BSC Botany 2019

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
Curriculum and Syllabus for Undergraduate Programmes

Under Credit Semester System
(with effect from 2019 admissions)
Board of Studies
Dr. Scaria K Varghese (Chairman), Associate Professor, Dept. of Botany, St. Berchmans
College, Changanassery – 686101
Dr. J G Ray, Professor, School of Biosciences, MG University Priyadarshini Hills P.O
Kottayam - 686 560
Dr. Jos T. Puthur, Associate Professor, Dept. of Botany, Calicut University
Dr. Dennis Thomas, Professor and Head, Department of Biotechnology, Central University,
Kerala
Dr. Anumol Jose, Assistant Professor, UC College, Aluva
Dr. Sunny George, Homegrown Biotech, Kerala
Dr. Soni Scaria, Associate Professor, Dept of Botany, St. Berchmans College, Changanassery
– 686101
Dr. Joseph Job, Associate Professor, Dept of Botany, St. Berchmans College, Changanassery
– 686101
Dr. Salvy Thomas, Assistant Professor, Dept of Botany, St. Berchmans College,
Changanassery – 686101
Mr. Biju George, Assistant Professor, Dept of Botany, St. Berchmans College,
Mr. Jebin Joseph, Assistant Professor, Dept of Botany, St. Berchmans College,
Mr. Ajeesh Joseph, Assistant Professor, Dept of Botany, St. Berchmans College,
Mr. Tom Joseph, Assistant Professor, Dept of Botany, St. Berchmans College,
BSc Botany Programme
Aims and Objectives
To acquaint the learners with the basic elements of Botany and its sub disciplines
To acquaint the students of the methods of enquiry in Botany and its sub disciplines
To enable the student to synthesize the basic elements of the sub discipline within the larger
motif of Botany and the pursuits of science
To make judgments on the basis of criteria and standards
To enable students to put ideas and experiments together to create new dimensions to the
discipline of Botany
REGULATIONS FOR UNDERGRADUATE (UG) PROGRAMMES UNDER
CREDIT SEMESTER SYSTEM (SB-CSS-UG) 2019
1. SHORT TITLE
1.1 These Regulations shall be called St. Berchmans College (Autonomous) Regulations (2019)
governing undergraduate programmes under Credit Semester System.
1.2 These Regulations shall come into force with effect from the academic year 2019 - 20 onwards.
2. SCOPE
2.1 The regulation provided herein shall apply to all regular undergraduate programmes,
BA/BSc/BCom/BCA, conducted by St. Berchmans College (Autonomous) with effect from the
academic year 2019 - 20.
3. DEFINITIONS
3.1 ‘University’ means Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala.
3.2 ‘College’ means St. Berchmans College (Autonomous).
3.3 There shall be an Academic Committee nominated by the Principal to look after the matters
relating to the SB-CSS-UG system.
3.4 ‘Academic Council’ means the Committee consisting of members as provided under section
107 of the University Act 2014, Government of Kerala.
3.5 ‘Parent Department’ means the Department, which offers a particular undergraduate
programme.
3.6 ‘Department Council’ means the body of all teachers of a Department in the College.
3.7 ‘Faculty Mentor’ is a teacher nominated by a Department Council to coordinate the continuous
evaluation and other academic activities of the undergraduate programme undertaken in the
Department.
3.8 ‘Programme’ means a three year programme of study and examinations spread over six
semesters, the successful completion of which would lead to the award of a degree.
3.9 ‘Duration of Programme’ means the period of time required for the conduct of the programme.
The duration of an undergraduate programme shall be six (6) semesters.
3.10 ‘Semester’ means a term consisting of a minimum 90 working days, inclusive of tutorials,
examination days and other academic activities within a period of six months.
3.11 ‘Course’ means a portion of a subject to be taught and evaluated in a semester.
3.12 ‘Course Teacher’ means the teacher who is taking classes on the course.
3.13 ‘Core Course’ means a course in the subject of specialization within a degree programme. It
includes a course on environmental studies and human rights.
3.14 ‘Complementary Course’ means a course, which would enrich the study of core courses.
3.15 ‘Common Course I’ means a course that comes under the category of courses for English.
3.16 ‘Common Course II’ means additional language, which can be opted by a student, from among
the languages offered by the College.
3.17 The Common Course I and II is compulsory for all students undergoing undergraduate
programmes.
3.18 ‘Open Course’ means a course offered by the departments other than the parent department
outside the field specialization of the student, which can be opted by a student.
3.19 ‘Elective Course’ means a course, which can be substituted, by equivalent course from the same
subject.
3.20 ‘Vocational Course’ means a course that enables the students to enhance their practical skills
and ability to pursue a vocation in their subject of specialization.
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3.21 ‘Audit Course’ means a course opted by the students, in addition to the compulsory courses, in
order to develop their skills and social responsibility.
3.22 ‘Extra Credit Course’ means a course opted by the students, in addition to the compulsory
courses, in order to gain additional credit that would boost the performance level and additional
skills.
3.23 Extra credit and audit courses shall be completed by working outside the regular teaching hours.
3.24 There will be two categories of extra credit courses, mandatory and optional. If a student fails to
complete the mandatory course, he/she shall complete the same within the tenure of the
programme.
The details of the extra credit and audit courses are given below:
Semester Course Type
I Course on Basic Life Support System and Compulsory, audit course,
Disaster Management Grades shall be given
I to VI Value Education Compulsory, extra credit
Virtual Lab experiments/MOOC Optional, extra credit
II & III Add on Course Compulsory, extra credit, Grades
shall be given
Summer vacation 50 hours (10 days) Social Awareness Compulsory, extra credit, Grades
following semester Programme shall be given
II
IV Internship/Skill Training Compulsory, audit course,
Grades shall be given
V Finishing School Compulsory, audit course
3.25 ‘On the Job Training’ means a job training course given to the students to acquaint them with
various industrial skills.
3.26 ‘Project’ means a regular project work with stated credits on which the student conducts a
project under the supervision of a teacher in the parent department/any appropriate research
centre in order to submit a dissertation on the project work as specified.
3.27 ‘Dissertation’ means a minor thesis to be submitted at the end of a research work carried out by
each student on a specific area.
3.28 ‘Plagiarism’ is the unreferenced use of other authors’ material in dissertations and is a serious
academic offence.
3.29 ‘Seminar’ means a lecture expected to train the student in self-study, collection of relevant
matter from books and internet resources, editing, document writing, typing and presentation.
3.30 ‘Improvement Examination’ is an examination conducted to improve the performance of a
student in the courses of a particular semester as per the exam manual.
3.31 ‘Supplementary Examination’ is an examination conducted for students who fail in the courses
of a particular semester as per the exam manual.
3.32 The minimum credits, required for completing an undergraduate programme is one hundred and
twenty (120).
3.33 ‘Credit’ (C) of a course is a measure of the weekly unit of work assigned for that course in a
semester.
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3.34 ‘Course Credit’: One credit of the course is defined as a minimum of one (1) hour
lecture/minimum of two (2) hours lab/field work per week for eighteen (18) weeks in a
semester. The course will be considered as completed only by conducting the final examination.
3.35 ‘Grade’ means a letter symbol (A, B, C etc.) which indicates the broad level of performance of
a student in a course/semester/programme.
3.36 ‘Grade Point’ (GP) is the numerical indicator of the percentage of marks awarded to a student in
a course.
3.37 ‘Credit Point’ (CP) of a course is the value obtained by multiplying the grade point (GP) by the
credit (C) of the course.
3.38 ‘Semester Grade Point Average’ (SGPA) of a semester is calculated by dividing total credit
points obtained by the student in a semester by total credits of that semester and shall be
rounded off to two decimal places.
3.39 ‘Cumulative Grade Point Average’ (CGPA) is the value obtained by dividing the sum of credit
points in all the courses obtained by the student for the entire programme by the total credits of
the whole programme and shall be rounded off to two decimal places.
3.40 ‘Institution Average’ is the value obtained by dividing the sum of the marks obtained by all
students in a particular course by the number of students in the respective course.
3.41 ‘Weighted Average Score’ means the score obtained by dividing sum of the products of marks
secured and credit of each course by the total credits of that semester/programme and shall be
rounded off to two decimal places.
3.42 ‘Grace Marks’ means marks awarded to course/courses as per the choice of the student, in
recognition of meritorious achievements of a student in NCC/NSS/sports/arts and cultural
activities.
3.43 First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth position shall be awarded to students who come in the
first five places based on the overall CGPA secured in the programme in the first chance itself.
4. PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
4.1. The programme shall include core courses, vocational courses, complementary courses,
common courses, open course and elective courses. There shall be a project/dissertation to be
undertaken by all students. The programme will also include assignments, seminars, practical,
viva-voce, OJT, field visit, industry visit etc., if they are specified in the curriculum.
4.2. Total credits for a programme is one hundred and twenty (120). The credit distribution for
various UG programmes is shown below.
Model I BA/BSc
i. Programme duration 6 Semesters
ii. Total credits required for successful completion of the
120
programme
iii. Minimum credits required from Core + Elective + Project
79
+ Complementary courses
iv. Minimum credits required from Common courses 38
v. Minimum credits required from Open course 3
vi. Minimum attendance required 75%
4.3. Project/Dissertation
All students shall do a project/research work in the area of core course in the sixth semester.
The project/ research work shall be done individually or as a group of maximum five (5)
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students. The projects/research work shall be identified during the fourth semester of the
programme with the help of the supervising teacher. The report of the project/research work
shall be submitted to the department during sixth semester and shall be produced before the
examiners appointed by the College. The project report/dissertation shall be subject to internal
and external evaluation followed by a viva-voce/defence.
4.4. Evaluations
The evaluation of each course shall contain two parts.
i Internal or In-Semester Assessment (ISA)
ii External or End-Semester Assessment (ESA)
Both ISA and ESA shall be carried out using indirect grading. The ISA:ESA ratio shall be 1:4,
for courses with or without practical. There shall be a maximum of eighty (80) marks for
external evaluation and twenty (20) marks for internal evaluation.
4.5. In-semester assessment
The components of the internal or in-semester assessment and their marks are as below.
Courses other than common courses without practical
Component Marks
Attendance 2
Viva 4
Assignment/Seminar 4
Class test 4
Model examination 6
Total 20
Marks for attendance
% of Attendance Marks
Above 90 2
75 – 90 1
(Decimals shall be rounded off to the next higher whole number)
Courses other than common courses with practical
Component Marks
Attendance 2
Viva 3
Assignment/Seminar 2
Class test 3
Model examination 5
Total 15
Above 90 2
75 – 90 1
Internal assessment of practical courses
The internal assessment of practical courses shall be conducted either annually or in each
semester. The components for internal assessment are given below.
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Internal assessment of practical courses evaluated in each semester
Component Marks
Attendance 1
Lab Test 2
Record* 2
Total 5
*Marks awarded for Record shall be related to number of experiments/practicals recorded.
Above 75 1
4.6. Assignments
Assignments shall be submitted for every course in the first four semesters. At least one
assignment for each course shall be submitted in each semester.
4.7. Seminar
A student shall present a seminar in the fifth and sixth semesters.
4.8. In-semester examination
Every student shall undergo at least two in-semester examinations as class test and model
examination as internal component for every course.
4.9. To ensure transparency of the evaluation process, the ISA mark awarded to the students in each
course in a semester shall be published on the notice board according to the schedule in the
academic calendar published by the College. There shall not be any chance for improvement of
ISA. The course teacher and the faculty mentor shall maintain the academic record of each
student registered for the course which shall be forwarded to the office of the Controller of
Examinations through the Head of the Department and a copy shall be kept in the office of the
Head of the Department for at least two years for verification.
4.10. A student who has not secured minimum marks in internal examinations can redo the same
before the end semester examination of the semester concerned.
4.11. End-semester assessment
The end-semester examination in theory and practical courses shall be conducted by the
College.
4.12. The end-semester examinations shall be conducted at the end of each semester. There shall be
one end-semester examination of three (3) hours duration in each lecture based course.
4.13. The question paper shall be strictly on the basis of model question paper set by Board of
Studies.
4.14. A question paper may contain short answer type/annotation, short essay type
questions/problems and long essay type questions. Marks for each type of question can vary
from programme to programme, but a general pattern may be followed by the Board of Studies.
4.15. End-semester Examination question pattern shall be as given below.
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Courses without practical
Total No. of Questions to be Total Marks
Section Marks
Questions Answered for the Section
A 12 10 2 20
B 9 6 5 30
C 4 2 15 30
Maximum 80
Courses with practical
Total Marks
Total No. of Questions to be
Section Marks for the
Questions Answered
Section
A 12 10 2 20
B 9 6 4 24
C 4 2 8 16
Maximum 60
4.16. Photocopies of the answer scripts of the external examination shall be made available to the
students for scrutiny as per the regulations in the examination manual.
4.17. Practical examination shall be conducted annually or in each semester. The duration and
frequency of practical examination shall be decided by the respective Board of Studies.
4.18. Practical examination shall be conducted by one external examiner and one internal examiner.
4.19. The marks for end-semester theory and practical examinations are given below
Course Marks
Courses without practical 80
Course with practical 60
Practical (assessment in each semester) 20
Practical (odd and even semester combined) 40
4.20. The project report/dissertation shall be subject to internal and external evaluation followed by a
viva-voce at the end of the programme. Internal Evaluation is to be done by the supervising
teacher and external evaluation by an external evaluation board consisting of an examiner
appointed by the Controller of Examinations and the Head of the Department or his nominee. A
viva-voce/defence related to the project work shall be conducted by the external evaluation
board and students have to attend the viva-voce/defence individually.
Components of Project Evaluation Marks
Internal Evaluation 20
Dissertation (External) 50
Viva-Voce (External) 30
Total 100
4.21. If the student fails in project evaluation, he or she shall submit the project report/dissertation
after modifying it on the basis of the recommendations of the examiners.
4.22. For all courses (theory and practical) an indirect grading system based on a seven (7) point scale
according to the percentage of marks (ISA + ESA) is used to evaluate the performance of the
student in that course. The percentage shall be rounded mathematically to the nearest whole
number.
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Percentage of
Grade Performance Grade Point
Marks
95 and above S Outstanding 10
85 to below 95 A+ Excellent 9
75 to below 85 A Very Good 8
65 to below 75 B+ Good 7
55 to below 65 B Above Average 6
45 to below 55 C Satisfactory 5
35 to below 45 D Pass 4
Below 35 F Failure 0
5. CREDIT POINT AND GRADE POINT AVERAGE
5.1. Credit Point
Credit Point (CP) of a course is calculated using the formula
CP = C × GP
where C is the credit and GP is the grade point
5.2. Semester Grade Point Average
Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA) is calculated using the formula
SGPA = TCP/TCS
where TCP is the total credit point of all the courses in the semester and TCS is the total credits
in the semester
GPA shall be rounded off to two decimal places.
5.3. Cumulative Grade Point Average
Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) is calculated using the formula
CGPA = TCP/TC
where TCP is the total credit point of all the courses in the whole programme and TC is the total
credit in the whole programme
GPA shall be rounded off to two decimal places.
5.4. Grade Point Average (GPA) of different category of courses viz. Common Course I, Common
Course II, Complementary Course I, Complementary Course II, Vocational Course, Core
Course etc. are calculated using the formula
GPA = TCP/TC
where TCP is the Total Credit Point of a category of course and TC is the total credit of that
category of course
Grades for the different courses, semesters, Semester Grade Point Average (SGPA) and grades
for overall programme, Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) are given based on the
corresponding Grade Point Average (GPA) as shown below:
GPA Grade Performance
9.5 and above S Outstanding
8.5 to below 9.5 A+ Excellent
7.5 to below 8.5 A Very Good
6.5 to below 7.5 B+ Good
5.5 to below 6.5 B Above Average
4.5 to below 5.5 C Satisfactory
3.5 to below 4.5 D Pass
Below 3.5 F Failure
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5.5. A separate minimum of 30% marks each for internal and external (for both theory and practical)
and aggregate minimum of 35% are required for a pass in a course.
5.6. For a pass in a programme, a separate minimum of grade ‘D’ is required for all the individual
courses.
5.7. If a candidate secures F Grade for any one of the courses offered in a semester/programme, only
F grade will be awarded for that semester/programme until the student improves this to D grade
or above within the permitted period.
5.8. Candidate who secures D grade and above will be eligible for higher studies.
6. SUPPLEMENTARY/IMPROVEMENT EXAMINATION
6.1 There will be supplementary examinations and chance for improvement. Only one chance will
be given for improving the marks of a course.
6.2 There shall not be any improvement examination for practical examinations and examinations
of the final year.
7. ATTENDANCE
7.1. The minimum requirement of aggregate attendance during a semester for appearing the end
semester examination shall be 75%. Condonation of shortage of attendance to a maximum of
ten (10) days in a semester subject to a maximum of two times during the whole period of
undergraduate programme may be granted by the College. This condonation shall not be
counted for internal assessment.
7.2. Benefit of attendance may be granted to students representing the College, University, State or
Nation in Sports, NCC, NSS or Cultural or any other officially sponsored activities such as
College union/University union activities etc., on production of participation/attendance
certificates, within one week from competent authorities, for the actual number of days
participated, subject to a maximum of ten (10) days in a semester, on the specific
recommendations of the Faculty Mentor and Head of the Department.
7.3. A student who does not satisfy the requirements of attendance shall not be permitted to appear
for the end-semester examinations.
7.4. Those students who are not eligible even with condonation of shortage of attendance shall
repeat the course along with the next batch after obtaining readmission.
8. BOARD OF STUDIES AND COURSES
8.1. The Board of Studies concerned shall design all the courses offered in the UG programme. The
Board shall design and introduce new courses, modify or re-design existing courses and replace
any existing courses with new/modified courses to facilitate better exposure and training for the
students.
8.2. The syllabus of a programme shall contain programme objectives and programme outcome.
8.3. The syllabus of a course shall contain the title of the course, course objectives, course outcome,
contact hours, the number of credits, reference materials and model questions.
8.4. Each course shall have an alpha numeric code which includes abbreviation of the course in two
letters, the semester number, course code and the serial number of the course.
8.5. Every programme conducted under Credit Semester System shall be monitored by the
Academic Council.
9. REGISTRATION
9.1. A student who registers his/her name for the external examination for a semester will be eligible
for promotion to the next semester.
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9.2. A student who has completed the entire curriculum requirement, but could not register for the
semester examination can register notionally, for getting eligibility for promotion to the next
semester.
9.3. A student may be permitted to complete the programme, on valid reasons, within a period of
twelve (12) continuous semesters from the date of commencement of the first semester of the
programme.
9.4. The minimum strength of students for open courses is 15 and the maximum is 75 per batch.
9.5. Each student shall register for the open courses in the prescribed registration form in
consultation with the faculty mentor during fourth semester. Faculty mentor shall permit
registration on the basis of the preferences of the student and availability of seats.
10. ADMISSION
10.1. The admission to all UG programmes shall be as per the rules and regulations of the
College/University.
10.2. The eligibility criteria for admission shall be as announced by the College/University from time
to time.
10.3. Separate rank lists shall be drawn up for seats under reservation quota as per the existing rules.
10.4. There shall be an academic and examination calendar prepared by the College for the conduct
of the programmes.
11. MARK CUM GRADE CARD
11.1. The College under its seal shall issue to the students, a Mark cum Grade Card on completion of
each semester, which shall contain the following information.
i. Name of the Student
ii. Register Number
iii. Photo of the student
iv. Degree
v. Programme
vi. Semester and Name of the Examination
vii. Month and Year of Examination
viii. Stream
ix. Course Code, Title and Credits of each course opted in the semester
x. Marks for ISA, ESA, Total Marks (ISA + ESA), Maximum Marks, Letter Grade, Grade
Point (GP), Credit Point (CP) and Institution Average in each course opted in the
semester
xi. Total Credits, Marks Awarded, Credit Point, SGPA and Letter Grade in the semester
xii. Weighted Average Score
xiii. Result
xiv. Credits/Grade of Extra Credit and Audit Courses
11.2. The final Mark cum Grade Card issued at the end of the final semester shall contain the details
of all courses taken during the entire programme including those taken over and above the
prescribed minimum credits for obtaining the degree. The final Mark Cum Grade Card shall
show the CGPA and the overall letter grade of a student for the entire programme.
11.3. A separate grade card shall be issued at the end of the final semester showing the extra credit
and audit courses attended by the student, grade and credits acquired.
12. AWARD OF DEGREE
The successful completion of all courses other than extra credit and audit courses with ‘D’
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grade shall be the minimum requirement for the award of the degree.
13. MONITORING COMMITTEE
There shall be a Monitoring Committee constituted by the Principal to monitor the internal
evaluation conducted by the College. The Course Teacher, Faculty Mentor, and the College
Coordinator shall keep all the records of the continuous evaluation, for at least a period of two
years, for verification.
14. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
14.1. In order to address the grievance of students regarding ISA, a two-level grievance redress
mechanism is envisaged.
14.2. A student can approach the upper level only if grievance is not addressed at the lower level.
14.3. Department level: The Principal shall form a Grievance Redress Committee in each Department
comprising of course teacher and one senior teacher as members and the Head of the
Department as Chairman. The Committee shall address all grievances relating to the internal
assessment of the students.
14.4. College level: There shall be a College level Grievance Redress Committee comprising of
Faculty Mentor, two senior teachers and two staff council members (one shall be an elected
member) and the Principal as Chairman. The Committee shall address all grievances relating to
the internal assessment of the students.
15. TRANSITORY PROVISION
Notwithstanding anything contained in these regulations, the Principal shall, for a period of
three years from the date of coming into force of these regulations, have the power to provide
by order that these regulations shall be applied to any programme with such modifications as
may be necessary.
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REGULATIONS FOR ADD ON COURSES FOR UNDERGRADUATE
PROGRAMMES
1. DEFINITIONS
1.1 ‘Add On Course General Coordinator' is a senior teacher nominated by the Principal to
coordinate and monitor the Add On courses conducted by various departments.
1.2 ‘Add On Course Coordinator' is a teacher nominated by a Department Council to coordinate the
evaluation and other academic activities of the Add On Course undertaken in the Department.
2. COURSE STRUCTURE
2.1 Add On Course shall be completed outside the regular teaching hours of the undergraduate
programmes and shall be completed within the first four semesters of the programme.
2.2 The credit will be awarded only if the student get D grade (35% marks) and above.
2.3 A student can earn any number of extra credits according to his/her choice.
2.4 The minimum credits for an Add On Course shall be two (2).
3. EVALUATIONS
The evaluation of each course shall be done internally and contain two parts.
i. Continuous evaluation
ii. Final evaluation
Both continuous evaluation and final evaluation shall be carried out using indirect grading. The
marks for continuous evaluation is twenty (20) and that of final evaluation is eighty (80).
Continuous evaluation
The components of the continuous evaluation and their marks are as below.
For all courses without practical
There are two components for continuous evaluation, which include attendance and assignment.
All the components of the continuous evaluation are mandatory.
Components Marks
Attendance 10
Assignment 10
Total 20
90 and above 10
85 - 89 8
80 – 84 6
76 – 79 4
75 2
(Decimals shall be rounded mathematically to the nearest whole number)
For all courses with practical
The components for continuous evaluation of courses with practical are given below.
Components Marks
Attendance 10
Lab involvement 10
Total 20
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90 and above 10
85 - 89 8
80 – 84 6
76 – 79 4
75 2
(Decimals shall be rounded mathematically to the nearest whole number)
Assignments
At least one assignment shall be submitted for each course.
4. FINAL EVALUATION
The final evaluation of theory and practical courses shall be conducted by the
College/Department. It can be eighty marks written examination or eighty marks
project/practical examination or eighty marks written and project/practical examination
combined, as decided by the Board of Studies.
4.1 The question paper shall be strictly on the basis of model question paper set by Board of
Studies.
4.2 A question paper may contain objective type, short answer type/annotation, short essay type
questions/problems and long essay type questions.
4.3 The duration of written examination shall be decided by the respective Board of Studies and the
duration of the practical examination shall be decided by the concerned course coordinator.
4.4 Practical examination shall be conducted by one internal examiner.
4.5 For all courses (theory and practical) an indirect grading system based on a seven (7) point scale
according to the percentage of marks (ISA + ESA) is used to evaluate the performance of the
student in that course. The percentage shall be rounded mathematically to the nearest whole
number.
Percentage of
Grade Performance
Marks
95 and above S Outstanding
85 to below 95 A+ Excellent
75 to below 85 A Very Good
65 to below 75 B+ Good
55 to below 65 B Above Average
45 to below 55 C Satisfactory
35 to below 45 D Pass
Below 35 F Failure
4.6 A separate minimum of 30% marks each for internal and external (for both theory and practical)
and aggregate minimum of 35% are required for a pass in a course.
5. ATTENDANCE
The minimum requirement of aggregate attendance for appearing the final evaluation shall be
75%.
6. BOARD OF STUDIES AND COURSES
6.1 The Board of Studies concerned shall design the Add On Course offered by the department. The
Board shall design and introduce new Add On Course, modify or redesign existing Add On
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Course and replace any existing Add On course with new/modified Add On course to facilitate
better exposure and training for the students.
6.2 The syllabus of an Add On course shall also include the title of the course, contact hours, the
number of credits, reference materials and question paper pattern.
6.3 Each course shall have an alpha numeric code which includes programme code, abbreviation of
the course in two letters, course code and serial number of the course
6.4 The Add On courses conducted under Credit Semester System shall be monitored by the
Academic Council.
6.5 For redressing the complaints in connection with the conduct of Add On course, students shall
approach the Grievance Redress Committee functioning in the college.
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REGULATIONS FOR CERTIFICATE COURSE IN VALUE EDUCATION FOR
UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMMES
Value Education is a compulsory extra credit course for all the students admitted to the undergraduate
programmes.
i. Duration
The duration of the course shall be three academic years (six semesters) spanning 60 hrs. There
shall be minimum 20 hours in an academic year.
ii. Evaluation
The evaluation of each course shall contain two parts.
i. Continuous evaluation
ii. Final evaluation
There shall be a maximum of forty (40) marks for external assessment and ten (10) marks for
internal assessment.
Continuous Evaluation
Assignment
The students are supposed to submit at least one assignment in every year and five (5) marks
will be given for a submitted assignment
Attendance
The minimum requirement of aggregate attendance during a semester for appearing the end
final examination shall be 75%.
Maximum of five (5) marks will be given for attendance as follows.
90 and above 5
85-89 4
80-84 3
76-79 2
75 1
Final evaluation
The final examination shall be conducted by the course coordinator. The final assessment
examination shall be conducted at the end of every year. There shall be an annual written
examination of one and a half hours (1½) duration. The question paper shall be strictly on the
basis of model question paper set by Expert Committee. A question paper consists of short
answer type, short essay type and long essay type questions.
A separate minimum of 30% marks each for internal and external assessment (continuous and final
evaluation) and aggregate minimum of 35% are required for a pass in a course.
iii. Grading
The total marks of the course shall be one hundred and fifty (150). The grading of the course is
as follows:
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Percentage of
Grade Performance
Marks
Below 35 F Failure
iv. Award of certificate
The course is envisaged with three levels in three academic years. There shall be examination in
every year. If a student does not acquire minimum marks he/she can continue with further
levels. But he/ she shall be eligible to get certificate only after completing all the levels
successfully. The certificate will be issued after completing all the levels with minimum grade
D for the pass. On successful completion of the course, grade card shall be issued to the
students indicating the grade. The college issues the certificate on value education to all the
undergraduate students who successfully complete the course. The course shall be completed
during the tenure of the programme.
xv
REGULATIONS FOR COURSE ON BASIC LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM AND
DISASTER MANAGEMENT (BLS & DM)
i. The course on BLS & DM shall be conducted by a nodal centre created in the college.
ii. The nodal centre shall include at least one teacher from each department. A teacher shall be
nominated as the Director of BLS & DM.
iii. The team of teachers under BLS & DM shall function as the trainers for BLS & DM.
iv. The team of teachers under BLS & DM shall be given intensive training on Basic Life Support
System and Disaster Management and the team shall be equipped with adequate numbers of
mannequins and kits for imparting the training to students.
v. Each student shall under go five (5) hours of hands on training in BLS & DM organised by the
Centre for BLS & DM.
vi. The training sessions shall be organised on weekends/holidays/vacation during the first
semester of the programme.
vii. After the completion of the training, the skills acquired shall be evaluated using an online test
and grades shall be awarded.
viii. Nodal centre for BLS & DM shall conduct online test and publish the results.
ix. The grading of the course is as follows:
Percentage of
Grade Performance
Marks
Below 35 F Failure
x. Students who could not complete the requirements of the BLS & DM training shall appear for
the same along with the next batch. There shall be two redo opportunity.
xi. For redressing the complaints in connection with the conduct of BLS & DM students shall
approach the Grievance Redress Committee functioning in the college.
xvi
REGULATIONS FOR SOCIAL AWARENESS PROGRAMME (SAP)
i. Social Awareness Programme shall be conducted by a nodal centre created in the college.
nominated as the Director of the SAP.
iii. The centre shall identify the areas where the students can serve the society through the SAP.
iv. During the first semester itself, the centre for SAP shall organise programmes to sensitize the
students about the significance and relevance of SAP and publish a list of different areas where
they can work as volunteers. Students shall register their preferences (three) with the centre for
SAP. The centre shall allot students to various areas based on their preference. For the
preparation of the allotment list, the marks obtained in the higher secondary examination shall
also be used as a criterion. Centre for SAP shall take the help of the Head of the concerned
department and the mentor(s) of the concerned batch at the time of finalization of the allotment
list.
v. Students shall carry out the voluntary work allotted to them after the regular class
hours/weekends/holidays falling in the second semester or the summer vacation following the
second semester.
vi. Evaluation of the SAP activity shall be based on the hours of work put in by a student. A
minimum of 50 hours of social work (corresponding to 50 marks) is required for the successful
completion of SAP. Every additional work beyond the minimum 50 hours shall fetch five (5)
marks per hour. Maximum marks shall be 100. Students who donate blood during the second
semester shall be given 10 marks upon the production of the certificate from the medical
officer. However, Marks earned through blood donation shall not be counted for a pass in the
programme. Mark for blood donation shall be awarded only once during the SAP.
vii. Upon completion of SAP, the marks earned and the grades awarded shall be published by the
Director of SAP. The grading is as follows:
Percentage of Marks Grade Performance
Below 35 F Failure
viii. Two credits shall be awarded to students who complete the requirements of SAP.
ix. Students who could not complete the requirements of the SAP shall appear for the same with
the next batch. There shall be two redo opportunity.
x. For redressing the complaints regarding allotment, harassment at the place of work, and the
marks and grades awarded students shall approach the Grievance Redress Committee
functioning in the college.
xi. Director of SAP has the right to exclude students who are physically handicapped from SAP.
xvii
REGULATIONS FOR INTERNSHIP/SKILL TRAINING PROGRAMME
i. Every UG student shall undergo an internship for a minimum period of five days (25 hours) at a
centre identified by the concerned department. In the case of disciplines where internship
opportunities are scanty (eg. Mathematics) special skill training programmes with duration of
five days (25 hours) shall be organised.
ii. Each department shall identify a teacher in charge for internship/skill training programme.
iii. The department shall select institutions for internship/organising skill training programme.
iv. Internship/skill training programme shall be carried out preferably during the summer vacation
following the fourth semester or during the Christmas vacation falling in the fourth semester or
holidays falling in the semester.
v. At the end of the stipulated period of internship each student shall produce an internship
completion cum attendance certificate and an illustrated report of the training he/she has
underwent, duly certified by the tutor and Head of the institution where the internship has been
undertaken.
vi. Students undergoing skill training programme shall submit a training completion cum
attendance certificate and a report of the training he/she has underwent, duly certified by the
trainer, teacher co-ordinator of the programme from the concerned department and the head of
the department concerned.
vii. Upon receipt of the internship completion cum attendance certificate and illustrated report of
the training or a training completion cum attendance certificate and a report of the training, the
teacher in charge of internship/skill training programme shall prepare a list of students who
have completed the internship/skill training programme and a list of students who failed to
complete the programme. Head of the department shall verify the lists and forward the lists to
the Controller of Examinations.
viii. Students who could not complete the requirements of the internship/skill training programme
shall appear for the same with the next batch. There shall be only one redo opportunity.
xviii
REGULATIONS FOR FINISHING SCHOOL
i. The training to help students develop their soft skills and interview skills, ‘the finishing school’,
shall be coordinated by a nodal centre.
nominated as the Director of the nodal centre.
iii. The training shall impart soft skills comprising of language skills, personal presentation and
grooming, resume preparation, group discussion techniques, and interview skills among the
undergraduate students.
iv. This course shall be conducted during the fifth semester for all the undergraduate students.
v. There will be a total of 20 contact hours which shall be handled by a team of professional
members/faculty. In addition, a one-day outbound training session by a team of professional
trainers that touches on the aspects of creativity, problem solving and team building shall also
be organized.
vi. The students shall be assessed and grades shall be awarded based on the components as shown
below.
Component Marks
Attendance 5
Class Test 10
Assignments 10
Group discussion 10
Interview 15
Total 50
vii. The grading of the course is as follows:
Percentage of Marks Grade Performance
Below 35 F Failure
viii. For redressing the complaints in connection with the conduct of finishing school students shall
approach the Grievance Redress Committee.
xix
VIRTUAL LAB EXPERIMENTS/MOOC COURSES
i. There shall be a Nodal officer and a team of teachers to coordinate the logistics for conducting
Virtual Lab experiments and MOOC courses and to authenticate the claims of the students
regarding the successful completion of the Virtual Lab experiments and or MOOC courses.
ii. Students who are desirous to do Virtual Lab experiments and or MOOC courses shall register
with the Nodal officer at the beginning of the experiment session/MOOC course. Students also
shall submit proof of successful completion of the same to the Nodal officer.
iii. Upon receipt of valid proof, the nodal officer shall recommend, to the Controller of
Examinations, the award of extra credits. In the case of Virtual Lab experiments, 36 hours of
virtual experimentation shall equal one credit and in the case of MOOC courses 18 hours of
course work shall equal one credit.
iv. College shall arrange infrastructure for taking up Virtual Lab experiments and/or MOOC
courses.
xx
Model Mark cum Grade Card
MARK CUM GRADE CARD

