Planning Guide Line Sep 2003

WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
DISTRIBUTION REHABILITATION
GUIDELINES
GENERAL MANAGER (OPERATION) WAPDA

SEPTEMBER 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
FOREWORD.......................................................................................................... x
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Significance of Reduction of Losses and Voltage Drop in
Distribution System ....................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives of Distribution Rehabilitation ....................................................... 1
1.3 Procedure for Distribution Rehabilitation ....................................................... 1
1.4 Factors Affecting Energy Losses & Voltage Drop ......................................... 2
1.5 Planning Tools (Hierarchy) ............................................................................. 2
1.5.1 Reducing the Units Receipt ................................................................ 2
1.5.2 Increasing the Units Sold .................................................................... 3
1.6 Different Computer Softwares Used for Load Flow Studies .......................... 3
2. DISTRIBUTION REHABILITATION MEASURES ........................................ 4

2.1 11 kV Distribution Network .......................................................................... 4
2.1.1 Area Planning without Addition of New Feeders ............................... 4
2.1.2 Installation of Shunt Capacitors .......................................................... 4
2.1.3 Reconductoring of 11 kV Feeders ...................................................... 4
2.1.4 Bifurcation of 11 kV Feeders .............................................................. 5
2.1.5 Area Planning with Addition of New Feeders .................................... 5
2.1.6 Installation of 11 kV Sectionalizers .................................................... 5
2.1.7 Replacement of Deteriorated 11 kV Cables........................................ 5
2.2 LT Distribution Network ................................................................................ 6
2.1.1 Load Balancing of Distribution Transformers .................................... 6
2.1.2 Relocation of Distribution Transformers ............................................ 6
2.1.3 Installation of LT Shunt Capacitors .................................................... 6
2.1.4 Reconductoring of LT Lines ............................................................... 6
2.1.5 Replacement of Deteriorated PVC Cables .......................................... 6
2.1.6 Replacement of Non-standard Fuses .................................................. 7
2.1.7 Augmentation of Overloaded Transformers ....................................... 7
2.1.8 Addition of New Transformers ........................................................... 7
ii
TITLE PAGE
2.1.9 Addition of New LT Lines .................................................................. 7

2.1.10 Use of Connectors ............................................................................... 7
2.1.11 Replacement of Earthings ................................................................... 7
2.1.12 Elimination of Loose Joints ................................................................ 8
2.3 Replacement of Defective/Sluggish Metering Equipment ............................. 8
3. CAPCITOR APPLICATIONS ............................................................................. 9

3.1 Power Factor ................................................................................................... 9
3.2 Power Triangle ................................................................................................ 10
3.3 Disadvantages of Low Power Factor .............................................................. 11
3.4 Power Factor Improvement............................................................................. 13
3.5 Power Factor Improvement with Capacitors .................................................. 13
3.6 Benefits of Shunt Capacitors on Distribution System .................................... 14
3.7 Vector Representation of Power Factor Improvement ................................... 15
3.8 Effect of Shunt Capacitor on Feeder Voltage Profile ..................................... 16
3.9 Effect of Series Capacitors on Feeder Voltage Profile ................................... 17
3.10 Effect of Voltage Regulator on Feeder Voltage Profile.................................. 18
3.11 Common Methods of Connecting Capacitors ................................................. 18
3.12 How Many Capacitors to Install? ................................................................... 20
3.13 How to Select the Location of Capacitor? ...................................................... 23
3.14 Capacitor Applications in LT Circuits ............................................................ 24
4. PLANNING PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 28

4.1 Rehabilitation/Renovation/Augmentation of
11 kV Distribution Network ........................................................................... 28
4.1.1 Selection Criteria / Guidelines for 11 kV Network to be
rehabilitated......................................................................................... 28
4.1.2 Development of HT Proposal (Phase-I) .............................................. 30
 Data/Information Collection ............................................................ 30
 Technical Analysis ........................................................................... 31
 Cost Estimation ................................................................................ 32
 Benefit/Cost Analysis ...................................................................... 33
4.1.3 Approval of the Proposal (Phase-II) ................................................... 34
4.1.4 Execution of Proposal (Phase-III) ....................................................... 35
4.1.5 Completion Report (Phase-IV) ........................................................... 35
iii
TITLE PAGE
4.1.6 Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V) ..................................... 35
INFORMATION/DATA (SAMPLE FORMATS

OF DATA SHEETS/SKETCHES FOR HT PROPOSALS) .............................. 36
 o
HT Format-I: Single Line Diagram (90 ) of Existing and Proposed Network 37
 HT Format-II: Single Line Diagram of Existing & Proposed Network
(A&B) marked on S.O.P Maps or on Geographical Maps............... 38-39
 HT Format-III: Pole-to-Pole Geographical Sketch of Existing Situation .... 40
 HT Format-IV: Input Data Form of existing & Proposed Situation ........... 41
 HT Format-V: Month-wise Max/Min Load of Grid Station Power T/F
Involved in the Proposal ................................................... 42
 HT Format-VI: Month-Wise technical Data of 11 kV Feeder Involved
in the Proposal ................................................................... 43
 HT Format-VII: Data Authenticity Certificate ............................................. 44
 HT Format-VIII: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Existing Position
(A&B) -- with & without Growth) ................................................ 45-46
 HT Format-IX: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Proposed Position
(A&B) -- with & without Growth) ................................................ 47-58
 HT Format-X: Benefits to be Achieved with & without Growth
(A&B) .......................................................................................... 59-60
 HT Format-XI: Geographical Sketch (Pole to Pole) Showing the Complete
Scope of Work ................................................................. 61
 HT Format-XII: HT Distribution Work Order ............................................. 62-72
 HT Format-XIII: Benefit/Cost Calculation .................................................. 73
 HT Format-XIV: Completion Report ........................................................... 74-78
 HT Format-XV: Inspection Certificate ........................................................ 79-80
4.2 Rehabilitation/Renovation/Augmentation of LT Distribution
Network........................................................................................................... 81
4.2.1 Selection Criteria / Guidelines for LT Network to be
Rehabilitated ....................................................................................... 81
iv
TITLE PAGE
4.2.2 Development of LT Proposal (Phase-I) .............................................. 82

 Data/Information Collection ............................................................ 82
 Technical Analysis ........................................................................... 83
 Cost Estimation ................................................................................ 84
 Benefit/Cost Analysis ...................................................................... 84
4.2.3 Approval of Proposal (Phase-II) ......................................................... 86
4.2.4 Execution of Proposal (Phase-III) ....................................................... 86
4.2.5 Completion Report (Phase-IV) ........................................................... 86
4.2.6 Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V) ..................................... 86
INFORMATION/DATA (SAMPLE FORMATS

OF DATA SHEETS/SKETCHES FOR LT PROPOSALS) .............................. 88
 LT Format-I: Pole-to-Pole Geographical Sketch of Existing LT Network . 89
 LT Format-II: Pole-to-Pole Geographical Sketch of Proposed LT Network
Showing the Complete Scope of Work .................................. 90
 LT Format-III: Input Data Form of existing & Proposed Situation ................ 91
 LT Format-IV: Month-Wise Loading Data of 11/0.4 kV Distribution
Transformer Involved in the Proposal ................................... 92
 LT Format-V: Data Authenticity Certificate ................................................. 93
 LT Format-VI: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Existing Position--
(A&B) with & without Growth) ......................................................... 94-95
 LT Format-VII: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Proposed Position--
(A&B) with & without Growth) ....................................................... 96-97
 LT Format-VIII:Benefits to be Achieved (with& without Growth)
(A&B) ............................................................................................. 98-99
 LT Format-XI: LT Distribution Work Order................................................. 100-104
 LT Format-X: Benefit/Cost Calculation ....................................................... 105
 LT Format-XI: Completion Report ............................................................... 106-110
 LT Format-XII:Inspection Certificate ........................................................... 111-112
4.3 Selection Criteria / Guidelines for Distribution Network to be
Rehabilitated Under DOP ................................................................................. 113
v
TITLE PAGE
5. PLANNING CRITERIA ....................................................................................... 114

5.1 Power Factor ..................................................................................................... 115
5.2 Recommended Feeder Loading ...................................................................... 115
 Maximum Permissible VD & Losses-Table 5 ............................................... 116
 Economic Conductor Sizes for New HT Line-Table 6 .................................. 117
 Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in HT-Table 7 ......................... 118
 Economic Conductor Sizes for New LT Line-Table 8 .................................. 119
 Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in LT-Table 9 ......................... 120
 Procedure for Determination of Economic Transformer Size ...................... 121-126
 11 kV Transformer Loading ........................................................................... 123
 Max Allowable Service Length at Different Loads-Table 10 ...................... 127
 Max Span Length for New HT, Composite, & LT Lines-Table 11 ............. 129-130
 Construction of 11 kV Multiple Circuits ........................................................ 131
 11 kV Capacitor Judgement Factors-Table 12 ............................................... 132
ANNEXURES ......................................................................................................... 133
 ANNEXURE-I: Some Important Definitions .............................................. 134-137
 ANNEXURE-II: Some Important Formulas ............................................... 138-143
 ANNEXURE-III: Sample Calculation of Demand Factor, Power Factor,
& Load Factor For HT Feeder ....................................... 144
 ANNEXURE-IV: Characteristics of Conductors Aluminum and ACSR...... 145
 ANNEXURE-V: Copper Conductor Characteristic, and Current
Carrying Capacity .............................................................. 146
 ANNEXURE-VI: HT Cables Current Carrying Capacity ............................. 147
 ANNEXURE-VII: LT Cables Current Carrying Capacity ............................ 148
 ANNEXURE-VIII: Secondary Loading-Number of Spans (60 m Each) ..... 149
 ANNEXURE-IX: Typical Core and Winding Losses in Distribution
Transformers ................................................................... 150
 ANNEXURE-X: Fuse Ratings For Distribution Transformers and
11 kV Capacitors................................................................ 151
vi
TITLE PAGE
 ANNEXURE-XI: Fuse Ratings for LT Capacitors ....................................... 152
 ANNEXURE-XII: Typical Power Factors of Different Equipment

/ Installations ................................................................. 153-154
 ANNEXURE-XIII: Typical Load Factors of Different Equipment
/ Installations ................................................................. 155
 ANNEXURE-XIV: Typical Coincidence Factors Between Different
Elements of Power System ........................................... 156
 ANNEXURE-XV: Volume of Mixture For:
 LT (31 Feet) Steel Structure Foundation ....................... 157
 HT (36 Feet) Steel Structure Foundation ....................... 157
 ANNEXURE-XVI: Growth Factors .............................................................. 159
vii
TITLE PAGE
LIST OF TABLES
 Table 1: How Many Capacitors to Install ...................................................... 21-22

 Table 2: Capacitor Application in LT Circuits .............................................. 27
 Table 3: Proposal Prioritization for HT ......................................................... 29
 Table 4: Proposal Prioritization for LT ......................................................... 81
 Table 5: Maximum Permissible VD & Losses .............................................. 116
 Table 6: Economic Conductor Sizes for New HT Line ................................. 117
 Table 7: Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in HT ........................ 118
 Table 8: Economic Conductor Sizes for New LT Line ................................. 119
 Table 9: Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in LT ........................ 120
 Table 10: Max Allowable Service Length at Different Loads ..................... 127
 Table 11: Max Span Length for New HT, Composite, & LT Lines ............ 129-130
 Table 12: 11 kV Capacitor Judgement Factors .............................................. 132
viii
TITLE PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES
 Figure 1: Vector Representation of PF Improvement.................................... 15

 Figure 2: Voltage Profile of a Feeder with and without Shunt Capacitor ..... 16
 Figure 3: Voltage Profile of a Feeder with and without Series Capacitor ..... 17
 Figure 4: Voltage Profile of a Feeder with and without Voltage Regulator .. 18
 Figure 5: Common Methods for Connecting Capacitors ............................... 19
 Figure 6: Capacitor Application in LT Circuits ............................................. 26
 Figure 7: 4% Impedance of 3-Phase Dist.T/F (25 to 100 kVA) .................... 124
 Figure 8: 4% Impedance of 3-Phase Dist.T/F(100 to 630 kVA) ................... 125
 Figure 9: Estimation of Dist. T/F at 9 % Growth Rate .................................. 126
 Figure 10: Max Allowable Service Length at Different Loads ..................... 128
ix
FOREWORD
Standards and criteria are revised, amendments are issued, but unfortunately, do not reach
the proper personnel, and if it does, is misplaced/missed and thus remains un-followed
/unimplemented. This is an effort to compile the information scattered, lying in the
personal files / drawers, or in the minds, undocumented and unorganized, related with
rehabilitation of distribution system to make a guideline.
This guideline describes the significance of power distribution system

rehabilitation. Its purpose is to provide planning procedures (with all the necessary
sample formats of data sheets, maps, and sketches), the revised criteria, necessary
definitions, formulas, as well as tabulated information that are needed while developing
the HT and LT proposals.
This will serve as a practical guide for the distribution system planner. It is dared
not to say that “all” the necessary / important information, in this regard, has been
compiled; but it can serve as a basis to be updated and improved regularly to become a
complete handbook in this regard. The guidelines and criteria described in this guideline
are strictly related with the distribution system rehabilitation / renovation (and is not
meant for dealing with new connections, extension of load, reduction of load, and new
housing schemes, etc.)
On blank side of the pages of this guideline you can write down relevant notes,
cut and paste amendments issued in the subsequent years, and important tables, etc. with
references. Kindly send additional information, suggestions, improvements, and
corrections if any, to the o/o C.E. (D.E.) WAPDA, 17/C-1, IEEEP Building, Faisal Town,
Lahore. Any such information, with references, and solutions of problems in this regard
will be welcomed. This will help updating and making the guideline more useful and self
sufficient.
x
xi
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Significance of Reduction in Energy Losses and Voltage Drop in Distribution

Network
The distribution network is planned for a limited period of time (5 years) and when the
network is extended, its old (existing) part must also be augmented accordingly.
However, to meet with the increasing demand of power, distribution network has been
extended without augmenting the existing network accordingly, as a result energy losses
and voltage drop have been increased beyond permissible limits. The engineering
economics and finance both indicate toward their reduction in the existing as well as
future extensions. For the reduction in energy losses and voltage drops some means are
adopted to augment and rehabilitate the existing distribution system.
1.2 Objectives of Distribution Rehabilitation
The main objectives are:
 Reduction of power losses

 Improvement of voltage conditions
 Improvement of power factor
 Accommodation of future load growth
 Shifting of the load from overloaded grid station to lightly loaded grid station
 Improvement of quality of energy supply and reliability
 Improvement of system stability and continuity of supply
 Improvement in safety
 Improvement of customer service
 Reduction in cost of operation and maintenance
 Improvement of equipment life
1.3 Procedure of Distribution Rehabilitation
A distribution network is selected for rehabilitation on the basis of certain planning

criteria such as voltage drop, power loss, equipment loading, Benefit/Cost ratio, etc. For
each selected network, a planning proposal for Energy Loss Reduction (ELR) is prepared
to achieve the desired benefits.
1
1.4 Factors Affecting Energy Losses & Voltage Drop in Distribution Network
Impedance of line conductor

Loading of line conductor
Power factor
Poor maintenance
Defective/Sluggish meters
Theft of electricity
1.5 Methods/Tools of Distribution Rehabilitation (Hierarchy)

1.5.1 By Reducing the Units Receipt
A. Rehabilitation/Augmentation of HT Distribution Network
Area Planning without addition of new feeder i.e. shifting of load from heavily
loaded feeders to the adjoining lightly loaded Feeders in the vicinity.
Installation of HT shunt capacitors:
i. Fixed
ii. Switched
Reconductoring i.e. replacement of existing conductor with higher capacity
conductor
Bifurcation of feeder i.e. addition of new feeder, to shift some of the load of
existing feeder
Area Planning with addition of new feeders
Sometimes, Area Planning at grid station level is also required to provide relief to
the over loaded grid stations by shifting its load to nearby under loaded or newly
constructed grid stations. Area Planning may or may not involve new feeders.
B. Rehabilitation/Augmentation of LT Distribution Network
Load balancing of distribution transformers

Relocation of distribution transformer i.e. shifting of transformer to load center
Installation of LT shunt capacitors on tube wells and industrial loads
Reconductoring of LT line
Augmentation of existing transformer (its replacement with higher capacity one)
 Addition of new transformers
 New LT lines
2
The above techniques reduce the unit receipt; and hence, reduce the energy losses
and voltage drops.
1.5.2 Increasing the Units Sold
 Shifting of meters outside the customer premises

 Proper vigilance by the officers/officials to avoid theft of electricity
 Detection of units through checking/surveillance by officers
 Combing of feeders
 Installation of check meters
 Replacement of old and defective/sluggish meters
It is pertinent to note that reduction in theft of electricity and its measures are not
in the scope of this guideline.
1.6 Different Software Used For Load Flow Studies of Distribution Network
Feeder Analysis program (FDRANA)

 Power System Simulator for Advanced Distribution Engineering Productivity
Tool (PSS/Adept)
The above programs are used for:
Simulation of existing distribution network for load flow studies

Simulation of proposed distribution network for load flow studies on the basis of
existing analysis results for future planning
Simulation of optimal capacitor placement
3
2. DISTRIBUTION REHABILITION MEASURES
Different distribution system rehabilitation measures are briefly discussed in the

following sub sections.
2.1 11 kV Distribution Network
2.1.1 Area Planning of 11 kV Network Without Addition of New Feeders
In this case, heavily loaded feeders are selected and their load can be shifted to nearby
lightly loaded feeders to balance the load amongst them.
In some cases, due to overloading of grid stations, area planning of feeders is

exercised for shifting of load from one grid station to another grid station by making
links between the grids. This will not only provide relief to the grid station equipment
but also will accommodate the future expected load growth. Area Planning may or
may not involve new feeders.
2.1.2 Installation of Shunt Capacitors
Installation of capacitors on HT lines results in primary loss reduction in HT lines and

improvement in the voltage drop conditions. Losses in distribution transformers, LT
lines, and service cables are also reduced marginally.
2.1.3 Reconductoring of 11 kV Feeders
In this case, only those feeders are selected, where
1. Percentage loading of conductor exceeds economic loading

