Ex.

No : 1(a)
Encryption and Decryption Using Ceaser Cipher
Date :

AIM:

To encrypt and decrypt the given message by using Ceaser Cipher encryption
algorithm.

ALGORITHMS:

1. In Ceaser Cipher each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed
number of positions down the alphabet.
2. For example, with a left shift of 3, D would be replaced by A, E would
become B, and so on.
3. The encryption can also be represented using modular arithmetic by first
transforming the letters into numbers, according to the scheme, A = 0, B = 1, Z
= 25.
4. Encryption of a letter x by a shift n can be described mathematically as, En(x)
= (x + n) mod26
5. Decryption is performed similarly,
Dn (x)=(x - n) mod26

PROGRAM:
CaesarCipher.java
class caesarCipher {
public static String encode(String enc, int offset) {
offset = offset % 26 + 26;
StringBuilder encoded = new StringBuilder();
for (char i : enc.toCharArray()) {
if (Character.isLetter(i)) {
if (Character.isUpperCase(i)) {
encoded.append((char) ('A' + (i - 'A' + offset) % 26));
} else {
encoded.append((char) ('a' + (i - 'a' + offset) % 26));
}
} else {
encoded.append(i);
}
}
return encoded.toString();

REG.NO: 211519205036 1 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 }

public static String decode(String enc, int offset) {

return encode(enc, 26 - offset);
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception {

String msg = "Anna University";
System.out.println("Simulating Caesar Cipher\n------------------------");
System.out.println("Input : " + msg);
System.out.printf("Encrypted Message : ");
System.out.println(caesarCipher.encode(msg, 3));
System.out.printf("Decrypted Message : ");
System.out.println(caesarCipher.decode(caesarCipher.encode(msg, 3), 3));
}
}

OUTPUT:
Simulating Caesar Cipher
------------------------
Input : Anna University
Encrypted Message : Dqqd Xqlyhuvlwb
Decrypted Message : Anna University

RESULT:
Thus the program for ceaser cipher encryption and decryption algorithm has
been implemented and the output verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 2 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 1(b)
Playfair Cipher
Date :

AIM:
To implement a program to encrypt a plain text and decrypt a cipher text using
play fair Cipher substitution technique.

ALGORITHM:
1. To encrypt a message, one would break the message into digrams (groups of 2
letters)
2. For example, "HelloWorld" becomes "HE LL OW OR LD".
3. These digrams will be substituted using the key table.
4. Since encryption requires pairs of letters, messages with an odd number of
characters usually append an uncommon letter, such as "X", to complete the
final digram.
5. The two letters of the digram are considered opposite corners of a rectangle in
the key table. To perform the substitution, apply the following 4 rules, in order,
to each pair of letters in the plaintext:

PROGRAM:
playfairCipher.java
import java.awt.Point;

class playfairCipher {
private static char[][] charTable;
private static Point[] positions;

private static String prepareText(String s, boolean chgJtoI) {

s = s.toUpperCase().replaceAll("[^A-Z]", "");
return chgJtoI ? s.replace("J", "I") : s.replace("Q", "");
}

private static void createTbl(String key, boolean chgJtoI) {

charTable = new char[5][5];
positions = new Point[26];
String s = prepareText(key + "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ",
chgJtoI);
int len = s.length();
for (int i = 0, k = 0; i < len; i++) {

REG.NO: 211519205036 3 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 char c = s.charAt(i);

if (positions[c - 'A'] == null) {

charTable[k / 5][k % 5] = c;
positions[c - 'A'] = new Point(k % 5, k / 5);
k++;
}
}
}

private static String codec(StringBuilder txt, int dir) {

int len = txt.length();
for (int i = 0; i < len; i += 2) {
char a = txt.charAt(i);
char b = txt.charAt(i + 1);
int row1 = positions[a - 'A'].y;
int row2 = positions[b - 'A'].y;
int col1 = positions[a - 'A'].x;
int col2 = positions[b - 'A'].x;
if (row1 == row2) {
col1 = (col1 + dir) % 5;
col2 = (col2 + dir) % 5;
} else if (col1 == col2) {

row1 = (row1 + dir) % 5;

row2 = (row2 + dir) % 5;
} else {
int tmp = col1;
col1 = col2;
col2 = tmp;
}
txt.setCharAt(i, charTable[row1][col1]);
txt.setCharAt(i + 1, charTable[row2][col2]);
}
return txt.toString();
}

private static String encode(String s) {

StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(s);
for (int i = 0; i < sb.length(); i += 2) {
if (i == sb.length() - 1) {

REG.NO: 211519205036 4 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 sb.append(sb.length() % 2 == 1 ? 'X' : "");
} else if (sb.charAt(i) == sb.charAt(i + 1)) {
sb.insert(i + 1, 'X');
}
}
return codec(sb, 1);
}

private static String decode(String s) {

return codec(new StringBuilder(s), 4);
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception {

String key = "CSE";
String txt = "Security Lab"; /* make sure string length is even */ /* change J to I
*/
boolean chgJtoI = true;
createTbl(key, chgJtoI);
String enc = encode(prepareText(txt, chgJtoI));
System.out.println("Simulating Playfair Cipher\n----------------------");
System.out.println("Input Message : " + txt);
System.out.println("Encrypted Message : " + enc);
System.out.println("Decrypted Message : " + decode(enc));
}
}