Date:
Name of the Candidate :
Permanent Register Number (PRN) :
Photo
Degree :
Programme :
Stream :
Name of Examination :
Marks
Grade Awarded (G)
Institution Average
Credit Point (CP)
Grade Point (GP)
ISA ESA Total
Course
Course Title Result
Credits (C)
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Code
Awarded
Awarded
Awarded
Common Course I
Common Course II
Core Course
Complementary Course
Total
Weighted Average Score
Semester Result
SGPA
***End of Statement***
Entered by:
Verified by:
Controller of Examinations Principal
xxi
CONSOLIDATED MARK CUM GRADE CARD
Photo
Name of the Candidate :
Permanent Register Number (PRN) :
Degree :
Programme :
Stream :
Date :
Marks
Grade Awarded (G)
Institution Average
Credit Point (CP)
Grade Point (GP)
ISA ESA Total

Course
Course Title Result
Credits (C)
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Code
Awarded
Awarded
Awarded
SEMESTER I
Common Course I
Common Course II
Core Course
xxii
SEMESTER II
Common Course I
Common Course II
Core Course
SEMESTER III
Common Course I
Common Course II
Core Course
SEMESTER IV
Common Course I
Common Course II
Core Course
SEMESTER V
Core Course
Open Course
SEMESTER VI
Core Course
Project
xxiii
SEMESTER RESULTS
Marks Maximum Month & Year of
Semester Credits SGPA Grade Result
Awarded Marks Passing
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
PROGRAMME PART RESULTS

Marks Maximum
Programme Part Credits CGPA Grade
Awarded Marks
Common Course I:
Common Course II:
Core Course:
Complementary Course:
Complementary Course:
Open Course:
Total
FINAL RESULT
CUMULATIVE GRADE POINT AVERAGE (CGPA) =
GRADE =
* Separate grade card is issued for Audit and Extra Credit courses.
** Grace Mark awarded.
Entered by:
Verified by:
Controller of Examinations Principal
xxiv
Reverse side of the Mark cum Grade Card (COMMON FOR ALL SEMESTERS)
Description of the Evaluation Process
Grade and Grade Point Percentage of Grade

