LAND TRANSPORTATION -

AUTOMOBILE
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORT SERVICES 111
CAR / AUTOMOBILE
a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation. Most definitions of car say they
run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four tires, and mainly
transport people rather than goods.
CAR / AUTOMOBILE
➔ Most of the travel in the world takes place in the automobile. In the
US, auto travel is an integral part of the travel industry with 79% of U.
S. domestic person-trips taken by car, truck, camper/recreation
vehicle or rental car.
➔ Car traveling is usually an independent mean of transport where the
traveler decides the route and the length of the trip.
➔ It is usually cheaper since roads fees are not directly paid and
provided as a public.
CAR / AUTOMOBILE
➔ It is the only transportation mode that does not require transfers, in
the sense that the whole journey, from door to door can be achieved.
Along major highway corridors, service activities such as restaurants,
gas stations and hotels have agglomerated to service the traffic, many
of which touristic.
➔ Car transport is the dominant mode in world tourism (77% of all
journeys), notably because of advantages such as flexibility, price,
and independence.
CAR / AUTOMOBILE
➔ Tourists will often rent cars to journey within their destinations, which
has triggered an active clustering of car rental companies adjacent to
main transport terminals (airports, train stations) and touristic venues.
REASONS WHY CAR TRAVEL IS POPULAR TO TOURISTS

1. Affordability
2. Flexibility
3. Convenience
4. Personal Control
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE

In 1769 the first steam-

powered automobile
capable of human
transportation was built
by Nicolas-Joseph
Cugnot.
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE

In 1808, François Isaac de

Rivaz designed the first car
powered by an internal
combustion engine fueled
by hydrogen.
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE

In 1808, François Isaac de

Rivaz designed the first car
powered by an internal
combustion engine fueled
by hydrogen.
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
In 1870 Siegfried Marcus
built the first gasoline
powered combustion
engine, which he placed on
a pushcart, building four
progressively more
sophisticated combustion-
engine cars over a 10-to-
15-year span that
influenced later cars.
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
One of the first "real"
automobiles was produced
by Frenchman Amédée
Bollée in 1873, who built
self-propelled steam road
vehicles to transport groups
of passengers.
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
In 1885, Karl Benz developed a
petrol or gasoline powered
automobile. This is also
considered to be the first
"production" vehicle as Benz
made several other identical
copies. The automobile was
powered by a single cylinder
four-stroke engine.
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
In 1913, the Ford Model T,
created by the Ford Motor
Company five years prior,
became the first automobile to
be mass-produced on a moving
assembly line.
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
By 1927, Ford had
produced over 15,000,000
Model T automobiles.
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
Electric vehicles first
appeared in the mid-19th
century. An electric vehicle
held the vehicular land
speed record until around
1900.
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
At the beginning of the 21st century, interest in electric and other
alternative fuel vehicles has increased due to growing concern over
the problems associated with hydrocarbon-fueled vehicles, including
damage to the environment caused by their emissions, and the
sustainability of the current hydrocarbon-based transportation
infrastructure as well as improvements in electric vehicle technology.
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
➔ The growth of car ownership necessitated road
improvements

➔ The United States federal government participated in the

construction and maintenance of roads when it passed an
act in 1916, matching state appropriations for new roads

➔ It was climaxed by the interstate act in 1949 which allowed

traveler to move coast to coast, border to border
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
1940 - the first turnpike was built in Pennsylvania
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
1930’s – German
constructed their network
of autobannen, these four-
lane divided highways
were the world’s first high
speed roads
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
➔ The automobile stimulated tourism by creating attractions
along tourist routes made accessible by the automobile

➔ Two important aspects of automobile travel are recreational

vehicles and car rentals
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
1918 - Car rental industry began
when a Chicago Ford dealer
started to rent secondhand motel
T’s