2. Reconductoring due to replacement of deteriorated/off size conductor
Studies of different conductor sizes have indicated that in many cases, it is more
economical to use conductors of higher cross sectional area. Replacement of existing
line conductors by bigger sized conductors will result in reduction of technical losses
in direct proportion to the ratio between the resistance of the new and existing
4
conductor. The cost of reconductoring must be compared with the savings due to
reduction in losses, increase in revenues, and release of distribution system capacity.
Evaluation of reconductoring must also take into account the improvement of

power factor, voltage regulation, and increase in demand over the life of the
conductor.
2.1.4 Bifurcation of 11 kV Feeders
In this case, overloaded or lengthy feeders are selected. Only one feeder is selected
for bifurcation and a new feeder is essentially involved in this case.
In many urban and rural areas, the existing HT lines/feeders are extremely
overloaded and lengthy. Replacement of these lines with new 11 kV lines can result
in considerable loss reduction.
In addition to above the introduction of new HT line/feeders can result in

improvement of quality of supply and reduction in losses.
2.1.5 Area Planning of 11 kV Network with Addition of New Feeders
This case is almost similar to above mentioned Area Planning (in article 2.1.1) except
that in this case one or more new feeders are proposed to share some of the load of
the over loaded feeders.
2.1.6 Installation of 11 kV Sectionalizers
In order to isolate the faulty portions of feeders under fault conditions proper
sectionalization of 11 kV network should be carried out to minimize the number of
customers affected.
2.1.7 Replacement of Deteriorated 11 kV Cables (500MCM/240 mm2)
For new 11 kV feeders, it is suggested to use 500 MCM cable at grid end and to
replace the under-sized / deteriorated cable, where required.
5
2.2 LT Distribution Network
2.2.1 Load Balancing of Distribution Transformers
A large number of transformers are damaged due to un-balancing of load amongst

phases. Therefore, with proper attention to load balancing of distribution transformer,
not only transformer damage rate can be reduced but also the technical losses and the
voltage drops are reduced.
2.2.2 Relocation of Distribution Transformers
In a large number of areas, particularly in villages, relocation (i.e. shifting and

placement of transformers to the load center of the area) can reduce the losses in LT
lines and cables.
2.2.3 Installation of LT Shunt Capacitors
Installation of LT capacitors can result in PF improvement of loads. It also results in

voltage improvement and reduction in energy losses. It, thus, releases the LT lines
capacity; and its effect will be on the source as well as remote end side.
2.2.4 Reconductoring of LT Lines
In certain cases, replacement of existing overloaded LT conductor with bigger

conductor size is another option. Evaluation of LT line reconductoring should be
compared with the other possible measures such as installation of larger number of
transformers (including shifting of load to another one) and upgrading LT lines to HT
lines.
2.2.5 Replacement of Deteriorated PVC Cables
Overloaded, aged, and deteriorated service cables are another major cause of
technical losses. Existing overloaded service cables need to be replaced to reduce
their losses.
6
2.2.6 Replacement of Non-standard Fuses
Protection of distribution transformers is improved with the replacement of non-

standard fuses with standard dropout fuses. It also results in reduction of distribution
transformer failures.
2.2.7 Augmentation of Overloaded Distribution Transformers
Transformers are damaged due to overloading. Consequently, the voltage level

decreases and technical losses rise. This condition can be improved by replacing of
overloaded transformers with higher capacity ones.
2.2.8 Addition of New Power Transformers
Losses in overloaded and overextended LT circuits can also be reduced by bifurcating

them and by installing a new power transformer (at the grid station).
2.2.9 Addition of New LT Lines
Conversion of existing overloaded, extended, and deteriorated LT cables into single

phase and three phase LT lines can also result in substantial reduction of losses and
improvement of system reliability. New LT lines may be required even in the case of
bifurcation of existing LT circuits through installing new transformers. In many
residential areas, particularly in villages, vast networks of LT cables and service cable
chains (service to service connections) should be rehabilitated.
2.2.10 Use of Connectors
While replacing of overloaded service cables, proper connectors must be used for all
joints. Connectors not only reduce losses in loose jumpers but also improve the
system reliability.
2.2.11 Replacement of Earthings
A large number of fatal and non-fatal accidents of DISCO employees, public, and
animals is partly a consequence of deteriorated earthing (which may be due to
chemical changes in the earth and poor workmanship.) By replacing faulty earthings
7
or by installing new ones (where it does not exist), the number of accidents can be
reduced.
2.2.12 Elimination of Loose Joints
Considerable energy losses can be reduced in power distribution by introducing

aluminum connectors, especially of compression and bolted types. Infra red sensors
should be used to detect hot spots.
2.3 Replacement of Defective/Sluggish Metering Equipment
At present, a large number of single as well as three phase meters are defective in the
distribution system. Replacement of meters helps reducing the technical losses, and
increase revenues. At the same time, more accurate energy consumption data becomes
available for planning purposes.
8
3. CAPACITOR APPLICATION
Power factor improvement is an important distribution rehabilitation measure, which

gives a high rate of return on investments. The losses in a distribution system are reduced
with respect to the power factor as follows:
1 1
Reduction in losses  ( - )
2 2
(Cos Ø2) (Cos Ø1)
Where,  stands for ‘directly proportional to’,
Cos Ø2 is the PF after installing the capacitor, and
Cos Ø1 is the PF before installing the capacitor.
For example, if the power factor is improved from 0.7 (power factor square =
0.49) to 0.95 (power factor square =0.90), the new losses will be about 54% of the
original losses and the savings will be about 46%.
Benefits from capacitor applications are substantial if the capacitor is installed

close to the load. For instance, installation of capacitors on individual motors will result
in off setting the low motor power factor and efficiency, as well as in reduction of losses
in service cables, LT Lines, transformers and HT lines.
Installation of capacitors can be categorized into fixed and switched (which can
be disconnected during off-peak periods) capacitors to avoid voltage increase during
periods of low demand, especially at night. Furthermore, capacitor installation in
transmission network and grid station must also be taken into account while estimating
the maximum capacity of distribution capacitors that can be installed without resulting in
leading power factor in the power generators.
3.1 Power Factor
Irrespective of the nature of voltage and current, the power factor may be defined as:
i. Cosine of angle of lead or lag
9
ii. The ratio R = Resistance
Z Impedance
iii. The ratio = True Power _

Apparent Power
If the voltage and current are both sinusoidal then
Power Factor = kW = kVA Cos Ø = Cos Ø

kVA kVA
Where, Ø is phase (angle) difference between voltage and current.
 For an ideal power distribution system, the power factor should be close to (less than
but not greater than) unity. If power factor is low i.e. less than unity, it means total
power is not being consumed.
 Usually, the power factor of distribution system is lagging which is due to inductive
behavior of the load.
 Leading power factor also increases energy loss of the system. Therefore, the PF
should be maintained close to unity.
3.2 Power Triangle

For three phase system:
Active or True Power P = 3 VI Cos ø
Reactive Power Q = 3 VI Sin ø
Apparent Power S = 3 VI
These three powers are shown in power triangle as below:

Where, S = (P² + Q²)
P
ø
Q
S
10
Example: Effect of PF on release of active power
S = 100 kVA Generator S = 100 kVA

Generator
PF = 0.8 PF = 1.0
P = 80 kW P = 100 kW
Q = 60 kVAR Q = 0 kVAR
The above example clearly indicates that a generator of total power 100 kVA will supply
maximum of 80 kW of active power to load with PF = 0.8 and the same generator will
supply maximum of 100 kW of active power to a load with PF = 1.
3.3 Disadvantages of Low Power Factor
As we know
PF = Cos Ø = kW or kVA = kW
kVA Cos Ø
In case of three phase system kVA = 3 VI, or
I = kVA ,
3 V
therefore, I  kVA
From above, it reveals that kVA is directly proportional to current. The major
disadvantage of low PF is that current required for a given useful (kW) power will be
high.
Suppose a three phase balanced system is supplying a load W at voltage V and PF

Cos Ø, then the current flowing through the conductor is
I = W
3 V Cos Ø
11
A low PF obviously means a higher current and this fact leads to the following
undesirable results.
 Increase in line losses
Line losses are proportional to I², which means proportional to 1/(Cos ø)². Thus losses at
Cos ø = 0.8 are 1/(0.8)² = 1.57 times those at unity power factor.
 Large kVA Supply Required for a Given Amount of kW Load
Rating of generators and transformers are proportional to current “I”, and

hence, to 1/Cos ø.
Thus kVA at Cos ø = 0.8 is 1/0.8 = 1.25 times that at unity power factor.
Therefore, large generators and transformers are required for the same amount of
active power at low PF
 Poor Voltage Regulation
Low lagging power factor causes a large voltage drop.
VD = (R x W) + (XL x VAR)
V
Low PF means more VAR in the system; hence, increase in voltage drop. Therefore,
additional equipment for regulation is required to keep the voltage drop within the
prescribed limits.
The disadvantages of low power factor are summarized below:
In transmission/distribution lines only the active component of the current is useful.

When PF is low, the phase (active) component is small but the reactive component is
large. Hence, large supply (of apparent) current is required for the same amount of active
(load) current. Large reactive component means, large voltage drop, and hence, greater
copper losses requiring voltage regulation equipment, and decreasing the power
equipment efficiency.
12
Electricity utilities usually are bound to maintain the voltage at customers’ terminals
within prescribed limits. They have to incur additional capital cost of tap changing gear
on transformers. So, the electricity authorities penalize the industrial customers for their
low PF by charging increased tariff for maximum kVA demand in addition to the kW
charges. Obviously, it is advantageous for the customer to improve his own (i.e. load) PF.
3.4 Power Factor Improvement
Power factor can be improved by supplying kVAR to the inductive load. The techniques
to improve the PF are:
 With synchronous motors

 With capacitors
Synchronous motors are not commonly used in distribution network for PF

improvement because they require regular maintenance and also are expensive. This
method can be used to raise PF of system having large induction motor loads.
In distribution system, capacitors are the most common method for power factor
improvement being the least expensive and almost maintenance free.
3.5 Power Factor Improvement with Capacitors
Capacitor is a static source of reactive power (i.e. leading reactive current). It

compensates the lagging current of load. There are two types of capacitors according to
their mode of installation:
i. Series Capacitors
ii. Shunt Capacitors
• Series Capacitors have some drawbacks. First, all load current has to flow through
capacitors, so, when the load increases, larger capacitors are needed. Second, it boosts
the voltage up at the point of installation.
• Shunt Capacitors are more suitable for installation on the distribution feeder as it
produces a uniform voltage boost per unit of length of line, out of its point of
application toward the remote end. Therefore, it should be installed as far out on the
distribution system as possible, close to the load requiring the kVAR. Shunt
13
capacitors have two advantages: Adding capacitors releases circuit capacity to
accommodate more load; and it relieves over loaded circuits.
There are two types of shunt capacitors:

i. Switched capacitors
ii. Fixed capacitors
Switched Capacitor
 Switched capacitor banks are programmable capacitors and can be switched

on/off during load cycles by different program settings. Time clocks, temperature,
voltage, current, and reactive power controls are common actuators for capacitor
switching.
 Switched capacitors are usually applied (if economical) to improve the power
factor to make it equal to 0.97 at peak load.
Fixed Capacitors
 Fixed capacitor banks are usually applied (if economical) to improve the power
factor close to (or less than but not greater than) unity at light load and are
permanently connected to the system through fuses.
 Proposed permanently connected capacitor application should be checked to make

sure that the voltage to some customers should not rise too high during light load
periods.
 Fixed capacitors are quite cheap as compared to switched capacitors. Therefore,

more often these are used (in distribution network) rather than the switched
capacitors.
3.6 Benefits of Shunt Capacitors on Distribution System
 Reactive power compensation i.e. reduction of kVA loading on the source; therefore,
more kW load can be added without augmenting the existing line conductors.
 Power factor improvement
14
 Reduction in line current i.e. reduction in lagging component of circuit current
2 2
 Reduction in power system losses i.e. in both I R (the active power loss) and I X (the
reactive power loss)
 Reduction in voltage drop i.e. increase in voltage level at the load end
 Reduction in investment in system facilities per kW of load supplied
 Advantage No.1 is a direct consequence of installing a shunt capacitor because the

same supplies the reactive demand to the load (kVAR), relieving the system from
extra burden of reactive power. Thus, with reactive power compensation, all other
advantages are automatically achieved.
3.7 Vector Representation of Power Factor Improvement
After improving PF from Ø1 to Ø2, kVAR is reduced from Q1 to Q2. The difference in
kVAR is due to the capacitor that supplies leading kVAR (Qc) to partially neutralize the
lagging kVAR of the system.
Leading kVAR supplied by capacitor is Qc = Q1 – Q2

Qc = P (tan Ø1 – tan Ø2)
ø2
ø1
S2 (kVA) Q2 (kVAR)
Q1
S1 (kVA)
Qc (kVAR)
Fig 1: Vector Representation of PF Improvement
15
Before Capacitor Installation After Capacitor Installation
ø1= Phase angle before Improvement ø2= Phase angle after improvement
P1 = Active power (kW) at ø1 P2 = Active power (kW) at ø2
S1 = Apparent power (kVA) at ø1 S2 = Apparent power (kVA) at ø2
Q1= Reactive power (kVAR) at ø1 Q2= Reactive power (kVAR) at ø2
3.8 Effect of Shunt Capacitors on Feeder Voltage Profile
The effect of shunt capacitor application on voltage profile of feeder with uniformly
distributed load is illustrated in the figure below:
Uniformly distributed Load

Sub Station
Capacitor
Rise produced
by Capacitor
Volts
Reference Feeder Profile
with Capacitor
Feeder Profile
without Capacitor
Sub Station Distance
Fig 2: Voltage Profile of Feeder With & Without Shunt Capacitor
 Capacitors produce a voltage rise because of it supplies leading current that

compensates the inductive reactance of the feeder.
 As is seen in the above figure, this “voltage rise” increases linearly from zero at sub
station to its maximum value at the capacitor location.
 Between the capacitor location and the remote end (i.e. load end) of the feeder, the
voltage rise due to capacitor is at its maximum value.
16
 When the capacitor voltage-rise profile is combined with the original feeder voltage
profile, the resulting net voltage profile is obtained.
 The capacitor increases the voltage level all along the feeder, resulting also in
improved voltage spread.
 Proposed permanently connected capacitor application should be checked to make

sure that voltage to some customers near the capacitor location should not exceed the
permissible limits during light load periods.
 Switched capacitor application should be checked to minimize the voltage flicker

caused by the switching of the capacitor bank.
3.9 Effect of Series Capacitor on Feeder Voltage Profile
The effect of series capacitor application on voltage profile of a feeder with uniformly
distributed load is illustrated in the figure below:
Uniformly distributed Load

Sub Station
Series Capacitor
Rise produced by
Series Cap
Volts
with series Cap
Feeder Profile
without series
Sub Station Distance Capacitor
Fig 3: Voltage Profile of Feeder With & Without Series Capacitor
17
The series capacitor produces no voltage effect between the supply source and the
capacitor location and its entire boost effect is between the capacitor location and the
remote end of the feeder.
3.10 Effect of Voltage Regulator on Feeder Voltage Profile
The effect of feeder voltage regulator on voltage profile of a feeder with uniformly
distributed load is shown in the figure below:
Uniformly distributed
Sub Station
Load Voltage Regulator
Rise produced
by regulator
Volts
with regulator
Feeder Profile
without regulator
Sub Station Distance
Fig 4: Voltage Profile of Feeder With & Without Regulator
Like series capacitor, voltage regulator also produces no voltage effect between
the supply source and the regulator location and its entire boost effect is between the
regulator location and the remote end of the feeder.
3.11 Common Methods of Connecting Capacitors
Most common methods of connecting capacitors are as under:
• 3-Phase Grounded Wye

• 3-Phase Ungrounded Wye
• 3-Phase Delta
• Single Phase
18
HT LT
Fuse
Gnd
S/P Ground
Ungrounded wye Delta to Neutral
Grounded wye
Fig 5: Common Methods for Connecting Capacitors
• Grounded wye and ungrounded wye connections are usually made on high voltage
(HT) circuits; whereas delta, and single-phase connections are usually made on low
voltage (LT) circuits.
• Majority of capacitor equipment installed on distribution feeders is connected in

grounded wye.
Advantages of Grounded Wye Connection over Ungrounded Wye Connection
• With grounded wye connection, capacitor tanks/frames are at ground potential. This
provides increased personnel safety.
• Grounded wye connections provides faster operation of the series fuse in case of a
capacitor failure.
• Grounded capacitors can bypass some line surges to the ground and, thus, to some
degree provide a self-protection from transient voltages and lightning surges.
• Grounded wye connection also provides a low impedance path for harmonic currents.
19
• If capacitors are electrically connected in ungrounded wye configuration, the
maximum fault current would be limited to three times line current. In case of large
fault current, generally 5000 A, current limiting fuses must be employed.
3.12 How Many Capacitors to Install?
The number of capacitors to install to raise the power factor from one value to another
can be computed by using Table-1.
20
TABLE -1
How Many Capacitors to Install
Capacitors are rated in kilovars. The number of capacitor kilovars to be installed can be computed simply from the
following table, For example, with a load of 200 kW at 77% power factor, how many capacitor kilovars are needed to
improve a power factor to 95%?
From the following table select the factor 0.500 that corresponds to the present 77% reading to the right and the
improve power factor 95% reading downward. Then 200 kW x0.500 = 100 kVAR required.
Corrected power factor percentage

Present
power factor 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
percentage
50 0.982 1.008 10.03 1.06 1.086 1.112 1.139 1.165 1.192 1.220 1.248 1.276 1.306 1.337 1.369 1.403 1.442 1.481 1.529 1.590
51 0.937 0.962 0.989 1.015 1.041 1.067 1.094 1.120 1.147 1.175 1.203 1.231 1.261 1.292 1.324 1.358 1.395 1.436 1.484 1.544
52 0.893 0.919 0.945 0.097 0.1 1.023 1.050 1.076 1.103 1.131 1.159 1.187 1.217 1.248 1.280 1.314 1.351 1.392 1.440 1.500
53 0.850 0.876 0.902 0.928 0.095 0.980 1.007 1.033 1.060 1.088 1.116 1.144 1.174 1.205 1.237 1.271 1.308 1.349 1.397 1.457
54 0.809 0.835 0.861 0.887 0.913 0.939 0.966 0.992 1.019 0.105 1.075 1.103 1.133 1.164 1.196 1.23 1.267 1.308 1.356 1.416
55 0.769 0.795 0.821 0.847 0.873 0.899 0.926 0.952 0.979 1.007 0.104 1.063 1.090 1.124 1.156 1.19 1.228 1.268 1.316 1.377
56 0.730 0.756 0.782 0.808 0.834 0.860 0.887 0.913 0.940 0.968 0.996 1.024 1.051 1.085 1.117 1.151 1.189 1.229 1.277 1.338
57 0.692 0.718 0.744 0.770 0.796 0.822 0.849 0.875 0.902 0.930 0.958 0.986 1.013 1.047 1.079 1.113 1.151 1.191 1.239 1.300
58 0.655 0.681 0.707 0.733 0.759 0.785 0.812 0.838 0.865 0.893 0.921 0.949 0.098 1.010 1.042 1.076 1.114 1.154 1.202 1.263
21
59 0.618 0.644 0.670 0.696 0.722 0.748 0.775 0.801 0.828 0.856 0.884 0.912 0.939 0.973 1.005 1.039 1.077 1.117 1.165 1.226
60 0.584 0.610 0.636 0.662 0.688 0.740 0.741 0.767 0.794 0.822 0.850 0.878 0.905 0.939 0.971 1.005 1.043 1.083 1.131 1.192
61 0.549 0.575 0.601 0.627 0.653 0.679 0.706 0.732 0.759 0.787 0.815 0.843 0.870 0.904 0.936 0.97 1.008 1.048 1.096 1.157
62 0.515 0.541 0.567 0.593 0.619 0.645 0.672 0.698 0.725 0.753 0.781 0.809 0.836 0.870 0.902 0.936 0.974 1.014 1.062 1.123
63 0.483 0.509 0.535 0.561 0.587 0.613 0.640 0.666 0.693 0.721 0.749 0.777 0.804 0.838 0.870 0.904 0.942 0.982 1.030 1.091
64 0.450 0.476 0.502 0.528 0.554 0.580 0.607 0.633 0.660 0.688 0.716 0.744 0.771 0.805 0.837 0.871 0.909 0.949 0.997 1.058
65 0.419 0.445 0.471 0.497 0.523 0.549 0.576 0.602 0.629 0.657 ..685 0.713 0.740 0.774 0.806 0.84 0.878 0.918 0.966 1.027
66 0.388 0.414 0.44 0.466 0.492 0.518 0.545 0.571 0.598 0.626 0.554 0.682 0.709 0.743 0.775 0.809 0.847 0.887 0.935 0.996
67 0.358 0.384 0.410 0.436 0.462 0.488 0.515 0.541 0.568 0.596 0.624 0.652 0.679 0.713 0.745 0.779 0.817 0.857 0.905 0.966
68 0.329 0.355 0.381 0.407 0.433 0.459 0.486 0.512 0.539 0.567 0.595 0.623 0.650 0.684 0.716 0.75 0.788 0.828 0.876 0.937
69 0.299 0.325 0.351 0.377 0.403 0.429 0.456 0.482 0.509 0.537 0.565 0.593 0.620 0.654 0.686 0.72 0.758 0.798 0.84 0.907
70 0.270 0.296 0.322 0.348 0.374 0.400 0.427 0.453 0.480 0.508 0.536 0.564 0.591 0.625 0.657 0.691 0.729 0.769 0.811 0.878
71 0.242 0.268 0.294 0.320 0.346 0.372 0.399 0.425 0.452 0.480 0.508 0.536 0.563 0.597 0.629 0.663 0.701 0.740 0.783 0.850
72 0.213 0.239 0.265 0.291 0.317 0.343 0.370 0.396 0.423 0.451 0.479 0.507 0.534 0.568 0.600 0.634 0.672 0.712 0.754 0.821
73 0.186 0.212 0.238 0.264 0.290 0.316 0.343 0.369 0.396 0.424 0.452 0.48 0.507 0.541 0.573 0.607 0.645 0.685 0.727 0.794
74 0.159 0.185 0.211 0.237 0.263 0.289 0.316 0.342 0.369 0.397 0.425 0.453 0.480 0.514 0.546 0.58 0.618 0.658 0.700 0.767
75 0.132 0.158 0.184 0.210 0.236 0.262 0.289 0.315 0.342 0.370 0.398 0.426 0.453 0.487 0.519 0.553 0.591 0.631 0.673 0.740
TABLE -1
How Many Capacitors to Install
Capacitors are rated in kilovars. The number of capacitor kilovars to be installed can be computed simply from
the
following table, For example, with a load of 200 kW at 77% power factor, how many capacitor kilovars are needed to
improve a power factor to 95%?
From the following table select the factor 0.500 that corresponds to the present 77% reading to the right and the
improve power factor 95% reading downward. Then 200 kW x0.500 = 100 kVAR required.
Corrected power factor percentage

