CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

International

According to Kaushala, V., & Srivastava, S. (2021), The COVID-19 outbreak has put the

fragile tourism and hospitality industry under unprecedented strain. The highly infectious novel

coronavirus continues to thwart the sector and raises serious concerns about the sector's current

and future survival. The study addresses two critical issues: the first is about the major

challenges that the hospitality and tourism industry faces in the current environment, and the

second is about the critical learning for the industry. The study is based on 15 interviews with

senior executives in the hospitality industry, as well as tourism and hospitality education

services. The content of the interview responses was analyzed, yielding 27 sub-themes that were

further condensed into four major themes. The main sub-themes that emerged from the

qualitative investigation were the need for multi-skilling and professional development of the

staff, increased awareness of sanitation, hygiene, and related SOPs, hope for an industry revival,

media roles, and the necessity for better crisis preparedness. "Human Resource Management,"

"Health and Hygiene," "Continuity," and "Concerns" were some of the later overarching themes.

According to Japutraa, A., & Situmorang, R. (2021). The tourism and hospitality

industries have been hard hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to survive in this

environment, hotel managers must deal with uncertainty. The effect of COVID-19 on the

hospitality sector is examined in this study, with a focus on hotels in Indonesia, one of the largest

developing nations. It looks at the difficulties faced by hotel managers and the coping

mechanisms they employ. We discuss whether the strategies being used are advantageous,
redundant, or harmful for hospitality businesses through the lens of complexity theory. The

results provide insight into the various challenges faced by hotels and are based on semi-

structured interviews with 13 hotel managers in Jakarta, Bandung, and Bali. We also point out

the difficulties that may present chances.

According to Thams, A. (2020). Due to the global spread of COVID-19, the tourism and

hospitality sector is currently experiencing one of its most severe operational, commercial, and

financial crises. Both the source and the destination markets have halted business operations due

to the significant impact. Airlines, tour operators, hotels, cruise lines, and retailers—major

market participants in every segment of the tourism value chain—have either reduced or even

stopped all of their production for an illogical amount of time, abruptly and completely cutting

off their sources of income. This essay will extensively discuss the economic effects and

practical difficulties for the tourism and hospitality sector brought on by the COVID-19 crisis.

According to Abbas, J. (2021), The current COVID-19 pandemic has created international

problems, economic and healthcare crises, and spillover effects on international industries,

including tourism and travel, which are crucial to the global service sector. The COVID-19

tourism impacts have been most severe for the tourism and leisure sector, which is also one of

the most severely harmed global industries. Over 50% of revenue losses were quantified by the

leisure and domestic tourism industries, which showed a sharp decline totaling 2.86 trillion US

dollars. The study's first phase examines the COVID-19 pandemic's effects and contexts as well

as how innovation and change can help the tourism sector recover and adapt to the new normal.

According to Gautam, P. (2021), The hospitality and tourism industry is regarded as the

foundation of economic growth, particularly in developing nations. This booming industry is

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease-2019) pandemic's effects on India's hospitality and tourism

industry by addressing crucial issues like the situation right now, the difficulties it faces, and the

outlook for the future. The research has used the secondary research methodology. Secondary

data for data collection has been gathered through literature, journal articles, official documents,

etc. The results of the study demonstrate how COVID-19 has significantly impacted India's

hospitality and tourism industries. The plans of both foreign and domestic tourists to visit the

historical, religious, and cultural sites have been canceled. Both the hotel reservations and the

airline tickets have been canceled. Numerous employees in the industry have lost their jobs. The

economy of the nation and the welfare of the people have both been significantly impacted by

this pandemic. This study may be pertinent to the decision-makers in relation to the critical task

of revitalizing the sector because it is believed that the intensification of the COVID-19 will have

a long-term impact.

Local

According to Tuazon, M. (2021), The Philippine Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and

Exhibitions (MICE) industry was negatively impacted by the novel corona-(COVID-19) virus's

unprecedented effects. Travel restrictions, forced quarantine, and social segregation stifled

optimistic predictions and anticipated increases in arrivals and infrastructure investments,

bringing the industry to a complete standstill. But the pandemic presents a rare chance to

reconsider and develop new MICE tourism-related strategies. This paper makes the case that

recommendations from stakeholders are crucial as the industry transitions into the new normal,

based on the value-chain and stakeholder theories. The study's analysis of primary and secondary

data reveals that the obstacles include a lack of MICE infrastructure, patchy internet access, and
non-targeted marketing initiatives. The study, on the other hand, demonstrates that the

Philippines can benefit from its human resources, genuine tourism goods, and chances for

effective collaboration. The results of this exploratory research are consistent with other studies,

despite the fact that the respondents were restricted to a panel of industry experts. Its viability for

long-term growth and development in a post-COVID-19 MICE tourism environment may be

revealed by additional empirical studies. Additionally, the pandemic might act as a catalyst for

stakeholders along the MICE value chain to work even more closely together.