OUTPUT:
Simulating Playfair Cipher
----------------------
Input Message : Security Lab
Encrypted Message : EABPUGYANSEZ
Decrypted Message : SECURITYLABX

RESULT:
Thus the program for playfair cipher encryption and decryption algorithm has
been implemented and the output verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 5 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 1(c)
Hill Cipher
Date :

AIM:
To implement a program to encrypt and decrypt using the Hill cipher
substitution technique

ALGORITHM:
1. In the Hill cipher Each letter is represented by a number modulo 26.
2. To encrypt a message, each block of n letters is multiplied by an invertible n x
n matrix, again modulus 26.
3. To decrypt the message, each block is multiplied by the inverse of the matrix
used for encryption.
4. The matrix used for encryption is the cipher key, and it should be chosen
randomly from the set of invertible n × n matrices (modulo 26).
5. The cipher can, be adapted to an alphabet with any number of letters.
6. All arithmetic just needs to be done modulo the number of letters instead of
modulo 26.

PROGRAM:
HillCipher.java
class hillCipher {
/* 3x3 key matrix for 3 characters at once */
public static int[][] keymat = new int[][] { { 1, 2, 1 }, { 2, 3, 2 },
{ 2, 2, 1 } }; /* key inverse matrix */
public static int[][] invkeymat = new int[][] { { -1, 0, 1 }, { 2, -1, 0 }, { -2, 2, -1 }
};
public static String key = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ";

private static String encode(char a, char b, char c) {

String ret = "";
int x, y, z;
int posa = (int) a - 65;
int posb = (int) b - 65;
int posc = (int) c - 65;
x = posa * keymat[0][0] + posb * keymat[1][0] + posc * keymat[2][0];
y = posa * keymat[0][1] + posb * keymat[1][1] + posc * keymat[2][1];
z = posa * keymat[0][2] + posb * keymat[1][2] + posc * keymat[2][2];
a = key.charAt(x % 26);
b = key.charAt(y % 26);

REG.NO: 211519205036 6 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 c = key.charAt(z % 26);
ret = "" + a + b + c;
return ret;
}

private static String decode(char a, char b, char c) {

String ret = "";
int x, y, z;
int posa = (int) a - 65;
int posb = (int) b - 65;
int posc = (int) c - 65;
x = posa * invkeymat[0][0] + posb * invkeymat[1][0] + posc * invkeymat[2][0];
y = posa * invkeymat[0][1] + posb * invkeymat[1][1] + posc * invkeymat[2][1];
z = posa * invkeymat[0][2] + posb * invkeymat[1][2] + posc * invkeymat[2][2];
a = key.charAt((x % 26 < 0) ? (26 + x % 26) : (x % 26));

b = key.charAt((y % 26 < 0) ? (26 + y % 26) : (y % 26));

c = key.charAt((z % 26 < 0) ? (26 + z % 26) : (z % 26));
ret = "" + a + b + c;
return ret;
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception {

String msg;
String enc = "";
String dec = "";
int n;
msg = ("SecurityLaboratory");
System.out.println("simulation of Hill Cipher\n-------------------------");
System.out.println("Input message : " + msg);
msg = msg.toUpperCase();
msg = msg.replaceAll("\\s", "");
/* remove spaces */ n = msg.length() % 3;
/* append padding text X */ if (n != 0) {
for (int i = 1; i <= (3 - n); i++) {
msg += 'X';
}
}
System.out.println("padded message : " + msg);
char[] pdchars = msg.toCharArray();
for (int i = 0; i < msg.length(); i += 3) {

REG.NO: 211519205036 7 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 enc += encode(pdchars[i], pdchars[i + 1], pdchars[i + 2]);
}
System.out.println("encoded message : " + enc);
char[] dechars = enc.toCharArray();
for (int i = 0; i < enc.length(); i += 3) {
dec += decode(dechars[i], dechars[i + 1], dechars[i + 2]);
}
System.out.println("decoded message : " + dec);
}
}

OUTPUT:
Simulating Hill Cipher
-------------------------------
Input Message : SecurityLaboratory
Padded Message : SECURITYLABORATORY
Encrypted Message : EACSDKLCAEFQDUKSXU
Decrypted Message : SECURITYLABORATORY

RESULT:
Thus the program for hill cipher encryption and decryption algorithm has been
implemented and the output verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 8 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 1(d)
Vigenere Cipher
Date :

AIM:
To implement a program for encryption and decryption using vigenere cipher
substitution technique

ALGORITHM:
7. The Vigenere cipher is a method of encrypting alphabetic text by using a series
of different Caesar ciphers based on the letters of a keyword.
8. It is a simple form of polyalphabetic substitution.
9. To encrypt, a table of alphabets can be used, termed a Vigenere square, or
Vigenere table.
10. It consists of the alphabet written out 26 times in different rows, each alphabet
shifted cyclically to the left compared to the previous alphabet, corresponding
to the 26 possible Caesar ciphers.
11. At different points in the encryption process, the cipher uses a different
alphabet from one of the rows used.
12. The alphabet at each point depends on a repeating keyword.