1924 – the company was bought

by John D. Hertz, the founder of
yellow Cab Company
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
➔ 1946 – Avis, the biggest competitor of Hertz was founded
by a retired US Air Force officer, Warren E. Avis
➔ Avis specialized in airport rental locations
➔ 1948 – Avis started downtown rental locations
➔ It was during the same period that National Car Rental
was organized
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
➔ Four companies that dominated the US market : Hertz,
Avis, Budget and National
➔ Other companies: Alamo, Dollar, Thrifty and General
➔ 1960’s and early 1970’s can be attributed to the
introduction of fly/drive concept
BRIEF HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE
RECREATIONAL VEHICLES
The recreational vehicle (RV) deserves special mention because
according to the Recreation Vehicle Industry Association (RVIA), there are
currently 8.3 million RVs on the road in the United States. RVers travel an
average of 4,500 miles per year, spending 26 days in their vehicle.

A recreational vehicle, often abbreviated as RV, is a motor vehicle or

trailer which includes living quarters designed for accommodation. Types
of RVs include motorhomes, campervans, caravans (also known as travel
trailers and camper trailers), fifth-wheel trailers, popup campers and truck
campers.
RECREATIONAL VEHICLE

Typical amenities of an RV include a kitchen, a bathroom, and one

or more sleeping facilities. RVs can range from the utilitarian —
containing only sleeping quarters and basic cooking facilities — to
the luxurious, with features like air conditioning (AC), water
heaters, televisions and satellite receptors, and quartz countertops,
for example.
RECREATIONAL VEHICLE

➔ RVs can either be trailers (which are towed behind motor

vehicles) or self-motorized. Most RVs are single-deck;
however, double-deck RVs also exist. To allow a more compact
size while in transit, larger RVs often have expandable sides,
called slide-outs, or canopies.
➔ Travel agencies around the world are responding to the
demand by including RV rental information in their customer
brochures. An estimated half million overseas visitor a year rent
RVs.
CAR RENTAL INDUSTRY
An important aspect of automobile travel is the rental car industry,
whose growth has been paralleling or exceeding the growth in air
travel. While there is no question about the rental car business having
use by businesses, it also has substantial vacation use and frequent
combine-trip use

Air travel is critical to the car rental business as airport revenues

account for much of overall car rentals in the United States. Hertz is
the airport market leader with about 25 percent of the airport rental
business.
CAR RENTAL INDUSTRY
CAR RENTAL INDUSTRY
Key Markets - Global operating car rental companies sell their
services directly to:

1. The Public
2. Travel Agent (individual and chains)
3. Airlines
4. Specialized car rental brokers – the brokers resell to the travel
trade; the legal contract however remains between the client
and the car rental company, broker and travel trade act only as
intermediaries.
CAR RENTAL INDUSTRY
There are two main markets to car rental: business and leisure.

As travel agent, you have four main partners:

1. Car rental companies
2. Tour operators
3. Car brokers
4. Airlines
VEHICLE MATRIX CODE
To make it easy for booking agents to define the vehicles
requested by each customer, there is the vehicles matrix code and
outlined in the trade practice Standard Interline Passengers
Procedures (SIPP).
VEHICLE MATRIX CODE
Carmaster, Galileo’s car rental program, uses globally recognized
standard codes to define car groups. Each character in the 4-
character Vehicle Code represents characteristics of the vehicles.
The expanded matrix makes it possible to have over 400 vehicle
types. The car codes are created by selecting one character from
each column and combining them into a 4 character car code.

