Link State Protocol - OSPF

Single-Area OSPF Implementation
Implementing OSPF
BSCI v3.0—2-1
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Passes periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routes and

accumulates distance vectors
Link-State Routing Protocols
After initial flood, passes small event-triggered link-state updates to all

other routers
Link-State Routing Protocol Algorithms
Benefits and Drawbacks of Link-State Routing
• Benefits of link-state routing:
– Fast convergence:
• Changes are reported immediately by the affected source
– Robustness against routing loops:
• Routers know the topology
• Link-state packets are sequenced and acknowledged
– Hierarchical network design enables optimization of resources.
• Drawbacks of link-state routing:

– Significant demands for resources:
• Memory (three tables: adjacency, topology, forwarding)
• CPU (Dijkstra’s algorithm can be intensive, especially when there are
many instabilities)
– Requires very strict network design
– Configuration can be complex when tuning various parameters
and when design is complex
OSPF Overview
• Creates a neighbor relationship by exchanging hello packets

• Propagates LSAs rather than routing table updates
– Link: Router interface
– State: Description of an interface and its relationship to
neighboring routers
• Floods LSAs to all OSPF routers in the area, not just directly
connected routers
• Pieces together all the LSAs generated by the OSPF routers
to create the OSPF link-state database
• Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the shortest path to each
destination and places it in the routing table
OSPF Hierarchy Example
▪ Minimizes routing table entries

▪ Localizes the impact of a topology change within an area
Neighbor Adjacencies: The Hello Packet
Point-to-Point Links
• Usually a serial interface running either PPP or HDLC.

• May also be a point-to-point subinterface running Frame
Relay or ATM.
• No DR or BDR election required.
• OSPF autodetects this interface type.
• OSPF packets are sent using multicast 224.0.0.5.
Multiaccess Broadcast Network
• Generally these are, LAN technologies like Ethernet and

Token Ring.
• DR and BDR selection are required.
• All neighbor routers form full adjacencies with the DR and
BDR only.
• Packets to the DR and the BDR use 224.0.0.6.
• Packets from DR to all other routers use 224.0.0.5.
Electing the DR and BDR
• Hello packets are exchanged via IP multicast.

• The router with the highest OSPF priority is selected as
the DR. The router with the second-highest priority value is
the BDR.
• Use the OSPF router ID as the tiebreaker.
• The DR election is nonpreemptive.
Setting Priority for DR Election
Router(config-if)#
ip ospf priority number
• This interface configuration command assigns the OSPF

priority to an interface.
• Different interfaces on a router may be assigned different
values.
• The default priority is 1. The range is from 0 to 255.
• 0 means the router cannot be the DR or BDR.
• A router that is not the DR or BDR is DROTHER.
SPF Algorithm
10
10
1
1
▪ Places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the

shortest path to each destination based on the cumulative cost
▪ Cost = Reference Bandwidth / Interface Bandwidth (b/s)
Configuring Single-Area OSPF
RouterX(config)#
router ospf process-id
▪ Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol

RouterX(config-router)#
network address wildcard-mask area area-id
▪ Assigns networks to a specific OSPF area
Configuring Loopback Interfaces
Router ID:
▪ Number by which the router is known to OSPF
▪ Default: The highest IP address on an active interface at the moment of
OSPF process startup
▪ Can be overridden by a loopback interface: Highest IP address of any active
loopback interface
▪ Can be set manually using the router-id command
Load Balancing with OSPF
OSPF load balancing:

• Paths must be equal cost
• By default, up to four equal-cost paths can be placed into the
routing table
• With a configuration change, up to a maximum of 16 paths
can be configured:
– (config-router)# maximum-paths <value>
• To ensure paths are equal cost for load balancing, you can
change the cost of a particular link:
– (config-if)# ip ospf cost <value>
Load Balancing with OSPF
Using passive-interface command
• No need to talk to host by OSPF

• Disables OSPF on selected interfaces.
• Still advertise subnet on the selected interfaces.
Default Routes in OSPF
• A default route is injected into OSPF as an external LSA

type 5.
• Default route distribution is not on by default; use the
default-information originate command under the OSPF routing
process.
Configuring OSPF Default Routes
Router(config-router)#
default-information originate [always] [metric metric-
value] [metric-type type-value] [route-map map-name]
• Normally, this command advertises a 0.0.0.0 default into the

