UNIT – 1

Introduction of Sociology

Introduction
The term sociology was coined by Augustea Comte, a French philosopher in
1839. Sociology is the youngest in all the sciences. The word sociology is derived
from latin word socitus meaning society and the greek world logous means study
of.
Sociology is the study of men behavior in group or of the interaction among
human being of social relationship and the process by which human group activity
take place.

Definitions
“Sociology is the science of society or of social phenomena” *L.F ward+
“Sociology is the study of human interaction and their condition and
consequences” *M. Gunsberg+
“Sociology is the study of interaction arising from association of living
being.”

Nature of sociology –
* Sociology not a science
(i) Lack of experimentation
(ii) Lack of objectivity
(iii) Lack of exactivity
(iv) Terminologically insufficiency

*Sociology as a science
- Scope & branches of Sociology
(i) Sociology theory
(ii) Historical theory
(iii) Sociology of family
(iv) Human ecology & Demography

-Special branches of sociology

(i) Educational Sociology
(ii) Sociology Religion
(iii) Economical Sociology
(iv) Sociology psychology
(v) Cultural sociology
(vi) Medical sociology
(vii) Social Psychiatry
(viii) Political sociology
(ix) Industrial Sociology

Role/Importance function of Sociology

(i) Sociology studies society
(ii) Sociology studies role of institution in the development of individual
(iii) Find out solution of social problems
(iv) It changes our outlook in regards to problems of crime.
(v) It enriches human culture
(vi) Sociology study is helpful for planning for society.
(vii) It is helpful in find out the solution of international problem.

- Importance of Sociology in Nursing

(i) For understanding different culture
(ii) For understanding social problems and attitudes
(iii) For understanding social interaction
(iv) For comprehensive health care
(v) For achieving social control
(vi) To improvement of community life.
(vii) For health education.
(viii) For understanding religion traditions.
(ix) For guidance about welfare
(x) For maintaining effective IPR

Sociology is the scientific study of the structure of social life. [Young And sneck]

“Sociology is the science of collective behavior.” *R.E Park & F.W Burges+

Nature of Sociology
There are two opposite view about the nature of social science, there is a
controversy about the nature of sociology as a science.
 There are some critics who deny sociology to clame to be regarded as a
science but there are others who accepts that sociology is a science as like other
sciences.
A sciences is a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or
truth systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws.
Sociology Cannot be regarded as a science
Those who deny the clame of sociology to be designated as a science says
the following objections.

Lack of experimentation:-
If science is used in the same sense as it is used for physical science than
sociology cannot clame to be a science. The term science as used for physical
science includes the twin process of experiment and prediction. Sociology is this
sense isn’t a science because in subject matters, human relationships can’t be
measured by laboratory methods and there are no measures for social behavior.

(ii) Lack of objectivity:-

Every person’s behavior is dynamic, their may be biasness about the other
persons or race. In implying the scientific method, person can’t maintain
complete objectivity with the object of his experiment as does a physician. In
other way social relations can’t be studied through physical sense.

(iii) lack of Exactivity:-

The exactness of science depend on its subject matter science should be
able to frame certain laws on the basis of observation and hypothesis. Such laws
also help to predict accurately.
So that sociology can’t be a science because of lack of predictability and its
laws and results can’t be expressed in precise term.

(iv) Terminologically Insufficiency:-

It has also be argued that sociology suffer from lack of exact and clear
terminology. Some words convey different meanings to different persons.
For eg: Class and caste have not yet acquired their exact meaning. Sociology has
not developed inadequate set of specific terms yet, some of the social term as
religion, caste, class, groups have many meanings and used in daily life.

Sociology as a science
 A science is a body of systemize knowledge which is gathered carefully
observing and measuring events. Objectivity, reliability, validity and predictability
are characteristics of the science, the main points in this connection are as
follows:-
Sociology uses various type of scientific methods, sociology can’t
experiment with the men’s directly in laboratory but sociology does implys
scientific methods as sociometry, interview method, case history, schedule and
questionnaires. Usually sociologies uses the basic methods these are observation
and comparison. Sociology does fame laws and attempts to predict indirectly
sociology trace cause and effect and relationship in social disorganization. It tries
to find out the answers of how as well as why. Regarding to social process and
relationship sociology is a science which give generalization about the social
behavior of human being.

Scope & Branches of Sociology –

Different sociology gave various scopes of sociology, science sociology is on
elastic science it is difficult to determine just where its boudarly starts and ends.
Sociology is the study of human interaction and interrelation, their
conditions and consequences. The main fields are:-
(i) Sociological theory:- It includes the study of sociological concept,
principles and its concepts theories.
(ii) Historical theory:- It includes social incidences and origin of present.
(iii) Sociology of family:- It studies the origin, growth, functions, types of
family and its problems like divorce, dowry system etc.
(iv) Human ecology & Demography – It studies the birth rotes, death rates,
migration rate and desert area.

Special Branches of Sociology

(i) Education Sociology
(ii) Sociology of Religion
(iii) Economical Sociology
(iv) Sociological Psychology
(v) Culture sociology
(vi) Medical sociology
(vi) Political sociology
(viii) Political sociology
(ix) Industrial Sociology
(i) Educational Sociology:- It includes the rate of education into the society.
Eg. Literacy rate, illiteracy rate, teacher ratio etc.

(ii) Sociology of Religion – Importance of religion is studied in religion sociology it

includes type of religions, their believes, misbelieves and superstations

(iii) Economical Sociology:- It includes poverty rate studies, study of economical

issues.

(iv) Sociological Psychology:-

It deals with the behavior of an individual influenced by others and how an
individual influence behavior of others.

(v) Cultural Sociology –

It is a branch of sociology which studies about different cultures, their folks
songs, dance, dress, and eating habits.

(vi) Medical sociology:-

It deals with the medical issues of the society, factors affecting health of
the society and sources availability for health.

(vii) Social Psychiatry :-

It deals with the all abnormal behaviors present in the society and cause of
that specific behavior.

(viii) Political Sociology:- It deals with the political groups, political natural and
effects of politics on the society.

(ix) Industrial sociology:-

It deals with the industrial issues like industrial growths demand and supply
ratios and effects of industrialism on the society.

Role/Importance/Function of Sociology
(i) Sociology studies society:- Through the study of sociology it has been possible
to study the society truly in a scientific manner.
 If an individual have the knowledge of society, he can use this knowledge in
the improvement of human affairs.

(ii) Sociology studies the role of institution in the development of individual:- The
study of social institutions related to the individuals has been made in the
sociological studies. Sociology study how the institutions are helpful in the
development of an individual and studies the weak point and suggest. Restraining
things in order to have better individual.

(iii) Find out solution of social problems:-

Through the methods of scientific research, sociology study the cause of social
evils, social problems and also tires to find out the solution of problem.
This help in controlling the social problems and also in the improvement of
social life.

(iv) It changes over outlook in regards to problems of crime:- Sociology made us

to think that criminals are suffering from the mental deficiency and some efforts
should be made to rehabilitate them.
Social therapy is rendering commendable services in solving the individual
problems.

(v) It enriches human culture:- Sociology enable man to have a better

understanding of culture for himself and others.
By comparative studies, his life have become riches, fuller and it help in
overcoming personal prejudice and hateradness.
Severe for the common hood.

(vi) Sociology study is helpful for planning for society:- With the knowledge of
society it is possible to better the society through adequate and proper planning
so it is. Necessary to have a knowledge about the society before social policies are
framed and carried out, which later on will be helpful in the shaping of society.

(vii) It is helpful in find out the solution of international problems:- There are
many international problems such as health problems, war etc.
The sociology helps in understanding the cause of the problems and help in
finding solutions which will remove all causes to have a peaceful and smooth life.
In India there are number full of problems such as
1. Disintegration of joint family system.
2. Waving of bond of marriage.
3. Increased broken families
4. Urbanization
5. Corruption
6. Crime
7. Underemployed
8. Humicid, Juvenile deliquncy.
9. Group conflict

Sociology studies these problems, find out causes, plan for society or
eliminate those problems and describe the role of institutions in the development
of individuals.

Importance of Sociology in Nursing

Sociology is very useful in nursing profession as discussed below:-
(i) For understanding different culture:- Nurse and nursing field play an important
role in a health care profession. Nurses are the key persons who have significant
influence over the group members with in the society.
Sociology will help the nurse to know about different cultures and lifestyles
of patient.

(ii) For understanding social problems and attitudes:- It also help the nurse to
know about all social problems, attitude of the pt, community health problems
different class, caste, different religions etc. Before treating the pt. the nurse
should know their cultural values, tradition, customs etc. so that medical and
nursing services can be made more effective.

(iii) For understanding social interaction:- Sociology helps the nurse in

understanding the society and the pattern of interaction.

(iv) For comprehensive health care:- by sociological study, the role of social
support system in maintaining the health can be identified and emphasis can be
taken by the nurse about their role in preventing and promotion of health.
(v) For achieving social control:- Sociological study help the nurse in achieving
social control by means of positive and negative force to maintain an organized
society.

(vi) In improvement of community life:- Nursing is not simply a effort to cure

illness, it is also to provide preventive services and to promote health.
To be on effective agent of health promotion, knowledge of the community
and facilities and resources available there is essential.
Sociology can play an important role in understanding and improvement of
community life.

(vii) For health Education – Nurse should go to village for health talk so that
illiterate can learn more. She must attain workshops, seminars upon health
related programmes, community programmes.
(viii) For understanding religion Traditions:- A nurse play vital role while dealing
with The patient firstly. She should welcome the patient without any prejudice
and social differences.
She should respect patient’s cultural value, religion, traditions, The physical
and mental well being of a person largely depend on nurse.

(ix) For guidance about welfare:- Sociology guide the people related to the
welfare programmes.

(x) For maintaining effective IPR:- It helps to gain greater inside human problems
as related to the illness.

UNIT-II
Individual & Society
- Intro
- Define
- Elements of society
- Characteristic of society
- Origin society

(i) Divine Origin theory

(ii) Force theory
(iii) Social contract theory
(iv) Evolution theory

- Nature of society
(i) Social contract theory
(ii) Organic theory

*Community
- Intro
- Define
- Elements
- D/F b/w

*Process of socialization and individualization

- Define
- Characteristics of socialization
- Aims
- Factors or Process of socialization

- Agencies of social
(i) First source
(ii) Second source

The child agencies

* Family & parents
* School & teacher
* Playmates, poor group/friends.
* Religion
* Literature & Mass media
* State

Elements of Socialization process

1. Heritage of individual
2. Environment
3. Culture
4. Experience of Individual
*Individualization –
- Causes of the individual inability to play a satisfactory roles in the society
1. Lack of personal resources
2. Mental deficiency
3. Physical deficiency
4. Cultural level
5. Biological inheritance
6. Uncertainty of roles

- Forms of personal disorganization

(i) Juvenile Delinquency
(ii) Crime
(iii) Suicide
(iv) Sex
(v) Drink
(vi) Insanity
(vii) Mental deficiency

Relationship b/w personnel disorganization and social disorganization.

Unit – II
Individual & Society
Man is a social animal as he can’t alone and he needs society.
The term society is derived form the satin word. “Societies” means
friendship and companionship.
In society the term society refers not to a group of people but to the complex
pattern of norms of the interaction that arise to them. Man needs society enjoy
group life, human life individual and society always live together.

Definition – (Acc to given)

A society is the largest group in which only individual belongs it means all the
individuals are directly or indirectly connect with individual.

Society is the complete of organized association and institution with in the

community.
 A group of people and the complex pattern of norms of interaction that
arise b/w them lapierue.
Society is a wave of social Relationship ‘R.M. Malver’.
The some of formal relation in which individuals associating together or
bound together. ‘Gidding’
Collection of individual united by certain relation or modes of behavior
which mark them of from others who don’t enter these relation or who differ
from them in behavior.
‘M Ginswerge’
A complex of group in Reciprocal relationship interacting upon one other,
enabling human organism to carry on their life activities and helping each person
to fulfill his wishes and accomplish his interest in association with his fellows.
From functional point
of view.
Elements of society
i. Mutual interaction of individual.
ii. Mutual interaction relationship b/w individual.
iii. A pattern of system.
iv. We feeling.
v. Reciprocal/awareness is a essential point of social relationship.
vi. Like mind ness loss (Sympathy)
vii. Society also implies differences/variation.
viii. Interdependent.
ix. Cooperation
Man lives in society for his mental and intellectual development society safe
guard our culture and transmit to the future generation.

Characteristics of society
* It is composed of people.
* People in the society have mutual awanress.
* Continuous Reciprocal interaction and inter relation among social member.
* Society is dynamic.
* Peoples have cooperation and interest.
* Society has likeliness (Similarity and differences)
* Interdependence is observed from the group communities & society. It is
essential to meet the society needs.
* Society has its own way and means of social control.
* Men gregarious in nature (tendency to live in group)
* Each society has its own culture.
* It is the expression of human behavior.
Ex. Attitude judgment, morals, values
* Society shape the personality to the individual and met the basic need &
provide material comfort.

Origin of society:-
A numbers of theory has been put forward to explain origin of society following
are the main theories or origin of society.
1. Divine origin theory
2. Force theory
3. Social contract theory
4. Evaluation theory

1. Divine origin theory – Society is a creation of god as god created is so the god is
responsible.
This theory is not explaining anything. Various social phenomena, social
relationships are not explained by this theory which existed in the society.

2. Force Theory – Society is made from the result of superior and physical force.
According to this theory society originated because of exploitation of
weaker by the stronger.
Physical strength was playing an imp. Role in primitive years.

3. Social contract theory:- All men are born free and equal. Individual made a
mutual agreement and created society every men was an enemy to other men to
protect himself from evil consequences, men originated and organized in society.

4. Evolution Theory:- This theory offers or generally correct explanation of origin

of society.
Acc” to this theory society is a growth. It is a result of gradual evolution. It is
a continuous development from unorganized to organized, from less perfect to
more perfect and various factors help in development of society from time to
time.

Nature of society:-
Men is a social human being by nature. There is a closed relationship b/w men
and society.
There are two theories which describe nature f society.
(i) Social contract theory.
(ii) Organic theory

(i) Social contract theory:- Acc” to social contract theory.

- All human beings are born free & equal.
- Society is created by the mutual agreements of individuals.
Various authors such as Hobbs, Lacke and Adam smith has given their views
under social contract theory.

Acc” to Hobbs

Life of men was Individual was enemy

* Solitary calone to each other.
* Nasty (evil)
* Poor

To protect themselves.

From evil consequences

Organized themselves in soceity

Acc” to Lacke To live a peaceful life.

Not as a state of war Society is a state of

Piece

Will
Acc” to J.J
Mutual
Men as state Assistant
of Nature

Equal

Self sufficient

Contended

Live happily and with simplicity

 Increase in no.