Present
power factor 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
percentage
76 0.105 0.131 0.157 0.183 0.209 0.235 0.262 0.288 0.315 0.343 0.371 0.399 0.426 0.460 0.492 0.526 0.564 0.604 0.652 0.713
77 0.079 0.105 0.131 0.157 0.182 0.209 0.236 0.262 0.289 0.317 0.345 0.373 0.400 0.434 0.466 0.5 0.538 0.578 0.620 0.687
78 0.053 0.079 0.105 0.131 0.156 0.182 0.210 0.236 0.263 0.291 0.319 0.347 0.374 0.408 0.440 0.474 0.512 0.552 0.594 0.661
79 0.026 0.520 0.078 0.104 0.130 0.156 0.183 0.209 0.236 0.264 0.292 0.320 0.347 0.381 0.413 0.447 0.485 0.525 0.567 0.634
80 0.000 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.104 0.130 0.157 0.183 0.210 0.238 0.266 0.294 0.321 0.355 0.387 0.421 0.459 0.499 0.541 0.608
81 0.000 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.104 0.131 0.157 0.184 0.212 0.240 0.268 0.295 0.329 0.361 0.395 0.433 0.473 0.515 0.582
82 0.000 0.026 0.052 0.078 0.105 0.131 0.158 0.186 0.214 0.242 0.269 0.303 0.335 0.369 0.407 0.447 0.489 0.556
83 0.000 0.026 0.052 0.079 0.105 0.132 0.160 0.188 0.216 0.243 0.277 0.309 0.343 0.381 0.421 0.463 0.530
84 0.000 0.026 0.053 0.079 0.106 0.134 0.162 0.190 0.217 0.251 0.283 0.317 0.355 0.395 0.437 0.504
85 0.000 0.027 0.053 0.080 0.108 0.136 0.164 0.191 0.225 0.257 0.291 0.290 0.369 0.417 0.478
22
86 0.026 0.053 0.081 0.109 0.137 0.167 0.198 0.230 0.265 0.301 0.343 0.390 0.451
87 0.027 0.055 0.082 0.111 0.141 0.172 0.204 0.238 0.275 0.317 0.364 0.425
88 0.280 0.560 0.084 0.114 0.145 0.177 0.211 0.248 0.290 0.337 0.398
89 0.028 0.056 0.086 0.117 0.149 0.183 0.220 0.262 0.309 0.370
90 0.028 0.058 0.089 0.121 0.155 0.192 0.234 0.281 0.342
91 0.030 0.061 0.093 0.127 0.164 0.206 0.253 0.314
92 0.310 0.063 0.097 0.134 0.176 0.223 0.284
93 0.032 0.066 0.103 0.145 0.192 0.253
94 0.034 0.071 0.113 0.160 0.221
95 0.037 0.079 0.126 0.187
96 0.042 0.089 0.150
97 0.047 0.108
98 0.061
3.13 How to Select a Location of a Capacitor?
• The application of shunt capacitor to a distribution feeder produces a uniform voltage

boost per unit length of line, out of its point of application toward the remote end.
Therefore, it should be installed as far out on distribution system as possible, close to
load requiring the kVAR.
• Many factors influence the location of capacitor such as the number of circuits, the
length of the circuits, variation in load, load factor, type of motors, distribution of
loads, and the load distribution (uniform or other wise).
• Maximum loss reduction on a feeder with distributed load is obtained by installing

capacitor banks on the feeder where the capacitor kilovars is equal to twice the
load kilovars. This rule holds whether one or more than one capacitor bank is applied
to a feeder.
• Thumb rule for locating a single capacitor bank on a feeder with uniformly
distributed load is that the maximum loss reduction can be obtained when capacitor
kilovars of the bank is equal to two thirds of kilovars load on the feeder. This
bank should be located at two third of the distance out toward the distributed loaded
portion.
• To and fro shifting of the capacitor bank location, by as much as 10% of the total
feeder length, from the point of maximum loss reduction, does not appreciably affect
the losses.
• Therefore, in order to make the most out of the capacitor’s loss reduction and voltage
benefits, it is a practice in view of future growth, to apply the capacitor bank just
beyond the optimum loss reduction location.
• Computer softwares (mentioned in the chapter ‘Introduction’) are used to perform

capacitor placement optimization, to indicate the location where maximum reduction
in losses and voltage drops is achieved.
23
3.14 Capacitor Applications In LT Circuits
Use of shunt capacitors to raise the power factor and subsequently lowering the kVA
demand in LT circuits too, is also recommended.
Procedure for Capacitor Selection
The procedure to select shunt capacitors for LT circuits is explained through an example:
Example
GIVEN: Existing LT circuit is shown in the Figure-6. Four customers, with

varying off peak loading and power factors, are situated at locations 5,
6, 7, and 8.
DESIRED: Calculate the optimum number and sizes of fixed capacitors to raise
the power factor to 0.95. Find also the capacity released in kVA
demand.
SOLUTION Refer the Fig-6 and the table 2.
STEP 1: Measure sectional off peak kVA demand (or consider it as 40% of the
peak value.)
STEP 2: Calculate off peak kW, power factor, and kVAR for each section
(table 2).
STEP 3: Determine the kVAR demand of the sections exhibiting low power
factors.
(Sections 2-6, and 4-8 exhibit low power factor. The kVAR demand in
these sections is 6 kVAR and 28 kVAR respectively.)
STEP 4: Select fixed capacitor banks of the appropriate size to compensate the
kVAR demand in the troubled sections.
24
(A 6 kVAR fixed capacitor bank is selected for section 2 - 6 and,
20 kVAR capacitor bank for section 4 - 8.)
STEP 5: Calculate the new power factor in the affected sections and compare it
with the actual measurements.
(Power factor are improved from 0.80 to 1.0 in the section 2-6 and
from 0.70 to 0.95 in the section 4-8.)
STEP 6: Calculate the new kVA demand in section 2-6 and 4-8 based on
improved power factors.
(This is 6 kVA and 29.5 kVA respectively.)
STEP 7: Calculate the value of released kVA by subtracting new kVA demand
from the existing kVA demand.
(Existing kVA demand = 60.0 kVA
New kVA demand = 47.28 kVA
Net capacity released = 12.72 kVA )
25
CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS IN LT CIRCUITS
FOR OFF PEAK CONDITIONS
SKETCH
6
10 kVA
at 0.80 PF
5 kVA
at 0.95 PF 6 kVAR
5 capacitor
50 m 100 m
3 4
0 150 m 150 m 150 m 150 m
26
1 2 75 m 50 m
200 kVA
sub station 40 kVA
at 0.70 PF
5 kVA 20 kVAR
at 0.95 PF capacitor 8
7
Fig 6:
OFF PEAK TOTAL LOAD = 60 KVA
CONDUCTOR USED = ANT

TABLE-2
CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS IN LT CIRCUITS
Refer to Figure-6
ORIGINAL CONDITIONS IMPROVED CONDITIONS

(OFF PEAK) FIXED (OFF PEAK)
SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION CAPACITORS NEW NEW
OFF PEAK P.F. KW KVAR APPLIED SECTIONAL SECTIONAL SECTION
KVA = KVA*PF = KVA*SIN ø (KVAR) KVAR P.F. * KVA
1-5 5 0.95 4.75 1.56 0.00 1.56 0.95 5.00
2-6 10 0.80 8.00 6.00 6.00 0.00 1.00 8.00
3-7 5 0.95 4.75 1.56 0.00 1.56 0.95 5.00
4-8 40 0.70 28.00 28.57 20.00 8.57 0.96 29.28
Total: 60 47.28
* Cosø = Cos(tan-1(kVAR/kW))
27
4. PLANNING PROCEDURE
4.1 Rehabilitation/Renovation/Augmentation of HT Distribution Network
4.1.1 Selection Criteria / Guidelines for HT Network to be rehabilitated
i) The annual losses of a feeder include both technical as well as administrative losses,
and thus, do not give the true picture of losses to be reduced by technical measures. It
is possible that a feeder has more administrative loss but less technical loss and
similarly, there might be a feeder with less administrative loss but more technical
loss. Therefore, while bifurcating, reconductoring, or installing capacitor this should
be kept in view and selection must be based on technical loss of the feeder.
ii) The feeders selected for rehabilitation/renovation should be based on their peak load,
length, technical/geographical aspects and keeping in view the particular problems of
the area to achieve the maximum benefits not only in term of reducing losses and
improving in voltage drop but also to provide stable/uninterrupted power supply to
the customer.
It means that higher priority should be given to those 11 kV feeders, which are
heavily loaded and contribute high technical losses to the system and high voltage
drop at the customers end.
iii) No doubt, the load and the loss on a particular feeder are the main criteria for
bifurcation of a feeder but in some cases a lightly loaded but lengthy feeder also
requires bifurcation to reduce the line losses, improve the voltage drop and reliability
of supply.
iv) In some cases bifurcation of a feeder is required, where technical parameters i.e.
%AEL and % VD are almost within limits but the feeder is running over loaded (e.g.
near 400 A.) Here, bifurcation of the feeder is necessary in order to avoid unnecessary
trippings due to overloading.
v) Bifurcation of a feeder in some cases is also required at the time of creation of a new
sub division to avoid sharing of load between sub divisions or for inter-adjustment of
feeders of different divisions/sub divisions.
28
vi) Each and every feeder involved in the particular proposal should be evaluated
technically on the basis of latest data collected from field formation, and only those
feeders should be selected which contribute high energy loss and voltage drop. Thus
as per existing condition of the network, only those proposals should be executed
which give maximum technical as well as financial benefits.
The required Benefit/Cost ratio for HT proposals for the year 2003-04 is as under:
For Reconductoring, Bifurcation & Area Planning Proposals > = 2.0
For the subsequent years the Benefit/Cost ratio for HT proposals may be taken as
under or as its amendment issued later on:
a) For Reconductoring Proposals > = 1.5

b) For Bifurcation & Area Planning Proposals > = 2.0
The main criteria for proposal selection is the B/C ratio, however, following
method may be adapted where needed, for prioritization of proposals:
TABLE 3: PRIORITIZATION OF HT PROPOSALS
% AEL % VD B/C Ratio

Share: 50 % Share: 30 % Share: 20 %
Value Weight Value Weight Value Weight
3–4 1 5 – 10 1 1–2 1
4–5 2 10 – 15 2 2–3 2
5–6 3 15 – 20 3 3–4 3
6–7 4 20 – 25 4 4–5 4
7–8 5 25 – 30 5 5–6 5
8–9 6 30 – 35 6 6–7 6
9 – 10 7 35 – 40 7 7–8 7
> 10 10 > 40 10 >8 10
Over all weight of HT proposal = 50%(weight of % AEL)+ 30%( weight of % VD)

+ 20% (weight of B/C Ratio)
Thus, the proposals getting larger overall weight should be given higher priority.
In this way a list of proposals may be sorted out and prioritized.
vii) In certain cases where a feeder needs to be rehabilitated/renovated due to some

particular problems but it does not fulfill the above criteria of selection, then
29
proposal may be developed subject to the condition that benefit cost ratio as given
above is achieved, and in those cases where benefit cost ratio is not achieved, the
same may be carried out under DOP head, if at all considered essential /
inevitable requirement of the field. (See details on page 109.)
4.1.2 Development of HT Proposal (Phase-I)
Operation formation will develop the HT proposal and submit to P&D directorate
along with following information/documents for further scrutiny/approval.
i. Data/Information Collection
(a) Purpose to generate the proposal
(b) Single line diagram (90) of existing and proposed network as per Format-I,
indicating conductor size, transformer rating, node to node distance, capacitor size
and disconnecting switch, etc.
(c) Survey of Pakistan (SOP) or geographical maps marked with single line diagram
indicating existing and proposed situations on separate sheets as per Format-II
(d) Pole-to-pole geographical map of existing and proposed situations of feeders as per
Format-III
(e) Input data sheet (stacking sheet) of existing and proposed feeders as per Format-IV
(f) Month-wise max/min load of grid station power transformers involved in the proposal
for last three years as per Format-V
(g) Month-wise technical data of 11 kV feeders involved in the proposal for last three
years as per Format-VI
(h) Indicate the category of 11kV feeder according to the following:

Urban / Rural / Industrial / Dedicated
(i) Availability of 11kV out going panels at the grid stations and identification of right of
way problems
30
(j) Certificate regarding the authenticity of data, indicating the verification of site from
Assistant/Dy manager concerned and countersigned by Dy manager (Technical) of
the Circle as per sample given under Format-VII
(k) Single geographical maps marked with all the feeders, one map each for existing and
proposed situations, in case of Area Planning proposal (where more than one feeders
are involved)
ii. Technical Analysis and Other Important Parameters Kept in View for Technical
Analysis
(a) Load flow studies of existing and proposed situation of feeders (with and without
capacitor) should be carried at peak load (without growth) by using FDRANA or
PSS-Adept soft wares (already available in each DISCO.)
(b) The results of existing and proposed conditions (with and without growth) at zero
year study should be compiled as per Formats-VIII (A&B) & IX (A&B)
respectively.
(c) Net benefits/savings in losses that would be achieved (with & without growth) should
be calculated as per Formats-X (A&B).
(d) The average power factor of 11kV feeder may be calculated by taking the reading of
kWh and kVARh meters installed at grid stations or power factor meter, if available.
If power factor reading is not available, then assume the power factor as under:
0.80 for Rural feeder

0.85 for Urban feeder
0.95 for Under Ground System
(e) The average load factor may be calculated by using the formula as given below:
Units Sent
Average Load Factor = , or
8760 x PF x Peak kVA
Average Load
=
Maximum Load
31
If the actual load factor is not available, then it should be assumed as under:
i) for Urban feeder 60%

ii) for Urban/Rural 50%
iii) for Rural 40%
For more than one feeders, having different load factors, overall weighted average
load factor should be calculated as below:
LF1 x PL1+LF2 x PL2+LF3 x PL3+…

Weighted Load Factor =
PL1+PL2+PL3+…
Where, LF stands for Load Factor,

and PL stands for Peak Load and is taken in Amp.
In case actual load factor is not found to be close to the above-mentioned values,
the case shall be discussed with Director (Distribution Planning). For industrial
feeders and continuous process industries, especially where independent feeders are
proposed, the actual load factors shall be computed.
iii. Cost Estimation
(a) Geographical (pole to pole) showing the complete scope of work involved in the
proposals as per Format-XI
(b) BOQ /Cost Estimate of proposed work in co-ordination with Construction formation
as per Work Order Format-XII
(c) Cost estimation is to be carried out according to the prevailing store issue rates of
each DISCO (i.e. 12% in built rates). Installation charges will be taken @ 8%.
(d) Dismantlement charges should be taken @ 5% and reinstallation of dismantled

material should be taken as 10%. All dismantled but not reusable material will be
taken as per respective DISCO’s disposal rates. For all dismantled transformers
carrying no name plates, the cost will be taken as 50% of the current prices.
Transformers with name plates will have depreciated value, but not less than 50% of
the current price.
32
iv. Benefit/Cost Analysis
Benefit /Cost calculation shall be carried out (as per Format-XIII) as follows:
Annual Benefits (Rs) – 0.04 (NFC) – (0.60 x 0.143) (RFC)

with Growth
B/C Ratio =
0.143 (NFC)
Where,
NFC stands for New Facility Cost (Rs)
RFC stands for Replaced Facility Cost (Rs)
0.04 O&M charges (4% per annum)
0.60 Depreciation Factor for Replaced Facility
0.143 Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) is the calculated @ 14% opportunity cost
of capital for equipment life of 30 years
(1 - i)n x i
CRF =
(1 + i)n – i
n is the period of study (here 30 years)
i is the interest rate (here 14 %)
Benefit with Growth (Rs) = Valuation Factor x Benefit with Growth (kW)
Valuation Factor should be calculated as:
Valuation Factor = Loss Factor x 8760 x Unit Purchase Rate
Where,
Unit Purchase Rate is in Rs/kWh of the respective DISCO, and
8760 are number of hours in a year,
33
Loss Factor = 0.3 (Load Factor) + 0.7 (Load Factor) 2
Load Factor should be calculated as discussed above under item ii (d).
Benefit at growth should be calculated as:
Benefit with Growth (kW) = [((1/Loss Factor) x Savings with Fixed capacitor at off
peak load) + Savings with Switched capacitor at peak
load + (Growth Factor x Savings with Reconductoring
& Bifurcation at peak load )] ------(A)
Where Growth Factor = 1.196 at 5% load growth for 5-year study period *
* Refer to Annexure-XVI for the Growth factors.
It is suggested that the load flow studies of existing and proposed systems
should be carried out at 5% load growth for 5 years study, and the savings / benefits
should be added directly (in formula A) without multiplying by the growth factor.
Benefit with Growth (Rs.) = Benefit with Growth (kW) x Valuation Factor
Note: As per prevailing practice, in case of reconductoring and bifurcation, load

flow studies of existing and proposed systems are carried out without growth,
and savings / benefits are calculated with growth by multiplying with the
growth factor (1.196) as mentioned above in formula (A).
4.1.3 Approval of Proposal (Phase-II)
a) The proposal supplied by operation staff will be scrutinized/checked by P&D section,

and within 14 days of receipt of proposal, P&D will be bound to submit the
proposal/B.O.Q to Manager Project Construction for any right of way or other
problems.
b) Manager Project construction will return the proposal in next one week.
c) After making necessary corrections pointed out by the Manager Project Construction
in the estimate, Sr Manager P&D will get approval of CE or CEO in next one week
and convey the formal approval along with the Work Order to Manager Project
34
Construction, Manager Operation Circle, Manager Material Management and Finance
Director of the company.
4.1.4 Execution of Proposal (Phase-III)
Manager Project Construction will be bound to complete the whole work within 60
days of issue of Work Order and to intimate to all the concerned.
4.1.5 Completion Report (Phase-IV)
After completion of the work, Manager Project Construction will energize/shift the
load as per approved plan in coordination with GSO/Operation formation within 10
days and hand over the work to Operation formation. After energizing/shifting the
load, Manager Project Construction will submit the completion report to P& D
Directorate for inspection as per Format-XIV.
4.1.6 Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V)
All completed works will be finally checked/inspected 100% for all technical
parameters quality and quantity of ELR and DOP by Director (P&E).
He will check/inspect completed work within 30 days of receipt of completion

report from Manager Project Construction and issue completion certificate as per
Format-XV, if the work has been executed according to the approved plan and as per
WAPDA SDI. The check should not ignore even a single missing bolt.
Representatives of Chief Engineer (ELR), WAPDA & Director (Distribution