According to Benaraba, C. (2022), The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on

both students' perceptions of their future careers in the tourism industry and educational

institutions that offered programs in the sector. In order to significantly contribute to the creation

of programs for tourism students in relation to their career opportunities, the study compared and

determined the career perceptions of tourism management students at Far Eastern University

Manila, Philippines, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. 196 third-year tourism

management students enrolled in AY 2020–2021 at a private institution in Manila, Philippines,

completed the survey questionnaire created by the researcher in order to collect quantitative data

using a mixed methods approach and straightforward random and purposive sampling

techniques.

According to Andulana, D. (2021), The purpose of their exploratory study is to discuss

the numerous difficulties and chances faced by the Philippine tourism sector during the COVID-

19 pandemic. These opportunities and challenges are arranged in accordance with the COVID-19

Management Framework's anti-pandemic strategy elements. The decline in tourism demand, job

losses, the demand for online and digital transactions, the avoidance of tourists staying in hotel

rooms used as quarantine facilities, and adherence to disaster management and control
preparedness protocols are some of the pressing challenges. However, there are many

opportunities for the tourism industry to prosper, including investigating local tourism, educating

staff about digital services and safety procedures, rebuilding the company brand, upgrading

facilities, embracing modern technology, and working with consultants on risk and disaster

management.

According to Dao, C. (2021), Global tourism has been largely decimated by the COVID-

19 pandemic, and the recovery of tourist destinations in developing nations has been put in

jeopardy as a result of the pandemic's increasingly dangerous waves. The results show that the

majority of the case study's tourism-related businesses suffered significantly from the pandemic,

and very few of these businesses were able to rebound after the initial wave of infection. Sadly,

after the third wave, it was discovered that the tourism business sectors were either facing

permanent closure or bankruptcy. Although the degree of the downturn varied among the

examined enterprises, all tourism enterprises appeared to have experienced a sharp decline in the

number of customers, tourism revenue, service facilities and exploitation, as well as employee

downsizing.

According to PWC. (2020), Without a doubt, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a

significant impact on a number of industries, including the tourism sector. The World Tourism

Organization estimates that 100 to 120 million jobs are at risk due to the closure of borders,

airports, and hotels as well as restrictions on large gatherings, land travel, and related services

globally. International tourist arrivals decreased by 22% in the first quarter of 2020, the time

when travel restrictions and lockdowns in the majority of countries began. This is expected to

have cost the global tourism industry US$80 billion. During that time, 39 locations were
implementing the closing of borders, 65 locations suspended international flights entirely or

partially, and 97 locations completely or partially closed their borders to tourists.

Kaushala, V., & Srivastava, S. (2021, January). Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID-
19 pandemic: Perspectives on challenges and learnings from India. Scientific Direct.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278431920302590

Japutraa, A., & Situmorang, R. (2021, May). The repercussions and challenges of COVID-19 in
the hotel industry: Potential strategies from a case study of Indonesia. Science Direct.
https://www.scribbr.com/citation/generator/folders/1fM95JKufaO4DwSPUPx36r/lists/
Y6Cuo6SnsDGnNnWpoeMFU/cite/webpage/

Thams, A. (2020). An initial assessment of economic impacts and operational challenges for the
tourism & hospitality industry due to COVID-19. EconStor.
https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/216762

Abbas, J. (2021, November). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational

Gautam, P. (2021, July 4). The Effects and Challenges of COVID-19 in the Hospitality and
Tourism Sector in India. Science Direct.
https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/JTHE/article/view/38242

Tuazon, M. (2021, April 17). Philippine MICE Tourism Post-Covid 19: An Overview of
Challenges and Opportunities. Google Scholar.
https://ejournal-medan.uph.edu/index.php/APIEMJ/article/view/442

Benaraba, C. (2022, June). A Comparative Analysis on the Career Perceptions of Tourism

Andulana, D. (2021, December 9). Challenges and Opportunities in Philippine Tourism amid the
COVID-19 Pandemic. Science Direct.
https://rmrj.usjr.edu.ph/rmrj/index.php/RMRJ/article/view/1071

Dao, C. (2021, November 5). The COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impacts on Tourism Business in a
Developing City. MPDI. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/9/4/172

PWC. (2020, July). Impact of COVID-19 on the Philippine Tourism industry. Google Scholar.
https://www.pwc.com/ph/en/publications/pwc-publications/tourism-covid-19.html