Grade Performance
The evaluation of each course comprises of internal Marks Point
and external components in the ratio 1:4 for all 95 and above S Outstanding 10
85 to below 95 A+ Excellent 9
Courses. Grades and Grade Points are given on a 75 to below 85 A Very Good 8
seven (7) point scale based on the percentage of 65 to below 75 B+ Good 7
Total Marks (ISA + ESA) as given in Table 1. 55 to below 65 B Above Average 6
Decimals are corrected to the nearest whole 45 to below 55 C Satisfactory 5
number. 35 to below 45 D Pass 4
Below 35 F Failure 0
Credit Point and Grade Point Average Table 1
Credit Point (CP) of a course is calculated using the
Grades for the different Semesters and overall
formula
Programme are given based on the corresponding
CP = C × GP GPA, as shown in Table 2.
where C is the Credit and GP is the Grade Point
GPA Grade Performance
Grade Point Average of a Semester (SGPA) or 9.5 and above S Outstanding
Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) for a 8.5 to below 9.5 A+ Excellent
Programme is calculated using the formula 7.5 to below 8.5 A Very Good
SGPA or CGPA = TCP/TC 6.5 to below 7.5 B+ Good
5.5 to below 6.5 B Above Average
where TCP is the Total Credit Point for the
4.5 to below 5.5 C Satisfactory
semester/programme and TC is the Total Credit for 3.5 to below 4.5 D Pass
the semester/programme Below 3.5 F Failure
GPA shall be rounded off to two decimal places. Table 2
Weighted Average Score (WAS) is the score
The percentage of marks is calculated using the obtained by dividing sum of the products of marks
formula; secured and credit of each course by the total
total marks obtained credits of that semester/programme and shall be
% Marks= ( ) ×100
maximum marks rounded off to two decimal places.
Note: Course title followed by (P) stands for practical course. A separate minimum of 30% marks each for
internal and external assessments (for both theory and practical) and an aggregate minimum of 35% marks is
required for a pass in each course. For a pass in a programme, a separate minimum of Grade D for all the
individual courses and an overall Grade D or above are mandatory. If a candidate secures Grade F for any one of
the courses offered in a Semester/Programme, only Grade F will be awarded for that Semester/Programme until
the candidate improves this to Grade D or above within the permitted period.
xxv
PROGRAMME STRUCTURE
Semester I
Sl. Hours/
Course Credit Marks
No. Week
1 Common Course I 5 4 100
3 Common Course II 4 4 100
4 Core Course 2 2 75
5 Core Course Practical 2 1 25
6 Complementary Course: Zoology 2 2 75
Evaluation in
7 Complementary Course Practical: Zoology 2
Semester II
8 Complementary Course: Chemistry 2 2 75
Evaluation in
9 Complementary Course Practical: Chemistry 2
Semester II
Total 25 18 550
Semester II
Sl. Hours/
Course Credit Marks
No. Week
7 Complementary Course Practical: Zoology 2 2 50
9 Complementary Course Practical: Chemistry 2 2 50
Total 25 22 650
Semester III
Sl. Hours/
Course Credit Marks
No. Week
Evaluation in
7 Complementary Course Practical: Zoology 2
Semester IV
Evaluation in
9 Complementary Course Practical: Chemistry 2
Semester IV
Total 25 18 450
1
Semester IV
Sl. Hours/
Course Credit Marks
No. Week
7 Complementary Course Practical: Zoology 2 2 50
Complementary Course Practical: Chemistry 2 2 50
Total 25 22 550
Semester V
Sl. Hours/
Course Credit Marks
No. Week
5 Open Course 3 3 100
Total 25 19 500
Semester VI
Sl. Hours/
Course Credit Marks
No. Week
5 Elective Course 4 4 100
10 Project - 1 100
Total 25 21 600
Grand Total 3300
2
OUTLINE OF CORE COURSES FOR BSc BOTANY PROGRAMME
Hours/ Total
Course Code Course Title Credits ISA ESA Total
Week Hours
Semester I
Introductory Botany and Angiosperm
BBBO101 2 36 2 15 60 75
Morphology
Introductory Botany and Angiosperm
BBBO1P01 2 36 1 5 20 25
Morphology (P)
Semester II
Plant Anatomy, Microtechniques and
BBBO202 2 36 2 15 60 75
Embryology
Plant Anatomy, Microtechniques and
BBBO2P02 2 36 1 5 20 25
Embryology (P)
Semester III
Microbiology, Mycology and Plant
BBBO303 3 54 3 15 60 75
Pathology
BBBO3P03 2 36 1 5 20 25
Pathology (P)
Semester IV
BBBO404 Phycology and Bryology 3 54 3 15 60 75
BBBO4P04 Phycology and Bryology (P) 2 36 1 5 20 25
Semester V
Pteridology, Gymnosperms and
BBBO505 3 54 3 15 60 75
Paleobotany
Ecology, Environmental Science and
BBBO506 3 54 3 15 60 75
Human Rights
Research Methodology, Biophysics
BBBO507 3 54 3 15 60 75
and Biostatistics
Angiosperm Taxonomy and
BBBO508 3 54 3 15 60 75
Economic Botany
Pteridology and Gymnosperms and
BBBO5P05 3 54 1 5 20 25
Paleobotany (P)
BBBO5P06 2 36 1 5 20 25
Human rights (P)
BBBO5P07 2 36 1 5 20 25
and Biostatistics (P)
BBBO5P08 3 54 1 5 20 25
Economic Botany (P)
Semester VI
BBBO609 Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 3 54 3 15 60 75
Cytology, Molecular Biology and
BBBO610 3 54 3 15 60 75
Biological Evolution
Plant Biotechnology and
BBBO611 3 54 3 15 60 75
Bioinformatics
3
Genetics, Plant Breeding and
BBBO612 3 54 3 15 60 75
Horticulture
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
BBBO6P09 3 54 1 5 20 25
(P)
Cytology, Molecular Biology and
BBBO6P10 2 36 1 5 20 25
Biological Evolution (P)
Plant Biotechnology and
BBBO6P11 2 36 1 5 20 25
Bioinformatics (P)
Genetics, Plant Breeding and
BBBO6P12 2 36 1 5 20 25
Horticulture (P)
BBBO6PJ Project 1 20 80 100
4
OUTLINE OF CORE COURSES FOR BSc BOTANY &
BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME
Hours/ Total
Week Hours
Semester I
Introductory Botany and 2
BBBO1B01 36 2 15 60 75
Angiosperm Morphology
Plant Anatomy, Microtechniques
BBBO1B02 2 36 2 15 60 75
and Embryology
Introductory Botany and
BBBO1PB01 2 36 1 5 20 25
Angiosperm Morphology (P)
Plant Anatomy, Microtechniques
BBBO1PB02 2 36 1 5 20 25
and Embryology (P)
Semester II
Plant Diversity, Conservation and
BBBO2B03 2 36 2 15 60 75
Applied Botany
BBBO2PB03 2 36 1 5 20 25
Applied Botany (P)
Semester III
BBBO3B04 Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 3 54 3 15 60 75
BBBO3B05 Phycology and Bryology 3 54 3 15 60 75
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
BBBO3PB04 2 54 1 5 20 25
(P)
BBBO3PB05 Phycology and Bryology (P) 2 36 1 5 20 25
Semester IV
Evolution, Plant Breeding and
BBBO4B06 3 54 3 15 60 75
Horticulture
BBBO4B07 3 54 3 15 60 75
Pathology
Evolution, Plant Breeding and
BBBO4PB06 2 36 1 5 20 25
Horticulture (P)
BBBO4PB07 2 36 1 5 20 25
Pathology (P)
Semester V
BBBO5B08 3 54 3 15 60 75
Economic Botany
BBBO5B09 3 54 3 15 60 75
Human rights
Pteridology, Gymnosperms and
BBBO5B10 3 54 3 15 60 75
Paleobotany
BBBO5PB08 3 54 1 5 20 25
Economic Botany (P)
5
BBBO5PB09 2 36 1 5 20 25
Human Rights (P)
Pteridology and Gymnosperms and
BBBO5PB10 3 54 1 5 20 25
Paleobotany (P)
Semester VI
BBBO6B11 3 54 3 15 60 75
and Biostatistics
BBBO6PB11 2 36 1 5 20 25
and Biostatistics (P)
6
ELECTIVE COURSES
Hours/ Total
Week Hours
BBBO6E01 4 72 4 20 80 100
Applied Botany
BBBO6E02 Phytochemistry and Pharmacognosy 4 72 4 20 80 100
COMPLEMENTARY COURSES
Hours/ Total
Week Hours
Semester I
BDBO101 Cryptogams and Gymnosperms 2 36 2 15 60 75
BDBO1P01 Cryptogams and Gymnosperms (P) 2 36 1 5 20 25
Semester II
BDBO202 Plant Physiology 2 36 2 15 60 75
BDBO2P02 Plant Physiology (P) 2 36 1 5 20 25
Semester III
Angiosperm Morphology, Taxonomy
BDBO303 3 54 3 15 60 75
and Economic Botany
Angiosperm Morphology and
BDBO3P03 2 36 1 5 20 25
Taxonomy (P)
Semester IV
BDBO404 Plant Anatomy and Applied Botany 3 54 3 15 60 75
Plant Anatomy and Applied Botany
BDBO4P04 2 36 1 5 20 25
(P)
OPEN COURSE
Hours/ Total
Week Hours
BOBO501 Agribusiness 3 54 3 20 80 100
ADD ON COURSE
Total
Hours
BBOEX01 Plant Tissue Culture 36 2 40 - 40
7
8
SEMESTER I
BBBO101: INTRODUCTORY BOTANY AND ANGIOSPERM

MORPHOLOGY
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 2
Course Objectives:-
 Introducing the students to the fascinating realms of Botany
 To provide basic knowledge of the diversity of morphological forms of various plant
organs
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be able to identify the major groups plants
 Students will be able to compare and contrast the characteristics of different groups of
plants that differentiate them from each other
 Students will be able to identify the modified forms of plant organs and their specific
adaptive objective
Module 1 – Introduction to Botany (12 hours)

Definition of science and Botany –History of Botany (brief study only)
Indian Botanist and their contributions: J.C Bose, Birbal Sahni, M.O.P. Iyengar, Itty
Achudan Vaidyan, S.R. Kashyap, P. Maheshwari, Janaki Ammal; scope of Botany,
opportunities in Botany; Compound and dissection microscope, Haemocytometer,
micrometry
Module 2 – Classification (4 hours)
Classification; purpose and significance, two kingdoms, five kingdoms. Approaches in plant
classification; artificial, natural, phyletic naming; polynomial to binomial
Module 3 – Introduction to Plant diversity (5hours)
Salient features of plants, Adaption in land plants against that of an aquatic plant. Plant
distribution; endemism and cosmopolitan. Definitions and salient features of algae, fungi,
bryophyte, pteridophyta, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (major distinguishable features
only no need of explanation of each features).
Module 4 - Plant habit and Morphology of Vegetative Parts (5hours)
Diverse Plant habits; herbs, shrubs, trees, twiners, climbers, lianas Morphology of vegetative
9
parts; Leaf – compound and simple; leaf modifications; stem modifications, root
modifications (at least one examples and binomial). Importance of leaf, stem and root
modification in human diets (brief description only)
Module 5 – Inflorescences (5 hours)
Racemose types-simple raceme, corymb, umbel, spike, catkin, spadix, head; Cymose types-
simple cyme, monochasial cyme -scorpoid and helicoid, dichasialcyme, Special type-
cyathium, hypanthodium, verticillaster, thyrsus, coenanthium, Panicle.
Module 6 – Fruits (5 hours)
Different types of fruits belonging to Simple, fleshy, dry dehiscent, indehiscent, aggregate,
multiple categories with examples. Different types of fruit as food- staple food, vegetable,
fruit and medicine.
References
1. Agarwal SK, (2008), Foundation course in Biology, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Collins H.and T Pinch (1993) The Golem: What everyone should know about
science, University Press, Cambridge.
3. Eames A.J. (1961) Morphology of Angiosperms Mc. Graw Hill, New York.
4. GW Stout, DJ Taylor, (2008) Biological Sciences. NPO Green, University Press,
Cambridge.
5. Harold C Bold, (1999) The Plant Kingdom. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
6. Harrison H J (1971) New Concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy. Heiman
Educational Books Ltd.
7. Holmes D Moody P and D. Dine (2006) Research Methods for the Biosciences
Oxford University Press
8. Jeffrey A. Lee (2009) The Scientific Endeavor Methodology and Perspectives of
sciences, Pearson
9. Radford A E (1986) Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper & Row Publ.
10
PRACTICAL
BBBO1P01: INTRODUCTORY BOTANY AND ANGIOSPERM

MORPHOLOGY
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
1. Compare the adaptations in land plants, against that of an aquatic plant

2. Identify the inflorescence and fruit mentioned in the syllabus.
3. Identify the stem, root and leaf modifications mentioned in the syllabus.
4. Study the diagnostic features of algae, fungi, bryophyte, Pteridophyta, gymnosperms
and angiosperms
5. Measure the size of any microscopic organism or structure or spores or pollen grains
using micrometry
6. Count the number of any microscopic organism or spores or pollen grains using
Haemocytometer.
7. Conduct a field trip of minimum 1 day in Kerala to vegetation or Botanical garden or
Research institute. Write an illustrated report of the work in 750 words
8. Prepare a biographical sketch of great botanists (at least two botanists) with special
emphasis on the scientific methodology involved in their experiments and submit for
evaluation.
11
SEMESTER II
BBBO202: PLANT ANATOMY, MICROTECHNIQUES AND

EMBRYOLOGY
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 2
Course Objectives:-
 Introducing the basic plant architecture
 To provide basic knowledge of the development of plant embryos
 Introducing the techniques used in anatomical studies of plants
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be able to identify the major tissues in plants
 Students will be able to appreciate the perfection in the sexual reproduction of plants
 Students will be able apply the different techniques learned to study the anatomy of
plants
Plant Anatomy and Microtechniques

Module 1 – Microtechniques (9 hours)
Preservation of plant specimens: Killing and fixing, important fixatives-FAA, Carnoy’s fluid,
Slide preparation: whole mounts, squashes, smears, maceration. Sectioning: hand sections,
serial section; Microtome- rotary, sledge (application only). Staining techniques: Single and
double staining; Safranin,Haematoxylin, Acetocarmine, Fast Green. Mounting; important
mountants- Glycerine, DPX.
Module 2 – Plant cell and tissues (5 hours)
The plant cell wall, gross structure , primary and secondary cell walls, channels of
intercellular transport; pits , plasmodesmata. Non-living inclusions in plant cells:
foodproducts, secretory products, excretory (waste) products –nitrogenous and
nonnitrogenous.
Tissues- simple, complex, composition of xylem and phloem, meristematic tissue, types.
Tissue Systems; Epidermal tissue -epidermis, cuticle, trichome, stomata, hydathodes,
bulliform cells, cork and silica cells. Ground Tissue - cortex, endodermis, pericycle, pith and
pith rays. Vascular Tissue - different types of vascular bundles and their arrangement in root
and stem.
12
Module 3 – Structure and Organisation of Root and Shoot Apices (2 hours)
Histogen theory, Tunica-Corpus theory and Korper- Kappe theory
Module 4 – Plant Body and Secondary Growth (5hours)
Primary structure of stem, root and leaf (dicot and monocot). Cambium; Development,
structure and function, Normal secondary growth in dicot stem and root; stelar and
extrastelar, periderm, bark, polyderm, rhytidome and lenticels. Anomalous secondary growth
in Bougainvillea stem, Bignonia stem and Dracaena stem.
Module 5 –Wood Anatomy (3 hours)
Wood; basic structure, heart wood, sap wood, hard wood, soft wood, tyloses, growth rings
and dendrochronology, porous and non-porous wood, ring porous and diffuse porous wood,
wood rays; structure and cell types, uniseriate and multiseriate rays; heterocellular and
homocellular rays. Wood anatomy in wood identification
Angiosperm Reproductive Botany

Module 6 – Microsporogenesis (3hours)
Anther; structure, different types, pollinium, development, dehiscence. Development of male
gametophyte, pollen germination and viability.
Module 7 – Megasporogenesis (3hours)
Structure and development of ovule, placentaion types, Structure of matureembryo sac.-
monosporic (polygonum type), bisporic (Allium type) and tetrasporic (Peperomiatype).
Module 8 – Pollination and fertilization (3hours)
Pollination, mechanisms and agencies, natural Mechanisms to prevent self- pollination-
herkogamy, heterostyly, protrandry and protogyny, Special types of pollination mechanism,
Fertilisation; syngamy, triplefusion.
Module 9 –Embryo development (3hours)
Development of endosperm, Types cellular, nuclear and helobial endosperms. Structure of
embryo in dicots and monocots, polyembryony and apomixes- apogamy and apospory,
parthenocarpy. Development and general structure of fruits (dry and fleshy) and seed (pea
and paddy)
References
rd
1. Fahn A. (1982). Plant Anatomy (3 edition) Pergamon Press Oxford.
2. Foaster A.S. and Giffad E.M. (1962) Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants.
Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd. Bombay.
13
3. Gray (1964) Handbook of Basic Microtechnique. McGraw Hill co.
4. John E Sass (1967) Botanical Microtechnique. Oxford IBH Publ. Company.
5. Krishnamurthy K V (1987) Methods in Plant Histochemistry. S Viswanathan
printers, Anand book depot, Madras.
6. Maheshwari P. (1971) An introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. Tata
McGraw- Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Maheswari P. and Umaro Singh, (1965) Dictionary of Economic Plants in India,
ICAR, New Delhi.
8. Prasad M K, M Krishna Prasad (1983) Outlines of Microtechnique. Emkay
Publications. Press, New York. U.S.A.
9. Ruzin, S.E. (1999) Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy, Oxford University
10. Shivanna K.R. and B.M. Joshi (1985) The Angiosperm Pollen Structure & Function.
Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
11. Toji Thomas (2005) Essentials of botanical microtechnique (II Edn). Apex Infotech
Publishing Company.
14
PRACTICAL
BBBO2P02: PLANT ANATOMY, MICROTECHNIQUES AND

EMBRYOLOGY
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
1. Cell types and tissues

2. Non-living inclusions – starch grains, cystolith, raphides, aleuronegrains.
3. Anther (Monothecous and Dithecous), embryo sac , embryo and Placentation types
4. Primary structure of stem, root and leaf-Dicots and Monocots.
5. Stomatal types: - anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic and grass type.
6. Secondary structure of dicot stem and root.
7. Anomalous secondary structure of Bougainvillea stem, Bignonia stem and Dracaena
stem.
8. Pollen germination study
9. Field work for a minimum of 1 day under the guidance of a teacher
15
SEMESTER III
BBBO303: MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT

PATHOLOGY
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 Introducing the characteristics of microbes and fungi
 To provide basic knowledge of the diversity of plant pathogens
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be able to identify the major groups bacteria and fungi
fungi that differentiate them from each other
 Students will be able to identify the major fungal plant pathogens in their locality
Microbiology
Module 1 - Introduction to Microbiology (4 hours)
History of microbiology-Theory of spontaneous generation, Germ theory of diseases. Brief
classification and general characters of microbes: - bacteria, archaea, protozoa, viruses.
Introduction to microbial classification (Bacteria and Virus) - Taxonomic ranks, Characters
used; Three domain system and Bergey’s Manual.
Module 2 - Structure of Prokaryotic Cell (4 hours)
Structures external to cell wall: Cell wall: composition, structure, function, cell wall and
Gram staining mechanism, Flagella: structure of flagella, different types of arrangements
of flagella, Fimbriae and pili. Structures internal to cell wall: Plasma membrane,
composition, structure and function Spheroplast, cytoplasm, ribosome, nucleoid, plasmid,
inclusions, endospores.
Variation in cell structure: Archaea and Eubacteria
Module 3 - Genetic Material in Bacteria (4 hours)
Genetic material in bacteria. Bacterial chromosome. Extrachromosomal genetic elements,
plasmid, mechanism of genetic recombination – transformation, transduction and
conjugation. Reproduction by binary fission
16
Module 4 - Virology (3 hours)
Characteristics of viruses, size range, host range. Classification of viruses, Structure of
viruses: general morphology, nucleic acids, capsid and envelope, Ultra structure of TMV and
T4 bacteriophage.
Module 5 - Applied Microbiology (3 hours)
Brief study on the most common bacterial and viral diseases in Humans,
Economic Importance of microbes in Food (baking, brewing and food spoilage), medicine
(production of antibiotics), Industry, Agriculture (role in N2 fixation, as biofertilizers or
PGPR) and mineral cycling.
Mycology and Lichenology