Planning), WAPDA may also check/inspect any work.
Total time will be restricted to 130 working days (i.e. from approval of proposal
to inspection/completion certificate); the officer mentioned above, will share any
delay beyond this.
35
INFORMATION/DATA
(SAMPLE FORMATS
OF DATA SHEETS/SKETCHES
FOR HT PROPOSALS)
38
39
40
HT FORMAT-IV
INPUT DATA FORM
OF EXISTING & PROPOSED SITUATIONS
Operation Circle_____________ Division__________________ Sub Division______________
Grid Station_________________ Power T/F Capacity ________ Power T/F # ________________
Feeder Type (R, U,D)_________ Feeder Name_____________ Feeder Code_______________
Peak Load________ Month____________ Off Peak Load___________ Month_______________
Node Distance Conductor Transformer CAPS/ Node Distance Conductor Transformer CAPS/
From To (km) Size (kVA) Switches From To (km) Size (kVA) Switches
Note: For PSS/Adept Software, columns for X & Y Coordinates should be incorporated in the format.
41
HT FORMAT-V
Month-Wise Maximum & Minimum Load of Grid Station Power T/Fs Involved in the Proposal
Name of Grid Station_____________________
Power T/F# ( MVA) Power T/F# ( MVA) Power T/F# ( MVA)

Peak Load (Amps) Off Peak Load (Amps) Peak Load (Amps) Off Peak Load (Amps) Peak Load (Amps) Off Peak Load (Amps)
Month Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3
January
February
March
April
May
42
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Note: Any Unusual/abnormal maximum/minimum loading of Power T/Fs should also be explained with reasons behind.
HT FORMAT-VI
Month-Wise Technical Data of 11 KV Feeder Involved in the Proposal
Name of Grid Station_____________________

Name of 11 kV Feeder______________ Feeder Code_____________ Feeder Connected kVA____________
off Peak Load (Amps) Peak Load (Amps) Losses * ** ***

Max Hour KWH Units Sent Units Sold Demand Power Load
Month
Reading in Year-3 in Year-3 in Year-3 Factor Factor Factor
Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 (kWH) (kWH) (kWH) kWH %age (%age) (%age) (%age)
January
February
March
April
May
43
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average
Total
Note: Any Unusual/abnormal maximum/minimum loading of 11 KV Feeder should also be explained with reasons behind.
* Demand Factor = (1.732 x Imax x 11kV) / Circuit's connected kVA
** Power Factor = Max Hour kWh reading / (1.732 x Imax x 11 kV)
*** Load Factor (monthly) = kWh Units sent per month / (24 x 30 x Max Hour kWh reading)
Note: Refer to Annexure-III, for calculation of Demand, Power, and Load Factors
HT FORMAT-VII
DATA AUTHENTICITY CERTIFICATE
Name of HT Proposal _________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Certified that I have personally checked the site and found that the Node to Node Length,
Conductor size & Capacity of Transformers shown on the site sketch and all other data related to
proposal are correct. The proposal has been checked at site and found as per actual requirement
of the area. It has not been prepared to benefit to any individual, especially industrial consumer
and is in the interest of maximum Nos. of consumers of the area. After execution it will
definitely reduce energy loss. The proposal has not been prepared in any Private Housing
Scheme/Colonies where the sponsors are required to deposit full amount for its electrification.
Assistant Manager Operation Sub Division Deputy Manager Operation Division
_____________________ _________________
Deputy Director (Technical) Circle
__________________
44
HT FORMAT-VIII (A)
Name of HT Proposal:__________________________________________________
Summary of Technical Analysis Report
(Existing Position Without Growth)
Grid off Nodes Where Nodes Where %VD is not Annual
Sr. Feeder Length Connected Peak Max kW % %
Station Peak Total %VD is Within Within Permissible Limit Power Load Kwh
of Line
Load Load Nodes Permissible Factor Factor KW A.E.
No. (km) kVA 5-10%10-15%15-20%20-25% >25% % VD Loss Loss
(A) (A) Limit Loss Loss
1 Feeder-1
2 Feeder-2
3 Feeder-3
Total
45
HT FORMAT-VIII (B)
(Existing Position With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Grid off Nodes Where Nodes Where %VD is not Annual
Sr. Feeder Length Connected Peak Max kW % %
Station Peak Total %VD is Within Within Permissible Limit Power Load Kwh
of Line
Load Load Nodes Permissible Factor Factor KW A.E.
No. (km) kVA 5-10%10-15%15-20%20-25% >25% % VD Loss Loss
(A) (A) Limit Loss Loss
1 Feeder-1
2 Feeder-2
3 Feeder-3
Total
46
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
(Proposed Position Without Growth)
1. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at Peak Load)
Sr. Feeder Grid Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From Total Nodes Nodes Where %VD is not Max Power Load kW % Annual %
Station Nodes Where %VD within prescribed Limit Factor Factor kWh
No. Feeder Length Connected Peak Off is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD Loss KW Loss A.E.
of Line kVA Load Peak prescribed 15% 20% 25% Loss Loss
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
47
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
2. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at off Peak Load)
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
48
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
3. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at off peak load
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
49
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
4. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at peak load
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
50
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
5. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap at peak load
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
51
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
6. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap And Reconductoring at peak load
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
52
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
(Proposed Position With Growth at @ 5% for 5 Years)
1. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc (Results at Peak Load)
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
53
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
2. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at off Peak Load)
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
54
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
3. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at off peak load
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
55
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
4. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at peak load
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
56
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
5. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap at peak load
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
57
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
6. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap And Reconductoring at peak load
(km) (A) Load Limit
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-1
1 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-2
2 Feeder-3
(EM)
58
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
3 Feeder-3
(EM)
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-4
4 Feeder-3
(P)
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-X (A)
Name of HT Proposal:_____________________________________
Benefits to be Achieved
(Without Growth)
Sr. Power Loss %age Annual Energy Loss %Age

No. Description (kW) Power Loss (kWh) Annual Energy Loss Remarks
a Existing System (Results at Peak Load)
Proposed System After Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at
1 b
Peak Load)
c Saving in Losses = S1 = 1(a) - 1(b)
Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at off
a
Peak Load)
2 Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting Relocation of Ext
b
& Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at off Peak Load)
c Saving in Losses = S2 = [2(a) - 2(b)] x (1 / Loss Factor)
Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting Relocation of Ext
a
& Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at Peak Load)
b
& Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap (Results at Peak Load)
59

a
4 b & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap and Rconductoring (Results at Peak
Load)
Overall Technical Losses of Existing System 1(a)
Overall Technical Losses of Proposed System, 4(b)
A- Overall Savings in Losses due to Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed
Capacitors = S2 = [2(c) x 1/Loss Factor]
B- Overall Savings in Losses due to Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting,
Switched Cap and Rconductoring
1(c) + 3(c) + 4(c)
Total Savings (A + B)
HT FORMAT-X (B)
Name of HT Proposal:_____________________________________
Benefits to be Achieved
(With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Sr. Power Loss %age Annual Energy Loss %Age

No. Description (kW) Power Loss (kWh) Annual Energy Loss Remarks
a Existing System (Results at Peak Load)
Proposed System After Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at
1 b
Peak Load)
Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at off
a
Peak Load)
b
& Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at off Peak Load)
c Saving in Losses = S2 = [2(a) - 2(b)] x (1 / Loss Factor)
a
& Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at Peak Load)
b
60

a
4 b & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap and Rconductoring (Results at Peak
Load)
Overall Technical Losses of Existing System 1(a)
Overall Technical Losses of Proposed System, 4(b)
A- Overall Savings in Losses due to Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed
Capacitors = S2 = [2(c) x 1/Loss Factor]
B- Overall Savings in Losses due to Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting,
Switched Cap and Rconductoring
1(c) + 3(c) + 4(c)
Total Savings (A + B)
61
HT FORMAT-XII
HT DISTRIBUTION WORK ORDER
COMPANY:_______________________________FUNDING AGENCY: __________________
Work Order No. - - Date ___ / ____ /_____
Work Order Title:

OPERATION CIRCLE/DIVISION/SUB DIVSION CONSTRUCTION DIVISION/SUB DIVSION
______________ /_____________/______________ _______________ /_______________
Proposed Facilities: 450 KVAR 900 KVAR

No. Node Nos. No. Node Nos.
Fixed Capacitors (Relocation of From ____ From ____
____ ____
Existing Cap) to_____ to_____
Fixed Capacitors (New) ____ ____ ____ ____
Line Line Line Line

Conductor Length Conductor Length Conductor Length Conductor Length
(KM) (KM) (KM) (KM)
UG5 LNX DOG RAB
New Line
PAN
RAB to DOG -----to---- -----to---- ----to-----
Reconductoring
-----to----- -----to---- -----to---- ----to-----
Work Order Prepared By: Work Order Checked By:
Assistant Manager (Planning) Deputy Manager (Planning)

AMOUNT TO BE AUTHORIZED BY THIS WORK ORDER Rs. ________________
Subject to the availability of Funds:
1. Before taking work in hand, it must be ensured that the approved work order does not in any Govt./Private Housing Scheme.
2. This Work Order is not for new Electrification of the area.
Work Order Recommended By: Work Order Approved By:
Sr. Manager (P&D) Chief Executive/Tech: Dir.

Name:_____________________ Name:__________________________
Attachments:
Planning Proposals Estimate Summary/BOQ
Cost Benefit Analysis Single Line Diagrams
Others: Sketch Showing Scope of Work
62
HT FORMAT-XII
SUMMARY OF SCOPE OF WORK

NAME OF HT PROPOSAL_______________________________________
New Line/Re-Routing Reconductoring / Mid Spanning
H.T H.T
Structures/ Structures/ Existing
L.T L.T New 450
Sr. Feeder PC Poles Line Length (KM) PC Poles Line Length (KM) 450 KVAR
Str/ Str/ KVAr
No. Name Capacitor
P.C P.C Dog- Dog- Rab- CU5 - GFR- RAB- GFR- CU5- GFR- GSL- Relocated Capacitor
36' 40' 45' Poles UG5 UG4 LNX DOG RAB 36' 40' 45' Poles
Osp LNX LNX LNX LNX DOG DOG DOG RAB RAB
(31') (31')
63
Total
HT FORMAT-XII
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.
Name of HT Proposal:______________________________________
A- Cost of New Material
Sr. Unit Price Total Price
Description of Material Unit Quantity
No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Steel Structure 45' EA
3 H.T STR 36' EA
4 H.T P.C.C Poles 40' EA
6 L.T STR 31' EA
7 L.T P.C Pole 31' EA
8 Danger Plate EA
9 Anti Climbing Device EA
10 X - Arms 11 kV Wood EA
11 X - Arms 11 kV Steel EA
12 Knee Braces EA
13 Step Braces EA
14 Pin Insulators EA
15 Disc Insulators EA
16 Spool Insulator EA
17 Insulator Pins EA
18 D-Strap EA
19 Dead End Clamp for Osp, Pan, Lynx EA
20 Dead End Clamp for Dog, Rab EA
21 Loop Dead End Clamp EA
22 Eye Nut EA
23 Double Arming Bolt EA
24 Anchor Shackles EA
25 P.G Connectors for Osp, Pan, Lynx EA
26 P.G Connectors for Dog, Rab EA
27 P.G Connector for Wasp EA
28 P.G Connector for Ant EA
29 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
30 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
31 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
32 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
33 Round Warshers EA
34 Square Warshers EA
35 Stay Assembly EA
36 STAY Wire KG
37 MS Clamps EA
38 Tie Wire KG
39 Earthing Unit Complete EA
40 ACSR Osprey MR
41 ACSR Lynx MR
42 ACSR Dog MR
43 ACSR Rabbit MR
44 AAC Wasp MR
45 AAC Ant MR
46 S/C 500 MCM Cable MR
47 3/Core 4-AWG Cable MR
48 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
49 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
50 Drop Out Cut Out Set
51 Plateform Double Structure EA
52 Fixed Capacitor (450 KVAR) Set
Total Cost of New Material
Installation Charges @ 8% Excluding the Cost of HT/LT PC Poles
Total Cost of New Material (A)
64
HT FORMAT-XII
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.
B- MATERIAL TO BE DISMENTLED & RETURNED TO STORE
No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
3 H.T STR 36' EA
6 L.T STR 31' EA
8 Danger Plate EA
12 Knee Braces EA
13 Step Braces EA
18 D-Strap EA
22 Eye Nut EA
29 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
30 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
31 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
32 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
35 Stay Assembly EA
36 STAY Wire KG
37 MS Clamps EA
38 Tie Wire KG
40 ACSR Osprey MR
41 ACSR Lynx MR
42 ACSR Dog MR
43 ACSR Rabbit MR
44 AAC Wasp MR
45 AAC Ant MR
48 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
49 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
53 Plateform Single Structure EA
Dismantlement Charges @ 5%
Total Cost of Dismantled Material Returned to Store (B)
65
HT FORMAT-XII
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.
C- MATERIAL TO BE DISMENTALLED & REUSED

No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
3 H.T STR 36' EA
6 L.T STR 31' EA
8 Danger Plate EA
12 Knee Braces EA
13 Step Braces EA
18 D-Strap EA
22 Eye Nut EA
29 MS Clamps EA
30 ACSR Osprey MR
31 ACSR Lynx MR
32 ACSR Dog MR
33 ACSR Rabbit MR
34 AAC Wasp MR
35 AAC Ant MR
38 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
39 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
40 Shifting of --------KVA Transformer EA
43 Fixed Capacitor (450 KVAR) Set
Cost of Material to be Dismantled & Reused
Reinstallation Charges of Dismantled Material @ 15%
Total Cost of Dismantled Material to be Reused (C)
66
HT FORMAT-XII
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.
D- Cost of Material at Grid End

No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 CABLE S/Core 500 MCM Cable MR
2 I/D Termination Kit SET
3 O/D Termination Kit SET
Cost of Material
Installation Charges @ 8%
Cost of approval of drawing of Panel &
4 EA
inspection charges by Design T & G Department
5 Civil Work at Grid End EA
6 Installation/Testing/Labour Charges EA
7 11 KV Grid End Panel EA
Total Cost Of Material at Grid End (D)
E- CONTRACT WORK COST

No (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Foundation of 45' Steel Strs EA

4 Erection of H.T PCC Poles (36') EA
5 Erection of H.T PCC Poles (40') EA
6 Erection of L.T PCC Poles EA
Total Cost of Contract Work (E)
COST SUMMARY
A Cost of New Material (Rs.) +

B Cost of Dismantled Material Returned to Store (Rs.) -
C Reinstallation Charges of Dismantled Material (Rs.) +
D Cost of Material at Grid End (Rs.) +
E Cost of Contract Work (Rs.) +
Total Cost of Work Order (Rs.)
67
HT FORMAT-XII
Name of Proposal:_____________________________________________________________
Detail of Material Required for New Line with ________Conductor
(Section-Wise)
Sr. Feeder Section* Section Poles (Nos.) Structures Nos.) Conductor/ Assemblies For P.C Poles (Nos.) Assemblies For Structures (Nos.)
No Name Length (km) 55' 45' 40' 36' 45' 40' 36' Cable 1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L 1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
20
Sub Total
1
2
68
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-XII
Name of Proposal:___________________________________
Detail of Material Required for Reconductoring / Mid Spanning from ____ to ____ Conductor
(Section-Wise)
Additional
Feeder Section Poles Structures Assemblies For P.C Poles Assemblies For Structures
Sr. Section (Nos.) Conductor/ (Nos.)
Material, if
Name Length (Nos.) (Nos.) any
No Cable
(km) 55' 45' 40' 36' 45' 40' 36' 1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L 1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
69
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-XII
Name of Proposal:_____________________________________
Detail of Material To Be Dismentalled

(Section-Wise)
Sr. Section Conductor Length (km) H.T L.T Assemblies Misc. Material
No. Feeder Name Str P.C Pole Str P.C 1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 15-L 23-L
UG4 UG2 OSP PAN LNX DOG RAB GFR GSL 36' 40' 36' Pole
1
2
3
4
5
SUB TOTAL
1
2
3
4
70
5
SUB TOTAL
1
2
3
4
5
SUB TOTAL
1
2
3
4
5
SUB TOTAL
1
2
3
4
5
SUB TOTAL
Total
HT FORMAT-XII
Name of Proposal __________________________________
CONSOLIDATED ASSEMBLIES FOR NEW LINE/RECONDUCTORING/MID SPANNINIG/REPLACEMENT/SHIFTING OF LINE
Pin Disc D/E Eye Double Anch PG 3/8x6" 1/2x6" 2x1/2" 5/8x2" 5/8x10" 5/8x14" Rnd Sqr Stay Stay M.S Clamp
Asmbly Unit No of Asmb X-Arm Pin Brace
Ins Ins Clmp Nut Arm Blt Shckl Conn Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Wshr Wshr Rod Wire Assembly
P.C Pole Structure
1-LD,R
2-LD,R
7-LD,R
10-LD,R
23-LD,R
15-L D,R
71
16-L D, R
Sub Total
1-LO, P, L
2-LO, P, L
7-LO, P, L
10-LO, P, L
23-LO, P, L
15-L O,P, L
16-L O,P, L
Sub Total
TOTAL
HT FORMAT-XII
Name of Proposal __________________________________
DISMENTLLED ASSEMBLIES
Pin Disc D/E Eye Double Anch PG 3/8x6" 1/2x6" 2x1/2" 5/8x2" 5/8x10" 5/8x14" Rnd Sqr Stay Stay M.S Clamp
Asmbly Unit No of Asmb X-Arm Pin Brace
Ins Ins Clmp Nut Arm Blt Shckl Conn Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt Wshr Wshr Rod Wire Assembly
P.C Pole Structure
1-LD,R
2-LD,R
7-LD,R
10-LD,R
23-LD,R
15-L D,R
72
16-L D, R
Sub Total
1-LO, P, L
2-LO, P, L
7-LO, P, L
10-LO, P, L
23-LO, P, L
15-L O,P, L
16-L O,P, L
Sub Total
TOTAL
HT FORMAT-XIII
Benefit / Cost Calculation
Without Growth
Saving in Losses due to Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. S1 = _______ kW

Saving in Losses due to Fixed Capacitor Banks S2 = _______ kW
Saving in Losses due to Switched Capacitor Banks S3 = _______ kW
Saving in Losses due to Reconductoring S4 = _______ kW
Total Saving in Losses without Growth (S1 +S2 +S3 + S4) S5 = _______ kW
With Growth
Total Saving in Losses with Growth [((S1+S4) x F) +(S2 + S3)] S6 = _______ kW