Example – CCMN is a compact car/ 2 or 4 door / manual

transmission / no air-conditioning
 CLASS TYPE TRANSMISSION AIR-CONDITION

M – Mini C – 2/4 door A – Automatic R – Yes

E – Economy B – 2 door M - Manual N - No
C – Compact D – 4 door
I – Intermediate W – Wagon
S – Standard V – Van
F – Full Size L – Limousine
P – Premium S – Sport
L – Luxury T – Convertible
X - Special F – 4WD
P – Pick Up
J – All Terrain
VEHICLE MATRIX CODE
Any card can be described by a combination of four letters. This
matrix is an international standard and universally used by all
computer reservation system (CRS) and global distribution system
(GDS) as well as in car rental documents such as vouchers.
EXTRA AMENITIES
Cars can be equipped according to your client’s particular needs or
for particular road conditions in certain areas, such as:
1. Toddler and baby car seats
2. Roof luggage racks
3. Ski / winter equipment – including ski rack, ice scrapers, all
weather or snow tires and snow chains
4. Computer navigation systems
5. Mobile telephone
SPECIAL REQUESTS AND SERVICES
1. Special physical challenged or handicapped drivers, services
such as designated parking at car rental stations and easy
access transfer buses in airport locations are provided.
2. Chauffeur-driven vehicles are recommended in difficult terrain,
in countries where people drive on the other side of the road
than at home and in countries whose language differs from the
tourist. Chauffeurs often serve also as a tour guide and aides
in difficult situations.
INSURANCE
The only general rule is that cars usually do not come with
insurance. Insurance options depend on the rate type and program
booked.
MAINTENANCE

The major car rental companies operate on fleet quality program.

They check their vehicle after each rental. Normal wear and tear is
included in the rental fees. However, petrol is the client concern.
Three ways handling petrol cost have involved over the last few
years and clients usually have a choice of scheme at the pick-up
rental location.
MAINTENANCE

➔ Bring the tank back full

➔ Leave the filling up to a rental company and pay more than the
fuel cost
➔ Buy a tank full of petrol at relatively low cost from the car rental
company at the beginning of the rental
HOW TO BOOK CAR RENTAL

1. Directly
2. Through travel agents and airlines offices
3. Through car rental offices and their websites

When car rental is part of a package deal, bookings will be

made by the tour operator for the client and the retail travel
agent acts as intermediary only.
Car rental companies in the
Philippines are Avis, Hertz,
Car Rental Manila, among
others
TAXI AND LIMOUSINE SERVICE

Taxi and limousine service plays an exceedingly important part of

tourism. Business persons and tourists alike would have a difficult
time getting from place to place if these services were not
available. Streetcars, trolleys, inclines and aerial trams serve as a
form of taxi service and are of a special interest to visitors in scenic
tourist destination areas as form of recreation and sightseeing.
TNVS

Transport Network Vehicle Service or TNVS in the Philippines is an

efficient lifestyle change according to Filipinos. It is a convenient
alternative instead of facing the everyday commute woes of Metro
Manila. Grab is also an option for tourists, instead of renting a car.
You can find Grab booth at all major airports that cater to foreign
and domestic tourists.
ROADWORTHINESS

Question: Why is roadworthy

testing important?
ROADWORTHINESS
ability of a car, bus, truck or any kind of automobile to be in a suitable
operating condition or meeting acceptable standards for safe driving and
transport of people, baggage or cargo in roads or streets, being therefore
street-legal.

A Certificate of Roadworthiness (also known as a ‘roadworthy’ or ‘RWC’)

shows that your vehicle is safe enough to be used on public roads. A
roadworthy is required in the selling of a vehicle and when it's being re-
registered, and to clear some problematic notices.
ROADWORTHINESS
Roadworthy inspection is designed to check the vehicle to make sure that its important auto parts
are in a good (not top) condition that is enough for safe road use. It includes:
o wheels and tires
o steering, suspensions and braking systems
o seats and seatbelts
o lights and reflectors
o windscreen, and windows including front wipers and washers
o vehicle structure
o other safety related items on the body, chassis or engine
ROAD TRANSPORT AND TOURISM

Question: Can you cite the significance of road transport to tourism

industry?
DO YOU HAVE QUESTIONS?

Answer the Assessment Task:

1. Read the attached article on 10 facts about road safety by the
World Health Organization
2. Together with your partner, design your own 10 strategies on
road safety and explain why you have decided to use such
strategies