Sambhaji Item
Sambhaji Item
Early life
Sambhaji was born into a Marathi Hindu family at Purandar fort to the Maratha ruler Shivaji, and his first
wife Saibai, who died when he was two years old and he was raised by his paternal grandmother Jijabai.[2]
At the age of nine, Sambhaji was sent to live with Raja Jai Singh I of Amber as a political hostage to ensure
compliance of the Treaty of Purandar that Shivaji had signed with the Mughals on 11 June 1665. As a result
of the treaty, Sambhaji became a Mughal mansabdar.[3] He and his father Shivaji attended the Mughal
emperor Aurangzeb's court at Agra on 12 May 1666. Aurangzeb put both of them under house arrest but
they escaped on 22 July 1666.[4] However, the two sides reconciled and had cordial relations during the
period 1666–1670. During the period between 1666 and 1668, Aurangzeb conferred the title of raja on
Shivaji. Sambhaji was also restored as a Mughal mansabdar with 5,000 horses. Shivaji at that time sent
Sambhaji with general Prataprao Gujar to serve the Mughal viceroy in Aurangabad, Prince Mu'azzam.
Sambhaji was also granted territory in Berar for revenue collection.[5] In this period, Shivaji and Sambhaji
fought alongside the Mughals against the Sultanate of Bijapur.[3]
Marriage
Sambhaji was married to Jivubai in a marriage of political alliance; per Maratha custom she took the name
Yesubai. Jivubai was the daughter of Pilajirao Shirke, who had entered Shivaji's service following the
defeat of a powerful deshmukh Rao Rana Suryajirao Surve who was his previous patron. This marriage
thus gave Shivaji access to the Konkan coastal belt.[6][7] Yesubai had two children, daughter Bhavani Bai
and then a son named Shahu, who later became the Chhatrapati of the Maratha empire.
Sambhaji's behaviour, including alleged irresponsibility and addiction to sensual pleasures, led Shivaji to
imprison his son at Panhala fort in 1678 to curb his behaviour.[6][8] Sambhaji escaped from the fort with his
wife and defected to the Mughals in December 1678 for a year, but then returned home when he learnt of a
plan by Dilir Khan, the Mughal viceroy of Deccan, to arrest him and send him to Delhi.[9] Upon returning
home, Sambhaji was unrepentant and was put under surveillance at Panhala.[6][10]
Accession
When Shivaji died in the first week of April 1680, Sambhaji was still held captive at Panhala fort. At that
time, Soyrabai, Shivaji's ambitious widow and Sambhaji's step-mother, along with influential courtiers such
as Annaji Datto and other ministers conspired against Sambhaji, to prevent him from succeeding the
throne.[6]: 4 8 In a rush, they installed Soyrabai's son, and Sambhaji's half-brother, Rajaram, then aged ten,
on the throne on 21 April 1680.[11] Upon hearing this news, Sambhaji plotted his escape and took
possession of the Panhala fort on 27 April after killing the fort commander. On 18 June, he acquired control
of Raigad Fort. Sambhaji formally ascended the throne on 20 July 1680. Rajaram, his wife Janki Bai and
mother Soyarabai were imprisoned. Soon after there was another conspiracy attempt against Sambhaji
using prince Akbar,[12] Aurangzeb's fourth son, Soyarabai, her kinsmen from the Shirke family and some
of Shivaji's ministers such as Annaji Datto were executed on charges of conspiracy.[6]: 4 8 [13]
Attack on Burhanpur
Bahadur Khan was first in charge of The fort of Burhanpur who later gave it to Kakar Khan. Kakar was at
the duty of collecting jizya tax from the Hindu citizens of Burhanpur. The Jizya was collected and stored
captive at the Burhanpur fort. Sambhaji plundered and ravaged Burhanpur in 1680. His forces completely
routed the Mughal garrison and punitively executed captives. The Marathas then looted the city and set its
ports ablaze. Sambhaji then withdrew into Baglana, evading the forces of Mughal commander Khan Jahan
Bahadur.[14]: 2 18
Mughal Empire
In 1681, Aurangzeb's fourth son Akbar left the Mughal court along with a few Muslim Mansabdar
supporters and joined Muslim rebels in the Deccan. Aurangzeb in response moved his court south to
Aurangabad and took over command of the Deccan campaign. The rebels were defeated and Akbar fled
south to seek refuge with Sambhaji. Sambhaji's ministers including Annaji Datto, and other ministers took
this opportunity and conspired again to enthrone Rajaram again. They signed a treasonable letter against
Sambhaji in which they promised to join Akbar, to whom the letter was sent.[15][16] Akbar gave this letter
to Sambhaji.[15] Enraged, Sambhaji executed conspirators on charges of treason.[17]
For five years, Akbar stayed with Sambhaji, hoping that the latter would lend him men and money to strike
and seize the Mughal throne for himself. Unfortunately for Sambhaji, giving asylum to Akbar did not bear
fruit. Eventually, Sambhaji helped Akbar flee to Persia. On the other hand, Aurangzeb after coming to
Deccan never returned to his capital in the north.[18][19]
In 1682, the Mughals laid siege to the Maratha fort of Ramsej, but after five months of failed attempts,
including planting explosive mines and building wooden towers to gain the walls, the Mughal siege
failed.[20]
Aurangzeb tried attacking the Maratha Empire from all directions. He intended to use the Mughal
numerical superiority to his advantage. Sambhaji had prepared well for the invasions and the Maratha
forces promptly engaged the numerically strong Mughal army in several small battles using guerilla warfare
tactics. However, Sambhaji and his generals attacked and Defeated the Mughal generals whenever they got
an opportunity to lure the Mughal generals into decisive battles in the Maratha stronghold territories.