Where, F = Growth Factor = 1.196 @ 5% growth for 5 years
Value of Benefits with Growth = VF x S6 S7 = Rs.________
73
Where, VF = Valuation Factor = Loss Factor x 8760 x Electricity Purchase Rate * = Rs. _________ / kW / Annum
New Facility Cost NFC = Rs.________
Replaced Facility Cost RFC = Rs.________
Benefit Cost Ratio
S7 – 0.04 (NFC) – 0.0858 (RFC)

B/C Ratio = =
0.143 (NFC)
BENEFIT COST RATIO = ___________
The proposal is technical & ecnomical Feasible Yes No
* The valuation Factor is to be revised regularly (say annually)

HT FORMAT-XIV
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of HT Proposal_______________________________
Work Order No. & Date________________
Operation Circle______________ Operation Division______________Operation S/Div_________
Construction Division______________ Construction S/Div_________ Date of Completion_______
Quantity
Sr.
MATERIAL UNIT As per Actual Variation From
No. Issued
W/O Installed W/O Issued
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
A. NEW WORK
1 PC/SPUN POLES
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.
40 FEET NO.
45 FEET NO.
55 FEET NO.
2 LATICE STEEL STRUCTURES
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.
40 FEET NO.
45 FEET NO.
55 FEET NO.
3 WOODEN/STEEL CROSS ARM
11 KV WOODEN NO.
11 KV STEEL NO.
4 INSULATORS
11 KV PIN TYPE NO.
11 KV DISC TYPE NO.
L.T. SPOOL TYPE NO.
5 PINS
11 KV INSULATOR PINS NO.
6 CROSS ARM BRACES
11 KV KNEE BRACE NO.
11 KV STEP BRACE NO.
7 NEW HT LINE
GOPHER KM.
RABBIT KM.
DOG KM.
LYNX KM.
PANTHER KM.
OSPREY KM.
8 RECONDUCTORING OF HT LINE WITH
GOPHER KM.
RABBIT KM.
DOG KM.
LYNX KM.
PANTHER KM.
OSPREY KM.
9 AAC CONDUCTOR
GNAT KM.
ANT KM.
WASP KM.
Sheet 1 of 5
74
HT FORMAT-XIV
COMPLETION REPORT
Quantity
Sr.
No. Issued
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
10 ALUMINIUM TIE WIRE M
STAY RODS COMPLETE SET WITH
11
ANCHOR ASSEMBLY NO.
12 STAY WIRE (10MM, 7/3,22) KG
13 EYE NUT NO.
14 EARTHING SETS COMPLETE NO.
15 DANGER PLATES NO.
16 BARBED WIRE KG
17 BOLT AND NUTS
3/8 " X 2" NO.
3/8 " X 6" NO.
3/8 " X 14" NO.
1/2 " X 2" NO.
1/2 " X 6" NO.
5/8 " X 1-1/2 " NO.
5/8 X 2 " NO.
5/8 X 8" NO.
5/8 X 9 " NO.
5/8 X 10" NO.
5/8 X 6 " NO.
5/8 X 12" NO.
5/8 X 14 " NO.
5/8 X 18 " NO.
5/8 X 16 " NO.
18 DOUBLE ARMING BOLTS
5/8 X 12" NO.
5/8 X 14" NO.
5/8 X 18" NO.
5/8 X 20" NO.
5/8 X 22" NO.
5/8 X 16" NO.
19 WASHERS
7/16 X 1 " (ROUND)
9/16 X 1 " (ROUND)
9/16 X 1-1/4 " (ROUND)
11/16 " X 2-1/4 " 2-1/4 (SQUARE)
20 PG CONNECTORS
T-116 NO.
T-117 NO.
T-150 NO.
S-157 NO.
T-155 NO.
Sheet 2 of 5
75
HT FORMAT-XIV
COMPLETION REPORT
Quantity
Sr.
No. Issued
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
21 CLAMPS
0.4 KV LOOP DEADEND FOR LT STR & PC NO.
11 KV DEAD END NO.
GROUNDING CONDUCTOR CLAMPS NO.
SUSPENSION ANGLE CLAMPS NO.
22 D-SHACKLE + COTTER PINS NO.
23 ANCHOR SHACKLE NO.
24 RELOCATION OF EXISTING T/F (11/0.415KV)
200 KVA NO.
100 KVA NO.
50 KVA NO.
25 KVA NO.
25 PLATFORMS FOR T/F
DOUBLE POLE NO.
SINGLE POLE NO.
26 DROPOUT CUTOUT (SET OF 3)
11 KV NO.
27 11 KV ANGLE IRON BRACKETS NO.
28 HT CAPACITOR (FIXED)
RELOCATION OF EXISTING CAP
NEW CAP
29 FOUNDATION OF LATTICE STEEL STRUCTURE
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.
40 FEET NO.
45 FEET NO.
55 FEET NO.
30 LIGHTENING ARRESTORES (SET OF 3)
11 KV NO.
Sheet 3 of 5
76
HT FORMAT-XIV
COMPLETION REPORT
Sr. Material Quantity

Description Unit As per
No. As per B.O.Q Variations
MRN
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
B MATERIAL DISMANTLED & RETURNED TO STORE
3 H.T STR 36' EA
6 L.T STR 31' EA
8 Danger Plate EA
12 Knee Braces EA
13 Step Braces EA
18 D-Strap EA
22 Eye Nut EA
29 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
30 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
31 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
32 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
35 Stay Assembly EA
36 STAY Wire KG
Sheet 4 of 5
77
HT FORMAT-XIV
COMPLETION REPORT
Sr. Material Quantity

MRN
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
37 MS Clamps EA
38 Tie Wire KG
39 Earthing Unit EA
40 ACSR Osprey MR
41 ACSR Lynx MR
42 ACSR Dog MR
43 ACSR Rabbit MR
Material Quantity
Sr.
MRN
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
44 AAC Wasp MR
45 AAC Ant MR
48 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
49 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
C S.Rs Nos. & Date

a) b) c)
d) e) f)
D MRNs Nos. & Date
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
E Estimated Cost of the Proposal Rs.__________________
F Actual Expenditure Rs.___________________
G Attachments:
Copies of S.Rs Copies of M.R.Ns
Handing/Taking Over Papers A-90
As Built Drawing/Sketch
Sheet 5 of 5
78
HT FORMAT-XV
Inspection Certificate
Operation Operation Operation
Circle:- _____________ Division ______________ S/Division:- __________
Construction Construction
Division:- _____________ S/Division:- ________________
Name of H.T Proposal:- __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________
Work Order No. & Date:- __________________________________________________________
Material Quantity
As per
Sr. Actual at Site
Description Unit C/ Report Variations
No. As per B.O.Q (Checked by
Submitted by
Committee)
M.P Const: From B.O.Q From C/Report
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
A NEW WORK
1 -H.T Structures
36' No.
40' No.
45' No.
2 -H.T P.C/Spun Poles
36' No.
40' No.
3 New H.T Line
ACSR Osprey Conductor Meter
ACSR Panther Conductor Meter

ACSR Dog Conductor Meter
ACSR Rabbit Conductor Meter
ASCR Gopher Conductor Meter
4 Reconductoring of H.T Line

5 H.T Capacitors (Fixed)
- Relocation of Existing Cap No.

- Installation of New Cap No.
6 Cross Arms No.
7 Disc Insulators No.

8 Pin Insulators No.
9 Dead End Clamp No.
10 P.G Connectors No.

11 Earthing of H.T Structures No.
12 Foundation of H.T Structures No.
13
Sheet 1 of 2
79
HT FORMAT-XV
Operation Inspection
Operation Certificate Operation
Circle:- _____________ Division ______________ S/Division:- __________
Division:- _____________ S/Division:- ________________
Name of H.T Proposal:- __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________
Work Order No. & Date:- __________________________________________________________
Material Quantity
Sr.
MRN Provided by M.P Const:
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
1 -H.T Structures
36' No.
40' No.
45' No.
2 L.T Structures (31') No.
3 H.T Conductor
Copper Conductor Meter
4 Cross Arms No.
7
C S.Rs Nos. & Date
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
D MRNs Nos. & Date
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
E Observations/Recommendations
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
F Attachments:
G Conclusion:
Conditionally
Cleared Rejected
Accepted
Sheet 2 of 2
80
4.2 Rehabilitation/Renovation/Augmentation of LT Distribution Network
4.2.1 Selection Criteria / Guidelines for LT Network to be Rehabilitated
Higher priority is given to those areas where
i. Distribution transformers are running beyond 80% loading.
ii. LT line is lengthy, service to service connections exist, and consequently, the
technical parameters (i.e. % VD and % AEL) go beyond permissible limits.
iii. Such LT proposals should be executed, which give maximum technical as well as
financial benefits.
The required Benefit/Cost ratio for LT proposals is as under:
Benefit/Cost Ratio >=1
The main criteria for proposal selection is the B/C ratio, however, following method may
be adapted where needed, for prioritization of proposals:
TABLE 4: PROPOSAL PRIORITIZATION FOR LT
% AEL % VD %age Loading of B/C Ratio

T/F
Share: 25 % Share: 15 % Share: 40 % Share: 20 %
Value Weight Value Weight Value Weight Value Weight
3–4 1 5 – 10 1 80 – 85 1 1–2 1
4–5 2 10 – 15 2 85 – 90 2 2–3 2
5–6 3 15 – 20 3 90 – 95 3 3–4 3
6–7 4 20 – 25 4 95 – 100 4 4–5 4
7–8 5 25 – 30 5 100–105 5 5–6 5
8–9 6 30 – 35 6 105–110 6 6–7 6
9 – 10 7 35 – 40 7 110–115 7 7–8 7
> 10 10 > 40 10 > 115 10 >8 10
81
Over all weight of LT proposal = 25%(weight of % AEL)+ 15%( weight of % VD)
+ 40%( weight of % Loading of T/F) + 20% (weight of B/C ratio)
Thus, the proposals getting larger overall weight should be given higher priority.
In this way a list of proposals may be sorted out and prioritized.
iv. In certain cases where a feeder needs to be rehabilitated/renovated due to some

particular problems but it does not fulfill the above criteria of selection, then
proposal may be developed subject to the condition that benefit cost ratio as given
above is achieved, and in those cases where benefit cost ratio is not achieved, the
same may be carried out under DOP head, if at all considered essential /
inevitable requirement of the field. (See details on page 109.)
4.2.2 Development of LT Proposal (Phase-I)
1. Operation Sub Division of each DISCO shall identify, and intimate to Operation
Circle, the high-loss LT network that requires rehabilitation or bifurcation.
2. Operation Division will develop the LT proposal and submit to P & D Directorate
along with the following information/documents for further scrutiny/approval.
i. Data/Information Collection
(a) Purpose to generate the proposal
(b) Pole-to-pole geographical of existing and proposed network as per Formats-I & II
respectively, indicating conductor size, transformer rating, node to node distance,
capacitor size, and disconnecting switch, number of single phase and three phase
connections on each pole.
(c) Name of grid station and 11 kV feeder should be mentioned on the sketch.
(d) Input data sheet (Stacking Sheet) of existing and proposed LT network as per
Format-III.
(e) Month wise peak loading data of distribution transformer as per Format-IV.
(f) Certificate regarding the authenticity of data, indicating the verification of site from
Assistant/Dy Manager concerned and countersigned by Dy Manager (Technical) of
the Circle as per Format-V.
82
ii. Technical Analysis and Other Important Parameters to be Kept in View for
Technical Analysis
(a) Load flow studies of existing and proposed situations of LT network should be
carried at peak load of transformer (with & without growth) by using FDRANA
software (already available in each DISCO.)
(b) Average load per single-phase customer has also been revised as under:
i. Urban Areas
Single Phase customers falling in urban areas have been divided into following
categories:
 Posh Localities: Load per S/Phase customers is considered as 4 kVA.
 Localities other than posh areas: Load per S/Phase customers is considered
as 2 kVA.
Three-phase load should be taken as per sanctioned load.
ii. Rural Areas
For rural areas, load per single-phase customers is considered as 1 kVA.
Three-phase load should be taken as per sanctioned load.
A committee of Dy Manager Operation Division & Dy Manager (Technical)

Operation Circle concerned can recommend to revise/enhance the loads. If needed, in
particular areas, where the load as mentioned above are not applicable, it can be
revised with the approval of Chief Engineer/Technical Director.
(b) Annual load growth should be taken as 5% for 5-years study period. The results of
existing and proposed conditions at zero year study and five years study should be
compiled as per Formats-VI(A&B) & VII(A&B) respectively.
(c) Net benefits/savings in losses that would be achieved, should be indicated as per
Format-VIII(A&B).
(d) Assume the power factor as under for load flow studies:
0.80 for Rural feeder

0.85 for Urban feeder
0.95 for Under Ground system
83
(e) Load factor should be assumed as under:
i) for Urban feeder 60%

ii) for Urban/Rural 50%
iii) for Rural 40%
iii. Cost Estimation
(a) Geographical (pole to pole) showing the complete scope of work involved in the
proposals-Format-II
(b) BOQ /Cost Estimate of proposed work in coordination with Construction staff as per
Work Order Format-IX
(c) Cost estimation is to be carried out according to the prevailing store issue rates of
each DISCO (i.e. 12% in built rates). Installation charges will be taken @ 8%.
(d) Dismantlement charges should be taken @ 5% and reinstallation of dismantled

material should be taken as 10%. All dismantled but not reusable material will be
taken as per respective DISCO’s disposal rates. For all dismantled transformers
carrying no name plates, the cost will be taken as 50% of the current prices.
Transformers with name plates will have depreciated value, but not less than 50% of
the current price.
(a) Transformer removed if is in OK condition, should be returned to store @ 5% less

than present value.
84
iv. Benefit/Cost Analysis
Benefit Cost Ratio may be calculated (as per Format-X) by using the following
sheet:
I. Annual Energy Loss after 5 years
a) Existing system = _______________kWh
b) Proposed System = _______________kWh
c) Annual Energy (A.E.) Saving = _______________kWh
d) Annual Benefit (Rs) = A. E. Saving (kWh) x EPR
Where EPR stands for Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs / kWh) of the DISCO.
II. a. Loading of existing ____kVA

transformer at present = __________% kVA
b. Loading of existing ____kVA

transformer after 5 years = __________% kVA
c. Loading of above the rated capacity

of transformer after 5 years = __________% kVA
d. Peak kW Saving (PkWS) = Loading above the x PF
rated capacity (kVA)
= _____________ kW
e. Annual kWh savings @ VF for

transformer = PkWS x 8760 x VF x L.F.
= Rs _______________
Where 8760 are number of hours in a year,
VF stands for Valuation Factor for T/F, and
VF = (ESR – EPR) – ((ESR – EPR) x (O&M charges))

– ((ESR – EPR) x (% Annual Losses of the company))
ESR stands for average Electricity Sale Rate (Rs /kWh) of the DISCO
EPR stands for average Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs/kWh) of the DISCO.
85
III. a. Benefit of I + II = Rs _______________
b. Total Cost of proposal

= Rs _______________
c. Benefit / Cost
= (a/b) x 5 (years) = _________________
4.2.3 Approval of Proposal (Phase-II)
The proposal supplied by operation staff will be scrutinized/checked by P&D section

and within 7 days of receipt of proposal, Sr. Manager P&D will get approval of CE or
CEO and convey formal approval along with the Work Order to Manager Project
Construction, Manager Operation Circle, Manager Material Management, and the
Finance Director of the company.
4.2.4 Execution of Proposal (Phase-III)
Manager Project Construction will be bound to complete the whole work within
30 days of issuance of Work Order, and to intimate to all the concerned.
4.2.5 Completion Report (Phase-VI)
After completion the work, Manager Project Construction will energize/shift the load
as per approved plan in coordination with operation formation within 10 days and
hand over the work to Operation formation. After energizing/shifting the load,
Manager Project Construction will submit the completion report to P& D Directorate
for inspection as per Format-XI.
4.2.6 Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V)
All completed works will be finally checked/inspected 100% for all technical
parameters quality and quantity of ELR and DOP by Director (P&E).
He will check/inspect the completed work within 15 days of receipt of completion

report from Manager Project Construction and issue completion certificate as per
Format-XII, if the work has been executed according to the approved plan and as per
WAPDA SDI. The check should not ignore even a single missing bolt.
86
Representatives of Chief Engineer (ELR), WAPDA & Director (Distribution
Planning), WAPDA may also check/inspect any work.
Total time will be restricted to 62 working days (i.e. from approval of proposal to
inspection/completion certificate); the officer mentioned above, will share any delay
beyond this.
87
INFORMATION/DATA
(SAMPLE FORMATS
OF DATA SHEETS/SKETCHES
FOR LT PROPOSALS)
89
90
LT FORMAT-III
INPUT DATA FORM
OF EXISTING & PROPOSED SITUATIONS
Operation Circle______________ Division__________________ Sub Division________________
Grid Station__________________ Feeder Name_____________ Feeder Code_____________
T/F Location___________________________________________________________ T/F Capacity____________kVA
Area Type : Urban (Posh____ /Other___)/Rural____ (Tick one) Avg. Load/SP Consumer______kVA
Peak Load (A): R____ Y____ B_____ Month____________

Off Peak Load (A): R____ Y____ B_____Month_______________
Node Distance Conductor No. of Connections Node Distance Conductor No. of Connections
(m) Size (km) Size
From To 3-P 1-P From To 3-P 1-P
Note: For PSS/Adept Software, columns for X & Y Coordinates should be incorportaed in the format.
91
LT FORMAT-IV
Month-Wise Loading Data of 11/0.4 kV Distribution Transformer Involved in the Proposal
Name of Grid Station_____________________ Name of 11 KV Feeder_____________________ Feeder Code_____________
Location of Transformer_______________________ Capacity of Transformer________________ No. of Consumers (S/P)_______(3/P)________
Area Type : Urban (Posh____ /Other___)/Rural____ (Tick one)
Off Peak Load (Amps) Peak Load (Amps)
Month
Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3
R Y B R Y B R Y B R Y B R Y B R Y B
January
February
92
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
LT FORMAT-V
DATA AUTHENTICITY CERTIFICATE
Name of LT Proposal _______________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Certified that I have personally checked the site and found that the Node to Node Length,
Conductor size & Capacity of Transformers shown on the site sketch and all other data related
to proposal are correct. The proposal has been checked at site and found as per actual
requirement of the area. It has not been prepared to benefit to any individual, especially
industrial consumer and is in the interest of maximum Nos. of consumers of the area. After
execution it will definitely reduce energy loss. The proposal has not been prepared in any
Private Housing Scheme/Colonies where the sponsors are required to deposit full amount for
its electrification.
Assistant Manager Operation Sub Deputy Manager Operation Division

Division
_________________
_____________________
Deputy Director (Technical) Circle
__________________
93
LT FORMAT-VI (A)
Name/Location of LT Proposal:________________________________________ LT Proposal No.___________

(Existing Position Without Growth)
Peak Load of off Peak Load of Average Total
Sr. Load per % Max kW % Annual kWh %
Transformer Feeder Grid T/F (A) T/F (A) Connected kVA Power Load
S/P Loading
Capacity Name Station Factor Factor
No. R Y B R Y B Consumer S/P 3/P of T/F % VD Loss kW Loss Loss A.E. Loss
(kVA)
94
1 T/F-A
2 T/F-B
3 T/F-C
Total
LT FORMAT-VI (B)
Name/Location of LT Proposal:________________________________________ LT Proposal No.____________

(Existing Position With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
S/P loading
(kVA)
95
1 T/F-A
2 T/F-B
3 T/F-C
Total
LT FORMAT-VII (A)
Name/Location of LT Proposal:________________________________________ LT Proposal No.__________

S/P loading
(kVA)
1 T/F-A (E/A)
96
2 T/F-B (E/A)
3 T/F-C (E/A)
4 T/F-D (P)
Total
Note:
E/A stands for Existing or Augmented
P stands for Proposed
LT FORMAT-VII (B)
Name/Location of L.T Proposal:________________________________________ LT Proposal No.__________

(Proposed Position With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Sr. % Max kW % Annual kWh %
Feeder Grid T/F (A) T/F (A) Load per Connected kVA
Power Load
Transformer Capacity S/P loading
Name Station Factor Factor
(kVA)
1 T/F-A (E/A)
97
2 T/F-B (E/A)
3 T/F-C (E/A)
4 T/F-D (P)
Total
Note:
E/A stands for Existing or Augmented
P stands for Proposed
LT FORMAT-VIII (A)
Benefits To Be Achieved
(Without Growth)
Description Existing Proposed Benefits

System System Qty %
Power Loss (kW)
98
% Power Loss
Annual Energy Loss (kWh)
% Annual Energy Loss

LT FORMAT-VIII (B)
Benefits To Be Achieved
(With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Description Existing Proposed Benefits

System System Qty %
99
Power Loss (kW)
% Power Loss
Annual Energy Loss (kWh)
% Annual Energy Loss

LT FORMAT-IX
LT DISTRIBUTION WORK ORDER
COMPANY:________________________________________
FUNDING AGENCY: _____________________
Work Order No. - - Date ___ / ____ /_____
Work Order Title:

OPERATION CIRCLE/DIVISION/SUB DIVSION CONSTRUCTION DIVISION/SUB DIVSION
____________ /____________ /_____________ _______________ /_______________
Proposed Facilities:
Capacity Node Nos. Capacity Node Nos. Capacity Node Nos.
From ____ From ____ From ____
Relocation of Existing T/F ____ ____ ____
to_____ to_____ to_____
From ____ From ____ From ____
Augmentation of Existing T/F ________ ________ ________
to_____ to_____ to_____
New T/F ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
Line Line Line

Conductor Conductor Conductor
Length Length Length
HT DOG RAB
New Line
LT WASP ANT
Reconductoring GNAT to ANT -----to----- -----to----- -----to-----

(LT)
-----to----- -----to----- -----to----- -----to-----
Work Order Prepared By: Work Order Checked By:
Assistant Manager (Planning) Deputy Manager (Planning)
AMOUNT TO BE AUTHORIZED BY THIS WORK ORDER

Subject to the availibility of Funds:
RS. _____________
1. Before taking work in hand, it must be ensured that the approved work order does not in any Govt./Private Housing Scheme.
2. This Work Order is not for new Electrification of the area.
Work Order Recommended By: Work Order Approved By:
Sr. Manager (P&D) Chief Executive/Tech: Dir.