Module 6 – General Introduction (5 hours)
Introduction to fungi, structure, basic life cycle patterns, evolutionary trends, Classification
based on Ainsworth (1973).Economic importance of Fungi–useful and harmful aspects,
Fungi of Agricultural importance mycoherbicides, myconematicides, mycoparasites;
Mycorrhiza – diversity, functionand significance.
Module 7 - Detailed Type Study (16 hours)
Distinguishing characters of different classes of fungi (as per Ainsworth) with special
reference to reproductive structures and life history of the following genera
a. Myxomycotina – General Characters Mastigomycotina – Albugo Zygomycotina -
Rhizopus
b. Ascomycotina
Hemiascomycetes -Saccharomyces Plectomycetes -Pencillium Ascomycetes -Peziza
Pyrenomycetes –Xylaria
c. Basidiomycotina
Teliomycetes - Puccinia
Hymenomycetes -Agaricus
d. Deuteromycotina –Cercospora
Module 8 - Lichenology (6 hours)
Lichenology- General account, crustose, foliose and fruticose lichens, economic and
ecological importance of lichen, thallus structure, reproduction and life cycle of Parmelia
and Usnea
17
Plant Pathology
Module 9 - General Introduction (2 hours)
History of plant pathology, Classification of plant diseases on the basis of causative
organism; fungi, bacteria, virus, insect pest; symptoms and dissemination of diseases.
Module 10 - Control of Plant Diseases (2 hours)
Physical, chemical and biological control. Bordeaux mixture preparation.
Module 11 - Detailed Study of Plant Diseases (5 hours)
Study of following diseases with emphasis on causative organism, symptoms, and control.
Bunchy top of Banana, leaf mosaic of tapioca, root wilt of Coconut, abnormal leaf fall of
Rubber, quick wilt of pepper, leaf roller of rice, Pseudostem borer of banana.
References
1. Adams, M.R. and M.O. Moss, (1995) Food Microbiology. Panima Publishing.
2. Ahamadjian Vernon and Hale M.E (eds) (1973) The Lichens, Academic press, New
Delhi.
3. Ainsworth G.C., Sparrow K.F & Sussman A.S (eds) (1973) The Fungi an advanced
Treatise, Vol. 4 a & 4b, a Taxonomic review with keys, academic press New York.
4. Alexopaulos C.J, Mims, C.W & C.W Blackwell, M (1996) Introductory
Mycology .John Willy and sons, INC . New York.
5. Bilgrami K.S and Dube H.C (1976) A Text book of Modern Plant pathology ,: Vikas
6. Casida, L.E.(Jr.),(2005)Industrial Microbiology. New Age International.
7. George J. Banwant, (2004) Basic Food Microbiology. CBS Publishers and
Distributors.
8. George N. Agrios (1988) Plant Pathology, Academic Press Ltd., London.
9. Gupta V .K & Paul T.S (2004) Fungi & Plant diseases. Kalyani publishers , New
Delhi
10. Hale M.E (1983) The Biology of Lichen, 3rd edition Edward Arnold, London.
11. James M. Jay, (2005) Modern Food Microbiology. CBS Publishers and Distributors.
12. Jim Deacon (2007) Fungal Biology, 4th edition, Blackwell Publishing, Ane Books
Pvt. Ltd.
13. Kun LY. (2006) Microbial Biotechnology. World Scientific.
14. Malhotra & Aggarwal Ashok (2003) Plant Pathology, Tata Mc Graw Hill
15. Michael J Pelczar et al. (2000) TATA McGraw Hill
16. Sharma P.D (2004) , The Fungi , 2nd Edition , Rasthogi publication
17. Singh, Pande Jain (2007), Diversity of Microbes and Cryptogam, Rastogi
18
Publications.
18. Tortora et al. (2008) Microbiology an introduction, Pearson Education
19. Vasishta B.R (1990) Botany for Degree Students, Fungi S. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
19
PRACTICAL
BBBO3P03: MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT

PATHOLOGY
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Mycology (18 hours)

1. Detailed study of the thallus anatomy and morphology of reproductive structures of
the fungal and lichen genera mentioned in the syllabus
2. Staining of VAM
3. Familiarizing the slide culture technique of fungus.
Microbiology (12 hours)
1. Gram staining technique
2. Isolation of microbes from soil through serial dilution and streak plate method.
3. Prepare a bacterial colony from human hand (demonstration only)
Plant Pathology (6 hours)
1. Identify the diseases mentioned in the syllabus with respect to causative organisms
and symptoms
2. Prepare an illustrated report on the prevalence of the diseases and pest in your
locality.
3. Preparation of Bordeaux mixture (demonstration only)
4. Familiarize with the various kinds of biocontrol agents
20
SEMESTER IV
BBBO404: PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY

Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 Introducing the characteristics of algae and bryophytes
 To provide basic knowledge of the lifecycle patterns exhibited by algae and
bryophytes
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be able to identify the major groups algae and bryophytes
algae and bryophytes
 Students will be able to identify the algae and bryophytes in their locality
Phycology
Module 1 – Introduction (7 hours)
General characters – habitat, habit, pigmentation, reproduction and life cycles of algae.
Classification by Fritsch F. E.
General characters of the following major classes with special reference to the systematic
position, habitat, thallus structure, reserve food, reproduction (excluding developmental
stages) and life cycle of the following types:- Cyanophyceae: Nostoc; Oscillatoria,
Chlorophyceae: Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Volvox, Oedogonium,
Cladophora,Scenedesmus,Chara; Xanthophyceae: Vaucheria Bacillariophyceae: Pinnularia;
Phaeophyceae: Sargassum; Rhodophyceae: Polysiphonia
Module 3 - Economical and Ecological Significance (6 hours)
Algae as pollution indicator and in waste water treatment; Algae as primary producers –
Oxygen liberators; Algae in soil fertility, cyanobacteria and nitrogen fixation, soil algae;
Toxic algae – Algal blooms and red tides; Role of algae in aquaculture; Commercial products
and their applications: Agar, Alginates, Diatomaceous earth; Algae as a source of fuel -
Hydrogen.
Module 4 - Experimental Phycology (3 hours)
Recent trends in Algal research; Diatoms and Nanotechnology; Cyanobacteria as a source of
21
restriction endonuclease; Algal culture: scope and methods; Indian contribution to algal
research.
Bryology
General characters – habitat, habit, reproduction, and life cycle of Bryophytes; alternation of
generation. Classification; Kasyap and Smith and evolution of sporophyte and gametophyte
in Bryophytes. Indian contribution in bryology
Module 6 – Detailed Type Study (10 hours)
General characters of the following major groups with special reference to the systematic
position, occurrence, structure (morphology and anatomy), reproduction -vegetative, asexual,
and sexual (excluding developmental stages) and life cycle of the following types:
Hepaticopsida: Riccia, Marchantia; Anthocerotopsida: Anthoceros; Bryopsida: Funaria.
Module 7 - Ecological and Economical Importance (3 hours)
Bryophytes as ecological indicators, role in plant succession, prevention of soil erosion,
water retention, Economic importance of Bryophytes: Antibiotics, Horticultural importance.
References
1. Bilgrama K. S & Saha L. C. 1996. Text Book of Algae, C B S Publishers &
Distributors.
2. Fritsch F E. 1945. Structure and Reproduction of Algae. Vol.1: Cambridge University
Press, London.
3. Mamatha Rao, 2009, Microbes and Non flowering plants- impact and application.
Ane Boopks PvtLtd.
4. Rasheed A. 2000. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Sharma O.P. 2004. Text Book of Algae. Tata Mc. Graw Hill Co.
6. Singh, Pande Jain. 2007, Diversity of Microbes and Cryptogam, Rastogi Publications.
7. Smith GM Cryptogamic Botany vol.1
8. Smith GM Cryptogamic Botany vol.2
9. Vashista B. R .1993. Bryophyta. S Chand & Co., New Delhi.
10. Vasishta B R, Sinha A.K, Singh V.P. 2004. Botany for Degree Students- Algae, S.
Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
22
PRACTICAL
BBBO4P04: PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Phycology (24 hours)

1. Detailed study of the thallus anatomy of the algal genera mentioned in the syllabus
2. Detailed study of the morphology and anatomy of reproductive structures of the algal
genera mentioned in the syllabus
3. Collect and submit any five genera of algae mentioned in the syllabus
4. Familiarize with algal culture
Bryology (12 hours)
5. Detailed study of the thallus morphology and anatomy of the genera mentioned in the
syllabus.
6. Detailed study of the Reproductive structures of the genera mentioned in the syllabus.
23
SEMESTER V
BBBO505: PTERIDOLOGY, GYMNOSPERMS AND PALEOBOTANY

Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 Introducing the characteristics of Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
 To provide basic knowledge of the lifecycle patterns exhibited by Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be able to identify the major Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
 Students will be able to identify the Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms in their locality
Pteridophytes (27 hours)

Module 1 - General Characters of Pteridophytes (4 hours)
General characters of Pteridophytes, basic life cycle patterns in pteridophytes; life cycles of
homosporous and heterosporus pteridophytes, vascular tissues in Pteridophytes, stelar types
and their evolution, Classification of Pteridophytes by Smith
Structural organization of sporophyte and gametophyte (development of sex organs not
necessary) of Psilotum , Lycopodium , Selaginella , Equisetum , Pteris , Marsilea
Module 3 – General topics (4 hours)
Heterospory and seed habit, Economic importance of Pteridophytes, ecological importance
of Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms (18 hours)

Module 4 - General characters of Gymnosperms (4 hours)
General characters, Classification (Sporne’s system)
Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive features of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum.
24
Module 6 – General Topics (4 hours)
Affinities of Gymnosperms, Economic importance of Gymnosperms
Palaeobotany (9 hours)
Module7 - Introduction (5 hours)
Study of geological time scale, formation of fossil, fossil types & technique of study, fossil
as a fuel. Indian contribution to Palaeobotany: Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany
Module 8 - Fossil Type Study (4 hours)
Detailed study of Fossil Pteridophyte: Rhynia Fossil Gymnosperm: Williamsonia Fossil
Angiosperm: Palmoxylon
References
1. Bhatnagar S P & Moitra A., (2003) Gymnosperms, New Age International (P)Ltd.,
New Delhi.
2. Coutler J.M & Chamberlain C. J (1958) Morphology of Gymnosperms. Central Book
Depot Allahabad.
3. Dutta S.C, (1991) An Introduction To Gymnosperms, Kalyan Publishing Co. New
Delhi.
4. Pandey S.N. (2006) A text book of Botany, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Rasheed A. (1999) An Introduction to Pteridophyta, Vikas Publishing House, New
Delhi.
6. Vashista B. R (1993) Gymnosperms, S Chand & Co., New Delhi.
7. Vashista B. R, (1993) Pteridophyta, S Chand & Co., New Delhi
8. Smith GM Cryptogamic botany vol. II
9. Sporne KR morphology of Gymnoperm
10. Arnold H.N (1967) Introduction to Paleobotany, Tata Mc Graw- Hill, New Delhi
11. Biswas & John B .M (2004) Gymnosperms, Narosa Publishing house.
12. Bower F.O (1935) Primitive Land Plants. Cambridge, London.
25
PRACTICAL
BBBO5P05: PTERIDOLOGY, GYMNOSPERMS AND PALEOBOTANY

Total Hours: 54
Credit: 1

Study of the morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of the types mentioned.
Gymnosperms and Paleobotany (27 hours)

Study of the morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of the types mentioned
26
BBBO506: ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HUMAN
RIGHTS
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 To provide basic knowledge of the significance of ecological balance and
significance of environmental science
 To enable the students to explore the interactions of life forms at cellular and
molecular level
 To inspire the students to apply the acquired knowledge to create a better
environment
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be able to identify the major ecosystems and the components of
different types of ecosystems
 Students will be able to compare and contrast the characteristics of different types of
ecosystems
 Students will be able identify the major causes of environmental problems
 Students will be able to explicate the ecological interconnectedness of life on earth.

Relevance and scope of ecology, Ecology and Environmental Science, Interdisciplinary
nature of environmental science, Types of resources-Renewable and non-renewable,
Sustainable development and ecological footprints.
Module 2 - Ecosystems: Structure and Function (8 hours)
Ecosystem components- abiotic and biotic, Energy flow: Ecological energetics, trophic
levels, food chain and food web and ecological pyramids. Productivity – primary, secondary
and net productivity
Nutrient cycles: Biogeochemical cycles of C, N and S. Habitat, ecological niche and
microclimate.
Module 3 - Population and Community Ecology (8 hours)
Population characteristics, population growth, Metapopulations, Ecotypes and Ecads, Biotic
interactions – positive and negative,
Community characteristics: Quantitative (eg. frequency, density and abundance), Qualitative
(eg. physiognomy and phenology), Synthetic (eg. dominance), ecotone and edge effect.
27
Ecological succession: types of succession, process of succession. Hydrosere and xerosere.
Adaptation of plants to environment: Xerophytes, Hydrophytes, epiphytes and halophytes.
Module 4 - Environmental Issues (18 hours)
Global and local environmental issues: global warming and climate change (use case studies
to illustrate the points);ozone depletion; greenhouse effect; acid rain; carbon trading, carbon
credit; carbon sequestration; IPCC/UNFCC; nuclear accidents and nuclear holocaust, sand
mining; wetland reclamation; landscape changes; deforestation; soil erosion. Flood and
drought, desertification, overexploitation, threats to fresh water resources of Kerala; tourism
and its impact on environment.
Pollution: air pollution; water pollution; soil pollution; noise pollution; pesticide pollution,
solid waste management: causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial waste-
biodegradable and non-degradable
Disaster management : introduction to hazards; hazards classification; natural and
anthropogenic, disaster management - earthquakes; cyclone; tsunami; floods; landslides;
droughts
Module 5 - Human Rights (18 hours)
National and International Perspectives: Definitions of Human Right, Relevance of Human
Rights in India-Social Aspects-Economic Aspects-Political Aspects, Human Rights
International Norms, UDHR-Civil and political rights- Economic, social and cultural rights-
Rights against torture, Discrimination and forced labour-Rights of the child, Human Rights
and duties in India- Preamble to the Indian constitution-Human Rights and Duties in Indian
constitution
Deprivation of Human Rights-The core issues: Poverty-Overpopulation- Illiteracy-
Unsustainable Development, Disadvantageous Groups (Women, Children, SC/ST, Homeless
and slum dwellers, physically and mentally handicapped, refugees and internally displaced
persons.
Redressal Mechanisms against Human Rights Violation: Judiciary - Government systems for
Redressal - NHRC and other Statutory Commissions- Media advocacy-Creation of Human
Rights Literacy and Awareness
References
1. Chapman JL, Reiss MJ (2005) Ecology: Principles and Applications. Cambridge
University Press.
2. Elton C S (1958) The Ecology of Invasion by Plants and Animals. Methuem, London.
28
3. Fox C W, Roff D A, Fairbairn D J (Eds) (2001) Evolutionary Ecology: Concepts and
Studies. Oxford University Press.
4. H.D Kumar (2000) Modern Concepts of Ecology Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi
5. Krebs C J (2008) Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and
Abundance (VI Edn). Benjamin Cummings Publ.
6. Krishnamurthy K V (2004) An Advanced Textbook on Biodiversity: Principles and
practice. Oxford and IBH. Publ. Co.
7. Odum E P, Barrett G W (2005) Fundamentals of Ecology. Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd.
8. Odum, E.P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology WB Sunders.
9. Peter Stiling (2012) Ecology: Global insights and investigations Mc Graw Hill
10. Pritchard H W (2004) Modern methods in orchid conservation: The role of
Physiology, Ecology and Management. Cambridge University Press.
11. Rana S V S (2005) Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science. Prentice Hall
of India.
12. Rose M R, Mueller L D (2006) Evolution and Ecology of the Organisms Pearson
Prentice Hall.
13. Singh JS, Singh S P, Gupta S R (2006) Ecology, Environment, and Resource
Conservation. Anamaya Publ.
14. Smith T. M. and Smith R. L. (2012) Elements of ecology, Pearson publication, New
Delhi
15. Smith T M, Smith R L (2006) Elements of Ecology (VI Edn).Pearson.
29
PRACTICAL
BBBO5P06: ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HUMAN

RIGHTS
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Ecology and Environmental Studies

1. Estimation of CO2, Dissolved O2 and total alkalinity of water samples (Titrimetry)
2. Determination of pH of soil and water
3. Assessment of diversity, abundance, and frequency of plant species by quadrate
method (Grasslands, forests)
4. EIA studies in degraded areas (Sampling – line transect, Quadrate)
5. Visit to any forests types including grasslands and preparation of the list of Rare and
threatened (R&T) plants (no collection of specimens) OR Visit to any ecotourism
centre in Kerala and prepare a report on the project.
6. Collection, identification and preparation of the list of exotic species in the locality.
7. Study of anatomical, morphological, physiological adaptation of plants to the
environment (Xerophytic, Hydrophytic, Epiphytic and Halophytic)
30
BBBO507: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS AND
BIOSTATISTICS
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 To make the students acquainted with the method of research and design of
experiments
 To introduce the tools and techniques required for research in life science
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be familiar with the principles of scientific research
 Students will become familiar with the tools and techniques used in research
Module 1 - Basic Concepts of Research (11 hours)