More quarrels

Necessitated

Establishment of well society

All the individual are born free and equal to fulfill needs which he can’t fulfill.
Through socialization process he is performing his functions in the society. The
individual formed several groups, they have created norms laws and certain basic
principles.

Criticism of social contract theory

1. This theory does not provide adequate explanation.
2. Force is one of the factors in evolution of society but can’t be regarded as single
cause for origin of society.
3. Society did not come in to existence on a particular day but emerged gradually.

(ii) Organic Theory of society:- This theory is very old.

Pleto divided the society into three classes based on their facilities of human soul.
Society into classes Human soul
Wisdom The rulers
Warriors Courage
Artisans Desires

- Acc” to Aristotle the individual is an intrinsic part of society.

- Acc” to Herpert speniar society is the small agreements of individual.
- Individual and society grow in size, the various part of society are independent
with growth, the simplicity is replaced by the complexity.
On these basis it can be concluded that society is an organism, the
individuals are its limbs and behave like cells of the body.
If the limbs are removed from the body than there is no life in the limbs
simultaneously individuals who are separated from the society have no life and
there is no society without individuals.
 Society Organism

Individual Limbs

If separated If separated

No society/ No life
No life

Community
Community is an organized social life of locality. When member of any
group small or large, live together in such a way that they share food, shelter etc.
A society include many small community like trible, rural, urban
community. The term community denotes the almost uniformly and permanently
sharing life of people over a region. It may be as permanent local aggregation of
people having diversified as well as common interact.

Definition:-
Acc” to Bogards “Community is a social group with some degree we feeling
and living in a given area. It means close relationship b/w the member of
community and feeling of security and common residence”.

Acc” to Mgner “A society that inhibits a definitive area is known as

community.
Acc” to Ogburn and Nimkoff “Community is the total organization of social
life with a limited area.”
Acc” to Devis “The community is the smallest peritoneal group that can
include all aspect of social life.”
Acc” to Green “Community is a cluster of people living with in a peritoreal
radius and share common way of life.”

Elements of Community
1. Locality
2. Community sentiment
3. Group of people
4. Likeness
5. Permanency
6. Naturality
7. Particular Name
8. Size of community
9. Dependency
10. Legal status
11. Regulation of Relations
12. Differences b/w society & community.

Community Society
* Community is concrete * Society is extract
* It consist of group of * It is wave of relationship
Individuals.
* A well-defined * May not necessary to have
Geographical area is a definite geographical area.
Necessary.
* Community is more * Society is more than one
than one society. social group.
* Common agreements *Common interest will not
of interest and objective pay much attention.
are necessary.
* Common objectives are * Common objectives are
Not coordinated and coordinated and extensive.
extensive.

Process of Socialization and individualization

Introduction:-
At birth human being came into the world as biological organism with needs. He is
gradually moulded into a social being and he learn social way of acting & feeling.

Without this process of moulding the society can’t continue itself not can
culture exists and nor could the individual become a person. This process of
moulding is called socialization.

Definition:-
 Socialization is the process of working together, of developing group
responsibilities of being guided by the welfare needs of others” *Bogardus]

“Socialization is the process by which the individual learn to conferral the

norms of group.”.
The process of educating individual in social and cultural world, making him
a particular member in the society and its various groups by inducting him to
accept the norms and values of society”. *Kimble Young+
“The individual develop into a functioning member of group according to
group standards, confirming to its mode, observing its tradition and adjusting
himself to social situation.”
[Gilling Gilling]
“The development of feeling associate and their growth in capacity and will
to act together.

Thus socialization is the process of establishing relationship with each other

by social being. It consist of complete process of interaction through which
individual learn the habits, skills, believes and standard of judgment which are
necessary for being a participant of social group and communities.
In the process of socialization individual comes to acquire the quality
learning process start at birth and continue through life process and end at death.

Characteristics of Socilization
(i) It is a continuous process
(ii) It is a learning process
(iii) Socialization is rule for transmission of culture
(iv) It will helps to establish limits on individual through social interaction.

Aims of socialization
(i) To become social and cultural being
(ii) If helps the person to maintain social order by following social norms and
standards.
(iii) It help the individual to develop hidden talent in order to have contended life
(struggle full)
(iv) If help the individual to mould and shape total personality of himself.
(v) It help for existence of specific pattern of behavior.
(vi) It help to learn and fulfill social roles.
(vii) it help to live qualitative and meaningful life.

Factors or Process of socialization

Socialization is the process of learning, group norms, habits and ideas. There are
four factors of this process of learning.
These are:-
1. Imitation
2. Suggestion
3. Identification
4. Language

1. Imitation:- Imitation is copying the act or action of others. The copying is done
consciously or unconsciously.
It has an important role in the process of socialization.
For Eg. A girl child imitate and do the same as her mother does.
- A male child attempt to walk, talk by adopting the personality of his father
through imitation.
*Another example is related to language in which a child learn and acquire in
language through imitation.

2. Suggestion:- Suggestion is the way of communication information without logic

or self evident. It can be given through language, pictures or certain media
communication and it transform from one to another.
Suggestion influence once own as well as other individual behavior.
The internal and external conditions which enhance the suggestibility are

External Conditions
- Group situations
- Public opinion
- Prestige of suggester

Internal conditions
- Intellectual ability
- Emotional excitement
- Ignorance
- Temperament
3. Identification:- It is sociable in the in the childhood, the activities in childhood
are random and can’t be able to identify b/w organism and environment. As the
child grow he will identify the things which will satisfy his needs. Such things
become the objectives of identifications.
4. Language:- It is the powerful medium of social interaction. It is a mede of
cultural transmission. Language is the key factor which mould the personality of
individual.

Agencies of Socialization:-
Socialization is an endless process. It starts from the both and continue up
to death.
Socialization helps the child to become a useful member of society. It
provide social maturity by means of social learning.
The socialization occur by two sources
(i) First source include those who have authority over him.
Eg. Teachers, Parents, elderly persons.
(ii) Second source include who are equal in authority.
Eg. Friends, playmates, fellows in job and club.

Socialization should proceed through the authoritarian modes. The child

must be given power, commands, obedience. The child express his personality
through social interaction.
The child learn cooperation folkways secrete through family, friends as a
cooperative efforts.

The child agencies are

* Family and parents
* School and teachers
* Playmates, peer group/friends
* Religion
* Literature and mass media
* State

*Family and Parents:- Family is the primary agency which socialize the child early
in his social life Mother, the primary care giver is the first socializing agent which
will have a great impact on child personality, capacity, capability and help to
enhance them.
- The child learn culture, communication language, respect qualities like
tolerance, self-sacrifice, love, affection and cooperation are develop through
family.
- The child acquire the pattern of stabilizing social interpersonal relationship and
interaction pattern through family environment.
- Thus in bad family, the child learns bad habits and good habits in good family.

*School and Teachers:- The child get the education in the school which mould
him, his ideas and attitudes hood education make the child a good citizen and bad
education will turn the child into criminal.
- It helps the social progress with the ideas of equality, literacy and social justice.
It develop group feeling, joint planning and good interpersonal relationship
teachers play a prominent role in socializing the child.

*Playmates, Poor group/Friends:- The child acquire something from his friend
which he can’t acquire from the parents. He learn cooperation morality, fashion
which are important from social point of view.

*Religion:- In every religion, religious practice or performance on occasions are

present. These activities continue to mould over belief and way of life. It control
the behavior of an individual determine the course of the life show the ideal.

*Literature & mass media:- The ideas, public opinion, traditions, ideality, attitude
and culture are transformed through the culture literature.
*State:- State makes law for people and lay down them to mould the behavior of
people. Thus the state controls society.

Elements of Socialization Process

The child learn the process of socialization by coming in contact of the
social stimuli.
First social stimuli is mother for a child than father, brother, sister and
playmates. Teacher and other persons come in contact later which mould and his
behavior.

The elements of socialization are:-

1. Heritage of individual:- Physical & Psychological.
2. Environment:- Family, society and community.
3. Culture:- The child adopt the culture of the family.
4. Experience of individual:- An individual mature when he faces pleasant and
non-pleasant experience of the environment. The environment consist of family,
society and community.

Individualization
Individual and society are closely related. When society is disorganized person is
also disorganize.

Definition:-
Professor E.M. Lemert Individual disorganization is a condition or process in which
the person has not stabilized his behavior around major roles. Such
disorganization may be transitional or it may be continues.
OR
Acc” to Mowrer “All personal disorganization represent behavior upon the part of
individual which deviates from the culturally approved norms to such extend as to
arouse social disapproval”.
OR
Acc” to Professor Ralph kramor “The individuals are actors in the drama of society
and their relationship are ties that bind them together.
Each person is as strong as his social relationship, for no men lives up to himself
alone hence although social disorganization properly refers only to the failure and
dissolution of the relationship b/w individuals, the actors themselves are invaded
in the process.”

Causes of the individual inability to play a satisfactory role in the society.

Following are the main causes:-
1. Lack of personal resources.
2. Mental deficiency
3. Physical deficiency
4. Biological inheritance
5. Cultural level
6. Uncertainty of roles

Forms of personal disorganization

These are forms of personal disorganization
(i) Juvenile Deliquency
(ii) Crime
(iii) Suicide
(iv) Sex
(v) Drink
(vi) Insanity
(vii) Mental deficiency
Relationship b/w Personnel disorganization and social disorganization.
Both are closely related with each other individual disorganization leads to social
disorganization.
- One cannot study individual disorganization without social disorganization.
- Society consist of network of relationship that bind individual together on a
functioning whole.
- Social disorganization not only disorganize the society but it also disorganize the
individual.

Cultures
unit -3
Introduction – culture has an influence on social life. It is necessary to
understand the culture for having an understanding of nature of society

Culture is derived from English word cultra and Sanskrit word sanskar which
denotes the social channel and intellectual excellence thus culture is way of
live

Definition –

 the cumulative creation of men the hard-work of men and the medium
through which he achieve his ends
 Culture is a complex which include belief art moral customs and any
other capacity and habits acquired by men as member of society
 Culture is a symbolic continues cumulative and progressive process

Characteristics of culture –
→ Culture is not innate but it is acquired quality and learned way of
behaviour. It Is learned through experience imitation communication
concept thinking and socialization
→ Culture is transmitted vertically or horizontally thus it is communicative
vertical transmission and horizontal transmission is from one group to
another group within same period
→ Language is the chief vehicle of culture the expression body movement
gesture feeling attitude thinking also exhibit the culture
→ Culture fulfil some needs and desire of individual to fulfil group
functions
→ Culture is social but not individual. The pattern of thinking feeling acting
are characteristics of culture
→ Culture is individual and adoptive
→ Culture is integrative (universal). The part of culture display a tendency
to be moulded in an integrated consistent pattern
→ Culture is gratifying (satisfy) culture provide opportunities and provide
means for satisfaction of needs (biological and social ) and desire

Types of culture –

Culture is unique every culture in own varied and different

Culture is based on society (certain cultures similarity and variability will be

obsessed. The content culture is of two types –

1. Material culture – this includes man-made objects which may be

experienced with sense e.g – pen table etc.

It has concerned with the external mechanical and utilitarian object

The device and instrument by which nature is controlled

It include technical by with equipment like housing media etc.

2. Non material culture – it include the concepts values ideas e.g –

monogamy and democracy
 Function of culture –

→ Culture make men as social being

→ It defines values attitudes and goals
→ It provide behaviour pattern and relations with other
→ It creates new needs and interest
→ It mould natural character
→ It broaden the vision of individual
→ It define super natural belief
→ It keep the individual behaviour interest

Organization of culture –

1. Culture traits – the smallest unique of culture is culture is cultural traits.

It may be material or non-material culture. There traits developed con-

currently and connect together to gain these important in term of daily to
degree of significantly. They have from the behaviour of human being

Collect group behaviour is called cultural complex. For e.g – joint family
system caste system

2. Cultural pattern – the combination of material and non-material culture

(traits) into a functional groups which reflect the dominates characteristics
of culture in manner among the members of group. For e.g – child caring
practice child behaviour.

Cultural area – cultural area refers to a geographical locality which share

common cultural climate

Evolution of culture –

The evidence of material thing to people such as pottery coins etc. don’t
tail about the culture but the martial aspect of these several evolution of
culture

Material as well as non-material culture treats have been invented but

these invention have not contributed to the development of a identify
From the discovery and invention culture development can be identify

It is difficult to trace the origin of culture as it is lost in the mist of antiquity

An individual achievement if invention has itself being made possible that

grow out the culture

The individual is not the cause of invention but he has only the agent of
cultural condition that he being about a modification of culture

The culture traits which are present today will influence the invention of
traits which are now. It means existing culture traits are the improvement
our past cultural traits

Uniformity and diversity of culture –

Diversity – culture is not innate human being create culture consist of

principle and tradition transmitted from generation to generation get
flexible and subject to change

Human culture is linked to biological condition of human being because

human being are creative by nature they have developed diverse or
different way of life

Culture diversity the result of geographical location religious beliefs and life
style culture is the acquired behaviour of group. It means there are as many
culture group in some group monogamy is find while 1st other polygamy

Uniformity –

Uniformity of culture is for more complex that it seem – it means common

culture of sometime of culture prevailing of all over India

In India uniformity of culture is based on the belief that god is one who is
superior to all of us

Globalization efforts opportunity to know the universal culture and thus to

become part of whole. The cultural infrastructure global forces currently
fabricating India good make the way for the initialization of universal
culture.

Culture and socialization –

→ Culture is defined as the belief values behavioural and material object

shared by a particular group , have in common our culture is reflected in
what we wear to work , when and what we eat and how we spend our
time our culture affect energy aspect of our life
→ Socialization is the process which shape and define our though feeling
and action and also provide is with a model of our behaviour as children
became socialized they learn how to fit into and to function as
productive member of human society
→ This process of socialization teacher human being the cultural value and
norms which provide the guidance for our everyday life
→ During socialization we learn the cultural norms. It is also important in
the process of personality formation.
→ Much of human personality is the result of our genetic
→ The socialization process can would if in particular direction by
uncovering specific belief and attitudes
→ As well as selecting providing experience
→ Successful socialization can be result in uniformity within a society
→ If all children receive socialization it is likely that they will share the
same belief and expectation as the basis of this

Culture influence on health and illness –

Various type of cultural are existing the society with in each culture there
are custom. These customs status even before birth and continue till death

Even all rituals are performed according to culture. The various customs
pregnancy, child birth and wearing the of mother and body

The cultural practice which have influence on health and disease are –

Antenatal nutritional care –

 o during pregnancy the ladies are advanced not to take healthy diet in
some culture. This is saying that child birth will be easy. If the child is
if small size. This unhealthy practice can cause LBW baby
Breast feeding practices –
o it has been observed that in some culture mother is not allowed to
feed the baby for the first three days but it is irrelevance practice
affecting the health of new born baby.
Not proper nutritional to girl child –
o In some cultural it is practiced that girl child will eat the left over
nutrition food in family and they are even not provided with
adequate diet which can cause malnutrition and decreased immunity

4.Hand-washing –

good custom such as hand-washing remove germs from hands and prevent
the ingestion of micro-organism with foods.