PROGRAM:
vigenereCipher.java
public class vigenereCipher {
static String encode(String text, final String key) {
String res = "";
text = text.toUpperCase();
for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < text.length(); i++) {
char c = text.charAt(i);
if (c < 'A' || c > 'Z') {
continue;
}
res += (char) ((c + key.charAt(j) - 2 * 'A') % 26 + 'A');
j = ++j % key.length();
}
return res;
}

static String decode(String text, final String key) {

String res = "";

REG.NO: 211519205036 9 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 text = text.toUpperCase();
for (int i = 0, j = 0; i < text.length(); i++) {
char c = text.charAt(i);
if (c < 'A' || c > 'Z') {
continue;
}
res += (char) ((c - key.charAt(j) + 26) % 26 + 'A');
j = ++j % key.length();
}
return res;
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception {

String key = "VIGENERECIPHER";
String msg = "SecurityLaboratory";
System.out.println("Simulating Vigenere Cipher\n------------------------");
System.out.println("Input Message : " + msg);
String enc = encode(msg, key);
System.out.println("Encrypted Message : " + enc);
System.out.println("Decrypted Message : " + decode(enc, key));
}
}

OUTPUT:
Simulating Vigenere Cipher
------------------------
Input Message : SecurityLaboratory
Encrypted Message : NMIYEMKCNIQVVROWXC
Decrypted Message : SECURITYLABORATORY

RESULT:
Thus the program for vigenere cipher encryption and decryption algorithm has
been implemented and the output verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 10 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 2(a)
Rail Fence Cipher Transposition Technique
Date :

AIM:
To implement a program for encryption and decryption using rail fence
transposition technique

ALGORITHM:
1. In the rail fence cipher, the plaintext is written downwards and diagonally on
successive "rails" of an imaginary fence, then moving up when we reach the
bottom rail.
2. When we reach the top rail, the message is written downwards again until the
whole plaintext is written out.
3. The message is then read off in rows.

PROGRAM:
railFenceCipher.java
class railfenceCipherHelper {
int depth;

String encode(String msg, int depth) throws Exception {

int r = depth;
int l = msg.length();
int c = l / depth;
int k = 0;
char mat[][] = new char[r][c];
String enc = "";
for (int i = 0; i < c; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < r; j++) {
if (k != l) {
mat[j][i] = msg.charAt(k++);
} else {
mat[j][i] = 'X';
}
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++) {
enc += mat[i][j];

REG.NO: 211519205036 11 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 }
}
return enc;
}

String decode(String encmsg, int depth) throws Exception {

int r = depth;
int l = encmsg.length();
int c = l / depth;
int k = 0;
char mat[][] = new char[r][c];
String dec = "";
for (int i = 0; i < r; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < c; j++) {
mat[i][j] = encmsg.charAt(k++);
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < c; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < r; j++) {
dec += mat[j][i];
}
}
return dec;
}
}

class railFenceCipher {
public static void main(String[] args) throws java.lang.Exception {
railfenceCipherHelper rf = new railfenceCipherHelper();
String msg, enc, dec;
msg = "Anna University, Chennai";
int depth = 2;
enc = rf.encode(msg, depth);
dec = rf.decode(enc, depth);
System.out.println("Simulating Railfence Cipher\n-------------------------");
System.out.println("Input Message : " + msg);
System.out.println("Encrypted Message : " + enc);
System.out.printf("Decrypted Message : " + dec);
}
}

REG.NO: 211519205036 12 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

OUTPUT:
Simulating Railfence Cipher
----------------------------------------
Input Message : Anna University, Chennai
Encrypted Message : An nvriy hnanaUiest,Ceni
Decrypted Message : Anna University, Chennai

RESULT:
Thus the java program for Rail Fence Transposition Technique has been
implemented and the output verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 13 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 2(b)
Row and Column Transformation Technique
Date :

AIM:
To implement a program for encryption and decryption by using row and
column transformation technique.

ALGORITHM:
1. Consider the plain text hello world, and let us apply the simple columnar
transposition technique as shown below

h e l l
o w o r
l d

2. The plain text characters are placed horizontally and the cipher text is created
with vertical format as: holewdlo lr.
3. Now, the receiver has to use the same table to decrypt the cipher text to plain
text.

PROGRAM:

TransCipher.java

import java.util.*;
class TransCipher {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter the plain text");
String pl = sc.nextLine();
sc.close();
String s = "";
int start = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < pl.length(); i++) {
if (pl.charAt(i) == ' ') {
s = s + pl.substring(start, i);
start = i + 1;
}
}
s = s + pl.substring(start);

REG.NO: 211519205036 14 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 System.out.print(s);
System.out.println();
// end of space deletion

int k = s.length();
int l = 0;
int col = 4;
int row = s.length() / col;
char ch[][] = new char[row][col];
for (int i = 0; i < row; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < col; j++) {
if (l < k) {
ch[i][j] = s.charAt(l);
l++;
} else {
ch[i][j] = '#';
}
}
}
// arranged in matrix

char trans[][] = new char[col][row];

for (int i = 0; i < row; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < col; j++) {
trans[j][i] = ch[i][j];
}
}

for (int i = 0; i < col; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < row; j++) {
System.out.print(trans[i][j]);
}
}
// display
System.out.println();
}
}

OUTPUT:

REG.NO: 211519205036 15 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

Enter the plain text
Security Lab
SecurityLab
Sreictuy

RESULT:
Thus the java program for Row and Column Transposition Technique has been
implemented and the output verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 16 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 3 Data Encryption Standard (DES) Algorithm
Date : (User Message Encryption )

AIM:
To use Data Encryption Standard (DES) Algorithm for a practical application
like User Message Encryption.

