STS Topic 2 PPT - Revised

GEED 10083
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY

Topic 2: Basic Concepts of STS
DR. GLORINA P. OROZCO

TOPIC NO. 2
BASIC CONCEPTS OF SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
Topic Learning Outcomes:
1. Define Science and Technology.
2. Discuss the relationship of science and technology in terms of their
forms and products at present.
3. Enumerate and discuss the methods of science.
4. Construct an example of an application of the scientific method in their
own realities.
5. Identify some major intellectual revolutions
6. Discuss and articulate how each of these intellectual revolutions had
changed world views in those particular fields of sciences
7. Identify specific societal groups and discuss their influences on some of
these intellectual revolutions
8. Trace briefly the evolution of society in relation to the evolution of
science and technology
A. STS Definitions & Basic Concepts
❖Relationship of Science and Technology as manifested
in their present day artifacts:
➢Science provides the theories and principles for technology,
while technology provides the mechanics and instruments for
a scientific endeavor.
➢Example: A cake as a product of science and technology. The
science part would explain why the cake dough would rise
and be baked perfectly when following the exact
measurements or ratios and procedures in the cake recipe.
➢The measuring devices like measuring spoons, weighing scale,
thermometer, timer, oven and other tools used to come up
with your perfect cake are the technological tools.
A. STS DEFINITIONS & BASIC
CONCEPTS
Definitions:
SCIENCE: A systematized body of knowledge based on facts
established through observation, research and experimentation.
TECHNOLOGY: the application of the product of science
which is knowledge for practical purposes to ensure man’s
survival and to make life more convenient.
ARTIFACTS: simply means the products of science and
technology. Examples: cell phone, shoes, computer, social media
SOCIETY: The people in general, thought of as an organized
group.
-The people in a country or region, their organizations and their
way of life.
❖Directions of Science and Technology

A scientific product (hypothesis, principle or a
theory), a technic, an artifact or a product can have
the following fates:
1. It could be discarded/become useless, “passe” or
out-moded.
2. It could still be in use in the same form or state.
3. It could undergo innovation.
❖Methods of Science:
1. Intuitions: sudden thoughts or mental flashes which have no scientific
bases but can serve as starting points for new investigation
2. Sensory observations: Impressions on the senses (so in doing
observations, see to it that the senses involved are in normal conditions)
3. Agreement with others: this happens in fora, conventions, meetings
etc. where experts in the same field come to agreements and conclusions
(scientific conclusions etc.)
4. Authorities: are experts in their own fields whom we use as
references.
5. Scientific method: a logical/step-by-step/systematic way of doing
things, answering a question or solving a problem.
❖Steps in the Scientific Method:
1. Define the problem (to make it clear/delimited)

2. Gather data ( skill to develop: getting the pertinent data-only
the data related to the problem)
3. Formulation of the hypothesis ( this is an educated guess
which serves as a temporary solution to the problem/answer
to the problem)
4. Test the hypothesis (through experimentation)
5. Generate your Conclusion
Question1: if you did not get the expected result, what will you
do? In what step do you go back to?
Scientific Method
B . Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society
❖These revolutions changed the outlooks, perceptions or

views of society about the world.
1. Copernican Revolution
➢Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and astronomer
who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.
➢Heliocentrism: Copernicus came about with this concept to
explain the position of the earth in the solar system. It states that
the sun is at the center with the earth, other planets and their
moons revolving around it.
➢Heliocentrism met a negative, even violent reactions at first but
finally was accepted. This time was referred to as the “birth of
Astronomy”.
Intellectual Revolutions that Defined Society
2. Darwinian Revolution
➢Charles Darwin was an English naturalist, who was also a
biologist and a geologist. In his book, “The Origin of Species”
he introduced his theory on evolution which ushered another
intellectual revolution considered the most controversial at
that time.
Darwinian Revolution
➢This theory of evolution proposed that organisms change or evolve

through time through the processes of:
(a) Mutation which is a sudden genetic change which results to
formation of new characteristics that could be inherited and:
(b) Natural Selection which is in sum, survival of the fittest and
elimination of the weak
➢Question2: What sector of society do you think strongly opposed

the theory on evolution and on what basis?
3. Freudian Revolution
➢ Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who developed the theory of
Psychoanalysis. Psychology then was classified under Philosophy but with
Psychoanalysis, Psychology was brought into the realm of science. So it is
now the scientific study that explains human behavior.
➢ Psychoanalysis proposes that the mind is divided into three areas which
are the subconcious, preconcious and conscious minds which define
human behavior.
➢ Now psychoanalysis is being used to treat a lot of psychological disorders.