5. Bathing –

there are occasion when the bath is fixed like marriage and women have to
bath after menstruation for purifying themselves

Acc. To religion even priest advice ceremonial bath after the birth of child
bathing (these baths which are taken on special occasions) are apart from
regular bath

Bathing is a good tradition custom of maintaining personal hygiene so as to

prevent occurrence of certain diseases

6. Hair care – women kept their hairs covered all time and man get their
hairs

7. Face care – as women and men seldom (sometime) so wash their faces
so many men and women head developed unsightly acne scar by the time
they head reach adulthood
 8. Nail care – nails are cut by men and women but or certain days like
Monday Wednesday Friday Sunday

Culture belief religions related food –

1. Periodic fasting will help in clinic the GIT (weekly fasting by the Hindu)
and during the month of ramzan by the Muslims
2. Brahmins and vesyas will not consume onion garlic and non-vegetarian
food
3. Avoiding cold food(butter milk curd fruits ) during non-vegetarian
4. In a post-operative period taking of chaana dal and fatty food to be
avoided
5. Pregnant women will eat mud chalk power it enhance the development
of foetus
6. Beet roots enhance the blood production in the body rich people
consume more often saturated food which cause obesity alcoholism
drug abuse are indication of rich people and complex societies culture

Unit – 04
Social groups and process
Introduction – social groups is a basic social unit when one or more persons
interacting with each other interrelationship are directed towards fulfilment of
certain common goals or purpose.

In this stimulation and response are the key factors in process of social
interaction

Definition – two or more people come together and influence one another
(ogburn and nimkoff)

• Two or more individual who have common object of attention stimulating to

each other who have common loyalty and participate in similar activity
• It is a system of social interaction
Characteristics –

→ The characteristics are related to each other and passes a sense of we

feeling.
→ A sense of unity
→ Homogenous
→ The interest ideals values of the group members are common
→ Co-operation
→ Power-relation
→ Good IPR and interaction relationship
→ Share certain goals values belief goals
→ Certain norms customs and procedure which are acceptable and everyone
on group to obey the norms rules of their own group Ex. Members of the
group behave in the natural and release manner joining in a group may be
motivated by a variety of personal needs

Features of social group culture –

There are a no. of elements which comprise the group structure . These are
following –

1. status – status within the group which determine the rank and position which
an individual occupied in a group

2. norms – norms means accepted pattern of behaviours within the group each
members of group is expected to show appropriate behaviour within the group
action

3. Roles – the people have status in the group on the basis of role they perform
their activities

4. communication – it is the basis of interaction people communicate each other

in group using different pattern of communication

5. reciprocal relationship – the individual in a group are inter-related to each

other . These reciprocal relation are an essential feature of a group
6. physical arrangement - the way people are arrange themselves indicate
something about their relationship

7. interaction within the groups – the groups structure may change itself as a
result of a event occurring the interaction past interaction have an affect upon
future interaction and inter-relations and this process will change in the structure

8. small in size – to develop personal relationship the group should be able to

9. stability in mature – the stability is present in social groups to promote

closeness

10. common aims among members – Every members of the society will share
pleasure plan for common interest . The relationship b/w members will have
pleasure and contentment (satisfy)

Important of social group –

1. motivation – the members with in the social group influence and enhance one
another

• E.g –In family parents motivate children for high education and ststus

2. task motivation – the individual gather together to achieve goal of mutual

activity.

• In case of disaster management programme nurse gather to participate to

manage the case of disaster victim and provide efficient care

3. satisfaction –social group provide the person security loving and belongingness
this will satisfy the b basic needs of individual and help them to achieve
satisfaction

4. we feeling – the person who live in a social group have a greater sense of
mutual relationship
5. affect the attitude – social group through the influential and motivational
behaviour change the attitude of members of the group who don’t behave
according to expected one

6. provide social identify – the social group provide social identify social reality
and social support . Means individual became involve in one another and aware
of each other as the member of same society/social unit

Classification of social groups – group has been classified by different sociologist

on the basis of various aspects –

A. according to Cooley – Cooley has classified social groups on the basis of

importance and from of relationship among the group member

1. primary group – people will have intimate face to face contact close and co-
operative relationship are found

Play fundamental role in forming social nature and ideas of an individual

• Participate in primary group leads to the fusion of individuality in a

common

Importance of primary group –

→ To develop personality
→ It helps in satisfaction of the total needs (physical social mental spiritual)
→ Group individuals will provide love security and belongingness to the
person and satisfy their desire of loving and be-loved a person gets the
benefit of friendship sympathy exchange of thought and satisfy most of
their psychological needs
→ The efficiency of members will increase and person of the group get the
helps inspiration and cooperative from one to another
→ The individual acquire the attitude of kindness tolerance love mutual
concern and affection

Characteristics of primary group –

 1. physical proximity – the relationship among the members is close and they
will have intimate contact with each other which enhance their idea and
opinion will take place
2. small in size
3. stability in nature
4. continuity in nature
5. common aims among members
6. spontaneous personal and inclusive relationship
7. maximum control over group members in family affairs

2. secondary group – secondary group are constituted for specific aim after
achieving the goal/aim the members of the secondary group will not maintain
required relations with in group

→ The relationship are indirect short and formal

→ Relations among them are competitive casual and impersonal
→ Demands of the members receive segment of their time and attention
→ Individuals don’t have any interests in the pain and pressure

Importance of secondary group –

• The needs are satisfied in the group with the advancement of technology
and associated with the social changes . This group will satisfy the changing
needs of the society and individual . This growth of society (social groups )
will increase the efficiency of the work
• Delegation of authority coordination and planning of activity will be
implemented
• Channel of opportunity is wide individuals can develop them self by using
their talents
• Rules formed by the group members will increase the efficiency of work

Wider outlook – it has to accommodate large no. of people which wide the
outlook of dis-group

• It break the barrier of class caste and tribe and help the individual to grow
without province
Characteristics of secondary group –

→ Position of a member depends upon the role and status

→ Individuality develops in the person because the relations are based on self
interest
→ Self dependence among members
→ Large size
→ No physical closeness
→ Group formed for some purpose after attaining the purpose they are no
more required
→ Members of the society group has the limited responsibility and
accompniness

Difference b/w primary and secondary group

Characteristics Primary Secondary

Size Small in size Size in large

Relations Directly personal face to In directed impersonal formal

face exclusive

Situation Situation is natural Situation is artificial

Purpose Purpose aim values interest Individual interest is

are some for members dominant

Social control Good social control exist Less social control exist

Cooperative Good cooperation among its Partial cooperation

member

It based on the cultural and Don’t have any common

 the blood relationship bond of culture and blood

2. according to summer –

summer has classified group two types –

→ 1. In group – the group to which an individual belong is his in group the

group members of in group have respect for one another right and show
cooperation .
→ The members of in group have we feeling in common attitude and treat the
group member as one .
→ E.g – family group of friends
→ Create a sense of belongingness
→ People exhibit group behaviour with one another
→ The members have cooperative relationship and respect to each other
→ Have a feeling of brotherhood
→ A degree of sympathy is present among members
→ Pleasure of one members give pleasure to another members and friends
→ E.g family and friend

→ 2. out group – people will develop of short of hatred feeling on a particular

group and treat the group completely away from them
→ Out group is defined as the group to which an individual does not belong or
the group in relation to outside the boundaries of his in group
→ The attitude of individual towards out group range from the mild negative
attitude to instance negative attitude or a feeling of haterdness

CLASS

Introduction – class is a group of people who have particular position or status

with in the population as a whole

• The class has its own social behaviour the occupation of people with in one
particular class is same the exhibit same standard of living
 • In social class people have a feeling of quality in relation to members of own
class.
• A class is consider has a group of individual having the following
characteristics -

1. common descend (living position)

2. same occupation

3. similar mode of living

4. similar from of behaviour

5. same level of education

Definition of class –

• An aggregate of individual who have the same opportunity o acquiring

goals and the same exhibited standard of living

• A class is a group of individual who through the common descend similarity

of occupation wealth and education have come to a similar mode of living a
similar stock of ideas feeling a attitude and from of behaviour

Social class in relation to social scale –

• Social class with in the society is if measured in relation to social scale is

either at the same level or superior or inferior to the other social class

• Thus in a social class or other class their is a feeling of inferiorly in relation

to these who have stand

• To other social class or feeling of superiorly to those who stand below on

hierarchy of social scale

• The class are differentiate from one to another on the basis of behaviour
dress living standard and recreation etc.

Types of class –
1. capitalist class – capitalist owned the means of production they have the
political power because of all these they enjoy the high status

2. middle class – the middle class is a group consisting not only traditional but also
worker engineers teachers etc.

• Middle class is superior to proliferate and inferior to capitalist middle class

is further divided in three class .

• On the basis of income and living standards -

• Upper middle class

• Middle class

• Lower middle class

3. proliferate – this class include industrial worker which are disposed of wealth
with in the society

• Now a working man can enter the capitalist class by is initiative and hard
work there are many example relate to this BIRILLA is one of among them .
Who as seen the highest rank by his initiative

Political groups -

• the political groups are formed to attend and maintain political with
specific goal these maintain political group is many types depending upon
the type of political party who belongs to a political groups or belong to a
single person india has multi party system

Definition- a political party is a organised group having similar political and

opinions . It also defines as a political organization that seek to attain and
maintain a political power with in the government usually by participating in the
electrode composing's related to the action

Aims – to capture political power and keep control of the government

Types of political group –

 1. non- partition – in a non partition system no official party exist

2. single dominant party – in this type of political party only one political
party is legally allowed to hold the executive

3. two dominant party – there are two political party which dominant to
such an extent that it is difficult to achieve success for one political party

4. multiple party – it is the system in which more than two political party
exist

In India there are following types of parties –

1. national congress – this was formed in 1885 AO HUME was the first
president . It is one of the largest Indian political party and is now broken
into Indian national congress party

2. BJP (bhartiya janta party ) – BJP was earlier recognized as BJP. The first
president of BJP is mr. naidu

3. samta party – the samta party is an of shoot case of janta dal party

4. BSP (bohjan sena party)- this party was formed for the right of the
section of the society e.g – dalit party

5. shiv sena party – shiv sena political party his was formed in 1996 mainly
from making the people to fight the social evil . The party is lead by
balashaib Thackeray

6. other party – communist party of india telgu vesen etc.

Religious group or religion

Introduction – religion is consider as a belief in the power which control

and direct the course of human life . Many believes in the supernatural
power which is higher to once’s own behaviour and power and is
government by the faith

Definition –
 • Religion is the attitude towards the super human power

• Religion is the unfied system of belief and practices relative to the sacred
(religion) that is to say thinks set apart and for attempt to obtain

• Religion is a believe in power superior to man which are believed to direct

and control the course of human life

Each religion as main four component which are as following –

• Believe in super natural power –all the man believe in the super natural
power and believe that all human conditions are due to the supernatural
forces

• Men's adjustment to the super natural power- all the man believe in the
super natural power and believe that all human condition are due to the
supernatural forces

Sinfull act – when an individual is not performing the task or act acc. To religion
then . It is sinfull act and it is believed that person performing sinfull act that
person performing sinfull act and it is believed that person performing sinfull act
as to super warmth of god

Mens adjustment with supernatural power – all the man adjust himself with thw
supernatural power by doing some of outward acts such as pray namaze

Method of sallvasion – In order to stabilize and harmony with the god by

removing the guilt man adopt certain method of sallvasion . These are performed
to keep and individual free from the bond of karma.

Tribes –

→ Tribe is a social group which have -

→ Common religion
→ Common language
→ Common culture
→ Common political organization
→ Blood relation
 → Human teritary
→ Tribe as defined as the social group which occupies the common tertiary
having ties of blood relation and belong to a common religion
→ So the tribe is a group of people often of relative family who have live in
same area and share the same language culture and history

Definition –

• The tribal group is based on the need for protection on ties of blood
relationship and on the strength of common religion
• Group of total communities which live in a common area speak a common
language and follow a common culture

Characteristics of tribe –

→ Common territory
→ Worship common
→ Common political organization
→ Common name
→ Blood relation
→ Unity
→ Common language
→ Blood relation

Caste

Introduction – caste means a group of people bearing a common name and

having tradition occupation forming a homogenous community

Definition -

→ caste is the extreme form social organization in which position of people in

the status hierarchy is determine by the birth and descend
→ The society is divided into various caste the member of which are
determined by the consideration of birth
→ The whole society is categories into various caste with a concept of high
and low caste
 → Brahmins stand at top and sudhras at the bottom
→ Brahmins
→ Kshatriyas
→ Vishay’s
→ Sudhras
→ Earlier caste is further sub divided into some caste a person to belong or is
the member of caste remain in the same caste for whole life

1. Brahmins – Brahmins perform religion ceremony and rituals of a new born

child of society the decide dates of various ceremony through out the all life such
as mundan marriage and death

2. kumhar – kumhar make earthen pots which are used to store the grain and ask
for various other purpose these pots are supply by pattern during the ceremony
of marriage and mudan . ceremony of child they are provided food and clothes
sometimes

3. Rajput- rajput were the second superior caste after the Brahmins the rajput
release the territory and the function of whole area they mainly role and do
worsen

4. nai – borbers cut the hairs of family members during several social and religion
function such as mundane ceremony of the child cut the hair of elder son when is
father die

5. sunar – gold smith prepare the peri-ornaments of gold for people during
various ceremony

6. luhar – luhar works and caste the equipments made form iron they prepare
daily used iron materials

7. chamar – prepare the lather structure which are used on special occasion or
normally daily life

MOB
 → Mob means a dis-orederally crowed of people or an association of
criminals
→ Mob is a group of people who have taken low into their hands. it is group
which gather temporary for particular region
→ This term MOB is sometimes described as an organized crime
→ The human behavior change in response to the new social situation. Each
individual behave differentially in small group or with crowed and the
behavior in the crowd is affected by various factor
→ MOB is the crowd which has gone out of control . MOB are usually involve
in looting and grabbing power by means of fraud

Crowd

• Crowd is a physical compact aggregating of individual temporary reacting

to some stimuli in a secondary way
• Definition – crowd is a collection of individual united temporary close
proximately to each other whose objective may be diverse kinds
• A crowd involves a temporary physical gathering of people experiencing
much of same reaction from the same stimuli

Characteristics of social crowd –

1. Physical appearance

2. Temporary organization

3. Unstable organization

4. Last only for sometimes

5. crowd – the individuals of crowd are free to do which he would ordinary

control and don’t even pay attention to other members of crowd as
individual

6. The members of crowd are emotional and they last in the spirit of crowd
for movements

7. free responsible
 8. Distractive nature

9. Low mental level

10. Crowd doesn’t have any culture as tradition of its own

11. crowd is an aggregation of individual in close proximity for sometimes

Classification of crowd –

1. according To lebon –

a. homogenous crowd – crowd form the people of same caste and class

b. heterogeneous crowds –crowd may be anonymous like or not such as in

case of street crowd or parliament ally assembly

2. according to blumer –

1. Casual crowd

2. Conventional crowd

3. Expressive crowd

3. on the basis of participation the crowd is classified into –

1. Active crowd – active crowd is aggregation of people who actively

participating and behave in the similar way to achieve common end active
crowd is accidental form like standing in front of the principle office and
reasing slogan or beaking windows of principle office externally . the crowd
is motivated by a common motive and doing the action directed to same
end .