ALGORITHM:
1. Create a DES Key.
2. Create a Cipher instance from Cipher class, specify the following information
and separated by a slash (/).
a. Algorithm name
b. Mode (optional)
c. Padding scheme (optional)
3. Convert String into Byte[] array format.
4. Make Cipher in encrypt mode, and encrypt it with Cipher.doFinal() method.
5. Make Cipher in decrypt mode, and decrypt it with Cipher.doFinal() method.

PROGRAM:

DES.java
import java.security.InvalidKeyException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;

import javax.crypto.BadPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.IllegalBlockSizeException;
import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;
import javax.crypto.NoSuchPaddingException;
import javax.crypto.SecretKey;

public class DES

{
public static void main(String[] argv) {

try{
System.out.println("Message Encryption Using DES Algorithm\n-------");
KeyGenerator keygenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance("DES");
SecretKey myDesKey = keygenerator.generateKey();

REG.NO: 211519205036 17 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Cipher desCipher;
desCipher = Cipher.getInstance("DES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");
desCipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, myDesKey);
byte[] text = "Secret Information ".getBytes();
System.out.println("Message [Byte Format] : " + text);
System.out.println("Message : " + new String(text));
byte[] textEncrypted = desCipher.doFinal(text);
System.out.println("Encrypted Message: " + textEncrypted);
desCipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, myDesKey);
byte[] textDecrypted = desCipher.doFinal(textEncrypted);
System.out.println("Decrypted Message: " + new
String(textDecrypted));

}catch(NoSuchAlgorithmException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch(NoSuchPaddingException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch(InvalidKeyException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch(IllegalBlockSizeException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}catch(BadPaddingException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}

}
}

OUTPUT:
Message Encryption Using DES Algorithm
------------------------------------------------------
Message [Byte Format] : [B@4dcbadb4
Message : Secret Information
Encrypted Message: [B@504bae78
Decrypted Message: Secret Information

RESULT:
Thus the java program for DES Algorithm has been implemented and the
output verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 18 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 4 Advanced Encryption Standard (DES) Algorithm
Date : ( URL Encryption )

AIM:
To use Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm for a practical
application like URL Encryption.

ALGORITHM:
1. AES is based on a design principle known as a substitution–permutation.
2. AES does not use a Feistel network like DES, it uses variant of Rijndael.
3. It has a fixed block size of 128 bits, and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits.
4. AES operates on a 4 × 4 column-major order array of bytes, termed the state

PROGRAM:
AES.java
import java.io.UnsupportedEncodingException;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Base64;

import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;

public class AES {

private static SecretKeySpec secretKey;

private static byte[] key;

public static void setKey(String myKey) {

MessageDigest sha = null;
try {
key = myKey.getBytes("UTF-8");
sha = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-1");
key = sha.digest(key);
key = Arrays.copyOf(key, 16);
secretKey = new SecretKeySpec(key, "AES");
} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {

REG.NO: 211519205036 19 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 e.printStackTrace();
} catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}

public static String encrypt(String strToEncrypt, String secret) {

try {
setKey(secret);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/ECB/PKCS5Padding");
cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
return
Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(cipher.doFinal(strToEncrypt.getBytes("UTF-
8")));
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error while encrypting: " + e.toString());
}
return null;
}

public static String decrypt(String strToDecrypt, String secret) {

try {
setKey(secret);
Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("AES/ECB/PKCS5PADDING");
cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey);
return new
String(cipher.doFinal(Base64.getDecoder().decode(strToDecrypt)));
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Error while decrypting: " + e.toString());
}
return null;
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

final String secretKey = "annaUniversity";

String originalString = "www.annauniv.edu";

String encryptedString = AES.encrypt(originalString, secretKey);
String decryptedString = AES.decrypt(encryptedString, secretKey);

System.out.println("URL Encryption Using AES Algorithm\n------------");

REG.NO: 211519205036 20 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 System.out.println("Original URL : " + originalString);
System.out.println("Encrypted URL : " + encryptedString);
System.out.println("Decrypted URL : " + decryptedString);
}
}

OUTPUT:
URL Encryption Using AES Algorithm
-------------------------------------------------
Original URL : www.annauniv.edu
Encrypted URL : vibpFJW6Cvs5Y+L7t4N6YWWe07+JzS1d3CU2h3mEvEg=
Decrypted URL : www.annauniv.edu

RESULT:
Thus the java program for AES Algorithm has been implemented for URL
Encryption and the output verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 21 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 5
RSA Algorithm
Date :

AIM:
To implement RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) algorithm by using HTML and
Javascript.