Research-Meaning, purpose of research and Qualities of a good research; Types of research -
Descriptive vs analytical; applied vs fundamental; quantitative vs qualitative; conceptual vs
empirical; Research process – An over view of the process of research - identification of
problem, literature survey, identification of variables, formation of hypothesis, experiment
and collection of data, analysis and interpretation of data, testing of hypothesis.
Report writing - Components of research thesis. Bibliographic management software:
Mendely; Research ethics, plagiarism, plagiarism checking softwares
Module 2 - General Laboratory Practices (2 hours)
Basic rules of laboratory and fieldwork, biosafety regulations and biosafety levels
Module 3 - Imaging and Related Techniques (12 hours)
Principles of microscopy; Fluorescence microscopy; Electron microscopy; Use of
fluorochromes: Applications of fluorescence microscopy; Transmission and Scanning
electron microscopy – sample preparation for electron microscopy.
Module 4 - Principle and Application (5 hours)
Centrifuge, pH meter, Colorimeter, UV-Vis spectrometer.
Module 5 – Chromatography (3 hours)
Principle and application: Paper chromatography; Column chromatography, TLC, HPLC.
Module 6 - Information Technology (3 hours)
MS word, MS Excel and MS PowerPoint and their applications in research field
Module 7 - Biostatistics (18 hours)
Data, population, samples, Variable, Quantitative Variable: Discrete and Continuous
31
Variable, Qualitative Variable; Sampling- concept of sample, sampling methods - random
and non-random sampling; Representation of Data: Tabular, Graphical; Measures of central
tendency: Arithmetic mean, mode, median; Measures of dispersion: Range, mean deviation,
variation, standard deviation; Chi- square test for goodness of fit. Application of statistics in
research
References
1. Col Ruxton R, S N. Colegrave. (2006) Experimental Design for the life Science,
2. Cotteril R, (2002) Biophysics an Introduction .John Wiley and Sons.
3. Dany Spencer Adams, (2004) Lab Math I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
4. Dawson, C. (2002) Practical research methods. UBS Publishers, New Delhi.
5. Day R.A, (1998) How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, University Press
Cambridge.
7. Norman T.J Bailey, (2008) Statistical Methods in Biology, Cambridge.
8. Prasad S. (2003) Elements of Biostatistics. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
9. Stapleton, P., Yondeowei, A., Mukanyange, J., Houten, H. (1995) Scientific writing
for agricultural research scientists – a training reference manual. West Africa Rice
Development Association, Hong Kong.
32
PRACTICAL
BBBO5P07: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS AND

BIOSTATISTICS
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
1. Collect numerical data and find out the central tendencies and prepare different types
of graph mentioned in the syllabus
2. Determination of the concentration of a given solution of CuSO4 using colorimetry
3. Paper chromatography of plant pigments
4. Measurement of pH using pH meter
5. Familiarize with biosafety levels
33
BBBO508: ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 To make the students acquainted with the plant taxonomy
 To make the students informed about plant wealth of our state
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be familiar with rules and tools of plant taxonomy
 Students will be equipped with the skill of plant identification and documentation
 Students will become aware of the status of plant diversity in the state
Taxonomy (45 hours)

Module 1 – Different Taxonomic Approaches (4 hours)
Objectives of taxonomy, research scope and opportunities in taxonomy, .Types of
Classification- Linnean sexual system (Brief account), Bentham and Hooker (Detailed
account), APG system (Brief account), Binomial Nomenclature, Interdisciplinary approach
in Taxonomy; Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy, Molecular taxonomy, Numerical taxonomy.
Module 2 – Herbarium (3 hours)
Herbarium technique- Preparation of herbarium, preservation, Acronymn, ICBN, Botanical,
gardens and BSI (Brief account)
Module 3 - Angiosperm Plant Body – Reproductive Parts (2 hours)
Flower – flower as a modified shoot, whorls of flower – calyx, corolla, androecium,
Gynoecium; symmetry of flower- actinomprphic, zygomorphic.
Module 4 – Detailed Study of Angiosperm Families (36 hours)
Study of the following families of Bentham and Hooker’s System with special reference to
their morphological and floral characters. Special attention shall be given to common and
economically important plants within the families.
Annonaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Capparidaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Anacardiaceae,
Leguminosae (Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Fabaceae), Combretaceae, Myrtaceae,
Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Compositae (Asteraceae), Sapotaceae, Apocynaceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Solanaceae, Convolvulaceae, Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae
(Labiatae), Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, Liliaceae, Arecaceae, Graminae
(Poaceae)
34
Economic Botany
Module 1 – Economic Botany (6 hours)
Study of the following groups of plants based on their uses with special reference to the
botanical name, family and morphology of the useful part,
Cereals- Rice, Wheat, Maize
Millets- Ragi
Pulses- Green gram, Bengal gram, Black gram
Fruits- Apple, Pineapple, Grape, Mango and Banana
Vegetables- Bittergourd, Snake gourd, Ash gourd, Ladies finger, Carrot and Cabbage.
Sugar- Sugar cane, Sugar beet
Timber yielding plants- Teak wood and Jack wood, Rose wood
Beverages- Tea, Coffee
Oil yielding plants- Ground nut, Gingelly
Rubber yielding plants- Para rubber
Gums and Resins- White damer, Gum Arabic, Asafoetida Spices – Cardamom, cloves,
ginger, star anise, nutmeg, pepper
Insecticide yielding Plants- Tobacco and Neem
Module 2 – Ethanobotany (3 hours)
Ethnobotany and its significance. Methodology of ethnobotanical studies, Study of the
following plants used in daily life by tribals and village folks for Food, Shelter and Medicine
Food-Artocarpus, Corypha
Shelter - Bamboosa, Ochlandra and Calamus
Medicine – Scoparia dulcis, Aegle marmalose, Saraca ashoka, Coleus umbonicus
References
1. Ashok Bendra and Ashok Kumar (1980) Economic botany.:Rastogi publications,
Meerut.
2. Davis P.H and Heywood V.H. (1967) Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy.
Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyl.
3. Henry and Chandra Bose (2001) An Aid to the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature. Botanical Survey of India. Coimbatore.
4. Heywood V.H. (1967) Plant Taxonomy. London: Edward Arnold.
5. Hill A.F. (1982) Economic Botany: McGraw Hill, New York.
6. Jain S K (2004) A Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, India
35
7. Jain S. K. (1987) A Manual of Ethnobotany. Jodhpur Scientific Publishers.
8. Jain S.K. and Rao R.R. (1976) A hand book of field and herbarium technique. Today
and Tomorrow’s Publishers, New Delhi.
9. Jeffery C. (1968) An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, J and A Churchill. London.
10. Maheshwari P. and Umaro Singh. (1965) Dictionary of Economic Plants in India,
ICAR. New Delhi.
11. Naik V.N. (1984) Taxonomy of angiosperms. Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing
Company, New Delhi.
12. Pandey B.P. (2000) Economic Botany S. Chand& Company Ltd. New Delhi.
13. Pandey & Misra (20080 Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Ane Book Pvt. Ltd.
14. Rendle A.B. (1979) Classification of flowering plants. Vikas Publishing House, U.P.
Vols. I & II.
15. Singh V. and Jain D. K. (1989) Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Meerut: Rastogi
Publication.
16. Sivarajan V.V. (1982) Introduction to Principles of Taxonomy, Oxford and IBH
Publication. New Delhi
17. Swain T. (1963) Chemical Plant Taxonomy. New York: Academic Press.
36
PRACTICAL
BBBO5P08: ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

Total Hours: 54
Credit: 1
1. Preparation of floral formula from floral description.

2. Identify the member plants belonging to the families mentioned in the syllabus
3. Students must describe the floral parts, draw the L.S., floral diagram and write the
floral formula of at least one flower from each family.
4. Study the finished products of plants mentioned in the syllabus of economic botany
with special reference to the morphology, botanical name and family.
5. Prepare herbarium of 25 plants with field notes.
6. Conduct field work for 5 days under the guidance of a teacher
37
SEMESTER VI
BBBO609: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 To introduce the basics of Plant physiology and biochemistry
 To make the students acquainted with the biochemical principles of life
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be familiar with the history and advance of ideas in plant physiology
and biochemistry
 Students will understand life at the biochemical level
 Students will be able to appreciate the uniformity in the biochemistry in various
forms of life
Plant Physiology (36 hours)

Module 1 - Water Relation of Plants (5 hours)
Physical aspects of absorption-Diffusion, imbibition, osmosis, OP, DPD, TP, WP, Concept
of Water potential, Permeability and its importance. Absorption of water- active and passive,
pathway of water movement, symplast, apoplast, transmembrane pathways Ascent of sap,
cohesion and adhesion, Transpiration- types, mechanism, theories- (starch-sugar, H+-K+ion
exchange), significance, antitranspirants, guttation.
Module 2 - Mineral Nutrition and Absorption (3 hours)
Essential and non essential elements- macro and microelements, biological role- deficiency
symptoms. Absorption of minerals – passive -ion exchange, active - carrier concept.
Module 3 - Photosynthesis and Photorespiration (9 hours)
Structure of chloroplast - Photosynthetic pigments, antenna complexes and reaction centre,
details of electromagnetic spectrum, photo excitation and energy transfer, conversion of light
energy to chemical energy, Fluorescence, Phosphorescence - absorption and action spectra,
red drop and Emerson effect, concept of two photosystems, Cyclic and Non Cyclic
photophosphorylation (Z- scheme), Carbon assimilation pathways-C3, C4, CAM.
Photorespiration, significance, factors affecting photosynthesis.
38
Module 4 - Translocation of Organic Solutes (2 hours)
Direction of translocation, mechanism of translocation - pressure flow, Munch hypothesis
and protoplasmic streaming theory, role of p proteins, phloem loading and unloading.
Module 5 – Respiration (6 hours)
Structure of mitochondria, aerobic respiration- Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport
system & Oxidative phosphorylation, ATPases - chemi osmotic theory, anaerobic
respiration-Fermentation, RQ and its significance, respiratory inhibitors, factors affecting
respiration.
Module 6 - Nitrogen Metabolism (2 hours)
Assimilation of nitrate by plants, biological nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification
and denitrification.
Module 7 - Physiology of Growth and Development (4 hours)
Phases and measurement of growth, physiological effects and practical application of plant
growth substances and hormones: Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene.
Seed dormancy and germination: Seed dormancy, causes of seed dormancy, dormancy
breaking methods, Seed germination- types, factors affecting seed germination.
Module 8: Physiology of Flowering and Plant Movements (3 hours)
Phytochrome mediated flowering, photoperiodism, vernalisation. Plant movements-
classification, movements of curvature and movements of variation (paratonic and nastic
movements)
Module 9 - Stress Physiology and Plant Responses to Environment (2 hours)
Abiotic- plant responses to water, temperature and salt stresses. Biotic- pathogens and
insects, Allelochemicals and herbivory
Biochemistry (18 hours)

Module 10 - Water, Solutions and pH (3 hours)
Physical and chemical properties of water, Acid and bases, pH definition, significance,
measurement, pH indicators, buffer and buffer action.
Module 11 - Chemistry of Biomolecules (10 hours)
Carbohydrates- structure of common monosaccharaides, disaccharides and poly- saccharides
seen in plants.
Proteins –Basic structure of amino acids, Essential and non-essential amino acids; peptide
bond formation; primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.
Lipids - general features and biological role - fatty acid types and structure - fatty acid
39
derivatives- fats and oils, structure and functions - compound lipids
Module 12 – Enzymes (5 hours)
Classification, nomenclature, concepts of holoenzyme, apoenzyme, coenzyme and Cofactors;
Mechanism of action, Regulation of enzyme activity, enzyme kinetics, factors affecting
enzyme action.
References
1. Datta, S.C. (1989) Plant Physiology, Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
2. Dayananda, B. (1999) Experiments in Plant Physiology, Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi.
3. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. Jr. (2002) Cell and Molecular Biology,
Lipponcott Williams and Wilkins. USA.
4. Hopkins, W.G. (1999) Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and sons, New
York.
5. Jain J.L. Sanjay Jain &Nitin Jain. (2005) Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S. Chand
& Company Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Jain, V. K. (1996) Fundamentals of Plant Physiology, S Chand and Company, Delhi.
7. Kochar, P.L. (1964) A Text Book of Plant Physiology, Atmaram & Sons, Delhi.
8. Lehninger A.L. (1961) Biochemistry, Lalyan Publishers, Ludhiana.
9. Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. (1993) Principles of Biochemistry. MacMillan Worth
Publications.
10. Pandey, S. N. and Sinha, B. K. (1986) Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing house Pvt.
Ltd.
11. Plummer D.T. (1988) An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw- Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
12. Sadasivam. S & Manickam, A. (1996) Biochemical Methods. New Age International
(P) Ltd. New Delhi.
13. Salisbury, F.B. & Ross, C.W. (1985) Plant Physiology, CBS Publishers and
Distributers, Delhi. (should be compulsorily introduced to students)
14. Srivastava H.S. (2005) Plant Physiology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
15. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2003) Plant Physiology (5th Edition). Panima Publishing
Corporation, New Delhi.
40
PRACTICAL
BBBO6P09: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Total Hours: 54
Credit: 1
Plant Physiology Practical (27 hours) Core Experiments

1. Determination of osmotic pressure of plant cell sap by weight lose method.
2. Measurement of transpiration rate using Ganong’spotometer/Farmer’s potometer.
3. Separation of leaf pigments by thin layer chromatography/paper chromatography.
4. Measure the effect of environmental conditions on photosynthetic rate using
Willmott’s bubbler or any suitable method.
5. Estimation of plant pigments by colorimeter.
Demonstration only experiments.
1. Papaya petiole osmoscope.
2. Demonstration of tissue tension.
3. Relation between transpiration and absorption.
4. Necessity of chlorophyll, light and CO2 in phytosynthesis.
5. Simple respiroscope
6. Respirometer and measurement of R.Q.
7. Fermentation- Kuhne’s tube
Biochemistry – Practical. (27 hours)
1. General test for carbohydrates- Molischs test, Benedicts’s tests, Fehling’s test.
2. Colour test for starch – iodine test.
3. Colour tests for proteins in solution. Biuret test, Million’s test, Ninhydrin test.
4. Detect the presence of any three major organic compounds in the given food
stuff/material viz. reducing / non-reducing sugar, fat, proteins, starch/sucrose.
5. Action of peroxidase enzymes in plant tissues.
6. Estimation of protein using colorimeter.
41
BBBO610: CYTOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL
EVOLUTION
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 To introduce the basics of cell biology, molecular biology and evolutiuon
 To make the students acquainted with the components of living systems at the cellular
and sub-cellular levels
 To enable the students to explore the intricacies of life forms at the level of cells
 Course Outcome:-
 Students will be familiar with the history and advance of ideas in cell biology and
molecular biology
 Students will be able to appreciate the architecture of life at the cellular level
 Students will be able appreciate the process of evolution
Cytology (18 hours)

Module 1 - Cell architecture and Membrane Structure (4 hours)
Cell Architecture: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Biomembrane structure: The
Phospholipid Bilayer: Composition and structural Organization. Movement of molecules
across the membrane- pumps and channels (brief study only)
Module 2 - Cell Structure (4 hours)
The detailed structure of plant cell. Structure and function of the following organelles-
nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Chloroplast, mitochondria, dictyosome, vacuole.
Differences between animal cell and plant cell. Cytoskeleton: components and functions
(brief study only)
Module 3 – Cell Cycle and Cell Division (4 hours)
Overview of the Cell Cycle and its Control, Details of mitosis and meiosis
Module 5 – Chromosomes (4 hours)
Morphology - fine structure Nucleosome model , karyotype and idiogram; Special type of
chromosomes - salivary gland, Lamp brush and B chromosome ; Change in number of
chromosomes -Aneuploidy and Euploidy, Down’s, Klinefelter’s and Turner’s syndromes,
Change in the structure of chromosomes , deletion, duplication, inversions and
translocations.
42
Module 6 - Stem Cells (2 hours)
Stem cells; definition, sources and applications
Molecular Biology (27 hours)

Module 7 - Genetic Material (3 hours)
Introduction to heredity and the genetic material, characteristics of genetic material, Early
studies on DNA [works of F. Miescher, Albert Kossel, Phoebus Levene, Erwin Chargaff],
The discovery of transforming principle [Griffith’s experiment], Identification of the
transforming principle[Avery, MacLeod and McCarty’s experiment]; [Hershey and Chase
experiment], Watson and Crick’s discovery of the structure of DNA
Module 8 - Structure of DNA (5 hours)
The structure of DNA, Primary structure; structure of ribose and deoxyribose sugars,
Structure of N bases, structure of nucleosides and nucleotides, phosphodiester bond and
structure of a polynucleotides, Secondary Structure; structure of DNA double helix, different
secondary structures [A, B and Z] , circular DNA
Module 9 - DNA Replication and DNA Repair (6 hours)
Suspected forms of DNA replication, conservative, dispersive and semi- conservative,
Meselson and Stahl’s experiment, Requirements for replication; template, raw materials,
enzymes and other proteins, direction of replication, mechanism of replication, Bacterial
DNA replications, eukaryotic DNA replication. DNA repair, mismatch repair, direct repair,
base-excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, SOS response
Module 10 – Transcription (5 hours)
Concept of gene, Transcription, the structure of RNA, types of RNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA,
snRNA, snoRNA, miRNA, requirements for transcription, the template and non-template
strands of DNA, experiments by Julius Marmur, Promoters; bacterial and eukaryotic, RNA
polymerase; bacterial and eukaryotic, the process of bacterial transcription, the process of
eukaryotic transcription, RNA processing; addition of 5’ cap and 3’ polyA tail, split genes,
exons, introns, RNA splicing.
Module 11 – Translation (5 hours)
Structure of tRNA, clover leaf and ‘inverted L’ models of tRNA, the genetic code,
characteristics of the code, process of translation, polyribosomes, translation inhibitors
Module 12 – Gene Regulation (3hours)
Levels of gene regulation, gene regulation in bacterial cells; operon concept, negative and
positive control, inducible and repressible operons, lac operon of E.coli, trp operon of E.coli,
43
Gene regulations in eukaryotes; chromatin remodelling, histone acetylaltion, DNA
methylation, alternative splicing of mRNA, RNA silencing, epigenetics
Biological Evolution (9 hours)

Module 13 – Concept of Evolution (2 hours)
Nature's war -the evolution of the concept of evolution from de Candollee, Malthus Darwin
and Wallace, Hooker
Module 14 – Theories of Evolution and Origin of Life on Earth (5 hours)
Theories of evolution Lamarck, Charles Darwin, Hugo De Vries
Origin of life on earth, Oparins hypothesis and Miller’s exp. from molecules to life; origin of
cells and the first organisms, geological time scale
Module 15 – Forces of Evolution (2 hours)
Mutation, migration, selection and genetic drift; Evolution of species, populations
reproductive and geographic isolation and mechanisms
REFERENCES
1. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K. and Walter, P., (2002)
Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th Ed.), Garland Science, New York.
2. Becker, W. M. and Klein smith, L. J., (2005) World of the Cell (6th Ed.), Benjamin
Cummings.
th
3. Cooper GM and Hausman (2013) The Cell, a molecular approach , 6 Edition,
Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
4. Gupta, P. K. (2003) Cell and Molecular Biology (2nd Ed.), Rastogi Publication,
Meerut 17.
5. Harvey, L., Arnold, B., Lawrence, S., Zipursky, Paul, M., David, B., and James, D
(2000) Molecular Cell Biology (4th Ed.), W. H. Freeman, New York
6. Stern, K.R. (2002), Introduction to plant Biology (8th Ed.),Mc Graw Hill, Boston
44
PRACTICAL
BBBO6P10: CYTOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND

BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Cytology (18 hours)