Active crowd is further classified as –

a. aggressive crowd

b. expressing crowd

c. panicy crowd
 d. acquastic crowd

2. passive crowd - it is a crowd in which people gathered together to have

information and gathered for peaceful purpose

o The inactive crowd is like an ordnance

o Passive further classified into two types –
 conversional crowd – a crowd that is gather just for conversion
 information seeking crowd – the crowd that is gathered to seek an
information

Public and audience interaction or social or social process –

Introduction –

• The process by which people act and react in relation to each other is
the social interaction.
• The interaction process means the way in which partner aggress on their
goals negative behaviour and distribute the resources
• Sociologically interaction is divided into five categories –

1. Exchange – the process of transferring goods services with each other is

called exchange

Exchange is a social process whereby social behaviour is exchanged for

some type of rewards for equal or greater

2. Competition – it is a social process by which two or more people do the

work to obtain the same gaol and out of them the best is selected. This
concept of social process is in our social group

3. Cooperation – In cooperation people work together to achieve common

goals. In cooperation people don’t think about particular goal but work
together cooperation for the great goal

4. Conflict – conflict is the social process in which people physically and

socially control each other. This type of situation is often seen in the politics
 5. Corcian force – it means use of force, it is the process by which people
force other peoples to do something against their will/wish. It is used by
the police mostly

Forms of social process/ classification of social process –

• Conjunctive or associate social process- e.g – cooperation , organization,

adjustment , accommodation assimilation integration

• Dis-conjunctive or dissociative social process – e.g conflict isolation

competition disintegration differentiation war.

Cooperation –

• Introduction- cooperation is the most common social process existing in

human society . it is derived from two latin words co and operate co means
– together and operate means working

• So the cooperation is joining together and working together to achieve a

common objective/rewards/interest

Definition –

• according C.H cooley – cooperation only arise only when men release that
they have a common interest

• According to fair child – the process of which individuals or groups combine

their efforts in a more and less organised way for attainment of common
objective

Character of cooperation –

→ Conscious process – members of social group or conscious of each other’s

presence and efforts
→ Universal process- cooperation observe almost in all social group and
nations
→ Continues life long process
→ Personal process
 → Common goal
→ Cooperation exist –when two or more persons or groups are involve
→ Members work together for group welfare and achieve organizational goal
and group interest

Importance of cooperation –

→ Cooperation is a joint effort in achieving the common goals or shared

rewards
→ Cooperation is necessary element to enjoy the social life
→ For man’s continued existence. It is a psychological , biological and social
necessity for sharing intelligence self-control united action delegation of
authority etc. is the elements of cooperation
→ Cooperation is a necessary condition of peoples collective life and activities
→ It is a universal or continues phenomena
→ Cooperation suggest solutions for social problems thus society advance
through the cooperation , it implies a regard for wishes needs and
inspiration of other people
→ Cooperation implies group harmony peace and integration

Types of cooperation –

A .maciver and page classification –

1. Direct cooperation – The same type of activity which people do together

such as worship playing together and provide social satisfaction. The
members in the direct cooperation are known as each other . e.g – primary
group

2. Indirect cooperation – the members in the indirect cooperation are

unknown to each other. it is based on the division of labour and specialized
function . e.g secondary group industry research centres

According to A. W. Green

1. Primary cooperation
 2. Secondary cooperation

3. Tertiary cooperation

1. Primary cooperation – The primary group (eg.- family, friends, labour)

where close long lasting association exist. Every member in the group work
in cooperation with each other to achieve common goals.

Cooperation found out of love, concern and affection. eg.- playing, worship,
celebration of festival function and ceremony.

2. Secondary group – This type of cooperation is found in the modern

civilized society. Each person perform the task to have common goal,
everyone enjoy the fruits of (benefit of) the cooperation equality.

3. Tertiary cooperation – This type of cooperation is also known as

accommodation. This type of cooperation may be found b/w two or more
social groups based on the close, caste, tribe, religious parties etc.

Under this two type of group may cooperation and work together for goal.

Competition

Introduction – (Modified form of social disturbance). It is a form of natural

result of universal struggle for a commodity, goal, and value. All peoples
can’t satisfy their desires.

• Competition result whenever insufficient or limited supply of resources,

those individual require for the daily life fulfilments and it raises
competition.

• It is a basic human desire and also reorganization of a person or one group

to have the participation and success.

• No society exists without cooperation and competition. Competition is less

violent form of opposition in which two or more person or groups struggle
for same and or goal. If competition become personal it may termed into
conflict and competition doesn’t have any restriction.
 Definition –

• Acc. To Maxwell – it is a personal unconscious continuous struggle b/w

individual or groups for satisfaction because of their limited supply which
all not have.

• Acc.to park burger – competition is an interaction with and without social

contract

Characteristics –

→ It is a continuous process
→ Universal (seen in all filed)
→ Personal and impersonal
→ In this goals are limited
→ A huge no. of competition efforts are needed by the all members
→ In modern society the rate of competition is high
→ Competition is a dynamic stimulating factor
→ It is formed with in a culture based on the interest and attitude among it
members.

Nature of competition –

 Competition is impersonal struggle. it is not oriented to an individual or

any group
 Competition is dynamic, continues. It Is also never ending process.
Individual try more and more to achieve the higher goal
 Competition leads to social changes ,it may able the people to adopt the
new changes and new form of behaviour which finds the way of new
invention and invention which naturally brings social changes
 Competition may be healthy or unhealthily or destructive constrictive
may produce negative result or positive result personal or impersonal and
comprehensive and narrowness.

Types of competition –

1. Social competition
 2. Economical competition

3. Political competition

4. Cultural competition

1. positive effect –

• Competition bring social progress

• It promotes quality of productive life
• Competition perform more useful functions on the society
• It encourage hard work
• Promote general interest
• Social mobility and freedom to move everywhere and anywhere is
possible only through competition

2. negative effects –

• Uncontrolled competition is always dangerous and undesirable , it

facilitated fear conflict anxiety insecurity tension frustration etc.
• Violent practice and unethical practice
• It may create emotional disturbance
• May lead to monopoly
• It may develop unfriendly unfavourable negative attitude to another
person

Competition Cooperation

Individual try to struggle with each Two or more persons work together to gain a
other to obtain rewards or achieve common aim or end
the goal
At group level and at individual It is based on the joint efforts of the group
level competition exist to fulfil the members to achieve
desires/aspiration goals
Competition require qualities life It required kindness sympathy and mutual
confidence understanding
Competition there is readiness to Readiness to help each other
struggle to suffer
Gain positive effects like satisfaction Bring satisfaction and containterment and
happiness etc. negative effects also decline the internal group conflict
shown same time
It can bring positive result or can Bring positive results loss of individual is rare
causes damage or loss to the party
and individual

CONFLICT

Introduction – it is a form of struggle which is commonly existing within the

society in a varying degree.

Definition – it is a social process in which the individual or group seek their

ends directly challenging the antagonist by the violence or threat of
violence

• Conflict is deliberate attempt to appose change or force the will of another

• It is opposition or struggle involving –

• An emotional hostile attitude

• Violent interfere with ones autonomies choice

Causes –

→ Individual differences
→ Cultural differences
 → Social change
→ Limited resources
→ Insecurity
→ Frustration
→ Economic crisis
→ Unemployment
→ Fear of deprivation of love and affection

Nature/ characteristics of conflict –

• It is universal
• It is conscious action
• It is personalized
• Conflict can be personal or impresonal
• Personal conflict – fight or conflict b/w student and campus police at a
rally it is personal conflict
• Im-personla – im-personal conflict war b/w nations

Types of conflict –

1. direct conflict – it result an individual or group hamper the other group

or peple to attian goal e.g – heli gating quarried

2. indirect conflict – by imposing restrain prejudice or ill will on the efforts

of another to attain this goal by competition individual or group will
complete with each other to win their gaol .people will try for weaning
their goals indirectly in conflict

3. negative conflict – differences or emotional hostility or disapproval

diverse of opinion may lead to negative conflict.

4. positive conflict – healthy conflict/competition in achievement of

common goal will cause the positive conflict among the individual

Population
 Introduction – total no. of inhabitancy living in a particular geographical
area known as population

Demography is defined as the scientific study of human population. The

demography focus its attention on three human phenomena.-

1. changes in population size

2. composition of population

3. distribution of population

• In demography studies of population is done and changes occurring in

population over a period of time is studied . It means it studies about
the birth death and migration
• There are many factors which determine the no. of people living in a
particular area like as society population mainly depends on three main
factors -

1. fertility

2. mortality

3.migration

• The population studies not only done with reference to are but also
reference to its characteristics such as –
• Age
• Sex
• Literacy
• Occupation
• Status

Effects of increased population –

• Fertility mortality and migration affect the demography of a area. All these
factors determine socially as a result of human behaviour and interaction
the social determinates of these factors are as following –
 A. fertility – fertility is controlled by various social factors such s social
taboos related to fertility are –

1. man and woman association – the wife will not association with men
other than her husband

2. sexual intercourse – no brother can intercourse with her sister

3. adultery and fornication – men and women can’t have intercourse

without marriage

There are other social factors such as –

Fixing minimum age of marriage for men (21 yrs) and women(18 yrs)

Control widow remarriage

Monogamous marriage etc. control the fertility in society

B. motility – there are certain in society which cause death such as –

1. sacrificing human being or ceremonial occasions

2. Suicide due to the mental harassment as a result of social beliefs and
society
3. not enough resources for the population to meet their needs
4. shortage of medical services
5. suicide committed by the army unit when enemy in the hands of enemy
or to avoid the frustration as a result of failure in the examination
6. injuries custom which govern certain peoples to restricted patterns.
Injuries custom such as Muslim's metal chewing the needs of human
being and contribute the health and life long activities

3. migration – migration always occur either due to the emotional or economical

reasons as it is not easy to leave the one’s relatives friends and families and
surrounding . It is natural that if any one decide to migrate it must have been
more advantage to him in relation to emotionally and economically

There are the certain which determine the migration such as –

 → Economical benefit
→ Emotional advantage
→ Attitude to own country/area
→ Absence of restriction
→ Improve means of communication and transportation are also a important
factors in migration

Terminology related og population –

1. sex ratio – the no. of female/1000 males is called as sex ratio

2. density of population – no. of persons living per square kilometre

E.g – In India density of population is 380 km for per square km

3. family size – no. of persons in a family e.g – In India family size is 3.1 km.

It depends on the population duration of marriage education of couples no.

of live birth living children preference of male child desired family size

4. dependency ratio – the proportion of person above 65 yrs of age and

children below 15 yrs of age who are dependent upon the economically
productive age group

5. life expectancy – the average no. of yrs which a person of that particular
age e.g – may expect to live

E.g – 64 yrs in females and 63 yrs in male

Characteristics of population distribution in India –

1. demographic characteristics – demography is the study of human

population in relation to size composition and distribution

Population keep on changing these aspects from year to year country to

country. Indian population has been continuously by developing gradually
since 1921 now the population has cross billion from 11 may 2000 and is
projected to cross the 1.53 billion by the year 2050
 2. density of population – population is the density of population with
increased in population the density of population will also increased

3. urbanization – the population is migrating from rural areas to urban

areas this migration increase the population of urban areas

An increased in the urban population has been noticed which was 285
million in 2001 as compare to 2017 , 17 million in 1991

4. literacy and education – demography provide data regarding education

and literacy

The data indicate an improvement in the literacy status of India from

18.33% 1951 to 65.38% in 2001

5. life expectancy – it is the average no. of years a person may expect to

live

It is one of the indication of overall health status of the people as well as

country development

The life expectancy is 64 yrs in females 63 in male

Fertility – fertility is the actual bearing of children.

A women is fertilized during her reproductive life cycle estimated to be 13-

15 yrs

The fertility is not same for all women. The women's who have late
marriage or use family planning methods have less fertility

Even education caste religion economical status affect the fertility

Fertility depends on certain factors and these factors are as following -

1. marriage age – early marriage means giving birth to more children's as

compare to women's married at later age stop reduce the fertility rate the
age of women for marriage should be increase to 21 yrs
 2. duration of married life – more births occur during first 5 years of
married life so during first 5 years of married life family planning efforts
should be consulted

3. caste

4. family planning

5. education

Accommodation –

Characteristics of accommodation –

1. it is the natural result of conflict. An individual can’t experience conflict

throughout his life continuously he has to make temporary and permanent
adjustment in the from of accommodation

2. accommodation may be conscious or an unconscious activity - to

accommodate in society the individual in conscious and unconscious
manner learn moral tradition from birth to death to adjust and
accommodate to the needs and demands of the society

3. it is universal it is observed in all societies and in the field of social life

4. it is continues accommodation is observed in humans life from birth to

death

Advantage of accommodation –

• It help people to maintain cooperation

• Accommodation check conflict
• It help people to adjust themself to changes functions and status occurred
by the changed condition

Assimilation

• Definition – assimilation is the process where by attitude different persons

are united and thus develop into the united group
 • Assimilation is the function of blinding of two previously distinct group into
one

• Advantage of assimilation –

Population growth in India – population growth during 20th century is classified

into four phase –

1. stagnant population (11901-1921)

2. steady population (1921-1957)

3. rapid high growth (1951-1981)

4. high growth rate with definite slow down(1981- 2001)

During post of 19th century India has grow its population in a fast manner

It is believed that India has entered 5th phase usually characteristics by

declined in fertility

The population of India increased by 180.6 million during 1991 to 2001

The % period of 10 yrs growth during 1991 to 2001 has been registered . It
decreased from 23.86% from 1981-1991 to 21.34%

Demography of India in 2001 –

1. population distribution – on 12th October 1991 world population become 6

billion . It is expected to reach 8 billion in 2015 3/4th of world population live in
developing countries.