ALGORITHM:
1. Choose two prime number p and q
2. Compute the value of n and p
3. Find the value of e (public key)
4. Compute the value of d (private key) using gcd()
5. Do the encryption and decryption
a. Encryption is given as,
c = te mod n
b. Decryption is given as,
t = cd mod n

PROGRAM:
rsa.html
<html>

<head>
<title>RSA Encryption</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
</head>

<body>
<center>
<h1>RSA Algorithm</h1>
<h2>Implemented Using HTML & Javascript</h2>
<hr>
<table>
<tr>
<td>Enter First Prime Number:</td>
<td><input type="number" value="53" id="p"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter Second Prime Number:</td>
<td><input type="number" value="59" id="q"></p>
</td>

REG.NO: 211519205036 22 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 </tr>
<tr>
<td>Enter the Message(cipher text):<br>[A=1, B=2,...]</td>
<td><input type="number" value="89" id="msg"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Public Key:</td>
<td>
<p id="publickey"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Exponent:</td>
<td>
<p id="exponent"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Private Key:</td>
<td>
<p id="privatekey"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cipher Text:</td>
<td>
<p id="ciphertext"></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><button onclick="RSA();">Apply RSA</button></td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</body>
<script type="text/javascript">
function RSA() {
var gcd, p, q, no, n, t, e, i, x;
gcd = function (a, b) { return (!b) ? a : gcd(b, a % b); };
p = document.getElementById('p').value;

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 q = document.getElementById('q').value;
no = document.getElementById('msg').value;
n = p * q;
t = (p - 1) * (q - 1);

for (e = 2; e < t; e++) {

if (gcd(e, t) == 1) {
break;
}
}

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

x=1+i*t
if (x % e == 0) {
d = x / e;
break;
}
}

ctt = Math.pow(no, e).toFixed(0);

ct = ctt % n;

dtt = Math.pow(ct, d).toFixed(0);

dt = dtt % n;

document.getElementById('publickey').innerHTML = n;
document.getElementById('exponent').innerHTML = e;
document.getElementById('privatekey').innerHTML = d;
document.getElementById('ciphertext').innerHTML = ct;
}
</script>
</html>

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OUTPUT:

RESULT:
Thus the RSA algorithm has been implemented using HTML & CSS and the
output has been verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 25 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 6
Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm
Date :
AIM:
To implement the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange algorithm for a given
problem .

ALGORITHM:

1. Alice and Bob publicly agree to use a modulus p = 23 and base g = 5 (which is
a primitive root modulo 23).
2. Alice chooses a secret integer a = 4, then sends Bob A = ga mod p
o A = 54 mod 23 = 4
3. Bob chooses a secret integer b = 3, then sends Alice B = gb mod p
o B = 53 mod 23 = 10
4. Alice computes s = Ba mod p
4
o s = 10 mod 23 = 18
5. Bob computes s = Ab mod p
o s = 43 mod 23 = 18
6. Alice and Bob now share a secret (the number 18).

PROGRAM:
DiffieHellman.java
class DiffieHellman {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int p = 23; /* publicly known (prime number) */
int g = 5; /* publicly known (primitive root) */
int x = 4; /* only Alice knows this secret */
int y = 3; /* only Bob knows this secret */
double aliceSends = (Math.pow(g, x)) % p;
double bobComputes = (Math.pow(aliceSends, y)) % p;
double bobSends = (Math.pow(g, y)) % p;
double aliceComputes = (Math.pow(bobSends, x)) % p;
double sharedSecret = (Math.pow(g, (x * y))) % p;
System.out.println("simulation of Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm\n-----
----------------------------------------");
System.out.println("Alice Sends : " + aliceSends);

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 System.out.println("Bob Computes : " + bobComputes);
System.out.println("Bob Sends : " + bobSends);
System.out.println("Alice Computes : " + aliceComputes);
System.out.println("Shared Secret : " + sharedSecret);
/* shared secrets should match and equality is transitive */
if ((aliceComputes == sharedSecret) && (aliceComputes == bobComputes))
System.out.println("Success: Shared Secrets Matches! " + sharedSecret);
else
System.out.println("Error: Shared Secrets does not Match");
}
}

OUTPUT:
simulation of Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Alice Sends : 4.0
Bob Computes : 18.0
Bob Sends : 10.0
Alice Computes : 18.0
Shared Secret : 18.0
Success: Shared Secrets Matches! 18.0

RESULT:
Thus the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm has been implemented using
Java Program and the output has been verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 27 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 7
SHA-1 Algorithm
Date :

AIM:
To Calculate the message digest of a text using the SHA-1 algorithm.

ALGORITHM:
1. Append Padding Bits
2. Append Length - 64 bits are appended to the end
3. Prepare Processing Functions
4. Prepare Processing Constants
5. Initialize Buffers
6. Processing Message in 512-bit blocks (L blocks in total message)

PROGRAM:
sha1.java
import java.security.*;

public class sha1 {

public static void main(String[] a) {
try {
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA1");
System.out.println("Message digest object info:\n-----------------");
System.out.println("Algorithm=" + md.getAlgorithm());
System.out.println("Provider=" + md.getProvider());
System.out.println("ToString=" + md.toString());
String input = "";
md.update(input.getBytes());
byte[] output = md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\"" + input + "\")=" + bytesToHex(output));
input = "abc";
md.update(input.getBytes());
output = md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\"" + input + "\")=" + bytesToHex(output));
input = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
md.update(input.getBytes());

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 output = md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("SHA1(\"" + input + "\")=" + bytesToHex(output));
System.out.println();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception:" + e);
}
}

private static String bytesToHex(byte[] b) {

char hexDigit[] = { '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' };
StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer();

for (byte aB : b) {
buf.append(hexDigit[(aB >> 4) & 0x0f]);
buf.append(hexDigit[aB & 0x0f]);
}

return buf.toString();
}
}

OUTPUT:
Message digest object info:
-------------------------------------
Algorithm=SHA1
Provider=SUN version 12
ToString=SHA1 Message Digest from SUN, <initialized>

SHA1("")=DA39A3EE5E6B4B0D3255BFEF95601890AFD80709

SHA1("abc")=A9993E364706816ABA3E25717850C26C9CD0D89D

SHA1("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")=32D10C7B8CF96570CA04CE37F2A19D8
4240D3A89

RESULT:
Thus the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1) has been implemented and the
output has been verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 29 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 8
Digital Signature Standard
Date :

AIM:
To implement the SIGNATURE SCHEME - Digital Signature Standard.

