along the beach yesterday, when
sees as most important. Note that some tlpes of adverb can we got a terrible fright.
go in more than one position. She walked hurriedly out of the room.
She ran out of the room in a frenzy.
lnitial position adverbs
I met him for the first time at a concert last week.
o Connecting adverbs - However, Then
o Adverbs of time - Last night, Tomorrow Any position adverbs
r Some adverbs of frequency - Usually, Once a year,
r Comment adverbs - personally, in theory, foolishly,
Occasionally in my opinion, undoubtedly
Personally, I'm very annoyed with him.
o Some adverbs of certainty - Maybe, Perhaps, Naturally
I'm personally very annoyed with him.
. Negative adverbials with inversion - Seldom, Rarely I'm very annoyed with him, personally.
Seldom have I seen him so angry.
o Sometimes
o Adverbs of manner, for emphasis - carefully, terribly, easily I'm sometimes late with work.
Carefully he placed the slide under the microscope. Sometimes I'm late with work.
l'm late with work sometimes.
GRAMMAR FOLDER
hard/hardly, etc.
In some cases there is a difference in the meaning of an
adverb which sometimes uses -ly and sometimes doesnt.
Adverbs that change meanings include: hard, direct, short,
wide, late, free, wrong, right.
I saw the UFO high over the mountains.
He thinks highly of the research done on Aboriginal beliefs.
Unit zo
Uses of have,get and go
We use the structure of have + object + past participle
when we talk about other people doing things for us, for
example I have my hair cut every three weeks.
Another use of have + object + participle is of
'experience', for example I had my car stolen last night.
This is something that happened to me. I didnt organise
it. The following are similar examples.
It\ good to have the birds singing in the morning now iti
spring.
I had a dogfollow me home yesterday.
Have + object + infinitive or -ing form is also quite
common.
I won'thave you coming home late every night!
Have Mrs Jones sit down and wait please.
The teacher hqd us all running round the field in the rain.
Look at the following uses of get + object + participle.
I got the car repaired. - This is a more informal way of
saying t had the car repaired. She got herselflost on the
underground. - It was her own fault.
I'll get the washing done if you do the ironing. - This
implies I'll do it myself.
I'll never get this done by tomorrow. - I'll never be able to
finish it.
} GRAMMAR F.LDER
\
Revision crosswords
These crosswords include some of the idioms, phrasal verbs and other vocabulary you
have learned so far in the units. The number of letters required is given in brackets.
Units 1-4
ACROSS
I do what is expected of you (3,3,4)
4 (and 8, 2 down) ....... easy ds ....... , ....... , three (2,3,3)
6 see 19 across
7 cannot go wrong (9)
9 take ....... a business (phrasal verb) (4)
l0 verb related to'prevalent' (7)
12 uncertain of a successful outcome (5,3,2)
13 not tell the truth (3)
14 ....... chalk and cheese (4)
15 have no objection ....... something (2)
15 see 17 down
t7 (and 6 down) instead of (2,a,2)
18 see 19 across
19 (and 18, 6 across) manage to avoid (3,3,2)
20 see 19 down
DOWN
I find with some effort (phrasal verb) (5,4)
2 see4 across
3 impossible to get another (13)
5 tell a secret (5,3,5)
6 see 17 across
7 pay (4,3,4)
8 see 4 across
ll sorry (10)
14 (and 15 down) be as good as expected (phrasal verb) (4,2,2)
15 see 14 down
17 (and 16 across) fashionable (2,5)
19 (and 20 across) return or retreat (phrasal verb) (2,4)
REVISION CROSSWORDS
Units S-8 Units g-12
ACROSS ACROSS
I ostentatious, stylish (often used ofclothes) (10) I able to recognise things ofgood quality (14)
5 a ....... hate (3) 7 say no: ....... a proposal (4)
7 ....... close to call; ....... hot to handle (3) 8 a....... of hair, thread, DNA, etc. (6)
8 very bad weather: the eye of the ....... (5) 9 ready money (4)
1l very cheap: going for a ....... (4) l0 danger; also verb (4)
13 not as good as believed to be (9) l2 calm ....... (phrasal verb) (4)
14 agrain of ....... (a) l3 spick and ....... (4)
15 someone who cant stop making purchases (10) l5 not sleep properly (4,3,4)
l8 having respect for: in ....... of (3) l8 Thanks! (informal) (2)
l9 briefly (2,1,8) 20 bit....... bit; minute ....... minute (2)
22 on ....... account (2) 22 not definite (9)
24 inflexible (5) 23 between two states: on the ....... (4)
28 see 19 down 25 przzle, such as a crossword: brain ....... (6)
29 origin (6) 26 eat humble....... (3)
30 (and 3 down) leave (phrasal verb) (3,3)
DOWN
DOWN I variety (used especially ofspecies) (9)
I moronic, stupid (7) 2 see 24 down
2 certain to happen: conclusion (1,8) 3 didn't catch exactly what was said (8)
3 see 30 across (3) 4 standard ways ofbehaving in society (5)
4 compare: liken....... (2) 5 make a piece of writing less offensive (phrasal verb) (4,4)
6 little time to complete tasks or projects (5,9) 6 enormous (8)
8 a ....... of abuse (6) ll sentimental; also used of weather conditions (6)
9 (and 16 down) the blue (3,2) 14 see 21 down
l0 (and 23 down) stay up late working: burn the ..... ..... (8,3) 16 rather rude or short with someone (6)
l2 a stroke ....... luck (2) 17 ecstasy or extreme joy - a literary word (7)
16 see 9 down 19 deliberately incite an emotion (phrasal verb) (4,2)
17 turn a blind ....... to someone's faults (3) 20 see 24 d.own
19 (and 28 across) morally justified (2,3,5) 2l (and 14 down) a solution; extract (phrasal verb)
20 under ...... circumstances (2) (s,3 )
2l a loud or unpleasant sound (5) 24 (and,2, 20 down) return to the past: turn ....... ....... ....... (3,5,4)
23 see l0 down
25 the grass ...... always greener (2)
26 promptly: on the ...... (3)
27 leave someone high and....... (3)
REVISION CROSSWORDS
Units 13-16 Units 17-2o
ACROSS ACROSS
r gripping; urgent (10) I something to think about (4,3,7)
6 regular; with a beat (8) 6 supporting a cause or ideal passionately (7)
l0 describes hearry traffic (4,2,4) 7 an advantage or benefit; the opposite of 'minus' (4)
13 successor (starts with a silent letter) (4) 9 keep body and ....... together (4)
14 fast....... ; ....... record (5) l0 see 29 down
l7 close down: ....... up shop (4) l2 be on cloud ....... (4)
l8 desire; want very much (5) 13 fate; what will happen (7)
19 the ....... of the problem (3) 14 mistake: a....... in the argument: (4)
20 forgetful (6-6) 15 good at noticing or realising things (10)
23 exclamation (2) 19 word used in similes (2)
24 become unable to deal with things (4,4,4) 22 scornful (12)
DOWN 27 noise made by a contented cat (4)
I opt for something unsuitable, in desperation (6,2,6) 28 have a debt (3)
2 large and unruly crowd (3) 30 cause to happen; also noun: pull the ....... (7)
3 deal with things as they happen : play it by ....... (3) 3l call a....... a....... (5)
4 blame: someone's door (3,2) 32 the verylast clue: the....... (3)
5 good to chew (3) DOWN
7 ignore: give someone the ....... ....... (4,8) I not have as much money as you used to (4,3,5)
8 neither... ....... (3) 2 verb used to describe the movement of mud, oil, etc. (4)
t huge advance or improvement (7,4) 3 noisy quarrel or fight: originally a French word (6)
l0 zero; the big'O' (3) 4 make a sound like a snake; also noun (4)
I I ....... your heart out! (3) 5 narve (d.)
12 quiet or monosyllabic (8) 7 play on words: noun and verb (3)
l5 (and 21, 16 down) regret (a literary phrase) (3,3,3) 8 take legal action for damages (3)
16 see 15 down ll clenched hand (4)
l8 losses or reductions (4) l3 Never ....... my door again! (6)
2l see 15 down 16 on time; without delay (6)
22 polite modal verb (3) l7 set the wheels ....... motion (2)
18 see 29 down
20 cunning; astute (6)
2l a ....... ofjoy; also verb: increase suddenly (5)
23 dull sound; also verb (4)
24 unadulterated, not mixed with anlthing (a)
25 prefix meaning'three' (3)
26 a...... loser (4)
29 (and l0 across, 18 down) It's your decision:
() ) 1\
REVISION CROSSWORDS