• According to UN projection India population will reach 1.5 billion by the

year 2050 and will become highest population by crossing china

• It is easy to see that India is adding 160 million people every year equivent
and to the combined population of Haryana and himachal Pradesh

2. population density – population density is defined as the no. of persons per

sequre km population density if India in 2001 was 324 person /km
3. literacy rate – as per 2001 census the over all literacy rate of India is 65.38%

Poverty -

• Poverty can be defined as a situation when a person is unable to satisfy

basic need of life
• Acc. To planning commission of India poverty line is draw with the
intake of 2400 kilo calorie in rural and 2100 kilo calorie in urban area
• If a person is unable to get such min. level of calories then an individual
said to be below poverty line (BPL)
• It is estimate that 250 million people in India are below the poverty line
and approximate 75% of them are in rural dreas

Malthusian theory of population –

→ In 1978 Thomas Malthus published “an essay on principle of population”

→ He was an English economise. He made his theory an population
dynamic and its relationship with availability of food
→ acc. To this theory the theory mainly focased on two assumption that
he views as fixed namely.-
→ Food
→ Passion b/w sex
→ These two things are essential for human existence. He believed that
population when unchecked increased in the geometrical ratio. Food
reassurance increase in the arithmetic ratio
→ Acc. To Malthus if in first generation there are four children then in 2 nd
generation all the fourth of spring would turn have 16 and these 16
would be succeed by 64 but food resources increase in an arithmetical
series such as 2 4 6 8
→ He believed that world population tends to increased in a higher ratio as
compare to food supply
→ Acc. to Malthus – population grow at a geometrical ration ( if checked)
→ Food reassurance grow at arithmetic way
→ Thus in the absence of consistent check on population growth Malthus
make gloomy prediction. That it is short period of time
 → Resources will have to be shared among an increase no. of individual.
The check which ease the pressure of population expulsion to exist the
Malthus differentiated it b/w two categories
→ Preventive check
→ Positive check

Preventive check – it consist of voluntary limitation on population growth. The

individual before getting married and building a family make decision based on
the income they expect to earn and quality of life

• They anticipate to maintain in the future for themselves and their family

• Positive check – this positive check to population is a direct consequence of

lack or preventive resources check. When society does not limits
population growth voluntary than disease or war etc. reduce the
population size and establish the necessary balance in the resources

Population expulsion

Over population – every city town places are becoming over crowed due
to uncontrolled population growth . The over crowding are higher in
developed areas due to availibility of good resources. Population of India
was high in rural area in 19th century while as from late 19th (1990) the
population is high in urban areas with a very low geographical areas
leading to over crowding

Define – over population is defined as increase no. of people at a

geographical area leading to unable to live healthy happy and comfortable

Causes – great advance in science and technology

→ Improvement in public health

→ Decreased in living standard
→ decreased death rate
→ Improvement quality of life
→ Development of medical technologies such as vaccination and
antibiotics
 Consequences/effects of over population –

• Land or space
• Housing problem
• Food supply
• Water supply
• Health care and education
• Unemployment and poverty
• Rising prices
• Crime
• Traffic problem
• Energy problem

Population control – there are the 2 ways of controlling the population which are
–

1. planned way of population control – the only practice method to control

the world population is to reduce the birth rate. It can be achieved by
education increase marriage age family planning

A. education – reproductive age group should be educated about benefits

small family by mass media ( television , newspaper magazines educational)
it can play an important role in population control

B. marriage age – present marriage age is 18 yrs female and 21 yrs for male
41% of women in India are married before the legal age 18 yrs

c. family planning – government family planning programme is running

since 1951 and birth rate in India has come down only slightly (from 41.7-
28.3 per 1000 per yrs in about 50 yrs

In 1975 Indian government make a programme of compulsory sterilization

that require one of the parent to under go sterilisation after two children

Unit - 05
 Social change
Definition – variation or modification of any aspect of social pattern social
interaction or social organization is called social changes

• Modification in ways of doing and thinking of people is called social change

• Some change in social behaviour and in social structure

Nature/features of social change –

1. universal phenomena – society exist in universal remain static the speed

of change may differed from society to society

2. occur as an essential law – change is the law of nature . It may occur

naturally or as a result of planned efforts

3. definite prediction is not possible – over attitude ideas and values can’t
be predicted

4. modification and replacement are key factor – Modification in living

style social relationship attitude towards woman rights religious patterns

Factors influencing social changes –

1. biological factors – it will have indirect influence upon social changes.

E.g – aspect of the population related to heredity and mutation like

Darwin's principle of survival of fittest struggle for existence

2. population factors – the human element in society is always changing.

Every individual is having a different distribution of qualities and
potentialities

3. geographical or environment factors – any change in the nature of

environment will have its impact on human society for e.g – earthquakes
hoods etc.
 4. psychological factors – the cause of social changes is the psychological of
man himself. This always trying to discover new things in every sheer of life
and is always anxious for experience.

5.technological factor – the process of application of new innovation is

technology. Technology effect the society by changing our environment to
which we intern adopt . The changes is usually in the material environment
and adjustment are made with changes often modify customs and social
institutions

Effect of social change on social institution –

1. on family – many of family activities are being mechanically perform.

Family control is on decline . The no. of children is becoming less the
innovation of birth control devices has the family size.

Disintegration of joint family system the employment of women in factories

offices has changed the form of husband wife relationship and affect the
family structure

2. on marriage – along with the families the bonds of marriage also

becoming ineffective since marriage is no longer religious ritual but a social
contract which can be broken at any time

Love marriages intercast marriage late marriage are common. The no. of
divorce has also increased.

3. on economical life – new type of economical organization like factories

agencies stores banks have come up parmotes the standard of living higher

4. on social life – social change has lead to the decline of community life
and poor having pattern and formation of slums

Social changes has changed basis social stratification and social values and
narrowed the gap of caste system
 5. on religion life – superstitions are reduced by higher tolerance highly
rigidity to religious activities is observed religious institutions are no longer
put forced

6. on urban life – absence of communal feeling – impersonal social relation

• Increase of disease
• Absence of family control
• Increase prevalence of social disorganization
• Promote self confidence

Theories of social change –

1. deterioration theory – acc. To sociologist man originally lived in a perfect

state of happiness in a golden age then deterioration begin with result that
man reached a with result that degeneration

2. cyclic theory – human society goes in certain cycles society has s

predetermined life cycle (birth growth maturity and decline

History repeat itself society after passing through all the stages return to
the originally stage then the cycle begins again

3. linear theory – acc. To this theory gradually moves to higher state of

civilization is seen for e.g- advancement in liner fashion or in the direction
of improvement.

August comet postulated three stage of social change –

1. theological state – man believed that super natural power control and
designed world, deadpanned gradually believes in ditis(devi , devta)

2. meta physical state – theological way gives way to meta physical state
during man tried to understand the phenomena by restoring the abstract

3. positive state – theological was give way to the search for ultimate cause
man consider the search for ultimate cause imperially observe if man adopt
 a positive attitude in understanding the natural and social phenomena .the
society will progress

4. determine theory – there are certain social economic natural forces that
brings social changes

For e.g – condition of life efforts and rational planning economical factors
and political evolution

Role of nurse in a social change –

Nurse play a vital role in social groups by interacting with them through all
the effective methods of communication

The nurse provide nursing care to the important social change bringing
units like children parents

Following are the main role of nurse in social changes –

1. she control and observe the mild changes that are occurring in the
society

2. the provide a complete basic knowledge regarding social changes

upbringing unit and the effects of social changes

3. the nurse provide a complete histological data regarding a social changes

and research on the further aspect of it.

4. she provide all aspect of nursing care so that negative social changes can
be stop

5. she provide research data's and study pathway of social changes

→ She provide resistance against social evils that are dangerous to any
positive social changes
→ For.e.g- social problems like dowry alcoholism etc.
→ She providing guidance and counselling regarding the effect of social
problems and suggest the ways to control them
 → The nurse sometimes function as authority unit to control the social
problems
→ In psychiatric aspect of nursing the nusre provide a complete protection
to the p.t from others and to others from p.t

unit - 6
Family and marriage
Introduction – the word family has been derived from Latin word (formulas
means servant in remand word the family is denoted with a group of members
connected by the common descent or marriage.

family is a group people organised on the basis of natural love and affection
. It is the fundamental unit in society which provide safety security and
rearing of children and fulfilment of certain needs

It is a primary group in the society to fullfill the function of procreation

(generation) and nurturing (training) socializing children and transmit the
culture

Definition – the biological social unit composed of husband wife and children

A group defined by sexual relationship sufficiently precise and enduring to

provide for the procreation and upbringing

Family is a system of relationship existing parents and children

Characteristics of family –

→ Man and woman having mating relationships

→ Satisfaction of social needs
→ Have knowledge decent
→ Common residual palace for living
→ Based on marriage
→ Protection
→ Satisfy economical needs of members
 1. man and woman having mating relationship – meeting the relationship
b/w man and woman is necessary for formation of family

This relationship is either for a short time or long time or life long periods

2. satisfy economical needs – the family members of man and woman

when differences occur in opinions later on their can be a break up leading
to disintegration of family

3. a common place for living – all the family members live in home which is
common place for living to all the family members

Some of the task such as child bearing and child rearing can’t be performed
without having a common residence

4. a form of marriage – society doesn't permit to establish the mating

relationship without the marriage so marriage is the ritual which is
performed in order to establish family

5. known by the name – There is a system of calculation descent which

may be through either male and female line and every family known by the
name e.g – in family their exist a system of nomenclature

6. rearing and bearing of child – The family members e.g – father mother
grandfather grandmother rear and care the child they take all the tension
and stress for caring the children

7. protection – Family provide protection services to its members by which

they feel secure in home

8. satisfaction of sexual need – Satisfaction of sexual need require for

normal relationship . If the sexual desire are supressed than it procedure
personality maladjustment and disrupt the social relationship

Function of family –

it is two types
 1. essential function –

• Satisfaction of sexual desire

• Provision of home
• Reproduction and rearing of child

2. non- essential function –

• Religion
• Economic
• Social
• Education
• Health

Function of family are –

1. regulation of mating relationship –

→ Family gives a cheek on matting relationship through the institution

of marriage one if the function of family is to regulated the mating
relationship of men and woman
→ Satisfaction of sexual desire is the primary object of family it bring life
partnership among male and female
→ The couples are now in a better position to satisfy sexual desire
without feer of conception
→ Affection – the family satisfy the need of affection of its members
→ Man’s fatigue is relieved when he return back to his home after hard
work and tension of day in mild of his wife and children
→ Family perform a no. of function which has been described as below
–
→ Reproduction
→ Regulating of sexual behaviour
→ Socialization of young members
→ Care and education of children
→ Re-creational functions
→ Religious functions
 → Cooperation of of work.
→ Economic functions.
→ Maintainence of health.
→ Different sociologist have characterised the functions of family from
their point of view.
→ for eg. :- social functions, basic functions, essential or non essential
functions.

The basic function of family:-

1. Reproduction

2. Maintenance

3. Placement

4. Socialization of young children's.

Some other basic functions of family are

(1) Regulation of sexual behaviour

(2) Division of labour

(3) Care of children

(4) Primary group satisfaction

Type of family :-

(1) On the basic of authority

(2) Patriarchal family

(3) Metriorchal

(1)Patriarchal family:- The family is most powerful and unquestionable authority

is male parent (male is supreme authority).

(2) Matriarchal family :- Mother play important role (dominant role in family).
On the basic of residence

(1) Petriolocal

(2) Metrical

(3) Changing residence

(4) Petriolocal :- The wife live in husband’s house.

(5) Metrilocal :- The husband live in wife’s house.

(6) Changing residence :- Husband and wife alternating and conditionally

change between each others residence.

On the basis of marriage:-

(1) Monogamous family

(2) Polygamous family

(3) Polyandrous family

(4) Monogamous family :- One man marry with only one woman and establish
family.

(5) Polygamous family :- One man many womans and live in a family with his
wife’s and children.

(6) Polyandrous family :- One woman marry with many man and live in a family
with all of them or with each of them alternatively.

(7) On the basis of size, structure and depth of generation:-

1. external family – beside the couples other relatives also live

2. Joint family – couples and their children family's live together

3. Nuclear family – husband wife and their offspring g live together

4. Conjugate family – in this type of family only husband and wife live together
Nuclear family – nuclear family consist of mother father and their biological or
adoptive offspring often called the traditional family.

The nuclear family can be a nurturing as long as there is love time spend with
children emotional support low stress and stable economical environment

Characteristics family –

→ extend family – an extended family is two or more adults from different

generation of a family who share a household . It consist of more than
parents and children , it may be a family that include parents and faster
children uncle aunty grandparents
→ The extended family may live together due to many reasons such as –
→ Help with financial problem
→ Support for an ill relatives
→ Help raise children and caring and rearing of child's

Joint family -

The joint family in India has been defined as a group of people belonging to
three or more generation who live under ne roof cook food and eat from
same kitchen participate in common activities

Sociologist feels that fulfilment of following three conditions are enough to

call a family is joint

1.depth

2. right

3. property

Two or more family having kinship relations who live separately ut share
emotional bond join properly and function under one authority can be
termed as constituting a joint

Characteristics of joint family –

 → Status of the members in family is determined acc. To age and relationship
→ Family as an organization
→ Equal attention o all members
→ Blood relationship
→ An ideal of joint responsibility

Problem confined ton joint family –

1. problem of adjustment b/w couples

2. problem of social adjustment
3. marriage are based on love
4. problem of broken family
5. problem of working women
6. family conflict and strive (hard work)
7. low birth rate
8. downy system

Modern family –

• The individual nuclear family is universal social phenomena it can be

defined as –

• As small group composed of husband and wife and immature which

constitute a unit apart community

Recent trend of modern family –

• The family as under gone some family changes in past half of century its
structure has changes its function has been altered and its nature have
been affected.

• Various factor that affected it are –social economical educational legal an

scientific technological etc.