Name:_____________________ Name:____________________________
Attachments:
Planning Proposals Estimate Summary/BOQ
Cost Benefit Analysis Single Line Diagrams
Others: Sketch Showing Scope of Work
100
LT FORMAT-IX
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
Name of LT Proposal:_________________________ LT Proposal No.________
A- Cost of New Material
No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 H.T STR 36' EA
3 L.T STR 31' EA
5 Danger Plate EA
9 Knee Braces EA
10 Step Braces EA
15 D-Strap EA
18 Eye Nut EA
24 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
25 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
26 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
27 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
30 Stay Assembly EA
31 STAY Wire KG
32 MS Clamps EA
33 Tie Wire KG
35 ACSR Dog MR
36 ACSR Rabbit MR
37 AAC Wasp MR
38 AAC Ant MR
39 Insulated Wasp MR
40 Insulated Ant MR
41 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
42 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
43 4/C 19/.052 Cable MR
44 T/F 200 kVA NO.
45 T/F 100 kVA NO.
46 T/F 50 kVA NO.
47 T/F 25 kVA NO.
49 Fuse Link------- NO.
50 Plateform Double Structure Complete EA
51 LT Fixed Capacitor (-----KVAR) Set
Total Cost of New Material
Installation Charges @ 8% Excluding the Cost of HT/LT PC Poles
Total Cost of New Material (A)
101
LT FORMAT-IX
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
B- MATERIAL TO BE DISMENTLED & RETURNED TO STORE

Discription of Material Unit Quantity
No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 H.T STR 36' EA
3 L.T STR 31' EA
5 Danger Plate EA
9 Knee Braces EA
10 Step Braces EA
15 D-Strap EA
18 Eye Nut EA
24 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
25 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
26 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
27 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
30 Stay Assembly EA
31 STAY Wire KG
32 MS Clamps EA
33 Tie Wire KG
35 AAC Wasp MR
36 AAC Ant MR
37 S/C 7/.052 Cable MR
38 4/Core 19/.052 Cable MR
39 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
40 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
41 T/F 200 kVA NO.
42 T/F 100 kVA NO.
43 T/F 50 kVA NO.
44 T/F 25 kVA NO.
48 Plateform Sigle Structure EA
Dismentalment Charges @ 5%
Total Cost of Dismentaled Material Returned to Store (B)
102
LT FORMAT-IX
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
C- MATERIAL TO BE DISMENTALLED & REUSED

No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
1 H.T STR 36' EA
3 L.T STR 31' EA
5 Danger Plate EA
9 Knee Braces EA
10 Step Braces EA
15 D-Strap EA
18 Eye Nut EA
29 MS Clamps EA
30 ACSR Dog MR
31 ACSR Rabbit MR
32 AAC Wasp MR
33 AAC Ant MR
34 4/C 37/.083 Cable MR
35 4/C 19/.083 Cable MR
36 4/C 19/.052 Cable MR
37 200 KVA Transformer EA
44 LT Capacitor (---- KVAR) Set
Cost of Material to be Dismentled & Reused
Reinstallation Charges of Dismentalled Material @ 15%
Total Cost of Dismentaled Material to be Reused (C)
103
LT FORMAT-IX
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
D- CONTRACT WORK COST

Unit Price Total Price
Sr. No Discription of Material Unit Quantity
(Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Foundation of HT Steel Strs (36') EA
2 Foundation of LT Steel Strs (31') EA
3 Erection of H.T PC Poles (36') EA
4 Erection of L.T PC Poles (31') EA
Total Cost of Contract Work (D)
COST SUMMARY
A Cost of New Material (Rs.) +

B Cost of Dismentaled Material Returned to Store (Rs.) -
C Reinstallation Charges of Dismentalled Material (Rs.) +
D Cost of Contract Work (Rs.) +
Total Cost of Work Order (Rs.)
104
LT FORMAT-X
Benefit/Cost Calculation
Name/Location of LT Proposal_____________________ LT Proposal No.___________
I. Annual Energy Loss after 5 years
a) Existing system = _______________kWh
b) Proposed System = _______________kWh
c) Annual Energy (A.E.) Saving = _______________kWh
d) Annual Benefit (Rs) = A. E. Saving (kWh) x EPR
Where EPR stands for Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs / kWh) of the DISCO.
II. a. Loading of existing ____kVA
transformer at present = __________% kVA
b. Loading of existing ____kVA
transformer after 5 years = __________% kVA
c. Loading of above the rated capacity
of transformer after 5 years = __________% kVA
d. Peak kW Saving (PkWS) = Loading above the x PF
rated capacity (kVA)
= _____________ kW
e. Annual kWh savings @ VF for
transformer = PkWS x 8760 x VF x L.F.
= Rs _______________
VF stands for Valuation Factor for T/F, and is calculated as under:
VF = (ESR – EPR) – ((ESR – EPR) x (O&M charges))

– ((ESR – EPR) x (% AEL of the company)) = Rs._________
ESR stands for average Electricity Sale Rate (Rs /kWh) of the DISCO
EPR stands for average Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs/kWh) of the DISCO.
III. a. Benefit of I + II = Rs _______________

b. Total Cost of proposed
rehabilitation = Rs _______________
c. Benefit / Cost
= (a/b) x 5 (years) = _________________
105
LT FORMAT-XI
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal__________________________ Work Order No. & Date_________
Operation Circle______________ Operation Division______________ Operation S/Div_________
Quantity
Sr. Variation From
MATERIAL UNIT As per Actual
No. Issued
W/O Installed
W/O Issued
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
A. NEW WORK
1 PC/SPUN POLES
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.
2 LATICE STEEL STRUCTURES
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.
3 WOODEN/STEEL CROSS ARM
11 KV WOODEN NO.
11 KV STEEL NO.
4 INSULATORS
11 KV PIN TYPE NO.
11 KV DISC TYPE NO.
L.T. SPOOL TYPE NO.
5 PINS
11 KV INSULATOR PINS NO.
6 CROSS ARM BRACES
11 KV KNEE BRACE NO.
11 KV STEP BRACE NO.
7 NEW HT LINE
RABBIT M
DOG M
8 NEW LT LINE
AAC ANT M
AAC WASP M
INSULATED WASP M
INSULATED ANT M
9 RECONDUCTORING OF LT LINE
AAC ANT M
AAC WASP M
INSULATED WASP M
INSULATED ANT M
9 PVC CABLE
2-C 7/.052 M
4-C 19/.052 M
4-C 19/.083 M
4-C 37/.083 M
10 ALUMINIUM TIE WIRE M
STAY RODS COMPLETE SET
11
WITH ANCHOR ASSEMBLY NO.
12 STAY WIRE (10MM, 7/3,22) KG
13 EYE NUT NO.
14 EARTHING SETS COMPLETE NO.
15 DANGER PLATES NO.
Sheet 1 of 5
106
LT FORMAT-XI
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal_____________________ Work Order No. & Date_________
Operation Circle______________ Operation Division______________ Operation S/Div_________
Construction Division______________ Construction S/Div_____________ Date of Completion_______
Quantity
Sr. Variation From
MATERIAL UNIT As per Actual
No. Issued
W/O Installed
W/O Issued
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
16 BARBED WIRE KG
17 BOLT AND NUTS
3/8 " X 2" NO.
3/8 " X 6" NO.
3/8 " X 14" NO.
1/2 " X 2" NO.
1/2 " X 6" NO.
5/8 " X 1-1/2 " NO.
5/8 X 2 " NO.
5/8 X 8" NO.
5/8 X 9 " NO.
5/8 X 10" NO.
5/8 X 6 " NO.
5/8 X 12" NO.
5/8 X 14 " NO.
5/8 X 18 " NO.
5/8 X 16 " NO.
18 DOUBLE ARMING BOLTS
5/8 X 12" NO.
5/8 X 14" NO.
5/8 X 18" NO.
5/8 X 20" NO.
5/8 X 22" NO.
5/8 X 16" NO.
19 WASHERS
7/16 X 1 " (ROUND) NO.
9/16 X 1 " (ROUND) NO.
9/16 X 1-1/4 " (ROUND) NO.
11/16 " X 2-1/4 " 2-1/4 (SQUARE) NO.
20 PG CONNECTORS
T-116 NO.
T-117 NO.
T-150 NO.
S-157 NO.
T-155 NO.
21 CLAMPS
0.4 KV LOOP DEADEND FOR LT STR & PC NO.
11 KV DEAD END NO.
GROUNDING CONDUCTOR CLAMPS NO.
SUSPENSION ANGLE CLAMPS NO.
22 D-SHACKLE + COTTER PINS NO.
23 ANCHOR SHACKLE NO.
Sheet 2 of 5
107
LT FORMAT-XI
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal_______________ Work Order No. & Date________________

Operation Circle______________ Operation Division________ Operation S/Div_________
Construction Division_____________ Construction S/Div________ Date of Completion_______
Quantity
Sr.
No. Issued
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
24 NEW T/F (11/0.415KV)
200 KVA NO.
100 KVA NO.
50 KVA NO.
25 KVA NO.
25 T/F AUGMENTATION
25 to 50 KVA NO.
50 to 100 KVA NO.
100 to 200 KVA NO.
26 PLATFORMS FOR T/F
DOUBLE POLE NO.
SINGLE POLE NO.
27 DROPOUT CUTOUT (SET OF 3)
11 KV NO.
28 11 KV ANGLE IRON BRACKETS NO.
29 FUSE LINK-------- NO.
30 LT CAPACITOR (FIXED)
NO.
RELOCATION OF EXISTING CAP
NEW CAP NO.
31 FOUNDATION OF LATTICE STEEL STRUCTURE
31 FEET NO.
36 FEET NO.
Sheet 3 of 5
108
LT FORMAT-XI
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal_______________ Work Order No. & Date________________
Operation Circle______________ Operation Division________ Operation S/Div_________
Construction Division_____________ Construction S/Div________ Date of Completion_______
Material Quantity
Sr.
Description Unit
No. As per B.O.Q As per MRN Variations
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
1 H.T STR 36' EA
3 L.T STR 31' EA
5 Danger Plate EA
9 Knee Braces EA
10 Step Braces EA
15 D-Strap EA
18 Eye Nut EA
24 Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6" EA
25 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 2" EA
26 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10" EA
27 Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14" EA
28 Round Washers EA
29 Square Washers EA
30 Stay Assembly EA
31 STAY Wire KG
32 MS Clamps EA
33 Tie Wire KG
34 Earthing Unit EA
35 AAC Gnat MR
36 AAC Wasp MR
37 AAC Ant MR
Sheet 4 of 5
109
LT FORMAT-XI
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal____________________Work Order No. & Date________________
Operation Circle_____________________ Operation Division________ Operation S/Div___________
Construction Division_________________ Construction S/Div________ Date of Completion_________
Material Quantity
Sr.
Description Unit
No. As per B.O.Q As per MRN Variations
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
38 2-C PVC Cable 7/0.052 MR
39 4-C PVC Cable 19/0.052 MR
40 4-C PVC Cable 19/0.083 MR
41 4-C PVC Cable 37/0.083 MR
42 200 kVA T/F NO.
Material Quantity
Sr.
Description Unit
As per
No. As per MRN Variations
B.O.Q
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
43 100 kVA T/F NO.
44 50 kVA T/F NO.
45 25 kVA T/F NO.
C S.Rs Nos. & Date

a) b) c)
d) e) f)
D MRNs Nos. & Date
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
E Estimated Cost of the Proposal Rs.________________

F Actual Expenditure Rs.________________
G Attachments:
As Built Drawing/Sketch
Sheet 5 of 5
110
LT FORMAT-XII
Operation Operation Operation
Circle:- _________ Division ______________ S/Division:- _______
Division:- _________ S/Division:- ________________
Location of LT Proposal:- _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________
LT Proposal No.:- ____________ Work Order No. & Date:- ______________

Material Quantity
Sr. As per Variations
Description Unit As Actual at Site
No. C/ Report
per (Checked by From
Submitted by From C/Report
B.O.Q Committee) B.O.Q
M.P Const:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7=4-6 8=5-6
A NEW WORK
1 -H.T Structures (36') No.
2 -H.T P.C Poles (36') No.
3 -L.T Structures (31') No.
4 -L.T P.C Poles (31') No.
5 New H.T Line
6 New L.T Line
AAC Wasp Conductor Meter
AAC Ant Conductor Meter
7 Reconductoring of L.T Line
8 Addition of New Transformer
50 KVA No.
100 KVA No.
200 KVA No.
9 Transformer Augmentation
25 - 50 KVA No.
50 - 100 KVA No.
100 - 200 KVA No.
10 Double Structure Plate Form No.
11 Drop Out Cut Out No.
12 Cross Arms No.
15 Dead End Clamp No.
16 P.G Connectors No.
17 Spool Insulators No.
18 D-Shackle No.
19 Earthing of Transformer No.
20 Earthing of H.T & L.T Structures No.
21 Foundation of H.T & L.T Structures No.
22
Sheet 1 of 2
111
LT FORMAT-XII
Location of L.T Proposal:- _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
L.T Proposal No.:- ____________ Work Order No. & Date:- _______________
Material Quantity
Sr.
Description Unit As per As per
No. Variations
B.O.Q MRN Provided by M.P Const:
1 2 3 4 5 6=4-5
B MARERIAL DISMANTLED & RETURNED TO STORE
1 -L.T Structures (31') No.
2 -L.T P.C Poles (31') No.
3 L.T Conductor
4 Transformer
50 KVA No.
100 KVA No.
200 KVA No.
5 Double Structure Plate Form No.
6 Drop Out Cut Out No.
7 Spool Insulators No.
8 D-Shackle No.
9
C S.Rs Nos. & Date
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
D MRNs Nos. & Date
a) b) c)
d) e) f)
E Observations/Recommendations
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
F Attachments:

G Conclusion:
Conditionally
Cleared Rejected
Accepted
Sheet 2 of 2
112
4.3 Selection Criteria/Guidelines for Distribution Network to be Rehabilitated Under
DOP
For works as under, there is no need to calculate B/C ratio, as some of them are required
by special instructions of the Authority, and still other works are essential liability of the
DISCO. Hence, such rehabilitation works are done under Distribution of Power (DOP).
 Construction of feeders due to addition of 132 kV new transformer, new 132 kV grid
station, Conversion from 66 kV to 132 kV, and Augmentation of power transformer to
relieve a nearby overloaded grid station.
 Rehabilitation of feeder by replacement of conductor, pole, structure or introduction of new

ones by mid spanning (to reduce span length).
Deteriorated conductor ( with broken strands) or a conductor with more / unacceptable

number of joints may be replaced on top priority basis. This holds for conductors of any size.
 Augmentation of distribution transformer (with higher capacity) due to addition of new

general connections / increase of load by individual customers.
 Replacement of off-size conductor, etc. may be carried out under DOP.
Off size conductor (GSL, Gnat, Copper) may also be replaced on top priority basis.
The copper conductor will be removed in he presence of a standing committee

comprising the following officers:
i. Dy Manager (CM&O) of the DISCO Convener

ii. Assistant Manager (Planning) of the DISCO Member
iii. Assistant Manager (Construction) of the DISCO Member
iv. Assistant Manager (Operation) of the Sub Divn Member
113
5. PLANNING CRITERIA
Planning criteria are the principles and prescribed limits on the basis of which the system
is planned, designed, and operated. Fundamental or primary planning criteria applicable
to distribution network are Voltage, Power factor, Capacity, Reliability, and Technical
losses, etc. In effect they define what should or should not be considered a problem with
respect to system loading, voltage profile, and reliability. These are the parameters that
define the threshold (limits) of acceptable distribution performance. If the system is
planned and designed to operate within prescribed limits, normally the technical losses
remain within acceptable limits.
There are many types of limits of electrical equipment e.g. thermal capacity and
economic loading, etc. In distribution system planning the ultimate criteria is the
economic one. The system is planned and designed following those technical limits with
which minimum possible / unavoidable and technical / economic losses, and maximum
economic and financial benefits accrue from the system. That is why, usually, the system
equipment is not run on full rated capacity, but on economical one (which may be less
than that).
The planner of the distribution power system is guided by the following general
principles:
 Under normal operating condition i.e. with no system component fault, all equipment will
operate within normal ratings; and the system voltages will be within permissible limits
when the system is operating anywhere from the minimum load to forecasted maximum
peak load.
 Under system emergency condition i.e. with the system or the equipment at fault, the
power equipment may be operated with overloaded or/and under voltage for the limit and
for a specific period. Planning is based on normal and emergency power equipment
ratings. Emergency ratings are those, which the equipment can safely withstand for a
specified period.
Feeders exceeding these criteria should be considered for improvements to bring

them within permissible limits. Sound engineering judgement must be used in applying
these criteria.
114
5.1 Power Factor
Power factor shall be maintained close to 0.95 lagging. For the purpose of converting
Amperes to MW, use 0.85 power factor.
5.2 Recommended Feeder Loading
The capacity of a feeder is function of the feeder length and the distribution of the loads
along the feeder. The purpose of establishing current carrying capacity criteria for
planning is to initiate the planner to review a feeder that may be in violation based on
existing as well as forecasted load.
The recommended loadings of 11 kV feeder is adopted as follows:
11 kV 4.7 MVA
Thermal Capability
The demand carrying ability of all the elements of an electrical device is its
thermal capability. Various distribution items have nameplate ratings that denote
maximum loading they were designed to handle. For example, conductors have given
current carrying capabilities that vary greatly over different ambient temperatures/
loading conditions.
Economic and recommended loadings are substantially less than the thermal
rating.
Voltage Drop
During peak / off peak conditions, voltage at any point on the system is permitted
to drop within permissible limits before improvements can be justified.
Reliability
The objective of reliability criteria is to reduce the outage frequency.
115
Table-5
Maximum Permissible Voltage Drop & Losses
The maximum permissible voltage drop & AEL (technical part)

for distribution network are as under:
Urban / Rural
Distribution
Annual Energy
Component Voltage Drop
Loss (AEL)
(+/-) %
%
HT Circuit 5 3
LT Circuit 5 8
Note:
The operating limits as recommended above should be maintained. However, where these
parameters are hard to be maintained, then the existing system should be compared with the
proposed facility and if substantial benefits in terms of reduction of energy loss and voltage drop
are achieved, the proposal may be carried out keeping in view the geographical configuration of
the feeder particularly in certain areas like Baluchistan, etc. The benefit /cost ratio should also be
kept in view.
116
Table-6
Economic Conductor Sizes For New HT Line
(Refer Technical Report T-2)