OSPF network only if the default route already exists in the
routing table.
• The always keyword allows the 0.0.0.0 default to be advertised
even when the default route does not exist in the routing table.
Default Route Configuration Example
Verifying the OSPF Configuration
RouterX# show ip protocols

▪ Verifies that OSPF is configured
RouterX# show ip route
▪ Displays all the routes learned by the router
RouterX# show ip route
Codes: I - IGRP derived, R - RIP derived, O - OSPF derived,

C - connected, S - static, E - EGP derived, B - BGP derived,
E2 - OSPF external type 2 route, N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 route,
N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 route
Gateway of last resort is 10.119.254.240 to network 10.140.0.0
O 10.110.0.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:01:00, Ethernet2

O IA 10.67.10.0 [110/10] via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2
O 10.68.132.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:00:59, Ethernet2
O 10.130.0.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:00:59, Ethernet2
O E2 10.128.0.0 [170/10] via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2
. . .
Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)
RouterX# show ip ospf

▪ Displays the OSPF router ID, timers, and statistics
RouterX# show ip ospf

Routing Process "ospf 50" with ID 10.64.0.2
<output omitted>
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa

Number of areas transit capable is 0
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Area BACKBONE(0)
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm last executed 00:01:25.028 ago
SPF algorithm executed 7 times
<output omitted>
RouterX# show ip ospf interface
▪ Displays the area ID and adjacency information

RouterX# show ip ospf interface ethernet 0
Ethernet 0 is up, line protocol is up

Internet Address 192.168.254.202, Mask 255.255.255.0, Area 0.0.0.0
AS 201, Router ID 192.168.99.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State OTHER, Priority 1
Designated Router id 192.168.254.10, Interface address 192.168.254.10
Backup Designated router id 192.168.254.28, Interface addr 192.168.254.28
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 60, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 0:00:05
Neighbor Count is 8, Adjacent neighbor count is 2
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.254.28 (Backup Designated Router)
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.254.10 (Designated Router)
RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor

▪ Displays the OSPF neighbor information on a per-interface basis
RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor
ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

10.199.199.137 1 FULL/DR 0:00:31 192.168.80.37 FastEthernet0/0
172.16.48.1 1 FULL/DROTHER 0:00:33 172.16.48.1 FastEthernet0/1
172.16.48.200 1 FULL/DROTHER 0:00:33 172.16.48.200 FastEthernet0/1
10.199.199.137 5 FULL/DR 0:00:33 172.16.48.189 FastEthernet0/1
RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor 10.199.199.137

Neighbor 10.199.199.137, interface address 192.168.80.37
In the area 0.0.0.0 via interface Ethernet0
Neighbor priority is 1, State is FULL
Options 2
Dead timer due in 0:00:32
Link State retransmission due in 0:00:04
Neighbor 10.199.199.137, interface address 172.16.48.189
In the area 0.0.0.0 via interface Fddi0
Neighbor priority is 5, State is FULL
Options 2
Dead timer due in 0:00:32
Link State retransmission due in 0:00:03
OSPF debug Commands
RouterX# debug ip ospf events
OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0

hello interval received 10 configured 10
net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0
dead interval received 40 configured 30
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117

aid:0.0.0.0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk:
RouterX# debug ip ospf packet
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116

aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0

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Single-Area OSPF Implementation

Passes periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routes and

After initial flood, passes small event-triggered link-state updates to all

• Drawbacks of link-state routing:

• Creates a neighbor relationship by exchanging hello packets

▪ Minimizes routing table entries

• Usually a serial interface running either PPP or HDLC.

• Generally these are, LAN technologies like Ethernet and

• Hello packets are exchanged via IP multicast.

• This interface configuration command assigns the OSPF

▪ Places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the

▪ Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol

OSPF load balancing:

• No need to talk to host by OSPF

• A default route is injected into OSPF as an external LSA

• Normally, this command advertises a 0.0.0.0 default into the

RouterX# show ip protocols

Codes: I - IGRP derived, R - RIP derived, O - OSPF derived,

Gateway of last resort is 10.119.254.240 to network 10.140.0.0

O 10.110.0.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:01:00, Ethernet2

RouterX# show ip ospf

RouterX# show ip ospf

Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa

RouterX# show ip ospf interface

▪ Displays the area ID and adjacency information

Ethernet 0 is up, line protocol is up

RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor

RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor

ID Pri State Dead Time Address Interface

RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor 10.199.199.137

RouterX# debug ip ospf events

OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0

OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117

RouterX# debug ip ospf packet

OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116

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