The family changes are can be see in Morden families-

→ Industrialization
→ Urbanization
 → Western education
→ Legislative measures
→ Emergency to various to perform
→ Different function of family
→ Composition and interpersonal relationship with in the family as undergone
same significant change under the impact of above mentioned facters.
→ The changes have occurred significantly in the family in Morden era which
are as following:-
→ Reduce size of family
→ Changes in the interpersonal relationship among family members
→ Define in the level of discipline and deviation
→ Inadequate care of children
→ Selection of marital partner
→ Kinship ties
→ Reduction in family function
→ No more unit of production impact of western strive

Problems of modern family/nuclear :-

(1) Lack of trust

(2) Un-stability
(3) Changing in the relationship b/w men and women
(4) Economical imbalance
(5) Sexual laxity
(6) Decline of family control
(7) Decline of religious control
(8) Decline of morel (confidence)
(9) Divorce
(10) Impact of western family system

Marriage

Introduction – marriage is an important social institution. It is changing in its form

acc. To change in culture.
It is an institution which permit or admit man and women for family life

It is more or less durable condition b/w male and female beyond the more acting
birth of offspring (propagation)

The sexual intercourse is necessary for physical satisfaction as well as for the birth
of offspring . It is also leads to mutual help in time of need psychological they
have do many traids which are mutual complementary

Definition – marriage is a ritual which create the family in the form of husband
and wife . It is ceremony or uniting marital partner

• It is socially approved way of establishing family

• A control for the production and maintaining of children

Characteristics of marriage –

 It is result of religious ceremony

 Means of contact of person of opposite sex
 Right of mutual relationship in biological social and economic spare of men
and women
 Stabilize family building a household activity
 pro-creation and providing care to offspring
 Require social approval
 It is universal institution
 Create mutual obligation – it improve certain rights and duties b/w
husband and wife both are required to support each other and their family

Importance of marriage –

 Stabilize family formation

 Regulate sexual relationship of individual
 Put restriction on pre-marital and extra-marital sexual relation
 Marriage in size the couple to stabilize family by procreation marriage
determine the descent of new born inheritance follow the rules of it
  The partners of marriage distribute and divide work among them. And
perform them. The couples work outside the family to earn more income
 Minimizing the social distance b/w the group

Marriage problem in India –

same as problem of modern family

Marriage acts –

• The laws incanted in India related to marrige are –

• Age at marriage
• Field of mate selection
• No. of person (spouse) in marriage
• Downy to be taken and given

Some act are following –

1. prevention of sati act 1829

2. Hindu widow remarriage act 1856
3. the civil for special act 1872
4. the Hindu marriage act 1955
5. downy prohibition act 1961
6. child marriage restrain act 1929
7. the Hindu adoption and maintence act 1956
8. the suppression of immoral trafficking
9. medical termination of pregnancy act 1971
10. criminal law amendment 1983

Hindu marriage act (1829) – The Hindu marriage act which came into the power
in 18 may 1955.

• The act has reformed the Hindu law of marriage and covers the entire India
expect state of Jammu and Kashmir.

• Applicability – only if both the parties are Hindu the marriage take place
under the Hindu marriage act.
The Hindu marriage act apply to -

1. any person who is Hindu Jain Buddhist or Sikh by religion

2. any person who is born to Hindu parents

3. any person who is not a Muslim Christian arsy and who is not governed
by any other law and the schedule caste

Registration of marriage –

The marriage celebrated may be registered under the special marriage act
with the office of registration in the Hindu marriage registration register

Registration is not compulsory and in no way affect the validity of marriage

, no marriage can be registered unless the following condition are fulfil-

A. a ceremony of marriage has been performed b/w the parties and they
have been living together as husband and wife

B. neither parties at the time of registration should have more than one
spouse living

C. parties is an idiot and lunatic at the time of registration

D. the parties have completed age of marriage at the time of registration

E. the parties are not within the degree of prohibited relationship

F. the parties have been residing within the district of marriage officer for a
period of not less than 30 day immediately preceding the date on which
application is made to him for registration

G. on receiving the application signed by both parties the marriage officer

shall give the public notice and often allow 30 days for objection and on
being satisfied that all the conditions are filled he shall enter a certificate in
the marriage certification book which shall be signed by the parties and
three witness
Types of marriage

Following are the main forms marriage –

1. polyandry –it is a form of marriage in which one women marry more

than one man at a given time

2. polygamy – it is a type of marriage in which the one man marries two or

more wife at a time

3. monogamy – in this marriage system one man and women marry with
each other at a time

4. exogamy – in exogamy a man marry with a women out of his own caste

5. endogamy- the marriage is performed within same class and caste

Marriage and family problems in India –

1. unequal of women in Indian society – In India the first and most

important marriage and family problem is the Indian women's don’t enjoy
equal status or right with men in social political religious and economical
field

Right after the birth the women is depend on one or other person

Before marriage she depend on her father and after marriage she depends
upon her husband and in old age on her son . She can't independently live
according to her own like and dislike

In ancient times women enjoy a high place in religious family function who
are not considered complete without her participation she was known as
goddess of family

2. dowry system – it is one of the of marriage in India also considered as

commercial aspect of marriage . This type of problem mostly read in the
newspaper and shows in media that father of girl commit suicide because
he was unable to parents of boy.
 Dowry system cause social crime such as the and mis-appropriates to
arrange the dowry

3. reform movement – social reformer started the movement to put an end

to some in human practices

These reformers works – Raja ram Mohan Roy mahatma Gandhi

These reformers were able to get certain act passed to bring an end to
some social evil practices

Act were standard to remove most of these problems act -

1. Hindu marriage act

2.Hindu maintenance and adoption act

3. dowry prohibition act

4. the commission of sati act

Along with these acts all India women conference also did try to improve
the conditions of women all around India

The department of women and child welfare in government of India

perform the welfare programmes in India

Other problems related to marriage and family –

• Changing gender role

• Divorce due to western life style
• Mental stress
• Domestic violence
• Social crime
• Legal arguments related to property

Role of family in health and disease –

 Family perform a no. of functions which are related to health behaviours
and health as the family is a group of biologically related individual

1. care during pregnancy birth of a child and post natal period

2. care of the diseased and injured
3. care of aged or old persons
4. socialization and personality formation
5. reduction of generically herediated disease
6. Reduction in antisocial behaviour

Unit - 07
Type of communities in India
Introduction – the word community is derived from latin word com and unis
which means come together and unis – people.

People living together in a limited area or geographical bounding is called

community

Definition – a social group with we feeling and living in a given area.

Elements and characteristics of community –

1. locality – it occupy defined geographical area they residence in that

locality limited . People will develop social contact provide safety and
protection

2. community sentiments – a feeling of belonging together or we feeling

people will stay together share common interest and be conscious to their
unity

3. group of people – group of people share the basic condition of common

life group members can act collectively in an organised manner

4 likeliness – languages customs tradition folk ways etc. are common

 5. particular name – each community will have its own specified name
indicating the individuality and describe the total personality

Types of community –

1. urban community – people living in towns and cities mainly depended on

community non-agriculture occupation.

2. rural community – people living in village and mainly depending own

agriculture and other occupation

Benefits of community life –

• Provide individual needs (like security and protection)

• It strengthen the unity among people
• Depends upon communication system among the members
• Provide individuals with opportunity for the expression of his talents
abilities and personality development
• Provide sense of belongingness

Dentition of rural communities –

• A group of people depending on agriculture and etc. aligate occupation

permanently residing in a geographical area and participation in common
social economics culture activities

Characteristics of rural community –

1.agriculture occupation – the main occupation of the rural community is

agriculture and allied occupation like animal husbandry poultry and small
interpreters like fishing and be keeping.

2. natural environment – village have natural set up like animals birds

ponds river and all other natural things atmosphere enables to the rural
people to have a simple and natural life

3. small size – the village are small in size. There may be a few household or
small no. of people to have a simple and natural life
 4. homogeneity – the village life has much homogeneity people of village
have some life style occupation and people of village share same customs
tradition and values.

5. primary group relationship – the rural community specially of smaller

type have primary group relationship . The village is like a large family every
one is non-personally and the members of rural community have familistic
relationship

Hazards of rural community –

→ people don’t want to change the practice of tradition and unscientific

system of cultivation due to illiteracy and ignorance of advance agriculture
observation result in poor production of crops
→ Dependence of nature for matter always inadequate supply of electricity
and other problem are unfavorable factors for good crops
→ Burden of loans Indian farmers take hand loan bank loan and other loans
to meet the agricultural need
→ Lack of transportation and communication facility cause extreme difficulty
in taking the products to the marked
→ Effect of natural disorder cause more poverty and unemployment

Management –

1. agricultural development

2. rural development

Urban community or city community –

A phenomena of specialization in population aggregate whose occupation

are non-agriculture

Large dense and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous

individuals

Characteristics of urban community –

 1. homelessness – the house problem is vary big in urban areas many low
class people pass their nights on the road pavements even children don’t
get any play space

2. class extreme – in cities richest as well as poorest people will be found

the people living in luxurious and they live in grand mentions as well as
some people pavements (road side living people) and hardly gets two meals
per day

3. social heterogeneity – the cities are full of different people who have
different culture tradition customs and values and life style etc.

4. social distance – social contacts are impersonal less segmented and

formal politeness is present

5. secondary control – in urban areas the individual behavior is controlled

by police court or laws etc.

6.lack of community feeling – in the urban communities people have no

time to think about others (no we feeling) I feeling greater in urban areas

7. lack of unity in family – in this each member in family is so busy with

their own programme that they don’t interfere with each other
independence

8. rationalism – people think in rationalized manner anaphylatically reach

9. segmentation – division and sharing of work delegation of authority and

segmentation of responsibility is seen

10. size of population – it constitute large no. of people in small area cover
crowding is most common

Hazards of urbanization –

1. family disharmony – an urban area is area where the family dis-

organization are more ad urbanities are individuates they will be
 concentrating on their own development . They don’t have proper time for
families and relative

2. housing and slum formation – due to the majority of population

migration towards urban areas homelessness is a serious problem.
Overcrowding and minimal level of residential accommodation is resulting
in formation is resulting in formation of slum

3. depersonalization – high of population overcrowding has various effects

such as deviant behavior arising of community riot where individual are
more subjected to internal disequilibrium

4. transport and traffic – majority of population uses public transport and

due to increase urban population both public and private transport vehicles
are increasing resulting in more traffic and population problems

Solution for urban problem –

→ Effective town planning

→ Urban development programme which can permit multi functional
activities and sustain people in cities
→ Motivate the individual who are industrials to plan their industry to
backward streets in also helpful in development of big cities
→ Municipalities should find their own resources by collecting appropriate
text and spending the amount for development of city
→ Encourage private transport facility to operate services as they will charge
less and provide better services

Urban slums –

• Urban slums area the people who are living in the cities but their all basic
requirements area not fulfill. Urban slums are one of the major problem as
they bring over crowding and related problems.

• Man urban slums problems are respiratory diseases, G.I. disorder, skin.
Injection, nutrition problems, accidents, drug above, alcoholism, crime etc.
Causes

• Due to the more resources availability in the cities persons migrate to city
for better life and economical support

Strategies to improve Urban health problems -

• Provision of safe drinking water

• Maintaining house standers

• Proper disposal of liquid and solid waste

• Conducting health awareness companies

Difference b/w rural and urban community -

Feature urban Rural

Cast of living high Low

Transport and Advance Lack of good quality

communication
facilities

Social contract Casual short lived and Durable long lasting

impersonal and intimate

Social relationship Secondary Primary

Community team Lack of we feeling We feeling is found

spirit

Environment Live in congested Natural environment

environment
Family Prevalence of nuclear Joint family system
family

Institution of Freedom of Married bonds

marriage selection/divorce is
more

Woman status Equal status carry Equal status is not

conscious in-depend found dependence

Economic status All type of class system Poor not class

are observed conscious

Neighbor-hood Less important strangers Greater importance

know all the
member

Caste system Class system is more Caste system is more

prominent prominent

Size Too big Too small

Density of high Low

population

Competition Greater extent Not much

Unit -8
social stratification
Introduction – social stratification is the sub division of a society into hierarchy of
layers differentiated on the basis of power prestige wealth

Definition – social stratification means process of forming social class. It is the

study classes in the society mostly the grading is done on the basis of occupation
and political power

Types of social stratification –

1. an open system –

• This is also known as class system. In this type of social stratification

position are rewarded on the

• of married or rank is tied to individual achieved depending on what the

individual attempt what the can do by his own

2. close system – this type of social stratification is also known as cast

system . When the status ascribed to characteristics to determine position

Indian cast system origion – these are different cast system such as -

1. religious theory

2. biological theory

3.socail historical theory

1. religious theory – this theory expained how four varnas where founded the
different varnas were created from different part of brahma body –

• Brahmans- created from his head

• Kshatriyas – created from his hand

• Vishay's – created from his thigh

• Surds – created from his feactus

2. biology theory – this theory explain that all existing things animated and
unanimated inheriting there qualities –

A. sattva – it include wisdom intelligent honesty goodness and other

positive qualities

B. rajas – it include qualities like passion valour other qualities

C. tamas – it include qualities such as dullness stupid lack of creativity and

other negative qualities

3. social historical theory – acc. To this theory the caste system begins with the
arrival of Aryans in India . The Aryan arrive in India around 1500 BC

The Aryans organised them salves in there group –

A. first group – varriors were called Rajayana and later the change there
name Kshatriya

B. secondary group – priest were called Brahman

C. third group – farmer and crampt man were called Vishay's

This theory explain the creation of varan jati and un touchi-bility

1. varan – the meaning of the word varan is not class or status but skin colour b/w
the out caste there is the sudras how are the simple worker of the society . In into
religion stories they are many war b/w the good Aryans' dark skin demon’s and
devil

2. jati – different jati who proposed different profession were in different varan

3. un-touchbility – the bharaman are very stick about leanines in the caste people
belief that the disase can also spread to air are not only to the physical touch
because this region the in-tovuhable were not only disallow to touch the high
cast communities but also to stand at the certain distance from the higher

Social mobility
Define –

• Social mobility is the movement of a person or person from and social

status to another.

• Social mobility is the movement of an individual or group from one social

stratum to another

Indication of social mobility –

1. power – it is the ability to attain the gaol control events and maintain
influence over other

2. prestige – it consist of approval and respect of an individual or group

which is received from other members of society

3. wealth – it is an economical indicator. It is the total economical property

of an individual or property refers to condition in which all type of house
other non moveable economical things included if people don’t have
money top maintain a standard of living . They included in lower social
status

Factors responsible for social mobility -

1. hard work – hard working poor people rise to become very rich person `

2. social values and norms – it may also cause social mobility. There are
some examples when the value people place in education and other factors
can lead to move higher social status

3. social structure – during the period of economical expansion the no. of

professional and technique jobs increase and also in time of need of a
particular skill even people from lower caste but with many skills may rises
for higher social status

4. education – in all most every society the peoples level of education is a

factor that cause social mobility once obtaining higher education one can
climb social steps
 5. marriage – marriage with higher social stratum can enhance social status

6. luck – Philippians in general believes strongly in the luck. This only way
through which an individual may move up to a much higher social status

Types of social mobility –

1. horizontal mobility – it is the changes in position without a change in

status. This indicated the position within range of some status . It means
the person occupy same position in social hierarchy and there is no
significant changes in their position.

Examples – a teacher move3s from the rual area to city and there is no
changes in his position of social hierarchy . It means horizontal mobility has
occur

2. vertical social mobility – it means movement from one social status to

another . It involve the changes in the life time of an individual to a higher
or lower social status that the person had to begin with.