1. Study of plant cell structure using Onion epidermal peel
2. Study of the different stages of mitosis using onion root tip squash
3. Study of the different stages of meiosis using permanent slides
4. Study of normal human karyotype and differentiating it with the karyotypes of
Down’s, Klinefelter’s and Turner’s syndromes
Molecular Biology (18 hours)
1. Work out problems based on DNA structure, replication, transcription and translation
2. Isolation of DNA from plant tissue
45
BBBO611: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 To make the students acquainted with the basic concepts and tools in bioinformatics
 To make the students informed about the developments in plant biotechnology
Course Outcome:-
 Students will become informed about the recent researches going on in the fields of
bioinformatics and plant biotechnology
 Students will be equipped to brainstorm about the ethical, legal and social issues
associated with the developments in biotechnology
Biotechnology (36 hours)

Module 1 – History and Basic Concepts (3 hours)
Experiments of Gottlieb Haberlandt, P R White, Gautheret, Nobecourt, Skoog and Steward,
Cellular totipotency, in vitro differentiation–de differentiation and re- differentiation
Module 2 – Tissue Culture Media (6 hours)
Basic components of tissue culture media, inorganic nutrients, carbon source, vitamins,
organic supplements, chelating agents, plant hormones, gelling agents, adsorbents, pH of
medium, general methodology of medium preparation with special reference to MS medium
Module 3 – Sterilization Techniques (6 hours)
Sterilization of equipments, glasswares, medium end explant. sterilization using hot air,
steam, filter, UV, alcohol and chemicals . Working of hot air oven, autoclave and laminar air
flow chamber, layout of a tissue culture lab
Module 4 – Micropropagation (11hours)
Micropropagation- different methods – axillary bud proliferation, meristem and shoot tip
culture, direct and indirect organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, subculturing, hardening,
transplantation and field evaluation, advantages and disadvantages of micropropagation,
somaclonal variation, production of haploids through tissue culture; androgenic methods,
gynogenic methods, uses of haploids, cryopreservation of plant cells
Module 5 – Recombinant DNA Technology (10 hours)
Gene cloning strategies – recombinant DNA construction – cloning vectors – plasmids
pBR322, bacteriophage based vectors, Ti plasmids. Restriction endonucleases and ligases –
Ligation techniques, transformation and selection of transformants – using antibiotic
resistances markers, PCR.
46
Bioinformatics (18 hours)
Module 1 – Bioinformatics Introduction (3 hours)
An Introduction to bioinformatics. Scope and relevance of bioinformatics. Elementary
commands and Protocols, Formats: FASTA format, ASN.1 format, PDB flat file format
Module 2 - Biological Databases (8 hours)
Online databases and search tools, data organization, NCBI .Biological databases, structural
databases, DNA and RNA sequence databases.
Nucleic acid sequence databases: Gene Bank, ENA, DDBJ Protein sequence databases: Gen
Bank, SWISS-PROT Protein structure database: Protein Data Bank Bibliographic databases:
PubMed
Module 3 - Alignment (4 hours)
Sequence comparison, Pair wise sequence alignment, Global alignment: Use of ALIGN,
Local alignment: Use of BLAST.
Module 4 - Molecular Visualization Tools (3 hours)
Molecular structure viewers: RasMol, SWISS-PDB Viewer.
References
1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996) Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice
2. C W Sensen (2002) Genomics and Bioinformatics. Wiley – VCH. Zhumur Ghosh,
Bibekanand Mallik (2008). Bioinformatics: principles and applications. Oxford
University press.
3. David W Mount (2001) Bioinformatics: Sequence and genome analysis. CBS
publishers & distributors.
4. Dubey, R.C., (2005) A Text book of Biotechnology S. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
5. Dubey, R.C.,( 2005) A Text book of Biotechnology S. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
6. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003) Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and
Applications of recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.
7. John Jothi Prakash, E. (2004) Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay - Publication,
New Delhi.
8. Kalyan Kumar De, (1996) Plant Tissue Culture. New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd.
9. Kumaresan, V. (2005) Biotechnology, Saras Publications, New Delhi.
10. Orpita Bosu, Simminder Kaur Thukral (2007) Bioinformatics: Databases tools and
algorithms. Oxford University press.
11. Paul G Higgs, Teresa K Attwood (2005) Bioinformatics and molecular evolution.
47
Blackwell publishing
12. Practice. Elsevier Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
13. Purohit, S.S, (2005) Plant Tissue Culture. Student Edition.
14. Razdan, M.K, (1995) Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. 2nd Edn. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co.
15. Rema, L.P, (2006) Applied Biotechnology. MJP Publishers.
16. Singh, B.D, (1996) Biotechnology. Kalyani Publishers.
17. Teresa K Attwood, David J Parry-Smith, Simiron Phukan (2007) Introduction to
Bioinformatics. Pearson Education
48
PRACTICAL
BBBO6P11: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Plant Biotechnology (27 hours)

1. Preparation of nutrient medium – Murashige and Skoog medium
2. Establishing shoot tip, axillary bud cultures
3. Immobilization of whole cells or tissues in sodium alginate.
4. Determination of appropriate flower bud containing uninucleate pollen for anther
culture using cytological techniques
Bioinformatics (9 hours)
1. Analysis of Nucleotide sequence using GENBANK
2. Analysis of structural features of proteins using protein data bank and RASMOL
3. BLAST - homology search
49
BBBO612: GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING AND HORTICULTURE
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 To introduce the concepts of genetics and basic techniques of plant breeding
 To provide basic knowledge f the principles of heredity
 To enable the students to explore the intricacies of life forms at the level of
chromosomes and genes
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be able follow the symbols, notations and statistical tools used in
classical genetics
 Students will become familiar with the patterns of inheritance of qualitative and
quantitative traits
 Students will be able to use the basic knowledge in genetics in solving problems
based on various patterns of inheritance
 Students will be able to perform simple breeding experiments using plants
Genetics (27 hours)

Module 1 – Mendelism and its Extension (5 hours)
Experiment of Mendel with Pisum sativum, recessive and dominant traits, alleles, principles
of inheritance, incomplete dominance and codominance; Lethal alleles, Epistasis; dominant
and recessive, multiple alleles; Pleiotropy, Polygenic inheritance, pedigree analysis,
Chromosome theory of inheritance.
Module 2 – Linkage (6 hours)
Linkage, crossing over and chromosome mapping, Linkage and crossing over- Cytological
basis of crossing over; Recombination frequency, two factor and three factor crosses;
Interference and coincidence; Sex Linkage, eye color in Drosophila, Haemophilia in man
Module 3 - Extrachromosomal Inheritance (4 hours)
Extrachromosomal Inheritance, Chloroplast mutation: Variegation in Four o’clock plant;
Mitochondrial mutations in yeast; Maternal effects -shell coiling in snail; Infective heredity-
Kappa particles in Paramecium.
Module 4 – Sex Determination (4 hours)
Sex determination- sex chromosomes and autosomes- chromosomal basis of sex
determination; XX-XY, XX-XO mechanism; sex determination in higher plants
(Melandrium album)
50
Module 5 – Mutation (4 hours)
Mutations, definition, importance of mutation, types of mutations, gene mutations, types of
gene mutations, causes of mutations; Mutagens- physical and chemical, spontaneous and
induced mutations.
Module 6 – Population Genetics (4 hours)
Gene pool, gene frequency, genotype frequency, Hardy Weinberg law and its applications
Plant Breeding (18 hours)

Module 7 - History and Objectives (3 hours)
History and objectives of plant breeding. Centers of origin of cultivated plants. Plant
introduction- procedure, quarantine regulations, acclimatization. Agencies of plant
introduction in India. Achievements.
Module 8 – Selection (3 hours)
Selection- mass, pureline, clonal, achievements.
Module 9 – Hybridization (7 hours)
Hybridization: procedure- intergeneric, interspecific and intervarietal hybridization with
examples. Composite and synthetic varieties. Heterosis in plant breeding, inbreeding
depression; Single cross: pedigree method, bulk population method, multiple cross, back
cross, polyploidy breeding, male sterility in plant breeding. Use of apomixis in plant
breeding.
Module 10 – Mutation Breeding (2 hours)
Mutation breeding: methods of mutation breeding. Gamma gardens and its working.
Module 11 – Modern Trends (3 hours)
Modern trends in plant breeding; Somaclonal variations in crop improvement, genetically
modified crops Breeding for Biotic (disease)and abiotic (drought) stress resistance
Horticulture (9 hours)
Module 12 – Basics of Horticulture (2 hours)
Scope and importance, Divisions of horticulture, Global scenario of horticultural crops,
export and import, Horticulture Zones of India and Kerala, Horticultural developmental
agencies in India
Module 13 – Plant Propagation and Introduction to Gardening (7 hours)
Propagationofhorticulturalplants-byseeds-advantagesanddisadvantagesof Seed propagation.
Vegetative propagation- natural and artificial vegetative propagation; methods- cutting,
51
layering, grafting and budding; stock scion union, advantages and disadvantages of
vegetative propagation
Garden tools and implements, Irrigation methods- surface, sub, drip and spray irrigations,
mist chambers- advantages and disadvantages. Ornamental gardens, indoor gardens, kitchen
gardens- terrestrial and aquatic gardens.
References
1. Acquaah, G. (2007) Principles of Plant Genetics & Breeding. Blackwell Publishing.
2. Adams C.R., Early M.P. (2004) Principles of Horticulture. Elsevier, New Delhi.
3. Barton West R. (1999) Practical Gardening in India. Discovery Pub. House, New
Delhi.
nd
4. Chaudhari, H.K. (1984) Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding 2 Ed. Oxford –
IBH.
5. Edmond J.B., Senn T.L., Andrews F.S., Halfacre P.G. (1975) Fundamentals of
th
Horticulture. 4 Edn. TMH New Delhi.
6. Education Learning
7. Gardner EJ, Simmons MJ, Snustad DP (2008) Principles of Genetics. 8th Ed. Wiley
India.
8. John Weathers. (1993) Encyclopaedia of Horticulture. Discovery Pub. House. New
Delhi.
9. Jules Janick. (1979) Horticultural Science. Surjeet publications, Delhi.
10. Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer, C, Palladino, M (2011) Concepts of Genetics,
10th Ed., Benjamin Cummings
11. Kumar N., (1994) Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi Pub. Nagarcoil.
12. Pierce BA (2011) Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 4th Ed., Macmillan Higher
13. Randhawa G.S., Mukhopadhyay A. (1986) Floriculture in India. Allied Publishers
Pvt. Ltd. Ahamedabad.
14. Sadhu M.K. (1996) Plant propagation. New age international publishers, N. Delhi.
15. Schilletter J.C., Richey H.W. (1999) Text Book of General Horticulture. Biotech
Books, New Delhi.
16. Shukla R.S., Chandel P.S. (2004) Cytogenetics Evolution and Plant breeding. S.
Chand & Co. Ltd New Delhi.
17. Singh, B.D. (2005) Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods 7t Ed. Kalyani
Publishers.
52
18. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010) Principles of Genetics 5th edition, John
Wiley & Sons Inc. India.
19. Stern, K.R. (2002) Introduction to plant Biology (8th Ed.), Mc Graw Hill, Boston
53
PRACTICAL
BBBO6P12: GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING AND HORTICULTURE

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Genetics (18 hours)

1. Work out problems in:
a. Monohybrid, dihybrid and backcrosses.
b. All types of modified Mendelian ratios mentioned in the syllabus.
c. Multiple alleles and their inheritance
d. Sex linked inheritance
e. Population genetics (Mendelian traits with typical dominant and recessive
relations only)

1. Emasculation and bagging
2. Comparison of percentage of seed germination and the effect of any one chemical on
the rate of elongation of radicle in any three crop seeds
1. Tongue grafting, budding (‘T’ and patch), air layering
2. Identification of different garden tools and their uses
3. List out the garden components in the photograph of the garden given
54
ELECTIVE COURSES
BBBO6E01: PLANT DIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND APPLIED

BOTANY
Total Hours: 72
Credit: 4
Module 1: Introduction to Plant Diversity (8 hours)
Plant diversity and its scope- Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Plant diversity at the
ecosystem level, Agrobiodiversity and cultivated plant taxa, wild taxa. Values and uses of
Biodiversity: Ethical and aesthetic values, Precautionary principle, Methodologies for
valuation, Uses of plants, Uses ofmicrobes.
Module 2 Plants and Environment (5 hours)
Ecological complexes and factors affecting plants growth and response:
Climatic factors: temperature and pressure; water - precipitation, humidity, soil water holding
capacity; light - global radiation.
Topographic factors: altitude and aspects
Edaphic factors - profile and physical and chemical properties of soil Biotic factors:
interactions – positive and negative.
Species – ecosystem interaction: Habitat, ecological niche, microclimate
Module 3 - Biodiversity and Conservation of Resources (12 hours)
Biodiversity general introduction, Endemism: Definition, types, Hotspots in India, IUCN-
threat categories, Red data book, Biodiversity loss: Causes and rate of biodiversity loss,
extinction causes; habitat destruction, invasive species, over exploitation and pollution,
Conservation efforts: In situ and ex situ conservation methods, National parks and wild life
sanctuaries of Kerala. Social approaches to conservation: Joint Forest Management (JFM),
Community reserves (Kadalundi vallkunnu Community reserves) Ecotourism.
Organizations associated with biodiversity management-IUCN, UNEP, UNESCO, WWF,
NBPGR, TBGRI. Western Ghats – a brief study
Module 4 - Environmental Legislation and Laws: (1 hour)
Environment (protection) Act, 1986, (2) Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981,
(3) Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974, (4) Wildlife (protection) Act,
1972, (5) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (briefly)
Module 5 - Ecotourism (6 hours)
Definition, concept, introduction, history, relevance and scope. Components of ecotourism:
55
Forms and types of ecotourism in India and Kerala, ecotourism resources- biological,
historical, cultural, and geographical. Ecotourism centers in Kerala. Positive and negative
impacts of ecotourism.
Module 6: Role of Plants in Relation to Human Welfare (6 hours)
Importance of forestry their utilization and commercial aspects b) Avenue trees, c)
Ornamental plants of India. d) Alcoholic beverages through ages. Fruits and nuts: Important
fruit crops their commercial importance.
Applied Botany
Module 7 - Floriculture, Gardening and Nursery Management (18 hours)
Introduction: Importance and scope of floriculture and landscape gardening.
Nursery Management and Routine Garden Operations: Sexual and vegetative methods of
propagation; Soil sterilization; Seed sowing; Pricking; Planting and transplanting; Shading;
Stopping or pinching; Defoliation; Wintering; Mulching; Topiary; Role of plant growth
regulators.
Ornamental Plants: Flowering annuals; Herbaceous perennials; Divine vines; Shade and
ornamental trees; Ornamental bulbous and foliage plants; Cacti and succulents; Palms and
Cycads; Ferns and Selaginellas; Bonsai.
Features of a garden -Garden wall, Fencing, Steps, Hedge, Edging, Lawn, Flower beds,
Shrubbery, Borders, Rockery-. Some Famous gardens of India. Principles of Garden
Designs: English, Italian, French, Persian, Mughal and Japanese gardens. (brief study)
Commercial Floriculture: Factors affecting flower production; Production and packaging of
cut flowers; Flower arrangements; Methods to prolong vase life; Diseases and Pests of
Ornamental Plants.
Module 8 - Organic Farming and Biofertilizers (8 hours)
General account about the microbes used as biofertilizer – Trichoderma, Rhizobium, PGPR,
Rhizobium, Cyanobacteria, Mycorrhizal association– colonization of VAM and its influence
on growth and yield of crop plants.
Green manuring and organic fertilizers, Recycling of biodegradable municipal, agricultural
and Industrial wastes – biocompost making methods, types and method of vermicomposting
–field Application. Biological control of disease and pests. Integrated pest
management
Module 9 - Mushroom Culture Technology (8 hours)
Introduction, history. Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms; Poisonous
56
mushrooms. Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella, Pleurotus, Agaricus
bisporus.
Cultivation Technology: Oyster mushroom cultivation; Composting technology in mushroom
production.
References
1. Agrawal, P.K. (1993) Hand Book of Seed Technology, Dept. of Agriculture and
Cooperation, National Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Bose T.K. & Mukherjee, D. (1972) Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH Publishing
Co., New Delhi.
3. Chandha, K.L, (2003) Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR. New Delhi.
4. Frazier and Westhoff, (1988) Food Microbiology. Tata McGraw –Hill.
5. George Acquciah (2004) Horticulture – Principles and Practices. II Edn.Prentice Hall.
India.
6. Gopal Chandha De, (2002) Fundamentals of Agronomy. Oxford and IBH Publishing
House.
7. Hudson. T., Hartmann. Dale E. Kester, (2001) Plant Propagation, Principles and
Practices. 6th Edn. Prentice Hall. India.
8. Janick Jules. (1979) Horticultural Science. (3rd Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Co., San
Francisco, USA.
9. Kaul, T.N (2002) Biology and Conservation of Mushroom, Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co.
10. Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2004). An Advanced Text Book of Biodiversity - Principles
and Practices. Oxford and IBH Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
11. Kunte, Kawthalkar and Yawalker (1997) Principles of Horticulture and Fruit
Growing. Agri –Horticulture Co.
12. Marimuthu, T. Krishnamoorthy, A.S. Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayarajan. R (1991)
Oyster Mushrooms, Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore.
13. Pandey, R.K and S.K. Ghosh, (1996) A Hand Book on Mushroom Cultivation.
Emkey Publications.
14. Prem Singh Arya, (2004) Vegetable Seed Production Principles. Kalyani Publishers.
15. Randhawa, G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. (1986) Floriculture in India. Allied
Publishers.
57
16. Sandhu, M.K., (1989) Plant Propagation, Wiley Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras.
17. 28. Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications,
Nagercoil.
18. Sathe, T.V. (2004) Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.
19. Sharma, R.R, (2005) Propagation of Horticultural Crops. Kalyani Publishers.
20. Subha Rao, N.S. (2000) Soil Microbiology, Oxford & IBH Publishers, New Delhi.
21. Swaminathan, M. (1990) Food and Nutrition. Bappco, The Bangalore Printing and
Publishing Co. Ltd., No. 88, Mysore Road, Bangalore -560018.
22. Tewari, Pankaj Kapoor, S.C., (1988). Mushroom cultivation, Mittal Publications,
Delhi.
23. Vayas, S.C, Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. (1998) Bio-fertilizers and organic Farming
Akta Prakashan, Nadiad
58
BBBO6E02: PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY
Total Hours: 72
Credit: 4
Module 1 (8 hours)
Herbal medicines: history and scope; cultivation - harvesting - processing – storage -
marketing and utilization of medicinal plants. Introduction to phytochemical approaches –
morphological-organoleptic-microscopic- to study drug and aromatic plants
Module 2 (14 hours)
Analytical pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry: Drug adulteration - types, methods of drug
evaluation - Biological testing of herbal drugs - Phytochemical screening tests for secondary
metabolites (alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds)
Extraction and characterization techniques: Cold extraction- hot extraction— soxhlet-
clevenger apparatus. Separation technique: TLC, Column, HPLC. Characterization
technique: GC/MS, HPTLC, UV Spectra, IR Spectra.
Module 3 (11 hours)
Study of the drug plants and their active principles
a. Alkaloids – introduction, properties, occurrence, structure, classification, functions,
and pharmacological uses.
b. Triterpenoids. Introduction, properties, occurrence, classification, functions and
pharmacologicaluses.
c. Phenolics. Quinines- benzoquinones, napthoquinones, anthraquinone, and coumarins.
Module 4 (27 hours)
Study of the following plants with special reference to
1. Habit, habitat and systematic position and morphology of the useful part.
2. Organoleptic and chemical evaluation of the officinalpart.
3. Phytochemistry and major pharmacological action of plant drugs.
4. Ayurvedic formulations using the plant
Tinospora cordifolia, Aegle marmelos, Plumbago rosea, Adhatoda vasica, Withania
somnifera, Achyranthes aspera, Asparagus racemosus, Kaempheria galanga, , Sida acuta,
Carica papaya, Azadirachta indica, Glycirrhiza glabra, Phyllanthus neruri, Datura
stramonium, , Hemidesmus indicus, Aloe vera, Tylophora indica, , Acorus calamus, Gmelina
arborea, Premna Latifolia, Vitex nigundo, Eclipta alba
Module 5 (12 hours)
Study of the following aromatic plants – volatile oils and methods of extraction Vetiveria
59
zizanoides, Cinnamomum zeylanica, Sysygium aromaticum, Santalum album, Eucalyptus,
Ocimum bacilicum, Rosa, Mentha piperita.
References
1. Agnes Arber,(1999) Herbal plants and Drugs Mangal Deep Publications.
2. Anne Green (2000) Principles of Ayurveda, Thomsons, London.
3. Ashutosh Kar (2006) Pharmacognosy and Pharmaco biotechnology, New Age
International, NewDelhi
4. Atal.C.K. and Kapur, B.M. (1982) Cultivation and Utilization of Medicinal Plants.
5. Bhattacharjee S K (2003) Hand Book of Medicinal Plants, Pointer Publishers, Jaipur
6. Daniel, M., (1991) Methods in Plant Chemistry and Economic Botany, Kalyani
publishers, New Delhi.
7. Dr.C.K.Kokate etal. (1999) Pharmacognosy, Nirali Prakashan.
8. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants with Active Principles Part I & II, 1980. CSIR,
New Delhi.
9. Indian Medicinal Plants (5Vols) (1994) Arya Vaidya Sala Kottackal, Orient Longman
New Delhi.
10. Irfan Ali Khan (2008) Medicinal and Aromatic plants of India, Ukaaz Publishers,
Hyderabad
11. Jain S K (2004) A Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers ,India
12. Kanny, Lall, Dey and Raj Bahadur, (1984) The indigenous drugs of India,
International Book Distributors.
13. Khory R N (1999) Materia Medica of India and their Therapeutics, Komal Prakashan,
Delhi
14. Krishnaswamy N R (2003) Chemistry of Natural Products, Universities press,
Hyderabad
15. Miller, Light and Miller, Bryan, (1998) Ayurveda and Aromatherapy. Banarsidass,
Delhi.
16. R.N. Chopra, S.L. Nayar and I.C. Chopra, (1956) Glossary of Indian medicinal
plants, C.S.I.R, New Delhi.
17. Trivedi P C (2007) Medicinal Plants Utilisation and Conservation, Avishkar
Publishers, Jaipur
18. Upadhyaya R C (2008) The treatise on Aromatic plants, Anmol Publications, New
Delhi
60
19. V.V. Sivarajan and Balachandran Indra (1994) Ayurvedic drugs and their plant
source. Oxford IBH publishing Co.
20. Wallis T.E, (1997) Text Book of Pharmacognosy. CBS Publication & Distribution
61
62
Botany Core Courses for
Botany and Biotechnology Programme
63
64
SEMESTER I
BBBO1B01: INTRODUCTORY BOTANY AND ANGIOSPERM