This table presents lower and upper economic loading limits for distribution conductor, in Amp and
should be used for planning new HT Feeders.
Lower Limit Upper Limit

Conductor
(Amps) (Amps)
Gopher Not to be used in future
Rabbit 0 41
Dog 42 103
Osprey 104 Above 104
Notes:
1 Based on 5 year growth rate.
2 The ampere limits represents ' 0' year loadings.
117
Table-7
Economic Conductor Sizes For Replacement
(Refer Technical Report T-2)
This table presents the economic loadings in Amp for replaceing a conductor with the higher size. This
table should be used for all conductor replacement on existing HT feeders for energy loss reduction
and renovation. A conductor of higher than economic size may only be used if the voltage drops of the
feeder exceed the limits (5%) in case of rural feeder and (3%) in case of urban feeder.
Loading Level Above

which New
Existing Conductor New Conductor Conductor is
Economical
(Amps)
Gopher Rabbit 41
Gopher Dog 42
Gopher Osprey 77
Rabbit Dog 74
Rabbit Osprey 106
Dog Osprey 168
1.
Based on 5 year growth rate.
2. Off size (GSL, Copper, & Gopher),/ deteriorated conductor, condutor with broken
strands, with more / unacceptable number of joints may be replaced on top priority
basis. This holds for conductors of any size.
3. Copper conductor should be removed in the presence of a committee.
118
Table-8
Economic Conductor Sizes For New LT Line
Lower Limit Upper Limit

Conductor
(Amps) (Amps)
Ant 0 74
Wasp 74 Above 74
Notes:
1.
For 200 & 100 kVA Transformer, Bus Bar should be constructed with
Wasp Conductor.
2.
In Posh Urban area, Wasp conductor may be used for 200 & 100 kVA
transformers.
3.
For 50 & 25 KVA Transformers, Bus Bar should be constructed with Ant
Conductor.
4.
In LT proposals in narrow streets and areas, where bare conductor is
not feasible, insulated Ant and Wasp conductors, and PVC 19/0.083
and 37/0.083 may be used for public safety.
5.
In posh urban areas preferably AAC Wasp conductor be used for
100 & 200 kVA transformers.
119
Table-9
Economic Conductor Sizes For Replacement in LT
Existing Loading Level Above Which New Conductor

Conducto New Conductor is Economical
r (Amps)
Gnat Ant 59
Ant Wasp 85
NOTES:
1. LT conductor in narrow streets and areas, where use of bare conductor is
dangerous, insulated Ant and insulated Wasp conductors may be used.
2. Off size (GSL, Copper, & Gnat), / deteriorated conductor, conductor with
broken strands, with more / unacceptable number of joints may be replaced
on top priority basis. This holds for conductors of any size.
120
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF ECONOMIC
TRANSFORMER SIZE
Step-I
Loading Determine the customer summer peak loading (3 hours equivalent) or winter peak
loading (8 hours equivalent) in kVA. The following are the recommended values:
Recommended Summer Peak

Load Type Loading Value per Customer
(kVA)
Domestic (Rural) 1
Domestic (Urban
2
Low Income)
Domestic (Urban
4
High Income)
Small commercial 1
Large commercial 4
Step-II
Groth Rate Determine the annual load growth rate. The following are the
recommended values for per customer growth:
Recommended Per Customer

Load Type Growth Rate of Demand of
Existing Customers (%)
Rural 3
Urban Low Income 5
Urban High Income 9
121
Step-III
The procedure for selecting an economic distribution transformer size is explained

through an example:
Example Category wise number of customers in a high-income urban area:
i) Domestic customers = 20
ii) Big shops =7
Solution a) Peak loading on transformer due to different categories of customers is

calculated as under:
i) Domestic customers = 20 x 4= 80 kVA

ii) Big shops = 7 x 4 = 28 kVA
Total 108 kVA
b) Projected growth rate = 9% (being a high income area)
Consult transformer’s economic loading curves (Fig 7 and Fig 8) and locate the
point where the coordinate of 108 kVA peak loading would meet the coordinate of 9%
growth rate as shown in Fig 9. The most economic transformer in this case is a 200 kVA.
This transformer will remain in service for 7 years after which it should be replaced with
the next higher size of 400 kVA.
The No. of years for which this transformer will remain in service can be
calculated as below:
Transformer Installed (kVA) = (1 + r)n x Peak Loading of Transformer (kVA)
Where r = Load Growth Rate

n = No. of Years
By putting the values in the above formula,
200 = (1 + .09)n x 108

(200/108) = (1.09)n
122
ln (200/108) = ln (1.09)n
ln (1.852) = n x ln (1.09)
n = ln (1.852)/ln(1.09) = 7.15  7 years
11 kV Transformer Loading
For Planning: Loading of distribution transformer under normal condition

should not exceed 80 % of its kVA rating, this limit is an indicator
to put up a plan for replacement.
For Operation: Loading of distribution transformer under normal condition

should not exceed 100 % of its kVA rating.
Loading of distribution transformer under emergency condition

should not exceed 110 % of its kVA rating for three (3) hours if
ambient temperature is less than 40°C, and prior and post
emergency loading of transformer is 64 % or as recommended by
the transformer manufacturer.
123
124
125
126
Table-10
Max. Allowable Service Cable Length At Different Loads (1% Voltage Drop)
(Based Upon Voltage Drop Consideration)
The maximum allowable length of service cable is presented in the Table given below and Figure-10.
Max. V.D./Meter at Max. Allowable Service Cable Length in Meters at 1% VD

Rated Current for Load Demand of:
Size of Service Rated 64 115
Cable Current Volts Percentage 8 Amps 16 Amps 32 Amps Amps Amps
127
2/Core, 10 mm2
(7/0.052) 32 Amps 0.237 0.108 40 20 10 - -
4/Core, 10 mm2
(7/0.052) 32 Amps 0.137 0.042 96 48 24 - -
4/Core, 65 mm2
(19/0.083) 115 Amps 0.113 0.027 518 260 130 64 36
Note:
For mechanical constraints refer to WAPDA Technical Instructions C-19.

128
TABLE 11: MAXIMUM SPAN-LENGTHS FOR NEW HT LINE,
COMPOSITE LINE, AND LT LINE
1. HT Line (11 kV)
Urban Area
SPAN LENGTH (FEET)
Single Circuit Double Circuit Tripple Circuit

36 Ft Lattice Steel 40 Ft Lattice Steel 45 Ft Lattice Steel
Structure, & PC Structure, & PC Structure, & PC
Conductor Pole Pole Pole
Osprey
Panther 200 Ft 200 Ft 200 Ft
Dog
Rabbit
Rural Area
SPAN LENGTH (FEET)
Single Circuit Double Circuit Tipple Circuit

Conductor Pole Pole Pole
Osprey
300 Ft 300 Ft 300 Ft
Panther
Dog
400 Ft 400 Ft 400 Ft
Rabbit
129
2. COMPOSITE LINE (11 kV / 0.4 kV)
Urban / Rural Area
SPAN LENGTH (FEET)
Single Circuit Double Circuit Tripple Circuit

Conductor
HT LT Pole Pole Pole
Osprey
Panther Wasp 200 Ft 200 Ft 200 Ft
Dog Ant
Rabbit
3. LT Line (0.4 kV)
Urban / Rural Area
SPAN LENGTH (FEET)
31 Ft Lattice Steel Structure, &

Conductor PC Pole
Wasp 200 Ft
Ant
130
CONSTRUCTION OF 11 KV MULTIPLE CIRCUITS
1. The double circuit lines shall only be constructed using 40 feet steel structures. 36
feet steel structures / PC poles shall not be used for this purpose.
2. The construction of new double circuit 11 kV feeders, in congested areas, on 40 feet

steel structures, is recommended / preferred. However, in case of their non-
availability, double circuit may be strung on 36 feet steel structures / PC poles by
using 2nd LT hole from the top and not by extending the height. In this way
requisite clearances between the two 11 kV circuits and the ground will be attained.
This will only be applicable where composite lines are not to be run. For composite
lines, the only solution is the use of 40 feet steel structures for 11 kV double circuit
feeders.
3. Similarly, the triple circuit may be run preferably on 45 feet steel structures / PC
poles but in case of their non-availability, 40 feet steel structures / PC poles may be
used by omitting the LT circuit. The 2nd LT hole from the top may be used for the
third 11 kV circuit. It may, however, be pertinent to note that the purchasing
agencies may be requested for timely procurement of 40 feet and 45 feet steel
structures as per requirements to avoid the use of low height steel structures /
PC poles to become a regular practice.
131
TABLE 12: 11 KV CAPACITOR JUDGEMENT FACTORS
(Minimum kW Saving)
The following are the judgement factors in terms of kW saving accrued from the
application of capacitors which indicate their feasibility.
Capacitors Rural Urban
Fixed Capacitors (Saving at off peak)
450 kVAR 1.2 1.2
900 kVAR 1.6 1.6
Switched Capacitors (Saving at peak)
450 kVAR 8.7 4.9

900 kVAR 10.4 to 11 5.6 to 6.0
(Reference: Inter office memorandum No. PTAT/WAPDA/P&E-3 dated

06.01.1986 regarding “Economic Justification for ELR Improvements”
under WAPDA-USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM)
Notes: 1. Size of the fixed capacitor, to be installed on a feeder, should be estimated at

off peak load.
If off peak load of the feeder is not available, then 1/3rd of the peak load may
be taken for calculation purposes.
2. Size of the switched capacitor, to be installed on a feeder, should be estimated

at peak load of the feeder.
132
ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE-I
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
1. Demand
The demand of an installation or system is the load at receiving terminals averaged

over a specified interval of time.
2. Maximum Demand
The maximum demand of an installation or system is the largest of all the demands,
which have occurred during a specified period of time (most severe condition
imposed on system either in terms of thermal loading or voltage drop.)
This is the sum total of all the demands of all the circuits that occur
simultaneously during that period.
3. Diversified or Coincident Demand
It is the demand of a composite group of loads imposed on system over a specified

interval of time.
4. Coincident Factor
It is a ratio of maximum coincident demand of a composite group of customers

(occurring at the same time interval) to the sum of the maximum demands of
individual customers comprising the group (occurring at different time intervals). It is
reciprocal of diversity factor.
5. Non Coincident Demand
It is sum of the demands of a group of loads irrespective of the time interval to which
each demand is applicable. The maximum non coincident demand is indicative of
(sum total of) average individual maximum demands.
134
6. Demand Factor
This is the ratio of maximum demand to the connected load of the system.
It indicates the degree to which the total connected load is served simultaneously.
7. Utilization Factor
This is the ratio of maximum demand of the system to the rated capacity of the
system.
It indicates the degree to which a system is being loaded during peak load with
respect to its capacity.
8. Load Factor
It is the ratio of average load over a specified period of time to peak load occurring in
that period. In fact, load factor indicates the degree to which the peak load is
sustained during the period.
9. Load Diversity
It is the difference between the sum of peaks of two or more individual loads
(occurring at different time intervals) and the peak of the combined load (occurring at
the same time interval).
10. Diversity Factor
It is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of various sub divisions
of a system (occurring at any/ different time intervals) to the actual maximum
demand (occurring at the same time interval) of the whole system (it is greater
than 1). It is reciprocal of coincident demand.
OR
It is the ratio of the sum total of all the maximum demands of the various circuits
to the actual maximum demand of the system.
It is, generally, of the order of 1.25.
135
11. Loss Factor
It is the ratio of the average power loss to the peak power loss during a specified
period of time.
12. Power Factor
It is the ratio of the active power to the apparent power.
13. Voltage Drop
It is the difference between voltage at transmitting end and that at the receiving end of
a feeder.
14. Maximum Voltage
It is the largest five-minute average or mean voltage.
15. Minimum Voltage
It is the least five-minute average or mean voltage.
16. Voltage Limit
The permissible voltage values which define the extremities of a range, generally
expressed as plus and minus percentage variations from the nominal value.
17. Voltage Spread or Range
It is difference between maximum and minimum voltage.
18. Nominal Voltage
Nominal voltage of a circuit or system is the nominal value assigned for the purpose
of convenient designation. (Its value lies a little above the mid point of band of
voltage that falls within the same general class).
136
19. Rated Voltage
It is the voltage at which operating and performance characteristics of equipment are

referred (or the nameplate voltage).
20. Distribution System
It consists of all the electrical power equipment and facilities used to transfer
electrical energy from grid station to the customer.
21. Service Voltage
It is the voltage measured at the terminals of the service entrance equipment.
22. Utilization Voltage
It is the voltage measured at the terminals of the machine or device.
23. Base Voltage
It is the reference value, which is a common denominator to the nominal voltage

ratings of transmission and distribution lines, equipment, and utilizing equipment.
24. Voltage Regulation
It is percent of voltage drop of a line with reference to the receiving end voltage.
25. Consumer Interface
The point at which customer‟s load is connected to the utility‟s power system. This is
normally the point of metering installation.
26. Connected Load
This is the sum total of the entire name plate rated loads of electrical equipment
installed by a customer.
137
ANNEXURE-II
SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAS
Following are some useful formulae. Care must be taken for the system of units while
using the values for the parameters in these formulas.
1. Maximum load current

with growth = I x (1+r)n (amp)
where, I = max load current,

r = growth rate,
n = number of years
2. Total feeder demand
Without growth = √3 x I x V,
With growth = √3 x I x (1+r)n x V,
where, V = Bus voltage = 11 kV
Max (power eqpt) demand (kVA)

3. Demand Factor =
Total connected load (kVA)
Where, power equipment means a dist. feeder, T/F, or G/S etc.
√3 x I (Amp) x 11 (kV)
=
Total connected load (kVA)
Average load in a certain period (kVA)

4. Load Factor =
Peak load in the same period (kVA)
Energy consumed during

a period (kWh)
Average load factor =
Peak demand (kW) x No. of Hours
in the period
138
Units sold (kWh)
Average load factor (yearly) =
8760 x PF x peak load (kVA)
Energy consumed during

a period (units sent)
Monthly load factor at G/S level =
Peak demand (kW) x No. of Hours
in the month
Monthly load factor at T/F level = Load factor at G/S level x Coincidence
Factor between demand at G/S and demand at
distribution T/F level
Therefore, energy can be used as a means of checking peak load data. By using
historical monthly load factor, a comparison of demand and energy consumption will
indicate if any major metering discrepancy appears to exist.
(Demand (Cumulative
Factor ) x section kVA)
5. Section current (amp) =
√3 x 11 (kV)
6. Percentage loading of conductor Section current

at each node =
Rated current of the conductor
in a particular section
Section %age Demand Cumul-

Length x VD for x Factor x ative
1000 kVA section
(mile) for 1 mile kVA
7. Section percentage voltage drop =
1000
139
where, 1 km = 0.621371 mile
Resistance Section
3 x I2 x per mile x length
per phase (mile)
8. Section line losses (kW) =
1000
9. Total power losses (kW) = line losses + transformation losses
Total power losses (kW)

10. Percentage power losses (%) = x 100
Total feeder demand (kW)
11. Loss factor = a (load factor) + (1-a) (load factor )2
= 0.3 (load factor) + 0.7 (load factor )2
where, a = 0.3 for distribution system
Another empirical approximation is:
Loss factor = (load factor )3
12. Annual energy loss (kWh) = loss factor x total power loss x 8760
Total feeder Load

13. Total annual energy (kWh) = demand x factor x 8760
Annual energy loss (kWh)

14. Percentage annual energy loss (%)= x 100
Total Annual energy (kWh)
140
15. Coincidence factor between Max demand of feeder at G/S
demand at G/S and dist. T/F level =
Sum of incident peak demands of
all distribution T/Fs on the Feeder
16. Coincidence factor between Max demand of feeder at G/S

demand at distribution T/F and =
customer level Sum of the peak demands of all the
customers of the selected feeder
17. Voltage drop = ΔV = 2 I (r CosФ +x Sin Ф)
for single phase AC lines,
= √3 I (r CosФ +x Sin Ф)
for three phase AC lines,

(voltage drop between phases)
= I (r CosФ +x Sin Ф)
for three phase AC lines,

(voltage drop between phase & neutral)
Where, V = rms voltage drop = Max voltage / 2,

ΔV = rms voltage drop, (volt per km of line),
Max voltage = system voltage = 11000 V in HT of Dist. T/F,
I = rms current in each conductor (amp), = Max current / 2,
r = resistance of each conductor, (ohm per km),
x = ωL =reactance of each conductor, (ohm per km),
cos Ф = power factor at the receiving end.
I (r CosФ +x Sin Ф)
18. Percentage voltage drop (%)= _ ΔV_ = x 100
Es Es
141
Where, I = current in each phase (amp),
r = resistance per phase,
x = reactance per phase,
Es = sending end voltage (volt),
If „r‟ and „x‟ are expressed in ohm per mile or per 1000 feet, the formula is:
I (r CosФ +x Sin Ф) d
Percentage voltage drop (%) = x 100
Es
Where, d = distance in miles or in thousands of feet.
In a balanced three phase system,
3 Es I
kVA =
1000
1000 kVA
I =
3 Es
the %VD expression can be re-written as:
1000 kVA (r CosФ +x Sin Ф) d

Percentage voltage drop (%) = x 100
3 Es2
where, Es = 11000 / 3 V,
= 11000 / 1.732 V is the line to neutral (or phase voltage where
as 11000 V is line to line voltage.
Measured demand T/F level (at 11kV)

19. Total Demand at customer level =
Coincidence factor
20. Ultimate Demand of Total Demand x Development Factor

housing schemes =
Diversity Factor
142
21. Losses of a Transformer
kVA Rating of T/F “A”

Losses of Transformer “A”= x 0.75 x Losses of T/F “B”
kVA Rating of T/F “B”
whose losses are known
This formula is applicable for calculation of Iron as well as copper losses if losses
of a T/F of any capacity are known.
22. Valuation Factor
Valuation Factor = Loss Factor x 8760 x EPR
Where,
EPR stands for Electricity Purchase Rate is in Rs/kWh of the respective

DISCO, and
8760 are number of hours in a year,
143
ANNEXURE-III
CALCULATION OF DEMAND FACTOR, POWER FACTOR, & LOAD FACTOR