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Map of Objective Proficiency Student’s Book

TOPIC LESSON FOCUS EXAM SKILLS GRAMMAR VOCABULARY

Exam folder 7 116–117 Paper 1 Reading and Use of English: 5

map o f o bj e c t ive p ro f i c i e n c y stu d e nt ’s bo ok 5

Speaking meeting ‘Mr Right’

Idiom spot Exam spot

1 Read these short texts about alternative ways of

A LIFE LESS ORDINARY

Pink Lady Flamingo

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

Personal computers first made their appearance in the home in the

So what lies ahead of us? By 2025, will we

3 For sentences a–j, replace the words in italics with

1 Which information in text 1 is summarised in the following

Affixes i The of fast food CONSUME

IT’S ONLY SKIN DEEP

We are the only animal that chooses what it will look

like. True, the chameleon changes colour – but not

(0) WILFULLY . Unlike us, it doesn’t get up in the morning WILL

do. Indeed, the (1) of body decoration points to the ANTIQUE

conclusion that it is a key factor in our development as the

(2) life-form on our planet. DOMINATE

By (3) their physical appearance our ancestors CUSTOM

distanced themselves from the rest of the animal

kingdom. Within each tribe this helped them to mark out

differences of role, status, and (4) . Our ancestors KIN

(5) developed extraordinary techniques of body APPEAR

decoration for practical reasons. How to show where one

tribe ends and another begins? How to (6) in a LINE

lasting way the significance of an individual becoming an

adult member of society? (7) , without the expressive ARGUE

capabilities of such ‘body language’ we would have been

(8) less successful as a species. FINITE

Now do questions z-8.

Which section mentions

a He never does any work, I'm stre he\ going to

have on your life. special and a DVD.

She was on the verge of bursting

1 The words and phrases in italics below occur in the

C doubtful whether she could go 4 shoulder I d theline

Use the phrases to complete these sentences, changing the

Even in our information-rich digital age, when there are diverse

-The to<trccnslder_the-rele.,of ,r,,t.qn"s-in our/ ,nodetn wel^-ld. BptL,Je-xts- ideLrtif2: e'-,

Rewrite the second sentence of Paragraph 3 in your own words.

Write a final paragraph of about 6o words, including your own

WR. lT'l N G. f O L P,E:R,::'li,:

3 Both speakers in the recording used words such as quite, rather

@ rxam spot whatever far as given

Read this article about the effect of the wind on mood.

There's an old English saying:When the wind is in the east,'tis

rise in industrial injuries by twenty per cent.

The nouns in the box express extreme emotions. Decide which

EXAMILE: disgust - revulsion, loathing

Read the Exam advice and then do the task.

Henri Cartier-Bresson helped establish photojournalism (0) .....A9-.... an aft form.

ln his twenties, he travelled in Africa, recording his experiences with a 35-millimetre