MORPHOLOGY
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 2
Course Objectives
 Introducing the students to the fascinating realms of Botany
 To provide basic knowledge of the diversity of morphological forms of various plant
organs
Course Outcome
 Students will be able to identify the major groups plants
plants that differentiate them from each other
 Students will be able to identify the modified forms of plant organs and their specific
adaptive objective
Module 1 – Introduction to Botany (12 hours)

Definition of science and Botany –History of Botany (brief study only)
Indian Botanist and their contributions: J.C Bose, Birbal Sahni, M.O.P. Iyengar, Itty
Achudan Vaidyan, S.R. Kashyap, P. Maheshwari, Janaki Ammal; scope of Botany,
opportunities in Botany; Compound and dissection microscope, Haemocytometer,
micrometry
Module 2 – Classification (4 hours)
Classification; purpose and significance, two kingdoms, five kingdoms. Approaches in plant
classification; artificial, natural, phyletic naming; polynomial to binomial
Module 3 – Introduction to Plant diversity (5hours)
Salient features of plants, Adaption in land plants against that of an aquatic plant. Plant
distribution; endemism and cosmopolitan. Definitions and salient features of algae, fungi,
bryophyte, pteridophyta, gymnosperms, and angiosperms (major distinguishable features
only no need of explanation of each features).
Module 4 - Plant habit and Morphology of Vegetative Parts (5 hours)
Diverse Plant habits; herbs, shrubs, trees, twiners, climbers, lianas Morphology of vegetative
65
parts; Leaf-compound and simple; leaf modifications; stem modifications, root modifications
(at least one examples and binomial). Importance of leaf, stem and root modification in
human diets (brief description only)
Module 5 – Inflorescences (5 hours)
Racemose types-simple raceme, corymb, umbel, spike, catkin, spadix, head; Cymose types-
simple cyme, monochasial cyme -scorpoid and helicoid, dichasialcyme, Special type-
cyathium, hypanthodium, verticillaster, thyrsus, coenanthium, Panicle.
Module 6 – Fruits (5 hours)
Different types of fruits belonging to Simple, fleshy, dry dehiscent, indehiscent, aggregate,
multiple categories with examples. Different types of fruit as food- staple food, vegetable,
fruit and medicine.
References
1. Agarwal SK, (2008), Foundation course in Biology, Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Collins H.and T Pinch (1993) The Golem: What everyone should know about
science, University Press, Cambridge.
3. Eames A.J. (1961) Morphology of Angiosperms Mc. Graw Hill, New York.
4. GW Stout, DJ Taylor, (2008) Biological Sciences. NPO Green, University Press,
Cambridge.
5. Harold C Bold, (1999) The Plant Kingdom. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
6. Harrison H J (1971) New Concepts in Flowering Plant Taxonomy. Heiman
Educational Books Ltd.
8. Jeffrey A. Lee (2009) The Scientific Endeavor Methodology and Perspectives of
sciences, Pearson
9. Radford A E (1986) Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper & Row Publ.
66
PRACTICAL
BBBO1PB01: INTRODUCTORY BOTANY AND ANGIOSPERM

MORPHOLOGY
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
1. Compare the adaptations in land plants, against that of an aquatic plant

2. Identify the inflorescence and fruit mentioned in the syllabus.
3. Identify the stem, root and leaf modifications mentioned in the syllabus.
4. Study the diagnostic features of algae, fungi, bryophyte, Pteridophyta, gymnosperms
and angiosperms
5. Measure the size of any microscopic organism or structure or spores or pollen grains
using micrometry
6. Count the number of any microscopic organism or spores or pollen grains using
Haemocytometer.
7. Conduct a field trip of minimum 1 day in Kerala to vegetation or Botanical garden or
Research institute. Write an illustrated report of the work in 750 words
8. Prepare a biographical sketch of great botanists (at least two botanists) with special
emphasis on the scientific methodology involved in their experiments and submit for
evaluation.
67
BBBO1B02: PLANT ANATOMY, MICROTECHNIQUES AND
EMBRYOLOGY
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 2
Course Objectives
 Introducing the basic plant architecture
 To provide basic knowledge of the development of plant embryos
 Introducing the techniques used in anatomical studies of plants
Course Outcome
 Students will be able to identify the major tissues in plants
 Students will be able to appreciate the perfection in the sexual reproduction of plants
 Students will be able apply the different techniques learned to study the anatomy of
plants
Plant Anatomy and Microtechniques

Module 1 – Microtechniques (9 hours)
Preservation of plant specimens: Killing and fixing, important fixatives-FAA, Carnoy’s fluid,
Slide preparation: whole mounts, squashes, smears, maceration. Sectioning: hand sections,
serial section; Microtome- rotary, sledge (application only). Staining techniques: Single and
double staining; Safranin, Haematoxylin, Acetocarmine, Fast Green. Mounting; important
mountants - Glycerine, DPX.
Module 2 – Plant Cell and Tissues (5 hours)
The plant cell wall, gross structure, primary and secondary cell walls, channels of
intercellular transport; pits, plasmodesmata. Non-living inclusions in plant cells: food
products, secretory products, excretory (waste) products –nitrogenous and nonnitrogenous.
Tissues- simple, complex, composition of xylem and phloem, meristematic tissue, types.
Tissue Systems; Epidermal tissue -epidermis, cuticle, trichome, stomata, hydathodes,
bulliform cells, cork and silica cells. Ground Tissue - cortex, endodermis, pericycle, pith and
pith rays. Vascular Tissue - different types of vascular bundles and their arrangement in root
and stem.
Module 3 – Structure and Organisation of Root and Shoot Apices (2 hours)
Histogen theory, Tunica-Corpus theory and Korper- Kappe theory
Module 4 – Plant Body and Secondary Growth (5 hours)
Primary structure of stem, root and leaf (dicot and monocot). Cambium; Development,
68
structure and function, Normal secondary growth in dicot stem and root; stelar and
extrastelar, periderm, bark, polyderm, rhytidome and lenticels. Anomalous secondary growth
in Bougainvillea stem, Bignonia stem and Dracaena stem.
Module 5 – Wood Anatomy (3 hours)
Wood; basic structure, heart wood, sap wood, hard wood, soft wood, tyloses, growth rings
and dendrochronology, porous and non-porous wood, ring porous and diffuse porous wood,
wood rays; structure and cell types, uniseriate and multiseriate rays; heterocellular and
homocellular rays. Wood anatomy in wood identification
Angiosperm Reproductive Botany

Module 6 – Microsporogenesis (3 hours)
Anther; structure, different types, pollinium, development, dehiscence. Development of male
gametophyte, pollen germination and viability.
Module 7 – Megasporogenesis (3 hours)
Structure and development of ovule, placentaion types, Structure of matureembryo sac.-
monosporic (polygonum type), bisporic (Allium type) and tetrasporic (Peperomiatype).
Module 8 – Pollination and fertilization (3 hours)
Pollination, mechanisms and agencies, natural Mechanisms to prevent self- pollination-
herkogamy, heterostyly, protrandry and protogyny, Special types of pollination mechanism,
Fertilisation; syngamy, triplefusion.
Module 9 –Embryo development (3 hours)
Development of endosperm, Types cellular, nuclear and helobial endosperms. Structure of
embryo in dicots and monocots, polyembryony and apomixes- apogamy and apospory,
parthenocarpy. Development and general structure of fruits (dry and fleshy) and seed (pea
and paddy)
References
rd
1. Fahn A. (1982). Plant Anatomy (3 edition) Pergamon Press Oxford.
2. Foaster A.S. and Giffad E.M. (1962) Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants.
Allied Pacific Pvt. Ltd. Bombay.
3. Gray (1964) Handbook of Basic Microtechnique. McGraw Hill co.
4. John E Sass (1967) Botanical Microtechnique. Oxford IBH Publ. Company.
5. Krishnamurthy K V (1987) Methods in Plant Histochemistry. S Viswanathan
printers, Anand book depot, Madras.
69
6. Maheshwari P. (1971) An introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. Tata
McGraw- Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Maheswari P. and Umaro Singh, (1965) Dictionary of Economic Plants in India,
ICAR, New Delhi.
8. Prasad M K, M Krishna Prasad (1983) Outlines of Microtechnique. Emkay
Publications. Press, New York. U.S.A.
9. Ruzin, S.E. (1999) Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy, Oxford University
10. Shivanna K.R. and B.M. Joshi (1985) The Angiosperm Pollen Structure & Function.
Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
11. Toji Thomas (2005) Essentials of Botanical Microtechnique (II Edn). Apex Infotech
Publishing Company.
70
PRACTICAL
BBBO1PB02: PLANT ANATOMY, MICROTECHNIQUES AND

EMBRYOLOGY
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
1. Cell types and tissues

2. Non-living inclusions – starch grains, cystolith, raphides, aleuronegrains.
3. Anther (Monothecous and Dithecous), embryo sac , embryo and Placentation types
4. Primary structure of stem, root and leaf-Dicots and Monocots.
5. Stomatal types: - anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic and grass type.
6. Secondary structure of dicot stem and root.
7. Anomalous secondary structure of Bougainvillea stem, Bignonia stem and Dracaena
stem.
8. Pollen germination study
9. Field work for a minimum of 1 day under the guidance of a teacher
71
SEMESTER II
BBBO2B03: PLANT DIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND APPLIED

BOTANY
Total Hours: 36
Credits: 2
Module 1 - Introduction to Plant Diversity (3 hours)

Plant diversity and its scope- Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Plant diversity at the
ecosystem level, Agrobiodiversity and cultivated plant taxa, wild taxa. Values and uses of
Biodiversity: Ethical and aesthetic values, Precautionary principle, Methodologies for
valuation, Uses of plants, Uses of microbes.
Module 2 - Plants and Environment (7 hours)
Ecological complexes and factors affecting plants growth and response:
Climatic factors: temperature and pressure; water - precipitation, humidity, soil water holding
capacity; light - global radiation.
Topographic factors: altitude and aspects
Edaphic factors - profile and physical and chemical properties of soil Biotic factors:
interactions – positive and negative.
Species – ecosystem interaction: Habitat, ecological niche, microclimate
Module 3 - Biodiversity and Conservation of Resources (10 hours)
Biodiversity general introduction, Endemism: Definition, types, Hotspots in India, IUCN-
threat categories, Red data book, Biodiversity loss: Causes and rate of biodiversity loss,
extinction causes; habitat destruction, invasive species, over exploitation and pollution,
Conservation efforts: In situ and ex situ conservation methods, National parks and wild life
sanctuaries of Kerala. Social approaches to conservation: Joint Forest Management (JFM),
Community reserves (Kadalundi vallkunnu Community reserves) Ecotourism.
Organizations associated with biodiversity management-IUCN, UNEP, UNESCO, WWF,
NBPGR, TBGRI. Western Ghats – a brief study
Module 4 - Environmental Legislation and Laws (1 hour)
Environment (protection) Act, 1986, (2) Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981,
(3) Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1974, (4) Wildlife (protection) Act,
1972, (5) Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (briefly)
72
Module 5 – Ecotourism (3 hours)
Definition, concept, introduction, history, relevance and scope. Components of ecotourism:
Forms and types of ecotourism in India and Kerala, ecotourism resources- biological,
historical, cultural, and geographical. Ecotourism centers in Kerala. Positive and negative
impacts of ecotourism.
Module 6 - Role of Plants in relation to Human Welfare (3 hours)
Importance of forestry their utilization and commercial aspects b) Avenue trees, c)
Ornamental plants of India. d) Alcoholic beverages through ages. Fruits and nuts: Important
fruit crops their commercial importance.
Applied Botany (9 hours)

Rhizobium, Cyanobacteria, Mycorrhizal association– colonization of VAM and its influence
on growth and yield of crop plants.
– field Application. Biological control of disease and pests. Integrated pest management
Module 8 - Mushroom Culture Technology (4 hours)
mushrooms. Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella, Pleurotus, Agaricus
bisporus. Cultivation Technology: Oyster mushroom cultivation; Composting technology in
mushroom production.
References
Co., New Delhi.
3. Chandha, K.L, (2003) Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR. New Delhi.
4. Frazier and Westhoff, (1988) Food Microbiology. Tata McGraw – Hill.
5. George Acquciah (2004) Horticulture – Principles and Practices. II Edn. Prentice
Hall. India.
73
House.
Francisco, USA.
Publishing Co.
12. Marimuthu, T. Krishnamoorthy, A.S. Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayarajan. R (1991)
13. Pandey, R.K and S.K. Ghosh, (1996) A Hand Book on Mushroom Cultivation. Emkey
Publications.
Publishers.
16. Sandhu, M.K., (1989) Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras.
17. Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.
Publishing Co. Ltd., No. 88, Mysore Road, Bangalore - 560018.
Delhi.
74
PRACTICAL
BBBO2PB03: PLANT DIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND APPLIED

BOTANY
Total Hours: 36
Credits: 1
1. Investigating the effect of minerals on plant growth using any weed collected from
ponds, or algal cultures
2. Study the biodiversity of an ecosystem using Bean Biodiversity method.
3. Familiarize Biofertilizers
4. Demonstrate Mushroom cultivation
5. Calculate soil water holding capacity
6. Study of chemical properties of soil such as pH/Electric conductivity/ Organic
Carbon/available nitrogen/ phosphorous
7. Familiarize with biotic factors
75
SEMESTER III
BBBO3B04: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 To introduce the basics of Plant physiology and biochemistry
 To make the students acquainted with the biochemical principles of life
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be familiar with the history and advance of ideas in plant physiology
and biochemistry
 Students will understand life at the biochemical level
 Students will be able to appreciate the uniformity in the biochemistry in various
forms of life
Plant Physiology (36 hours)

Module 1 - Water Relation of Plants (5 hours)
Physical aspects of absorption-Diffusion, imbibition, osmosis, OP, DPD, TP, WP, Concept
of Water potential, Permeability and its importance. Absorption of water- active and passive,
pathway of water movement, symplast, apoplast, transmembrane pathways Ascent of sap,
cohesion and adhesion, Transpiration- types, mechanism, theories- (starch-sugar, H+-K+ion
exchange), significance, antitranspirants, guttation.
Module 2 - Mineral Nutrition and Absorption (3 hours)
Essential and non essential elements- macro and microelements, biological role- deficiency
symptoms. Absorption of minerals – passive -ion exchange, active - carrier concept.
Module 3 - Photosynthesis and Photorespiration (9 hours)
Structure of chloroplast - Photosynthetic pigments, antenna complexes and reaction centre,
details of electromagnetic spectrum, photo excitation and energy transfer, conversion of light
energy to chemical energy, Fluorescence, Phosphorescence - absorption and action spectra,
red drop and Emerson effect, concept of two photosystems, Cyclic and Non Cyclic
photophosphorylation (Z- scheme), Carbon assimilation pathways-C3, C4, CAM.
Photorespiration, significance, factors affecting photosynthesis.
76
Module 4 - Translocation of Organic Solutes (2 hours)
Direction of translocation, mechanism of translocation - pressure flow, Munch hypothesis
and protoplasmic streaming theory, role of p proteins, phloem loading and unloading.
Module 5 – Respiration (6 hours)
Structure of mitochondria, aerobic respiration- Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport
system & Oxidative phosphorylation, ATPases - chemi osmotic theory, anaerobic
respiration-Fermentation, RQ and its significance, respiratory inhibitors, factors affecting
respiration.
Assimilation of nitrate by plants, biological nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification
and denitrification.
Module 7 - Physiology of Growth and Development (4 hours)
Phases and measurement of growth, physiological effects and practical application of plant
growth substances and hormones: Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene.
Seed dormancy and germination: Seed dormancy, causes of seed dormancy, dormancy
breaking methods, Seed germination- types, factors affecting seed germination.
Module 8: Physiology of Flowering and Plant Movements (3 hours)
Phytochrome mediated flowering, photoperiodism, vernalisation. Plant movements-
classification, movements of curvature and movements of variation (paratonic and nastic
movements)
Module 9 - Stress Physiology and Plant Responses to Environment (2 hours)
Abiotic- plant responses to water, temperature and salt stresses. Biotic- pathogens and
insects, Allelochemicals and herbivory
Biochemistry (18 hours)