E.g – an industrial worker become business man has radiocally changes his
position in stratification system. It take place in two direction-

1. upward vertical

2. downward vertivcal

Open and close system of social generation –

1. open social mobility – in the open system individual are assigned to

different position in social structure on the basis of their merits and
achievement .

• It is generally characterized with occupational diversity and different social

structure and rigidity of the changes.
 2. close social mobility – a close system of mobility is that where social
norms and values prescribe mobility Thus the close system emphasis the
associate character of the person

• The individual in such system are assigned their place in social structure on
the basis of inscriptive criteria like age sex and birth etc.

• Consideration of functional suitability or ideological motion of equality of

opportunity are irrelevant in deciding the position of individual to different
status

Changes in social mobility

new opportunities for group mobility within the traditional status has been
appearing in 10 yrs. They have emerged from the impact of –

1. westernization

2. urbanization

1. urbanization – the emergency of –

A. industrial employment

B. easy communication

C. Efficient distribution of goods and services

D. centralized administration has made urban living a more assessable

alternatives to much peoples in India

Other factors responsible for mobility –

A. no rigidity of caste religion tradition and social control

Achieved status as a result of behaviour rather than birth in case of city

2. westernization – Industrialization brought about transfer of specialized

occupation of all time this means that occupational role and role occupied
could be in principle .
 Separate and more important criteria for determining occupation would be
performance qualities and economical rewards and social mobility would
constitute the worth or the status of angle given role

Race is a biological concept criteria of racial classification

→ The term race refers to the categorization of human population or group

on the basis of various set of heritable characteristics –
→ Racial classification is given to a group certain numbers of anthropological
traids , which is necessary so that they are not confused with other
→ Race is the common understanding grow upon differences not only of
skin colour or physical attribute but also of language nationality and
religion
→ Race is an idea that has become fix that there is no space for open
mindedness when challenging the idea or racial categories . There is a
major difference b/w the biological and sociological view of race.
→ Attributing race to an individual or a population amount to applying a
social and cultural strips of paper supporting data

Influence of class caste and race on health and health status –

 Human health is affected by the internal environment and external

environment
 It has been observed that certain factors are more prominent in one class
caste on race . This is due to lifestyle pattern of that particular caste class
or race lifestyle include eating habits living habits and other daily routine
activities like alcoholism smoking etc.
 In case of sc st its members due to the improper hygiene practice poverty
poor eating habits and inadequate knowledge about health and diet cause
them more proneness to influence as compare to other caste
 Health problems related to the under nutrition infectious diseases and STD
are more in lower and middle class. It means acute disease are more
among theses classes and in case of upper class chronic disordered such as
obesity hypertension are more common
  In races it is found that some particular races are more prone to certain
heritable disease and other non-heritable disease
 For e.g – African race are more prone to concers

Difference b/w class and caste

Class Caste

Membership is based on objective fact Membership is based on birth

e.g – status occupation

Open stratification changes Close stratification (unchanged)

Class consciousness Subjective consciousness (birth)

Individual will have greater freedom Rigid with some restriction

Less social distance Greater social distance

Flexible restriction Rigid restriction

External similarities maintained (like No external

dress language)

Internal similarities maintained (like No internal similar

ideas)

Elastic nature easy social mobility Close and rigid mobility

Secular origin Divine origin

Achieved status Innate

Temporary association based on need Durable relationship

UNIT-IX
SOCIAL CHANGE
Definition:-
Acc” to “variation or modification of any aspect of social pattern, social
interaction or social organization is called social change.”
Acc” to Jeson “Modification in ways of doing and thinking of people is
called social change.”
Acc” to Kuppe Swamy “Some change in social behavior and in social
structure.”
Acc” to Majumdar “A new fashion or mode either modification or replacing
old in the life of people or in social pattern.”

Natures/Features of social change

1. Universal phenomena:- Society exist in universe, no society remain static, the
speed of change may differ from society to society.
2. Occur as an essential law:- Change is the law of nature. It may occur naturally
or a result of planned efforts.
3. Definite predication is not possible:- Over attitudes, horms & values can’t be
predicted.
4. Modification & replacement are key factor:- Modification in living style, social
relationship, attitude towards women rights, religious pattern etc.

Factors influencing social changes

1. Biological factor:- It will have indirect influence upon social change.
Eg:- Aspect of the population r/t to heredity and mutation like darwin’s principle
of survival of fittest, struggle for existence.
2. Population factor:- The human element in society is always changing. Every
individual is having a different distribution qualities and potentialities.
3. Geographical or Environmental factor:- Any change in the nature of
environment will have its impact on human society for Eg: Earthquakes, floods
etc.
4. Psychological factor:- The cause of social change is the psychology of man
himself. This always trying to discover new things in every sphere of life and is
always anxious for experiences.
Man is always attending to what is new and unique and precious than old
one.
New customs and methods that replace the old tradition with time change
in the permanent and bring adoption to new social changes.
5. Technological factor:- The process of application of new innovation is
technology. Technology effect the society by changing our environment to which
we intern adopt. The changes is usually in the material environment and
adjustment are made with changes often modify customs and social institutions.

Effect of the social change on social institutions

1. On family:- Many of family activities are being mechanically perform. Family
control is on decline. The no. of children is becoming less, the innovation of birth
control devices has reduce the family size. Integration of joint family system, the
employment of women in factories, offices has changed the form of husband wife
relationship and affect the family structure.

2. On marriage:- Along with the families the bonds of marriage also becoming
ineffective, since marriage is no longer religious ritual but a social contract which
can be broken at any time.
Love marriages, inter caste marriages, late marriages are common. The no.
of divorce has also increased.

3. On economical life:- New type of economical organization like factories,

agencies, stores, banks have come up promotes the standard of living higher.

4. On social life:- Social change ha lead to the decline of community life and poor
having pattern and formation of slums.
Social changes has changed basis social stratification and social values and
narrowed the gap of caste system.
Man has become a machine, social contacts have become secondary,
warmth relation has been reduced.
Worth of man is judged by what he has got then by what he is.
It has grown psychic conflicts and diseases modern man suffers from great
mental strain, emotional instability and economical insecurity.
5. On religious life:- Superstitions are reduced by higher tolerance, highly rigidity
to religious activities is observed religious institutions are no longer put forced.

6. On Urban life:- Absence of communal.

Feeling:- Impersonal social relation.
- Increase no. of diseases.
- Absence of family control.
- Increase prevalence of social disorganization.
- Increase facilities for leisures.
- Promotes self-confidence.

Theories of social change

1. Deterioration theory – Acc” to sociologist man originally lived in a perfect state
of happiness in a golden age, then deterioration begin with result that man
reached a age of comparititive degeneration.
2. Cyclic theory:- Human society goes in certain cycles, society has a
predetermined life cycle (birth, growth, maturity and decline)
History repeat itself society after passing through all the stages return to
the original stage then the cycle begins again.

3. Linear theory
Acc” to this theory gradually moves to higher state of civilization is seqn for
Ex:- Advancement in linear fashion or in the direction of improvement.
August COMTE postulated three stage of social change:-
(i) Theological state:- man believed that super natural power control & designed
the world. Deadvanced gradually believes in ditis (devi, devta).
(ii) Meta physical state:- Theological way gives way to meta physical state during
man tried to understand the phenomena by restoning the abstract.
(iii) Positive state:- Theological ways give way to the search for ultimate cause.
Man consider the search for ultimate cause imperially observe, if man adopt a
positive attitude in understanding the natural & social phenomena. The society
will progress.

4. Deterministic theory:- There are certain social economic natural forces that
brings social change.
For eg:- Condition of life, efforts & rational planning, economical factors and
political evolution.

Role of Nurse in a social change

Nurse play a vital role in social groups by interacting with them through all
the effective methods of communication. The nurse provide nursing care to the
important social change bringing units like children, parents etc.
Following are the main role of nurse in social changes:-
1. She control and observe the mild changes that are occurring in the society.
2. She provides basic knowledge regarding social changes, upbringing units & the
effects of social changes.
3. The nurse provide a complete histological data regarding a social change &
research on the future aspect of it.
4. She provide research datas and study pathway of social change.
5. She provide all aspect of nursing care so that negative social change can be
step.
6. She provides education to the future generation (children) regarding positive
and –ve social changes and motivate them regarding doing things that bring +ve
social change.
7. She provide resistance against social evils that are dangerous to nay +ve social
change.
For Eg: Social problems like dowry, alcoholism etc.
8. She provides guidance & counseling regarding the effect of social problems and
suggest the ways to control them.
9. The nurse sometime function as authority unit to control the social problems.
10. The nurse provide education to vulnerable groups to protect them from any
harm.
11. In psychiatric aspect of nursing the nurse provide a complete protection to the
pt. from others and to others from pt.

UNIT-X
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & SOCIAL SYSTEM

Introduction –
Social organization refers to human related themselves to one another.
Definition:-
Social organization is a state of being a condition in which various institutions in
society are functioning in accordance with their recognized or implied purpose.
It is a relative harmony b/w individual attitude and social values.

Elements of social organization

1. Society
2. Culture
3. Personality

Characteristics of social Organization

1. Unanimity – (arrangement):- Unanimity among the members of society is
found –
Unanimity amount the members can be maintained only so long as people are
prompt and ready to accept their status and respective roles within the social
organization. The roles of individual are determined on the basis of social status.
The prompt of people in accepting their own status and role is a feature of social
organization.

2. Control of society on the activities of individuals:- Society exercise its control

through the media of habits, customs, tradition and rituals.

Social System
Definition
Pleurity of Individual with each other according to cultural norms and meanings.

Meaning
It is an organization where orderly and systemic arrangement of social
instructions and interaction and consist of a network of interactive relationship.

Characteristic
1. Social system is based on social instructions and interactions:-
When a no. of individual act and interact, their interaction produce a
system which is called social system, A individual can’t produce system, he has to
interact with no. of individuals then only social system is preterm.
2. The interaction should be meaningful:- It is an orderly arrangement of various
expression of social relationship. They find expression in tradition, customs and
laws etc.
Aimless and meaning less interactions don’t produce social system.
3. Social system is a unity:- Where the various parts are arranged in integrated
manner and constitute a social style. It implies order among the interacting unit of
system.
4. The part of social system are related on the basis of functional relationship:-
Each System has its assigned rules and perform it in accordance with unity to each
other. It is an arrangement of interdependent interactive part based on functional
relationship.
5. Social System has environmental aspect:- Social system changes with the
change in time. The change doesn’t disturb the social equilibrium. Inspite of social
changes system changes, social system continues to exist.
6. Social system has the equality of self adjustment
7. It is the system of interdependent action consist of mechanism of
socialization and social control.

Elements –
1. Sentiment:- Sentiment represents what we feel about a particular stimulus. It is
articulated in the internal pattern of the social system.
2. Goals & objective:- Members in the social system will expect to accomplish
particular goal through the appropriate interaction.
3. Norms:- Standards to determine right or wrong appropriate and inappropriate,
good or bad in social relationship.
4. Status:- It is a position which an individual has in society. the place in a
particular time in his status with reference to that system.
5. Role:- Expected behavior of the individual within that society observed by his
performance.
6. Power:- It is the capacity to control others and exhibit authority.
7. Sanction:- The society will reward or punish the individual depending on
efficiency of their work performance.

Type of Social System

1. Political:- In this type of authority the system is maintained by governing
bodies.
2. Religious:- The social system is maintained by religious organization, cultural
pattern and traditional norms etc.
3. Sensate and Ideational:- In this type the control or social system is maintained
by controlling the sensation or feelings.

Status
Intro:- Every Individual in the society occupies a particular status. It may be high
or low social changes also based on status or role.
Social status is the position of an individual within social relationship. It is
recognized by a pattern of action and respect.

Definition
Status is the position which the individual in the group occupies by virtue of
age, class, occupation and achievement.
Status represent the position of individual in the group.
A defined position in the social structure, linked to social roles.
A worth of a person as stimulated by group or a class of person.

Types of social status

1. Ascribed status:- By the virtue of birth without any individual efforts, a status is
gain by individual.
Eg. Nationality, religion, caste etc.
2. Achieved status:- By his own efforts or capacities social position is secured
through individual choice.
Eg. Placement of an individual in an organization.

Determinants of Ascribed status

1. Sex differences:- In Indian societies man are accorded with high and dominant
status in the family and in the community, lower status has been given to women.
2. Age:- In traditional society elders are respected and youngersters are under the
control of older generation.
3. Physical attributes:- Beauty of a female, well built physique in male will
increase esteem in society.
4. Race:- In America white race always have superior status when compare to
black.
5. Caste:- In Indian society Brahmins will be given a higher status.
Determinants of achieved status
1. Wealth:- It gives power and ability to control other individual by the power of
wealth.
2. Reward:- Persons are avoided high status if their attributes are rewarding to
each member of society.
3. Occupation:- Ministers, MLA, government officers, teachers, engineers, doctors
etc are more respected in the society then others.
4. Individual achievement:- In the field of education, occupation sports, any other
field, if the person has achieved something the status will be higher.

Elements of status
1. Status is part of whole society.
2. Society is divided into different groups on the basis of status.
3. Status is determined by cultural situation and relevance of other members in
the society.

Nature of status
To designate the comparative amount of respect according to person who have
been assigned different role in organization or community. It the persons role is
important in the organization he will achieve higher status. These status indicate
the place of individual in a social network.
Importance of social status
An individual wins respect in society by virtue of social status, symbol of
respect change along with social status.
Different roles are conjoined with different social status with in the society
facilitate division of work among the people based on their abilities. It influence
the individual life, the society to which he belongs.
Difference b/w Ascribed & Achieved status
Ascribed Achieved
1. By birth 1. By the result of individual efforts
2. No preconditions 2. Preconditions are necessary
is necessary for ascribed (abilities, efficiency, qualification)
status etc.
3. Based on age, caste, 3. Based on capacities or abilities
sex, religion etc.
Role
Intro:-
A set of behavior of a member (expected) who occupies a particular position in
the group. The expected role of each member in a specific group will be specify.
Eg: Father in the family is holding responsible role to feed the members of family.
An employee in an organization will perform the activities specified by employer.

Member will play several roles:-

- Task oriented
- Relation oriented
- Self Oriented

Definition:-
A set of expectation and behavior associated with a specific position in a
social system or a certain group situation.
The part of that a person do as a result of status.
Pattern of behavior applying to person occupying specific position or
fulfilling definable function in society.

Type of Role
(i) Occupation or service role:- For fulfilling definable function allotting to the
individual of certain position.
(ii) Recruitment role:- The authority which will have function of recruiting
employee in an organization achievement role.
(iii) Achievement role:- Individual are free to choose as goal or objective.
(iv) Asymmetrical role:- In this type no precise hierarchy, no definite focus.
(v) Interacting role:- Role are design to meet or inter play having a given
efficiency.
(vi) Authority or supervisory or leadership role:- Influence other group members
behaviors and functions.