Sambhaji had devised a strategy of minimising the losses on his side. If there used to be an opportunity then
the Maratha army attacked decisively, however, if the Mughals were too strong in numbers then the
Marathas used to retreat. This proved to be a very effective strategy as Aurangzeb's generals were not able
capture the Maratha territories for a period of three years.
Aurangzeb then decided to attack the Maratha capital Raigad Fort directly from the North and the South
directions. He made a pincer attempt to surround the Maratha Capital that led to Mughal invasions of
Konkan (1684). The Mughals were badly defeated due to the Maratha strategy and the harsh climate of the
region. These failures forced Aurangzeb to look away from the Maratha Empire and search for success
against the Qutb Shahi dynasty and Adil Shahi dynasty. Under Sambhaji (1680–89) the Marathas ranged
up and down western India.[21]
Siddis of Janjira
The Marathas under Shivaji came into conflict with the Siddis, Muslims of Abyssinian descent settled in
India, over the control of the Konkan coast. Shivaji was able to reduce their presence to the fortified island
of Janjira. Sambhaji continued the Maratha campaign against them, while at that time the Siddis formed an
alliance with the Mughals.[22] At the start of 1682, a Maratha army later joined by Sambhaji personally,
attacked the island for thirty days, doing heavy damage but failing to breach its defenses. Sambhaji then
attempted a ruse, sending a party of his people to the Siddis, claiming to be defectors. They were allowed
into the fort and planned to detonate the gunpowder magazine during a coming Maratha attack. However,
one of the female defectors became involved with a Siddi man and he uncovered the plot, and the
infiltrators were executed. The Maratha then attempted to build a stone causeway from the shore to the
island, but were interrupted halfway through when the Mughal army moved to menace Raigad. Sambhaji
returned to counter them and his remaining troops were unable to overcome the Janjira garrison and the
Siddi fleet protecting it.[23]
Meanwhile, in 1684 Sambhaji signed a defensive treaty with the English at Bombay, realising his need for
English arms and gunpowder, particularly as their lack of artillery and explosives impeded the Maratha's
ability to lay siege to fortifications. Thus reinforced, Sambhaji proceeded to take Pratapgad and a series of
forts along the Ghats.[26]
Mysore
Much like his father Shivaji's Karnataka campaign, Sambhaji attempted in 1681 to invade Mysore, then a
southern principality ruled by Wodeyar Chikkadevaraja. Sambhaji's large army was repelled,[26] as had
happened to Shivaji in 1675.[27] The Chikkadevraja later made treaties and rendered tribute to the Maratha
kingdom during the conflicts of 1682–1686. The Chikkadevraja however began to draw close to the
Mughal empire and ceased to follow his treaties with the Marathas. In response, Sambhaji invaded Mysore
in 1686, accompanied by his Brahmin friend and poet Kavi Kalash.[28][29]
Maratha accounts instead state that he was ordered to bow before Aurangzeb and convert to Islam and it
was his refusal to do so, by saying that he would accept Islam on the day the emperor presented him his
daughter's hand, that led to his death.[31] By doing so he earned the title of Dharmaveer ("protector of
dharma").[32] Aurangzeb ordered Sambhaji and Kavi Kalash to be tortured to death; the process took over
a fortnight and included plucking out their eyes and tongue, pulling out their nails and removing their skin.
Sambhaji was finally killed on 11 March 1689,[33] reportedly by tearing him apart from the front and back
with wagh nakhe (metal "tiger claws") and beheading with an axe at Tulapur on the banks of the Bhima
river near Pune.[6]: 5 0
Other accounts state that Sambhaji challenged Aurangzeb in open court and refused to convert to Islam.