FOR HT FEEDERS
NAME HT FEEDER = ABC CIRCUIT CONNECTED KVA = 5300

INPUT SECTION + OUTPUT SECTION
MAX LOSSES
BUS
VOLT HOUR * ** ***
PEAK AT KWH UNITS UNITS DEMAND POWER LOAD
CURRENT PEAK READ SENT SOLD FACTOR FACTOR FACTOR
MONTH (AMPS) (KV) (KWH) (KWH) (KWH) (KWH) (%) (%) (%) (%)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Jul-86 250 11.0 2100 600000 354000 246000 41 90 44 40
Aug-86 210 11.0 1900 700000 354000 346000 49 75 47 51
Sep-86 230 11.0 2100 450000 370000 80000 18 83 48 30
Oct-86 214 11.0 2200 650000 370000 280000 43 77 54 41
Nov-86 210 11.2 2000 440000 370000 70000 16 77 49 31
Dec-86 213 11.2 1800 770000 370000 400000 52 78 44 59
Jan-86 230 11.2 2100 440000 370000 70000 16 84 47 29
Feb-86 240 11.2 2000 650000 330000 320000 49 88 43 45
Mar-86 230 11.4 2100 430000 330000 100000 23 86 46 28
Apr-86 200 11.4 1600 800500 330000 470500 59 75 41 69
May-86 200 11.4 2100 430000 380000 50000 12 75 53 28
Jun-86 210 11.4 1900 430000 380000 50000 12 78 46 31
Average 220 11.2 1992 - - - - 80 47 40
Total - - - 6790500 4308000 2482500 37 - - -
+ Information to be collected from grid station feeder data and Revenue office.
* Demand Factor = (1.732 x Imax x Bus bar kV) / Circuit's connected kVA
** Power Factor = Max Hour kWh reading / (1.732 x Imax x Bus bar kV)
*** Load Factor (monthly) = kWh Units sent per month / (24 x 30 x Max Hour kWh reading)
144
ANNEXURE-IV
Characteristics of Conductors Aluminum And ACSR
This table presents the technical data for the standard distribution conductors. The data includes:
Conductor diameter; cross sectional area; resistance and the thermal rating.
Total Calculat Total Reactance

Stranding & Nominal Approximate Resistance
Sectional Conductor ed Sectional Per km Per Capacity
Conductor Wire Aluminum Weight per Per km per
Area of Diameter Breaking Area Phase GMD (Thermal)
Type Diameter Area km Phase
Aluminum (mm) Load Al + St. 1342/384 mm Amps
No./mm (mm)2 (Kg) (Ohms/km)
(mm)2 (kN) (mm)2 (Ohms/km)
Aluminum Conductor
Gnat 7/2.21 25 26.85 6.63 73 4.66 26.85 1.386 0.393/0.314 147
Ant 7/3.10 50 52.83 9.3 145 8.28 52.83 0.662 0.372/0.293 211
Wasp 7/4.39 100 106 13.17 290 16 106 0.33 0.350/0.271 323
Chafer 19/3.78 200 213.2 18.9 587 32.4 213.2 0.165 0.327/0.248 529
ACSR Conductor
145
GSL 9.498 0.742 5

Al: 6/2.36
Gopher 25 26.24 7.09 106 9.61 30.62 1.43 0.446/0.367 169
St: 1/2.36
Al: 6/3.35
Rabbit 50 52.88 10.05 214 18.35 61.7 0.729 0.441/0.332 202
St: 1/3.35
Al: 6/4.72
Dog 100 105 14.15 394 32.7 118.5 0.391 0.381/0.302 307
St: 7/1.57
Al: 30/2.79
Lynx 175 183.4 19.63 842 79.8 226.2 0.193 0.325/0.246 486
St: 7/2.79
Al: 30/3.00
Panther 200 212.1 21 974 92.25 261.5 0.167 0.321/0.241 520
St: 7/3.00
Al: 18/4.135
Pelican 225 241.7 20.68 771 52.46 225.13 0.144 0.322/0.243 592
St: 1/4.135
Al: 18/4.465
Osprey 275 281.9 22.23 898.8 60.99 297.56 0.123 0.317/0.238 660
St: 1/4.465
Note: 1 Based on Conductor temperature of 75 degree C.

2 Based on 40 degree C ambient, 35 degree rise, air at 0.61 m/s (2FPS).
3 Conductor data complies with the following British Standards:
BS 215 : 1970 BS 3242 : 1970
ANNEXURE-V
Copper Conductor Characteristics And Current Carrying Capacity
Approximate Resistance Reactance

Conductor Sectional Capacity
Conductor Area Weight per Per km per Per km
Diameter Area (Thermal)
Type (MCM) km Phase Per Phase
(in) Copper Amps
(Kg) (Ohms/km) (Ohms/km)
(Sq. in.)
8 SWG 0.16 0.02 25.6 115 1.647 0.429 60
5 SWG 0.212 0.035 44.9 202 0.938 0.410 90
3 SWG 0.25 0.05 63.5 296 0.665 0.398 120
3/0.104 0.224 0.025 32.5 146 1.317 0.416 75
3/0.147 0.317 0.05 64.8 302 0.665 0.391 125
7/0.116 0.348 0.075 94.2 358 0.460 0.385 160
7/0.136 0.408 0.1 129.4 492 0.329 0.373 200
7/0.166 0.498 0.15 192.9 733 0.224 0.360 270
7/0.193 0.579 0.2 260.7 990 0.162 0.348 340
Note: 1 Based on Conductor temperature of 75 degree C.

2 Based on 40 degree C ambient, 35 degree rise, no air movement.
146
ANNEXURE-VI
HT Cables Current Carrying Capacity
Current Carrying Capacity (A)

Resistance Per Reactance Per
Cable Size km per Phase km Per Phase
(Ohm/km) (Ohm/km) Single Circuit Three Circuits Six Circuits Nine Circuits
2/0 AWG Al 0.887 0.271 181 141 121 112
4/0 AWG Al 0.293 0.247 345 260 221 204
500 MCM Al 0.14 0.232 540 394 333 307

147
1000 MCM Al 0.09 0.222 744 529 446 412
Note:
1 Based on WAPDA Specification P-29:81.
ANNEXURE-VII
LT Cables Current Carrying Capacity
Resistance Per Reactance Per km Current Carrying

Cable Size km per Phase Per Phase Capacity
(Ohm/km) (Ohm/km) (A)
PVC 7/0.052 (10 mm) 2.795 0.4 32

PVC 19/0.052 (25
1.031 0.41 77
mm)
PVC 19/0.083 (70
0.452 0.23 115
mm)
PVC 37/0.083 (120
0.232 0.24 175
mm)
148
ANNEXURE-VIII
Secondary Loading- Number of Spans (60 Meter Each)
This table presents the number of LT spans possible for each conductor for different loadings. The
table is not intended to be a replacement for circuit analysis and is only to be used to determine the
LT circuits which require renovation. This table is not a replacement of voltage measurement at
different points on the system, to check losses. This table is only an indicator of areas requiring
renovation.
Transformer
Size 630 kVA 400 kVA 200 kVA 100 kVA 50 kVA 25 kVA
Conductor Size
149
Gnat - - 2 4 10 20
Ant - - 4 9 19 40
Wasp 2 4 8 17 34 68
Assumptions:
1. Transformer is fully loaded.

2. Secondary is uniformly loaded, a secondary span is taken to be 60 meter.
3. Allowable secondary voltage drop is taken as 3%.
4. System power factor is taken to be 0.8.
5. Thermal loading limits of conductor are not exceeded in any section for a uniformly distributed load.
ANNEXURE-IX
TYPICAL CORE AND WINDING LOSSES IN DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMERS
WINDING LOSS**
TRANSFORMER SIZE CORE LOSS*/IRON LOSSES
COPPER LOSSES
(KVA) (KW)
(KW)
Three Phase
10 0.065 0.320
15 0.085 0.435
25 0.123 0.640
50 0.175 1.170
100 0.311 2.020
200 0.495 3.410
400 0.925 5.600
630 1.350 8.150
Single Phase
63 0.205 1.280
* Rated core loss = No Load Loss

** Rated winding loss = Full Load Loss - No Load Loss
Formula:
Losses of a Transformer "A" = kVA rating of transformer "A" x 0.75 x Losses of transformer "B"
kVA rating of transformer "B"
whose losses are known
150
ANNEXURE-X
FUSE RATINGS FOR DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS &

11 KV CAPACITORS
Fuse Rating T/F Rating 11 kV Capacitor Colour

kVA Rating (kVAR)
1K 10 & 15 -- Black
3K 25 & 50 -- Green
6K 75 -- Brown
10K 100 & 150 -- Blue
15K 200 & 250 -- Orange
20K 300 300 Yellow
30K 400 -- White
40K 630 450 Grey
80K -- 900 Violet
151
ANNEXURE-XI
FUSE RATINGS FOR LT CAPACITORS
LT Capacitor
Fuse Rating Rating (kVAR) Fuse Type
5A 2 NH 00
10 A 5 NH 00
20 A 10 NH 00
40 A 20 NH 00
75 A 40 NH 00
150 A 80 NH 00
152
ANNEXURE-XII
TYPICAL POWER FACTORS OF DIFFERENT

EQUIPMENT/INSTALLATIONS
Euipment/ Installation Typical Power Factor

Automatic Lathe 0.6
Chemicals Industry 0.72 to 0.87
Cold Storage 0.76 to 0.80
Confectionary 0.6
Cement Industry 0.80 to 0.85
Ceiling Fan Industry 0.50 to 0.70
Cinemas 0.78 to 0.80
Cigrette manufacturing 0.8
Clock manufacturing 0.9
Coffee Grinder 0.75
Cabin Fan 0.50 to 0.60
Electronic Equipment 0.40 to 0.95
Exhaust Fan 0.60 to 0.70
Freezer 0.7
Film Studios 0.65 to 0.74
Flour Mills 0.61
Foundries 0.59
Gas Works 0.87
Hair Dryers 0.70 to 0.80
Heavy Engineering Works 0.48 to 0.75
Heat Treatment Shops 0.65 to 0.80
Industrial Induction Motor:
- No Load 0.18
- 25% of Full Load 0.56
Irrigation Pumps 0.62 to 0.80
`Laundries 0.92
Liquidiser 0.8
Mixer 0.8
153
ANNEXURE-XII (Contd)
TYPICAL POWER FACTORS OF DIFFERENT

EQUIPMENT/INSTALLATIONS
Euipment/ Installation Typical Power Factor

Mercury Vapour Lamp 0.40 to 0.60
Metal Pressing 0.57 to 0.72
Municipal Pumpming Stations 0.65 to 0.75
Neon Signs 0.50 to 0.55
Oil and Paint Manufacturing 0.51 to 0.69
Oil Mills 0.51 to 0.59
Oil Terminals 0.64 to 0.83
Office Buildings 0.80 to 0.85
Plastic Moulding 0.57 to 0.73
Pharnaceuticals 0.75 to 0.86
Potteries 0.61
Refrigerators 0.65
Radio Manufacturing 0.9
Rubber Extrusion and Moulding 0.48
Rolling Mills 0.60 to 0.72
Repair Shops 0.6
Shaver 0.6
Sewing Machine 0.70 to 0.80
Structural Engineering 0.53 to 0.68
Spinning Mills 0.6
Steel Works 0.65 to 0.80
Table Fan 0.50 to 0.60
Tube Light 0.50 to 0.90
Textile Industry 0.65 to 0.75
Vacuum Cleaner 0.7
Window Type A/C 0.62 to 0.85
Woolen Mills 0.7
Weaving Mills 0.6
Welding Shops 0.50 to 0.60
Workshops 0.6
Washing Machines 0.60 to 0.70
154
ANNEXURE-XIII
TYPICAL LOAD FACTORS OF DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS/INSTALLATIONS
Typical
Euipment/ Installation Load Factor
Chemicals Industry 0.5
Cold Storage 0.34
Confectionary 0.21
Cotton Ginning 0.25
Cement Industry 0.78
Ceramics Industry 0.24
Electric Furnace 0.35
Engineering Works 0.27
Fertilizer Industry 0.77
Flour Mills 0.4
Ghee and Oil Mills 0.44
Glass Manufacturing 0.4
Ice Factory 0.3
Jute Factory 0.39
Paper Industry 0.44
Rice Husking Mills 0.19
Rubber Industry 0.24
Shoe Mnufacturing 0.46
Steel Mills 0.31
Sugar Industry 0.31
Tobacco Industry 0.4
Tanneries 0.3
Textile Industry 0.66
Small Industry 0.2
Tube well (Private) 0.25
Tube well (Public) 0.64
Domestic Connection 0.20 to 0.40
Commmercial Connection 0.4
155
ANNEXURE-XIV
TYPICAL COINCIDENCE FACTORS BETWEEN DIFFERENT

ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM
Elements of System Typical Values of Coincidence Factors

between which CF are
stated Residential Commercial General Large
Lighting Lighting Power Users
Between Individual Users 0.50 0.68 0.69 -

Between distribution
transfromers 0.77 0.77 0.74 0.95
Between feeders 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.95
Between substations 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91

From user to distribution
transformer 0.50 0.68 0.69 -
From user to feeder 0.38 0.53 0.51 0.87
From user to substation 0.33 0.46 0.45 0.76

From user to generating
station 0.30 0.42 0.41 0.69
156
ANNEXURE-XV
VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
LT (31 FEET) STEEL STRUCTURE FOUNDATION
Size of Foundation = 1′ 8″ x 1′ 8″ x 6.0′ = 16.73 cft
Wet mixture required = 16.73 cft x 1.5 = 25.10 cft
CEMENT SAND CRUSH
Ratio of mixture: 1 : 2 : 4 =7
Quantity of Material Required
Cement = 25.10 cft x 1/7 = 3.58 (cft) ÷ 1.25 (cft per bag) = 2.86 bags
Sand = 25.10 cft x 2/7 = 7.17 cft
Crush = 25.10 cft x 4/7 = 14.34 cft
VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
HT (36 FEET) STEEL STRUCTURE FOUNDATION
Size of Foundation = 2′ x 2′ x 6.5′ = 26 cft
Wet mixture required = 26 cft x 1.5 = 39 cft
CEMENT SAND CRUSH
Cement = 39 cft x 1/7 = 5.57 (cft) ÷ 1.25 (cft per bag) = 4.45 bags
Sand = 39 cft x 2/7 = 11.14 cft
Crush = 39 cft x 4/7 = 22.29 cft

Sheet 1 of 2
157
ANNEXURE-XV (Contd)
VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
Size of Foundation = 2 1/2′ x 2 1/2′ x 7 1/2′ = 46.875 cft
CEMENT SAND CRUSH
Cement = 70.31 cft x 1/7 = 10.04 (cft) ÷ 1.25 (cft per bag) = 8 bags
Sand = 70.31 cft x 2/7 = 20.10 cft
Crush = 70.31 cft x 4/7 = 40.17 cft
VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
Size of Foundation = 2′ 10″ x 2′ 10″ x 8′ 4″ = 66.71 cft
CEMENT SAND CRUSH
Cement = 100.65 cft x 1/7 = 14.38 (cft) ÷ 1.25 (cft per bag) = 11.50 bags
Sand = 100.65 cft x 2/7 = 28.76 cft
Crush = 100.65 cft x 4/7 = 57.51 cft

Sheet 2 of 2
158
ANNEXURE-XVI
GROWTH FACTORS
Factors by Which to Multiply Annual Benefis at no Growth

to Derive Annual Benefits at Growth
Average Growth Per Annum (%)

No. of Years 3 5 7 9 10
3 1.057 1.097 1.138 1.182 1.205

5 1.112 1.196 1.289 1.390 1.444
159
7 1.166 1.298 1.450 1.626 1.724

10 1.243 1.453 1.715 2.040 2.231
12 1.291 1.558 1.904 2.358 2.636
15 1.358 1.713 2.208 2.907 3.360
20 1.456 1.964 2.760 4.035 4.946
30 1.597 2.412 4.002 7.288 10.151
Reference: Inter office memorandum No. PTAT/WAPDA/P&E-3 dated 06.01.1986

regarding “Economic Justification for ELR Improvements” under WAPDA-
USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM

Planning Guide Line Sep 2003

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Planning Guide Line Sep 2003

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Planning Guide Line Sep 2003

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

GENERAL MANAGER (OPERATION) WAPDA

2. DISTRIBUTION REHABILITATION MEASURES ........................................ 4

2.1.9 Addition of New LT Lines .................................................................. 7

3. CAPCITOR APPLICATIONS ............................................................................. 9

4. PLANNING PROCEDURE .................................................................................. 28

4.1.6 Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V) ..................................... 35

INFORMATION/DATA (SAMPLE FORMATS

4.2.2 Development of LT Proposal (Phase-I) .............................................. 82

INFORMATION/DATA (SAMPLE FORMATS

5. PLANNING CRITERIA ....................................................................................... 114

 ANNEXURE-XI: Fuse Ratings for LT Capacitors ....................................... 152

 ANNEXURE-XII: Typical Power Factors of Different Equipment

 Table 1: How Many Capacitors to Install ...................................................... 21-22

 Figure 1: Vector Representation of PF Improvement.................................... 15

This guideline describes the significance of power distribution system

1.1 Significance of Reduction in Energy Losses and Voltage Drop in Distribution

1.2 Objectives of Distribution Rehabilitation

The main objectives are:

 Reduction of power losses

1.3 Procedure of Distribution Rehabilitation

A distribution network is selected for rehabilitation on the basis of certain planning

Impedance of line conductor

1.5 Methods/Tools of Distribution Rehabilitation (Hierarchy)

B. Rehabilitation/Augmentation of LT Distribution Network

Load balancing of distribution transformers

1.5.2 Increasing the Units Sold

 Shifting of meters outside the customer premises

Feeder Analysis program (FDRANA)

The above programs are used for:

Simulation of existing distribution network for load flow studies

Different distribution system rehabilitation measures are briefly discussed in the

2.1 11 kV Distribution Network

2.1.1 Area Planning of 11 kV Network Without Addition of New Feeders

In some cases, due to overloading of grid stations, area planning of feeders is

2.1.2 Installation of Shunt Capacitors

Installation of capacitors on HT lines results in primary loss reduction in HT lines and

2.1.3 Reconductoring of 11 kV Feeders

In this case, only those feeders are selected, where

1. Percentage loading of conductor exceeds economic loading

Evaluation of reconductoring must also take into account the improvement of

2.1.4 Bifurcation of 11 kV Feeders

In addition to above the introduction of new HT line/feeders can result in

2.1.5 Area Planning of 11 kV Network with Addition of New Feeders

2.1.6 Installation of 11 kV Sectionalizers

2.1.7 Replacement of Deteriorated 11 kV Cables (500MCM/240 mm2)

2.2.1 Load Balancing of Distribution Transformers

A large number of transformers are damaged due to un-balancing of load amongst

2.2.2 Relocation of Distribution Transformers

In a large number of areas, particularly in villages, relocation (i.e. shifting and

2.2.3 Installation of LT Shunt Capacitors

Installation of LT capacitors can result in PF improvement of loads. It also results in

2.2.4 Reconductoring of LT Lines

In certain cases, replacement of existing overloaded LT conductor with bigger

2.2.5 Replacement of Deteriorated PVC Cables

Protection of distribution transformers is improved with the replacement of non-

2.2.7 Augmentation of Overloaded Distribution Transformers

Transformers are damaged due to overloading. Consequently, the voltage level

2.2.8 Addition of New Power Transformers

Losses in overloaded and overextended LT circuits can also be reduced by bifurcating