Relationship b/w Role & status

Status Role
1. Determined by socio 1. Based on positions expected
cultural values performance in a specific group.
2. Almost the societies 2. Roles expressed in different
Have similar status. forms.
3. Represent only a part 3. Different individual perform
of social set up. different roles.
4. Acc” to the status the 4. Society is not divided by it but
Society is divided into based on roles.
different group or
categonies.

Unit -11

social control

Introduction –

• Social control is a collective term for the purpose of planned or unplanned

method by which individual are target or complete to confirm to the usages
and life values of groups

Definition –

• Social control refers to the system of devices where by society beings its
membrane into conformity with the accepted standard rules

• According to EA ROSS

• Social control is the sum of those methods by which a society tries to

influence human behaviour to maintain a given order

• According to Manheim

Characteristics of social control –

1. to maintain the old order –

• It is necessary for every society or group to maintain its social order and
this is possible only when its members behave accordance with that social
order

2. to establish social unity –

 • Without social control social unity would remain a mere behaviour social
control regulated behaviour as per the established norms which bring
uniformity of behaviour and leads to unity among individual

• A family maintain its members behave in a similar manner in accordance

with the family norms

3 to regulate or control individual behaviour-

• No two individual are a like there attitude ideas interest and habits.

• Even children of the same parents do not have the same attitude habits
and interest.

• Men believe in different religious dress different eat different ways and
have different ideological on account of their different they become more
self cantered

4. to provide social sanction –

• Social control provide social sanction to the social ways of behaviour .

There are numerous folkways mores and customs prevalence in society

5. to check and control mal adjustment –

• Society is subject to change for every movement new inventions

discoveries philosophy continue to take origin in society

• the individual has to adjust himself for meeting the changing need of
society but all the individual can’t adjust themselves to the change which
may lead to culture maladjustment and people may violet the social norms

Types of social control –

1. direct social control – it is the control exerted on the individuals by the

reaction of people who are living within the proximity

E.g – play group neighbours(neighbourhood)

 Individual is deeply influenced by opinion of parents collagenous
neighbours and peer group.

2. indirect social control – the control is excreted upon the individuals by

the factors like customs laws opinions tradition with effects of social system

3. positive social control – rewards and initiative has an immense value

upon the activities of individual. Everyone desire to be rewarded by society
consequently they have to confirm to the tradition values accepted by the
society

4. Negative social control – a person is prevented from doing something

wrong by the threat of punishment fear of these punishment helps to the
people to prevent from violating the socially accepted customs tradition
values norms etc.

5. informal social control – socially desirable behaviour will be performed

where the individual follow the norms standard formed by the society

The primary group will formulate the controlling measures

6. formal social control – they are the specially designed controls for
controlling secondary group like social institution and formulated the rules
to control people behaviour within thr society like law police army atc.

Agencies of social control –

1. law – the society grow in size and complexity consisting of number of

organization and institutional structure there for the law principle uniform
norms and rights responsibility and penalty throughout a social system

Law’s are prominent means of social control laws are formulate by legally
authorized bodies or agencies and to develop desired behaviour

2. coercion(threat) – it is the use of force to achieve a desired behaviour . It

may be physical or non-voilent , it is the ultimate means of social control
when all other means fail.
In coercion, physically way of doing things such as bodily injury,
imprisonment and penalty should have immediate effect upon the
offender.

3. belief – belief influences human vacation and they define the purpose
for the individual and control his choice of means.

(1) The belief in existence of unseen power – It leads man to perform right
actions because he believes that his actions are being watched by an
unseen power.

(2) Belief in the existence of hell and haven – Individual believe that haven
is full of luxurious and hell is full of terror. It one does good deeds and
vacation will attain haven after death. It is the most common belief.

4. social suggestion – It communicates the ideas, feelings of other to follow

influences upon the individuals to perform good deeds. Following the great
individuals life goals help in social control.

5. Recreation groups – A person under goes specialization and learns the

method of behaviour towards the other group members or people.

Games are based on law without following them games can’t play in this
way the games instil the man the habits of remaining in control and
obeying the law

6. family – the first place where an individual socialized is family he learns

various method of living , behaviour obedience and respect for other

The other control of parents on child is the control of society individual.

Implement of the rules of family being punishment learning and the child
learns to except the pressure of law, if initiate him to take a value of
judgement and difference b/w good and bed

7. art – if influence the imagination and excellent the control of individual

behaviour there is close relationship b/w art and men. It control the
behaviour of men having their effect own man’s emotion and sentiments
 E.g - painting folk song drama dance etc

8. public opinions – the influence of public as a means of social control has

its effect on societies

In a village the people are known to one another personality

It is the fear of disgrace In the society keep checks on the behaviour of

people. It control behaviour way of living and method.it greatly influence
human action for fear of public criticism. Human being will not engage in
immoral or antisocial activities in its

9. leadership – the leader show the way for the massage to follow the path
taken by great men’s of the past, the both influences the religious political
and other fields

10. customs - these are the long established habit and uses of the people ,
the suggest for long time and have passed from one generation to another.
They are accepted society followed because they have followed in the past.
The regulates and the great extend bind to together and control purely
selfish impulse. They act as guardian of social solidarity

Role of nurse in social controls –

 The nurse play an important role in teaching regarding social goods and
evils
 The nurse teach the parents measures regarding controlling it child
behaviour
 The nurse play a vital role on community in regardance of social control
 The nurse teach parents of socially uncontrolled child regarding their
behaviour modification
 The nurse educate community regarding mental illness and how mental
illness effects the society
 The nurse instruct and guide mentally retarded person on behaviour
control
 The nurse provide various health education such as –
  Demonstration method
 Role play method
 Sensitizer method etc.
 The important role of nurse in psychiatric hospital is to educate a
mentally ill person regarding living a socially accepted and peaceful life
 The nurse help authorised body to control voilation
 The nurse teacher the client who are manic bipolar or suffering for ADH
(attention deficit hyperactivity regulation of the society

unit -12

Social problems

Poverty

• Poverty as a social problem is very much out of control in India.

• It means the condition of an individual in which he is unable to meet out his

basic needs.

Types of poverty –

• Poverty means the condition of an individual in which he is unable to meet

out his natural dependents basic needs as to function normally as a part
and parcel of the society.

• Relative poverty is that in which the individual is relatively poor comparing

some other members of the society who are relatively rich

• Absolute poverty means that in which the individual is unable to maintain a

minimum decent standard of living for himself and his dependents.

Cause of poverty –

• Personal factors

• Political and economic factors

• Biological factors
 • Technological and Environmental factors Social factors

1. Personal factors-

• It included the physical weakness, defects or diseases which may be

hereditary or accidental.

• All these factors affects the capacity of the worker to compete and earn
sufficiently for his livelihood.

2. Political and Economic Factors:

• The government did not render any assistance to the cultivators to adopt
new techniques of agriculture, producing lack of education facilities and
followed the laissez faire policies.

• Industrial revolution in the 18* century brought many drastic changes in

agriculture.

3. Biological factors:

• Absence of any family planning scheme and this led to increase in poverty.

4. Technological and environmental factors:

• Scarcity of raw materials and fuel and uncertainty of rains were also some
of the reasons for poverty.

5. Social factors:

• The joint family system (discourages youngsters), the caste system

(traditional occupation) and the religious beliefs (karma theory and fate
theory) disturbs the growth of the industrial sector and economic
development.

STRATEGIES FOR ALLEVIATING POVERTY –

• Five year plans

• Nationalization of bank
 20 Point Programmes

• State Poverty Programme

• IRDP (Integrated Rural Developmental Programmes)

• TRYSEM (Training Rural Youth for Social Employment)

• NREP (National Rural Employment Programme)

• RLEGP ( Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme)

• JRY ( Jacamar Rozgar Yojana)

• Antyodaya Programme

• Garibi Hatao and Bekari Hatao Programme

HOUSING

• Houselessness, Overcrowding, Slums and rental are serious problems in

urban areas.

• The houses of the poor are not only over crowded but lack privacy.

• The darkness of the houses drives the children out into the street creating
problems for the parents in controlling their children.

• There are certain unique characteristics of Indian culture which drives its
housing set-up The most common structure is for the extended family
(usually referred to as joint family) to live in time same house.

Food supplies –

1. App The Government of India have launched several nutritional

programmes to tackle major problems of malnutrition prevailing in India.
2. lied nutrition programmed
3. Mid-day meal programmed
4. Vitamin A? Prophylaxis
5. Prophylaxis against nutritional Anemia
 6. Control of iodine deficiency disorders
7. Special nutrition programmes
8. Balwadi nutrition programmed
9. ICDS programmes

PROSTITUTION

 Its not only personal disorganization

 Its world's oldest profession.
 affect family and the community at large.
 It is a burning social problems the globe.
 Combinations of factors are enhancing the prostitution.
 A prostitute is a persons who agrees to have sexual intercourse with any
persons, who offers money or in kind
 Causes of prostitution
 Biological: Sex urge is human being
 Socio-Economic: Poverty, Mother’s occupation. Industrialization,
Urbanization.
 Lack of family and social control and Lack of moral teaching.

CAUSES OF FEMALES –

 Economic factor: with out any support Ignorance:

 rural girls, employment posts

 Unhappy marital relations:

 Inordinate sex desire:

 Desire for new experience:

 Restrictions on widow remarriage:

CAUSES OF MALES -

 The unmarried persons: leads bachelors to prostitution.

  The married person: unsatisfactory marital relationship, temperamental
or cultural differences between the couple.

 The widower or the divorces

TYPES OF PROSTITUTES –

 The overt prostitute-

 Professional registered, unregistered prostitute who live in brothel
houses.
 Act as entertainers, supplements to their legitimate earnings
 Clandestine group
 The occasional prostitute: who alternates periods of reforms with period
of active prostitution.
 The incidental prostitute: Inadequate legitimate income, by the role of
sex favour increased income.
 Legislation on prostitution
 Bombay prevention of prostitution Act 1923, Madras 1930, Bengal 1933,
UP 1933,
 Punjab 1935, Bihar 1948, MP 1953. Suppression of Immoral Act 1950.
 Future Programmed
 Sex education
 Employment opportunity for women Removal of certain social customs
Publicity and propaganda

RIGHTS OF WOMEN –

HANDICAPPED –

 A disabled person is one who suffers from the loss or impairment of a

limp or deformity in physical or mental capability whether due to
nature’s foul play or an unexpected unfortunate accident.

 It is estimated that about 12 millions Indians about 1.8% of Indian

population have at least one disability or the other.
  About 10% of the handicapped are having more than one type of
physical disability

NATIONAL INSTITUTES FOR THE DISABLED –

 There are four National Institutes in each major are of disability under
the Ministry of Welfare, these are

 National Institute for the Orthopedic ally handicapped at Calcutta.

 National Institute for the Visually handicapped at Dehradun.

 National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped at Secunderabad.

 All Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped at

Bombay.

 These institutes have been designated as top organizations for training

of professionals, production of education material and other aids for the
handicapped.

CHILD LABOUR –

 Child labours arc exploited, exposed to hazardous work conditions and

paid a pittance for their long hours of work.

 Forced to do without education, shouldering responsibilities for beyond

their years.

 The Indian Constitution protect that:

 No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any

factory or in any hazardous employment (Article 25).

 The state shall endeavor to provide within a period of 10 years from the
commencement of the Constitution free and compulsory education for
all children until they complete the age of 14 years (Article 45).

CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR –

  A large number of them do not have families or cannot count on them
for support.

 In these circumstances, the alternatives to work may be joblessness,

poverty, worse, crime.

 The social scientists say that the main cause of child labour is poverty.

 The persons are forced to send their children to work in factories.

 Another reason is that child labour is deliberately created by vested

interests to get cheap labour.

 Child labour is that it benefits industries.

CHILD ABUSE –

1. Kempe and Kempe (1978) have defined child abuse as “a condition having
to do with those who have been deliberately injured by physical attack”.

2. Burgess (1979) child abuse refers to “any child who receives non-accidental
physical and psychological injury as a result of acts and omissions on the
part of his parents or guardians or employers.. ”

Types of abuse

 Physical abuse
 Sexual abuse
 Emotional abuse

Problems of abuses

 Physical abuse: burns, fractures, human-bite, abdominal injuries, bruises

etc.
 Sexual abuse: difficulty in walking and sitting, complaints of pain, bleeding,
venereal disease, pregnancy.
 Emotional abuse: failure to provide food, cloth, shelter, care and
supervision, alcoholism, sex relation, smoking etc.
  Girls are more victims of sexual abuse than boys.
 A high proportion of children become victims of sexual abuse when they
are 14 or above 14 years of age.
 Males are usually abused sexually by one person while girls are generally
assaulted by more than one person.
 In about two-third cases, the perpetrators have secondary relationship
with the victims.
 Boys are generally the victims of “employment-related11 abuse while girls
are generally the victims of “acquaintance-related17.

Causes of sexual abuse:

• Family environment Family structure Situational factor Fails to parent-child

relation Lack of adequate control

Causes of emotional abuse:

• Poverty

• Alcoholism of parents Maltreatment faced by the children Deficient

parental control

Crime

Definition

 Tappan has defined crime as “an intentional act or omission in violation of

criminal law committed without defense or justification".
 Thorsten Sellin has described it as “violation of conduct norms of the
normative groups”
 Mowrer had defined it as “an anti-social act”

Characteristics of crime –

→ Hall Jerome (1947), according to him, no action is to be viewed as crime

unless it has five characteristics
→ It is legally forbidden
→ It is intentional
 → It is harmful to society
→ It has criminal objective
→ Some penalty is prescribed for it.

Substance abuse

→ The term substance can refer to any physical matter.

→ Substance abuse maybe perceived both as abnormal behavior and as a
social problem.
→ In spite of this increase, drug abuse in India is still considered more as an
abnormal behavior than an anti-social or a non-conforming behavior.
→ Several researches have been conducted on drug abuse in India in the last
two decade by Medical scientists, psychiatrists and sociologists.

Control over substance abuse –

→ Teaching education about drugs;

→ Prevention should be young college/university students particularly those
living in hostels and way from control of their parents.
→ And living in slums, industrials workers, and truck drivers and rickshaw-
pullers.
→ Parents have to play an important role in imparting education,
→ Rehabilitation centre:
→ Of addicts treated under rehabilitation centers.

Role nurse

→ There are so many social problems are there in the society.

→ The nurse should understand the people and their problems.
→ Illiteracy, uneducated people are come to the hospital, they don’t know
about the disease condition as a nurse should understand their problems
and ready to help the patients.
→ Nurse give health education to patients and their family members also.
→ Superstitious beliefs attitude about their health, so the nurse should explain
and teach about what is good and what is bad to their health and give idea
that how to get cure from wrong activities.
→ Poverty also social problem: nurse should know their family income and
economic conditions and treat them.