Dennis Kincaid writes, "He (Sambhaji) was ordered by the Emperor to embrace Islam. He refused and was
made to run the gauntlet of the whole Imperial army. Tattered and bleeding he was brought before the
Emperor and repeated his refusal. His tongue was torn and again the question was put. He called for
writing material and wrote 'Not even if the emperor bribed me with his daughter!' So then he was put to
death by torture".[32]
Some accounts state that Sambhaji's body was cut into pieces and thrown into the river or that the body or
portions were recaptured and cremated at the confluence of rivers at Tulapur.[34][35] Other accounts state
that Sambhaji's remains were fed to the dogs.[36]
Governance
Sambhaji inherited the governance system created by Shivaji. He continued with most of his father's
policies. The administration of the state was managed by Sambhaji with the help of Chandogamatya and
the council of eight ministers.[37] According to P. S. Joshi Sambhaji was a good administrator who gave
impartial justice to his subjects.[38]
Maharashtra witnessed severe drought during the reign of Sambhaji (1684–88). Sambhaji had to take
several administrative measures to tackle the situation. Sambhaji continued Shivaji's policies by helping
poor farmers. Shankar Narayan Joshi has stated that his approach against famine was very constructive and
he provided solutions to many complicated problems. His policies of water storage, irrigation and
developing crop patterns show about his progressive policies.[39]
Sambhaji provided grain seeds, exemptions in taxes, oxen for agricultural work and agricultural tools to the
farmers in the drought situation. All these measures were implemented sincerely during the drought
period.[34]
Sambhaji encouraged the agricultural activity in the Maratha state. Agriculture was the backbone of the
rural Maratha economy. He encouraged people to cultivate more and more land. The government of
Sambhaji gave promises of safety to the Marathas who gained independence from the Mughals and asked
them to carry out their previous work of cultivation in their territories. It also called back the people who
had absconded because of their inability to pay taxes and asked them carry out their previous work of
cultivation.[39]
Sambhaji in his letter of 3 June 1684 addressed to Hari Shivdev (Subhedar and Karkun of Tarf Chaul), his
Peshwa Nilkantha Moreshwar directed him to bring the agricultural land of the villages confiscated by the
government under cultivation which otherwise would have remained uncultivated. He also asked Hari
Shivdev to distribute fifty khandis of grain which were being sent to him from Sagargad among the
cultivators.[39]
Sambhaji tried to increase the income (revenue) from the agricultural activities. He also made efforts to
cultivate more wasted or barren lands.[34]
Innovations
Sambhaji is used to have used many innovations during his campaigns, one such innovation was when he
made jackets from leather for his soldiers to ensure protection from lethal arrows fired by the Mysore army
during his campaign against Mysore, it was highly successful as after the initial defeat of the Maratha army
due to the poisonous arrows, the Maratha army was able to negate the arrows and achieved victory by
using these leather jackets.
He also had an idea of building a causeway in the sea from Rajapuri to the gate of Janjira for defeating the
siddis of Janjira, it is said that he had even built a causeway of 800 meters but he could not proceed further
due to Mughal invasion of Hasan Ali Khan on Kalyan-Bhiwandi.[40]
Religious policy
P. S. Joshi states that Sambhaji, his ministers and officers took interest in supporting the cultural and
religious activity in the state. They honoured and encouraged learning by granting land, grains and money
to scholars.[38]
Literary contributions
Sambhaji was sophisticated, educated and well-versed in a few languages besides Marathi. Keshav Pandit
was employed for Sambhaji's education. Keshav Pandit, alias Keshav Bhatta of Shringarpur, was an erudite
scholar in the Nitishastra and Sanskrit language and literature. He seems to have deeper knowledge of the
different forms of Sanskrit literature; Hindu jurisprudence and the Puranas. He also seems to have made
Sambhaji familiar with the famous works of different sciences and music written by ancient scholars in the
Sanskrit language.[2][41]
Sambhaji composed several books during his lifetime. The most notable is Budhbhushanam written in
Marathi and Sanskrit, and three other books, Nayikabhed, Saatsatak, Nakhshikha are in Hindustani
language.[42] In Budhbhushanam, Sambhaji wrote poetry on politics. In the book Sambhaji writes about
dos and don'ts for a king and discusses military tactics. The first few shlokas are praises for Shahaji (his
grandfather) and his father Shivaji. In Budhbhushan Sambhaji considers Shivaji to be the incarnation that
saved the earth and restored righteousness.[43]
Succession
The Maratha Kingdom was put into disarray by Sambhaji's death and his younger half-brother Rajaram I
assumed the throne. Rajaram shifted the Maratha capital far south to Jinji, while Maratha guerrilla fighters
under Santaji Ghorpade and Dhanaji Jadhav continued to harass the Mughal army. A few days after
Sambhaji's death, the capital Raigad Fort fell to the Mughals. Sambhaji's widow, Yesubai, son, Shahu and
Shivaji's widow, Sakvarbai were captured; Sakvarbai died in Mughal captivity.[44] Shahu, who was seven
years of age when captured, remained prisoner of the Mughals for 18 years from February 1689 until
Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707. Shahu was then set free by Emperor Muhammad Azam Shah,
son of Aurangzeb. After his release Shahu had to fight a brief succession war with his aunt Tarabai,
Rajaram's widow who claimed the throne for her own son, Shivaji II.[45][46][47] The Mughals kept Yesubai
captive to ensure that Shahu adhered to the terms of his release. She was released in 1719 when Marathas
became strong enough under Shahu and Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath.[48]
In popular culture
Films and television shows based on Sambhaji's life have been produced in India. These include:
Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1925) by Narayanrao D. Sarpotdar
Chhatrapati Sambhaji (1934) by Parshwanath Yeshwant Altekar
Swarajya Rakshak Sambhaji – TV Series (2017–2020).[49]
See also
Bhosale family ancestry
Maratha clan system
Marathi people
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