ALGORITHM:
1. Create a KeyPairGenerator object.
2. Initialize the KeyPairGenerator object.
3. Generate the KeyPairGenerator. ...
4. Get the private key from the pair.
5. Create a signature object.
6. Initialize the Signature object.
7. Add data to the Signature object
8. Calculate the Signature

PROGRAM:

import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class CreatingDigitalSignature {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter some text");
String msg = sc.nextLine();

KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("DSA");

keyPairGen.initialize(2048);

KeyPair pair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();

PrivateKey privKey = pair.getPrivate();

Signature sign = Signature.getInstance("SHA256withDSA");

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 sign.initSign(privKey);
byte[] bytes = "msg".getBytes();

sign.update(bytes);

byte[] signature = sign.sign();

System.out.println("Digital signature for given text: "+new String(signature,

"UTF8"));
}
}

OUTPUT:
Enter some text
Hi how are you
Digital signature for given text: 0=@gRD???-?.???? /yGL?i??a!?

RESULT:
Thus the Digital Signature Standard Signature Scheme has been implemented
and the output has been verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 31 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 9
Demonstration of Intrusion Detection System(IDS)
Date :

AIM:
To demonstrate Intrusion Detection System (IDS) using Snort software tool.

STEPS ON CONFIGURING AND INTRUSION DETECTION:

1. Download Snort from the Snort.org website. (http://www.snort.org/snort-

downloads)
2. Download Rules(https://www.snort.org/snort-rules). You must register to get the
rules. (You should download these often)
3. Double click on the .exe to install snort. This will install snort in the “C:\Snort”
folder.It is important to have WinPcap (https://www.winpcap.org/install/) installed
4. Extract the Rules file. You will need WinRAR for the .gz file.
5. Copy all files from the “rules” folder of the extracted folder. Now paste the rules
into “C:\Snort\rules” folder.
6. Copy “snort.conf” file from the “etc” folder of the extracted folder. You must
paste it into “C:\Snort\etc” folder. Overwrite any existing file. Remember if you
modify your snort.conf file and download a new file, you must modify it for Snort to
work.
7. Open a command prompt (cmd.exe) and navigate to folder “C:\Snort\bin” folder. (
at the Prompt, type cd\snort\bin)
8. To start (execute) snort in sniffer mode use following command:
snort -dev -i 3
-i indicates the interface number. You must pick the correct interface number. In my
case, it is 3.
-dev is used to run snort to capture packets on your network.

To check the interface list, use following command:

snort -W

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Finding an interface

You can tell which interface to use by looking at the Index number and finding
Microsoft. As you can see in the above example, the other interfaces are for
VMWare. My interface is 3.

9. To run snort in IDS mode, you will need to configure the file “snort.conf”
according to your network environment.
10. To specify the network address that you want to protect in snort.conf file, look for
the following line.
var HOME_NET 192.168.1.0/24 (You will normally see any here)
11. You may also want to set the addresses of DNS_SERVERS, if you have some on
your network.

Example:

example snort
12. Change the RULE_PATH variable to the path of rules folder.
var RULE_PATH c:\snort\rules

path to rules

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13. Change the path of all library files with the name and path on your system. and
you must change the path of snort_dynamicpreprocessorvariable.
C:\Snort\lib\snort_dynamiccpreprocessor
You need to do this to all library files in the “C:\Snort\lib” folder. The old path might
be: “/usr/local/lib/…”. you will need to replace that path with your system path.
Using C:\Snort\lib
14. Change the path of the “dynamicengine” variable value in the “snort.conf” file..
Example:
dynamicengine C:\Snort\lib\snort_dynamicengine\sf_engine.dll

15 Add the paths for “include classification.config” and “include reference.config”

files.
include c:\snort\etc\classification.config
include c:\snort\etc\reference.config
16. Remove the comment (#) on the line to allow ICMP rules, if it is commented
with a #.
include $RULE_PATH/icmp.rules
17. You can also remove the comment of ICMP-info rules comment, if it is
commented.
include $RULE_PATH/icmp-info.rules
18. To add log files to store alerts generated by snort, search for the “output log” test
in snort.conf and add the following line:
output alert_fast: snort-alerts.ids
19. Comment (add a #) the whitelist $WHITE_LIST_PATH/white_list.rules and the
blacklist

Change the nested_ip inner , \ to nested_ip inner #, \

20. Comment out (#) following lines:
#preprocessor normalize_ip4
#preprocessor normalize_tcp: ips ecn stream
#preprocessor normalize_icmp4
#preprocessor normalize_ip6
#preprocessor normalize_icmp6

21. Save the “snort.conf” file.

22. To start snort in IDS mode, run the following command:

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snort -c c:\snort\etc\snort.conf -l c:\snort\log -i 3
(Note: 3 is used for my interface card)

If a log is created, select the appropriate program to open it. You can use WordPard
or NotePad++ to read the file.