Question3: What was the opposition of scientists against this theory?
C. Evolution of Societies
The evolution of societies overtime as shown is interdependent with the
evolution of science & technology:
❖History of Societies:
1. Herding, or pastoral, societies: remained nomadic because they were
forced to follow their animals to fresh feeding grounds.
2. Horticultural societies: formed in areas where rainfall and other
conditions allowed them to grow stable crops.
➢ They were similar to hunter-gatherers in that they largely depended on the
environment for survival, but since they didn’t have to abandon their
location to follow resources, they were able to start permanent
settlements.
➢ This created more stability and more material goods and became the basis
for the first revolution in human survival.
3. Agricultural societies:
➢Relied on permanent tools for survival.
Around 3000 B.C.E., an explosion of new technology
known as the Agricultural Revolution made farming
possible—and profitable.
Evolution of Societies
➢Farmers learned to rotate the types of crops grown
on their fields and to reuse waste products such as
fertilizer, which led to better harvests and bigger
surpluses of food.
➢ New tools for digging and harvesting were made of
metal, and this made them more effective and longer
lasting.
➢Human settlements grew into towns and cities, and
particularly bountiful regions became centers of
trade and commerce.
Evolution of Societies
4. The ninth century gave rise to
Feudal societies.
➢ These societies contained a strict
hierarchical system of power based
around land ownership and
protection.
➢ The nobility, known as lords,
placed vassals in charge of pieces
of land. In return for the resources
that the land provided, vassals
promised to fight for their lords.
5. Industrial Society: A dramatic rise in technological
invention, ushering in an era known as the Industrial
Revolution. What made this period remarkable was the
number of new inventions that influenced people’s daily
lives. Within a generation, tasks that had until this point
required months of labor became achievable in a matter of
days.
6. Information societies, sometimes known as postindustrial
or digital societies, are a recent development.
➢Unlike industrial societies that are rooted in the production of
material goods, information societies are based on the
production of information and services.
➢Since the economy of information societies is driven by
knowledge and not material goods, power lies with those in
charge of storing and distributing information.
Question 4: In what stage of the evolution of the society can you

see now as the start of the overturning of the roles of these three
wherein, science and technology has control over society?
Assignment
Assignment due next meeting:
1) RESEARCH, enumerate & describe the:

4 Industrial Revolutions and be able to
(a) give some impacts/problems as consequence of such
revolution.
(b) Cite which among the 4 has created the greatest impact to
the society & be able to explain why.
(c) Cite your references at the end of your paper.
2) Answer the 4 Questions at the end of each lecture subtopic.
LEARNING RESOURCES
• Prieto, Nelia G.,Vega,Violeta A. Filipe, Elizabeth F. and Meneses,

Julius L. (2019 ). Science, Technology and Society. LORIMAR
Publishing Inc.
• Quinto, Edward Jay M., Nieva, Aileen Domondon. ( 2019).
Science,Technology, and Society: Outcome-Based Module. C & E
Publishing, Inc.
• https://www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html
• https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/phy03.sci.engin.des
ign.techsociety/the-impact-of-technology-society
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9jsfqrVHac
Thank You!
Please do your assignment
and be ready for a quiz next
meeting

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GEED 10083

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY

DR. GLORINA P. OROZCO

❖Directions of Science and Technology

1. Define the problem (to make it clear/delimited)

❖These revolutions changed the outlooks, perceptions or

➢This theory of evolution proposed that organisms change or evolve

➢Question2: What sector of society do you think strongly opposed

➢ Now psychoanalysis is being used to treat a lot of psychological disorders.

Question 4: In what stage of the evolution of the society can you

1) RESEARCH, enumerate & describe the:

• Prieto, Nelia G.,Vega,Violeta A. Filipe, Elizabeth F. and Meneses,

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