Group 3 Experiment 5

Group No.
: 3
Group Members:
Rodnie Prondo , Tristan Anselmo, John Harrold labita, Ryan Hinagpis
Experiment 5 – Thevenin’s Theorem
Introduction
Thévenin’s Theorem for DC circuits states that any two-port linear network may be
replaced by a single voltage source with an appropriate internal resistance. The
Thévenin equivalent will produce the same load current and voltage as the original
circuit to any load. Consequently, if many different loads or subcircuits are under
consideration, using a Thévenin equivalent may prove to be a quicker analysis route
than “reinventing the wheel” each time.
The Thévenin voltage is found by determining the open circuit output voltage.
The Thévenin resistance is found by replacing any DC sources with their internal
resistances and determining the resulting combined resistance as seen from the two
ports using standard series-parallel analysis techniques. In the laboratory, the Thévenin
resistance may be found using an ohmmeter (again, replacing the sources with their
internal resistances) or by using the matched load technique. The matched load
technique involves replacing the load with a variable resistance and then adjusting it
until the load voltage is precisely one half of the unloaded voltage. This would imply that
the other half of the voltage must be dropped across the equivalent Thévenin
resistance, and as the Thévenin circuit is a simple series loop, then the two resistances
must be equal as they have identical currents and voltages (Fiore, 2020, p.52).
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the students shall be able to:

1. Observe the use of Thevenin’s Theorem to simplify DC circuits.
2. Obtain Thevenin’s resistance experimentally through various methods.
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Lessons Thevenin’s Theorem
Schematics
Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2

Experiment 7
Procedures:
1. Consider the circuit in figure 5.1 using E = 10 volts, R1 = 3.3 k, R2 = 6.8 k, R3 =
4.7 k and R4 (RLoad) = 8.2 k. This circuit may be analyzed using standard
series-parallel techniques. Determine the voltage across the load, R4, and record
it in table 5.1. Repeat the process using 2.2 k for R4.
2. Build the circuit in figure 5.1 using the values specified in step one, with RLoad =
8.2 k. Measure the load voltage and record it in table 5.1. Repeat this with a 2.2 k
load resistance. Determine and record the deviations. Do not deconstruct the
circuit.
3. Determine the theoretical Thévenin voltage of the circuit in figure 5.1 by finding
the open circuit output voltage. That is, replace the load with an open and
calculate the voltage produced between the two open terminals. Record this
voltage in table 5.2.
4. To calculate the theoretical Thévenin resistance, first remove the load and then
replace the source with its internal resistance (ideally, a short). Finally, determine
the combination series-parallel resistance as seen from the where the load used
to be. Record this resistance in table 5.2.
5. The experimental Thévenin voltage maybe determined by measuring the open
circuit output voltage. Simply remove the load from the circuit of step one and
then replace it with a voltmeter. Record this value in table 5.2.
6. There are two methods to measure the experimental Thévenin resistance. For
the first method, using the circuit of step one, replace the source with a short.
Then replace the load with the ohmmeter. The Thévenin resistance may now be
measured directly.
7. In powered circuits, ohmmeters are not effective while power is applied. An
alternate method relies on measuring the effect of the load resistance. For the
load, insert either the decade box or the potentiometer. Adjust this device until
the load voltage is half of the open circuit voltage measured in step five and
record in table 5.2. At this point, the load and the Thévenin resistance form a
simple series loop as seen in figure 5.2. This means that they “see” the same
current. If the load exhibits one half of the Thévenin voltage, then, the other half
must be dropped across the Thévenin resistance, in other words V RL = VRTH.
Consequently, the resistances have the same voltage and current, and therefore,
must have the same resistance according to Ohm’s law.
8. Consider the Thévenin equivalent in figure 5.2 using the theoretical E TH and RTH
from table 5.2 along with 8.2 k for the load (RL). Calculate the load voltage and
record it in table 5.3. Repeat the process for a 2.2 k load.
9. Build the circuit in figure 5.2 using the measured E TH and RTH from table 5.2 along
with 8.2 k for the load (RL). Measure the load voltage and record it in table
5.3. Also, determine and record the deviation.
10. Repeat step nine using a 2.2 k load.
Data Tables
Table 5.1. Original Circuit

R4 (load) Vload Theory Vload Exp Deviation
8.2k 3.69 V 3.65 V 0.04
2.2k 1.63 V 1.63 V 0
Table 5.2. Thevenized Circuit

R4 (load) Theory Experimental
ETH 6.7327V 6.733 V
RTH 6.9218 k 6100 k
Table 5.3
R4 (load) Vload Theory Vload Exp Deviation
8.2k 3.285 V 3.77 V 0
2.2k 1.46 V 1.62 V 0
Solution for 5.1

Simulation for 5.1
Solution for 5.2

Simulation for 5.2
Solution for 5.3
Simulation for 5.3

Questions
1. Do the load voltages for the original and Thévenized circuits match for both
loads? Is it logical that this could be extended to any arbitrary load
resistance value?
Yes, based on the 5.1 and 5.3 the values are almost the same using a different
method for 5.1 and thevenin method for 5.3 showed almost the same value which
makes it true. It is logical that this could be extended to any arbitrary load
resistance value.
2. Assuming several loads were under consideration, which is faster,

analyzing each load with the original circuit in figure 5.1 or analyzing each
load with the Thévenin equivalent in figure 5.2?
It is easier to analyze with the Thevenin equivalent because it makes the process
faster than using the original circuit to analyze each load.Thevenin makes it faster
to equate and analyze because it makes the circuit more simple.
3. How would the Thévenin equivalent computations change if the original

circuit contained more than one voltage source?
The equivalent computations change will make the values higher because adding
more voltage sources adds more voltage.
Conclusion
After performing the experiment it was realized that Thevenin equivalent makes
analyzing a circuit faster because in the table 5.1 and 5.3, it is observed that the values
are almost the same which proves that using Thevenin and other circuit analyzation
solutions will give the same results. It’s just that the Thevenin makes the circuit look
much simpler and makes the solution faster to solve. Overall, both analyses are correct
as the deviation equates to 0 which makes the experiment a success.

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Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students shall be able to:

Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2

Table 5.1. Original Circuit

Table 5.2. Thevenized Circuit

Solution for 5.1

Solution for 5.2

Simulation for 5.3

2. Assuming several loads were under consideration, which is faster,

3. How would the Thévenin equivalent computations change if the original

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