To generate Log files in ASCII mode, you can use following command while running
snort in IDS mode:
snort -A console -i3 -c c:\Snort\etc\snort.conf -l c:\Snort\log -K ascii

23. Scan the computer that is running snort from another computer by using PING or
NMap (ZenMap).

After scanning or during the scan you can check the snort-alerts.ids file in the log
folder to insure it is logging properly. You will see IP address folders appear.

Snort monitoring traffic –

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RESULT:
Thus the Intrusion Detection System(IDS) has been demonstrated by using the
Open Source Snort Intrusion Detection Tool.

REG.NO: 211519205036 36 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 10
Exploring N-Stalker, a Vulnerability Assessment Tool
Date :

AIM:
To download the N-Stalker Vulnerability Assessment Tool and exploring the
features.

EXPLORING N-STALKER:

 N-Stalker Web Application Security Scanner is a Web security assessment tool.

 It incorporates with a well-known N-Stealth HTTP Security Scanner and 35,000
Web attack signature database.
 This tool also comes in both free and paid version.
 Before scanning the target, go to “License Manager” tab, perform the update.
 Once update, you will note the status as up to date.
 You need to download and install N-Stalker from www.nstalker.com.

1. Start N-Stalker from a Windows computer. The program is installed under

Start ➪ Programs ➪ N-Stalker ➪ N-Stalker Free Edition.
2. Enter a host address or a range of addresses to scan.
3. Click Start Scan.
4. After the scan completes, the N-Stalker Report Manager will prompt
5. you to select a format for the resulting report as choose Generate HTML.
6. Review the HTML report for vulnerabilities.

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Now goto “Scan Session”, enter the target URL.

In scan policy, you can select from the four options,

 Manual test which will crawl the website and will be waiting for manual
attacks.
 full xss assessment
 owasp policy
 Web server infrastructure analysis.

Once, the option has been selected, next step is “Optimize settings” which will crawl
the whole website for further analysis.

In review option, you can get all the information like host information, technologies
used, policy name, etc.

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Once done, start the session and start the scan.

The scanner will crawl the whole website and will show the scripts, broken pages,
hidden fields, information leakage, web forms related information which helps to
analyze further.

Once the scan is completed, the NStalker scanner will show details like severity
level, vulnerability class, why is it an issue, the fix for the issue and the URL which is
vulnerable to the particular vulnerability?

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RESULT:
Thus the N-Stalker Vulnerability Assessment tool has been downloaded,
installed and the features has been explored by using a vulnerable website.

REG.NO: 211519205036 41 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 11(a)
Defeating Malware - Building Trojans
Date :

AIM:

To build a Trojan and know the harmness of the trojan malwares in a computer
system.

PROCEDURE:
1. Create a simple trojan by using Windows Batch File (.bat)
2. Type these below code in notepad and save it as Trojan.bat
3. Double click on Trojan.bat file.
4. When the trojan code executes, it will open MS-Paint, Notepad, Command
Prompt, Explorer, etc., infinitely.
5. Restart the computer to stop the execution of this trojan.

TROJAN:

 In computing, a Trojan horse,or trojan, is any malware which misleads users of

its true intent.

 Trojans are generally spread by some form of social engineering, for example
where a user is duped into executing an email attachment disguised to appear
not suspicious, (e.g., a routine form to be filled in), or by clicking on some fake
advertisement on social media or anywhere else.

 Although their payload can be anything, many modern forms act as a

backdoor, contacting a controller which can then have unauthorized access to
the affected computer.
 Trojans may allow an attacker to access users' personal information such as
banking information, passwords, or personal identity.

 Example: Ransomware attacks are often carried out using a trojan.

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CODE:
Trojan.bat
@echo off
:x
start mspaint
start notepad
start cmd
start explorer
start control
start calc
goto x

OUTPUT
(MS-Paint, Notepad, Command Prompt, Explorer will open infinitely)

RESULT:
Thus a trojan has been built and the harmness of the trojan viruses has been
explored.

REG.NO: 211519205036 43 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 11(b)
Defeating Malware - Rootkit hunter
Date :

AIM:
To install a rootkit hunter and find the malwares in a computer.

ROOTKIT HUNTER:
 rkhunter (Rootkit Hunter) is a Unix-based tool that scans for rootkits,
backdoors and possible local exploits.
 It does this by comparing SHA-1 hashes of important files with known good
ones in online databases, searching for default directories (of rootkits), wrong
permissions, hidden files, suspicious strings in kernel modules, and special
tests for Linux and FreeBSD.
 rkhunter is notable due to its inclusion in popular operating systems (Fedora,
Debian, etc.)
 The tool has been written in Bourne shell, to allow for portability. It can run on
almost all UNIX-derived systems.

GMER ROOTKIT TOOL:

 GMER is a software tool written by a Polish researcher Przemysław Gmerek,
for detecting and removing rootkits.
 It runs on Microsoft Windows and has support for Windows NT, 2000, XP,
Vista, 7, 8 and 10. With version 2.0.18327 full support for Windows x64 is
added.

Step 1

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Visit GMER's website (see Resources) and download the GMER executable.

Click the "Download EXE" button to download the program with a random file
name, as some rootkits will close “gmer.exe” before you can open it.

Step 2

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Double-click the icon for the program.

Click the "Scan" button in the lower-right corner of the dialog box. Allow the
program to scan your entire hard drive.

Step 3

When the program completes its scan, select any program or file listed in red. Right-
click it and select "Delete."

If the red item is a service, it may be protected. Right-click the service and select
"Disable." Reboot your computer and run the scan again, this time selecting "Delete"
when that service is detected.

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When your computer is free of Rootkits, close the program and restart your PC.

RESULT:
In this experiment a rootkit hunter software tool has been installed and the
rootkits have been detected.

REG.NO: 211519205036 47 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

Ex. No : 12
BLOWFISH ALGORITHM
Date :

AIM:
Write a JAVA program to implement the BlowFish algorithm logic.

ALGORITHM:
1. Initialize P and S-Boxes as described above
2. Exclusive-or P1 with the first 32 key bits, P2 with the next 32 bits and so on
until all of the key has been exclusive-ored (since the key is shorter than P, parts
of it will be used multiple times to cover all of P)
3. Set the initial input to zero
4. Encrypt the input using the current version of P as the round keys
5. Set the first two unreplaced values of P to the value of the ciphertext from step
4
6. Set the input to the ciphertext from step 4
7. Repeat steps 4 through 6 until all of P has been replaced
8. Use the resulting value of P as the round keys in encryption
9. Repeat steps 4 through 6, replacing values of the S-Boxes two at a time until all
S-Box values have been replaced.

PROGRAM:

import java.io.*;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.security.Key;
import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import javax.crypto.CipherOutputStream;
import javax.crypto.KeyGenerator;
import sun.misc.BASE64Encoder;

public class BlowFish {

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

// TODO code application logic here

KeyGeneratorkeyGenerator =
KeyGenerator.getInstance("Blowfish"); keyGenerator.init(128);

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Key secretKey = keyGenerator.generateKey();
Cipher cipherOut = Cipher.getInstance("Blowfish/CFB/NoPadding");
cipherOut.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, secretKey); BASE64Encoder
encoder = new BASE64Encoder();
byte iv[] = cipherOut.getIV();
if (iv != null) {
System.out.println("Initialization Vector of the Cipher: " + encoder.encode(iv)); }
FileInputStream fin = new FileInputStream("inputFile.txt");

FileOutputStreamfout = new FileOutputStream("outputFile.txt");

CipherOutputStreamcout = new CipherOutputStream(fout, cipherOut);

int input = 0;

while ((input = fin.read()) != -1) {

cout.write(input); }

fin.close(); cout.close(); } }

OUTPUT:

Initialization Vector of the Cipher: dI1MXzW97oQ=

Contents of inputFile.txt: Hello World

Contents of outputFile.txt: ùJÖ˜ NåI“

RESULT:
Thus the Blowfish algorithm has been implemented using Java Program and the
output has been verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 49 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

 Ex. No : 13
MD5 ALGORITHM
Date :

AIM:
Write a JAVA program to implement the md5 algorithm logic.

ALGORITHM:
1. Append Padding Bits. Padding means adding extra bits to the original message.
...
2. Append Length. After padding, 64 bits are inserted at the end which is used to
record the length of the original input. ...
3. Initialize MD buffer. ...
4. Processing message in 16-word block.

PROGRAM:

import java.security.*;
public class MD5 {
public static void main(String[] a) {
// TODO code application logic here
try {
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
System.out.println("Message digest object info: ");
System.out.println(" Algorithm = " +md.getAlgorithm());
System.out.println(" Provider = " +md.getProvider());
System.out.println(" ToString = " +md.toString());
String input = "";
md.update(input.getBytes());
byte[] output = md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("MD5(\""+input+"\") = " +bytesToHex(output));
input = "abc";
md.update(input.getBytes());
output = md.digest();
System.out.println();

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System.out.println("MD5(\""+input+"\") = " +bytesToHex(output));
input = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz";
md.update(input.getBytes());
output = md.digest();
System.out.println();
System.out.println("MD5(\"" +input+"\") = "
+bytesToHex(output)); System.out.println("");
catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("Exception: " +e); }
}

public static String bytesToHex(byte[] b) {

char hexDigit[] = {'0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', 'A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F'};
StringBufferbuf = new StringBuffer();
for (int j=0; j<b.length; j++) {
buf.append(hexDigit[(b[j] >> 4) & 0x0f]);
buf.append(hexDigit[b[j] & 0x0f]); }
return buf.toString(); } }

OUTPUT:

Message digest object info:

Algorithm = MD5

Provider = SUN version 1.6

ToString = MD5 Message Digest from SUN, <initialized> MD5("") =

D41D8CD98F00B204E9800998ECF8427E MD5("abc") =
900150983CD24FB0D6963F7D28E17F72 MD5("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz")
= C3FCD3D76192E4007DFB496CCA67E13B

RESULT:
Thus the MD5 algorithm has been implemented using Java Program and the
output has been verified successfully.

REG.NO: 211519205036 51 NAME:DEVIPRIYA.K

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…..

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