Module 10 - Water, Solutions and pH (3 hours)
Physical and chemical properties of water, Acid and bases, pH definition, significance,
measurement, pH indicators, buffer and buffer action.
Module 11 - Chemistry of Biomolecules (10 hours)
Carbohydrates- structure of common monosaccharaides, disaccharides and poly- saccharides
seen in plants.
Proteins –Basic structure of amino acids, Essential and non-essential amino acids; peptide
bond formation; primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.
Lipids - general features and biological role - fatty acid types and structure - fatty acid
77
derivatives- fats and oils, structure and functions - compound lipids
Module 12 – Enzymes (5 hours)
Classification, nomenclature, concepts of holoenzyme, apoenzyme, coenzyme and Cofactors;
Mechanism of action, Regulation of enzyme activity, enzyme kinetics, factors affecting
enzyme action.
References
1. Datta, S.C. (1989) Plant Physiology, Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
2. Dayananda, B. (1999) Experiments in Plant Physiology, Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi.
3. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. Jr. (2002) Cell and Molecular Biology,
Lipponcott Williams and Wilkins. USA.
4. Hopkins, W.G. (1999) Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and sons, New
York.
5. Jain J.L. Sanjay Jain &Nitin Jain. (2005) Fundamentals of Biochemistry. S. Chand
& Company Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Jain, V. K. (1996) Fundamentals of Plant Physiology, S Chand and Company, Delhi.
7. Kochar, P.L. (1964) A Text Book of Plant Physiology, Atmaram & Sons, Delhi.
8. Lehninger A.L. (1961) Biochemistry, Lalyan Publishers, Ludhiana.
9. Nelson, D.L. and Cox, M.M. (1993) Principles of Biochemistry. MacMillan Worth
Publications.
10. Pandey, S. N. and Sinha, B. K. (1986) Plant Physiology. Vikas Publishing house Pvt.
Ltd.
11. Plummer D.T. (1988) An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw- Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
12. Sadasivam. S & Manickam, A. (1996) Biochemical Methods. New Age International
(P) Ltd. New Delhi.
13. Salisbury, F.B. & Ross, C.W. (1985) Plant Physiology, CBS Publishers and
Distributers, Delhi. (should be compulsorily introduced to students)
14. Srivastava H.S. (2005) Plant Physiology. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
15. Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2003) Plant Physiology (5th Edition). Panima Publishing
Corporation, New Delhi.
78
PRACTICAL
BBBO3PB04: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Plant Physiology Practical (18 hours) Core Experiments

1. Determination of osmotic pressure of plant cell sap by weight lose method.
2. Measurement of transpiration rate using Ganong’s potometer/Farmer’s potometer.
3. Separation of leaf pigments by thin layer chromatography/paper chromatography.
4. Measure the effect of environmental conditions on photosynthetic rate using
Willmott’s bubbler or any suitable method.
5. Estimation of plant pigments by colorimeter.
Demonstration only experiments.
1. Papaya petiole osmoscope.
2. Demonstration of tissue tension.
3. Relation between transpiration and absorption.
4. Necessity of chlorophyll, light and CO2 in phytosynthesis.
5. Simple respiroscope
6. Respirometer and measurement of R.Q.
7. Fermentation- Kuhne’stube
Biochemistry – Practical. (18 hours)
1. General test for carbohydrates- Molischs test, Benedicts’s tests, Fehling’s test.
2. Colour test for starch – iodine test.
3. Colour tests for proteins in solution. Biuret test, Million’s test, Ninhydrin test.
4. Detect the presence of any three major organic compounds in the given food
stuff/material viz. reducing / non-reducing sugar, fat, proteins, starch/sucrose.
5. Action of peroxidase enzymes in plant tissues.
6. Estimation of protein using colorimeter.
79
BBBO3B05: PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives
 Introducing the characteristics of algae and bryophytes
 To provide basic knowledge of the lifecycle patterns exhibited by algae and
bryophytes
Course Outcome
 Students will be able to identify the major groups algae and bryophytes
algae and bryophytes
 Students will be able to identify the algae and bryophytes in their locality
Phycology
General characters – habitat, habit, pigmentation, reproduction and life cycles of algae.
Classification by Fritsch F. E.
General characters of the following major classes with special reference to the systematic
position, habitat, thallus structure, reserve food, reproduction (excluding developmental
stages) and life cycle of the following types:- Cyanophyceae: Nostoc; Oscillatoria,
Chlorophyceae: Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Volvox, Oedogonium, Cladophora,
Scenedesmus, Chara; Xanthophyceae: Vaucheria Bacillariophyceae: Pinnularia;
Phaeophyceae: Sargassum; Rhodophyceae: Polysiphonia
Module 3 - Economical and Ecological Significance (6 hours)
Algae as pollution indicator and in waste water treatment; Algae as primary producers –
Oxygen liberators; Algae in soil fertility, cyanobacteria and nitrogen fixation, soil algae;
Toxic algae – Algal blooms and red tides; Role of algae in aquaculture; Commercial products
and their applications: Agar, Alginates, Diatomaceous earth; Algae as a source of fuel -
Hydrogen.
Module 4 - Experimental Phycology (3 hours)
Recent trends in Algal research; Diatoms and Nanotechnology; Cyanobacteria as a source of
restriction endonuclease; Algal culture: scope and methods; Indian contribution to algal
research.
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Bryology
General characters – habitat, habit, reproduction, and life cycle of Bryophytes; alternation of
generation. Classification; Kasyap and Smith and evolution of sporophyte and gametophyte
in Bryophytes. Indian contribution in bryology
General characters of the following major groups with special reference to the systematic
position, occurrence, structure (morphology and anatomy), reproduction -vegetative, asexual,
and sexual (excluding developmental stages) and life cycle of the following types:
Hepaticopsida: Riccia, Marchantia; Anthocerotopsida: Anthoceros; Bryopsida: Funaria.
Module 7 - Ecological and Economical Importance (3 hours)
Bryophytes as ecological indicators, role in plant succession, prevention of soil erosion,
water retention, Economic importance of Bryophytes: Antibiotics, Horticultural importance.
References
1. Bilgrama K. S & Saha L. C. 1996. Text Book of Algae, C B S Publishers &
Distributors.
2. Fritsch F E. 1945. Structure and Reproduction of Algae. Vol.1: Cambridge University
Press, London.
3. Mamatha Rao, 2009, Microbes and Non flowering plants- impact and application.
Ane Books Pvt Ltd.
4. Rasheed A. 2000. An Introduction to Bryophyta. Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Sharma O.P. 2004. Text Book of Algae. Tata Mc. Graw Hill Co.
6. Singh, Pande Jain. 2007, Diversity of Microbes and Cryptogam, Rastogi Publications.
7. Smith GM Cryptogamic botanyvol.1
8. Smith GM Cryptogamic botanyvol.2
9. Vashista B. R .1993. Bryophyta. S Chand & Co., New Delhi.
10. Vasishta B R, Sinha A.K, Singh V.P. 2004. Botany for Degree Students- Algae, S.
Chand & Co. Ltd. New Delhi.
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PRACTICAL
BBBO3PB05: PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Phycology (24 hours)

1. Detailed study of the thallus anatomy of the algal genera mentioned in the syllabus
2. Detailed study of the morphology and anatomy of reproductive structures of the algal
genera mentioned in the syllabus
3. Collect and submit any five genera of algae mentioned in the syllabus
4. Familiarize with algal culture
Bryology (12 hours)
1. Detailed study of the thallus morphology and anatomy of the genera mentioned in the
syllabus.
2. Detailed study of the Reproductive structures of the genera mentioned in the syllabus.
82
SEMESTER IV
BBBO4B06: EVOLUTION, PLANT BREEDING AND HORTICULTURE

Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3

Module 1 - History and Objectives (5 hours)
History and objectives of plant breeding. Centers of origin of cultivated plants. Plant
introduction- procedure, quarantine regulations, acclimatization. Agencies of plant
introduction in India. Achievements.
Module 2 – Selection (7 hours)
Selection- mass, pureline, clonal, achievements.
Module 3 – Hybridization (10 hours)
Hybridization: procedure- intergeneric, interspecific and intervarietal hybridization with
examples. Composite and synthetic varieties. Heterosis in plant breeding, inbreeding
depression; Single cross: pedigree method, bulk population method, multiple cross, back
cross, polyploidy breeding, male sterility in plant breeding. Use of apomixis in plant
breeding.
Module 4– Mutation Breeding (3 hour)
Mutation breeding: methods of mutation breeding. Gamma gardens and its working.
Module 5 – Modern Trends (3 hour)
Modern trends in plant breeding; Somaclonal variations in crop improvement, genetically
modified crops Breeding for Biotic (disease)and abiotic (drought) stress resistance

Module 6 – Basics of Horticulture (2 hours)
Scope and importance, Divisions of horticulture, Global scenario of horticultural crops,
export and import, Horticulture Zones of India and Kerala, Horticultural developmental
agencies in India
Module 7 – Plant Propagation and Introduction to Gardening (10 hours)
Propagation of horticultural plants- by seeds- advantages and disadvantages of seed
propagation.
Vegetative propagation- natural and artificial vegetative propagation; methods- cutting,
83
layering, grafting and budding; stock scion union, advantages and disadvantages of
vegetative propagation
Garden tools and implements, Irrigation methods- surface, sub, drip and spray irrigations,
mist chambers- advantages and disadvantages. Ornamental gardens, indoor gardens, kitchen
gardens- terrestrial and aquatic gardens.
Evolution (14 hours)
Module 8 – Concept of Evolution (2 hours)
Nature's war -the evolution of the concept of evolution from de Candollee, Malthus Darwin
and Wallace, Hooker
Module 9 – Theories of Evolution and Origin of Life on Earth (7 hours)
Theories of evolution Lamarck, Charles Darwin, Hugo De Vries
Origin of life on earth, Operins hypothesis and Miller’s exp. from molecules to life; origin of
cells and the first organisms, geological time scale
Module 10 – Forces of Evolution (5 hours)
Mutation, migration, selection and genetic drift; Evolution of species, populations
reproductive and geographic isolation and mechanisms
References
1. Acquaah, G. (2007) Principles of Plant Genetics & Breeding. Blackwell Publishing.
2. Adams C.R., Early M.P. (2004) Principles of Horticulture. Elsevier, N. Delhi.
3. Barton West R. (1999) Practical Gardening in India. Discovery Pub. House, New
Delhi.
4. Chaudhari, H.K. (1984) Elementary Principles of Plant Breeding 2nd Ed. Oxford –
IBH.
5. Edmond J.B., Senn T.L., Andrews F.S., Halfacre P.G. (1975) Fundamentals of
th
Horticulture. 4 Edn. TMHN. Delhi.
6. Gardner EJ, Simmons MJ, Snustad DP (2008) Principles of Genetics. 8th Ed. Wiley
India.
7. John Weathers. (1993) Encyclopaedia of Horticulture. Discovery Pub. House. New
Delhi.
8. Jules Janick. (1979) Horticultural Science. Surjeet publications, Delhi.
9. Klug WS, Cummings MR, Spencer, C, Palladino, M (2011) Concepts of Genetics,
10th Ed., Benjamin Cummings
10. Kumar N., (1994) Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi Pub. Nagarcoil.
84
11. Pierce BA (2011) Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 4th Ed., Macmillan Higher
12. Randhawa G.S., Mukhopadhyay A. (1986) Floriculture in India. Allied Publishers
Pvt. Ltd. Ahamedabad.
13. Sadhu M.K. (1996) Plant propagation. New age international publishers, N. Delhi.
Schilletter J.C., Richey H.W. (1999) Text Book of General Horticulture. Biotech
Books, New Delhi.
14. Shukla R.S., Chandel P.S. (2004) Cytogenetics Evolution and Plant breeding. S.
Chand & Co. Ltd New Delhi.
15. Singh, B.D. (2005) Plant Breeding: Principles and Methods 7t Ed. Kalyani
Publishers.
16. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010) Principles of Genetics 5th edition, John
Wiley & Sons Inc., India.
17. Stern, K.R. (2002) Introduction to plant Biology (8th Ed.), Mc Graw Hill, Boston
85
PRACTICAL
BBBO4PB06: EVOLUTION, PLANT BREEDING AND

HORTICULTURE
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Plant breeding and Horticulture

1. Emasculation and bagging
2. Comparison of percentage of seed germination and the effect of any one
3. chemical on the rate of elongation of radicle in any three crop seeds
4. Tongue grafting, budding (‘T’ and patch), air layering
5. Identification of different garden tools and their uses
6. List out the garden components in the photograph of the garden given
7. Preparation of potting mixture in the given proportion
86
BBBO4B07: MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT
PATHOLOGY
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives
 Introducing the characteristics of microbes and fungi
 To provide basic knowledge of the diversity of plant pathogens
Course Outcome
 Students will be able to identify the major groups bacteria and fungi
fungi that differentiate them from each other
 Students will be able to identify the major fungal plant pathogens in their locality
Microbiology
Module 1 - Introduction to Microbiology (4 hours)
History of microbiology-Theory of spontaneous generation, Germ theory of diseases. Brief
classification and general characters of microbes: - bacteria, archaea, protozoa, viruses.
Introduction to microbial classification (Bacteria and Virus) - Taxonomic ranks, Characters
used; Three domain system and Bergey’s Manual.
Module 2 - Structure of Prokaryotic Cell (4 hours)
Structures external to cell wall: Cell wall: composition, structure, function, cell wall and
Gram staining mechanism, Flagella: structure of flagella, different types of arrangements
of flagella, Fimbriae and pili. Structures internal to cell wall: Plasma membrane,
composition, structure and function Spheroplast, cytoplasm, ribosome, nucleoid, plasmid,
inclusions, endospores.
Variation in cell structure: Archaea and Eubacteria
Module 3 - Genetic Material in Bacteria (4 hours)
Genetic material in bacteria. Bacterial chromosome. Extrachromosomal genetic elements,
plasmid, mechanism of genetic recombination – transformation, transduction and
conjugation. Reproduction by binary fission
Module 4 - Virology (3 hours)
Characteristics of viruses, size range, host range. Classification of viruses, Structure of
viruses: general morphology, nucleic acids, capsid and envelope, Ultra structure of TMV and
T4 bacteriophage.
87
Module 5 - Applied Microbiology (3 hours)
Brief study on the most common bacterial and viral diseases in Humans,
Economic Importance of microbes in Food (baking, brewing and food spoilage), medicine
(production of antibiotics), Industry, Agriculture (role in N2 fixation, as biofertilizers or
PGPR) and mineral cycling.
Mycology and Lichenology

Module 6 – General Introduction (5 hours)
Introduction to fungi, structure, basic life cycle patterns, evolutionary trends, Classification
based on Ainsworth (1973).Economic importance of Fungi–useful and harmful aspects,
Fungi of Agricultural importance mycoherbicides, myconematicides, mycoparasites;
Mycorrhiza – diversity, functionand significance.
Distinguishing characters of different classes of fungi (as per Ainsworth) with special
reference to reproductive structures and life history of the following genera
a) Myxomycotina – General Characters Mastigomycotina – Albugo Zygomycotina -
Rhizopus
Ascomycotina
b) Hemiascomycetes -Saccharomyces Plectomycetes -Pencillium Ascomycetes -Peziza
Pyrenomycetes –Xylaria
Basidiomycotina
c) Teliomycetes - Puccinia
Hymenomycetes -Agaricus
d) Deuteromycotina –Cercospora
Module 8 - Lichenology (6 hours)
Lichenology- General account, crustose, foliose and fruticose lichens, economic and
ecological importance of lichen, thallus structure, reproduction and life cycle of Parmelia
and Usnea
Plant Pathology
History of plant pathology, Classification of plant diseases on the basis of causative
organism; fungi, bacteria, virus, insect pest; symptoms and dissemination of diseases.
88
Module 10 - Control of Plant Diseases (2 hours)
Physical, chemical and biological control. Bordeaux mixture preparation.
Module 11 - Detailed Study of Plant Diseases (5 hours)
Study of following diseases with emphasis on causative organism, symptoms, and control.
Bunchy top of Banana, leaf mosaic of tapioca, root wilt of Coconut, abnormal leaf fall of
Rubber, quick wilt of pepper, leaf roller of rice, Pseudostem borer of banana.
References
1. Adams, M.R. and M.O. Moss, (1995) Food Microbiology. Panima Publishing.
2. Ahamadjian Vernon and Hale M.E (eds) (1973) The Lichens, Academic press, New
Delhi.
3. Ainsworth G.C., Sparrow K.F & Sussman A.S (eds) (1973) The Fungi an advanced
Treatise, Vol. 4 a & 4b, a Taxonomic review with keys, academic press New York.
4. Alexopaulos C.J, Mims, C.W & C.W Blackwell, M (1996) Introductory Mycology
.John Willy and sons, INC . New York.
5. Bilgrami K.S and Dube H.C (1976) A Text book of Modern Plant pathology ,: Vikas
6. Casida, L.E. (Jr.), (2005) Industrial Microbiology. New Age International.
7. George J. Banwant, (2004) Basic Food Microbiology. CBS Publishers and
Distributors.
8. George N. Agrios (1988) Plant Pathology, Academic Press Ltd., London.
9. Gupta V .K & Paul T.S (2004) Fungi & Plant diseases. Kalyani publishers , New
Delhi
10. Hale M.E (1983) The Biology of Lichen, 3rd edition Edward Arnold, London.
11. James M. Jay, (2005) Modern Food Microbiology. CBS Publishers and Distributors.
12. Jim Deacon (2007) Fungal Biology, 4th edition, Blackwell Publishing, Ane Books
Pvt. Ltd.
13. Kun LY. (2006) Microbial Biotechnology. World Scientific.
14. Malhotra & Aggarwal Ashok (2003) Plant Pathology, Tata Mc Graw Hill
15. Michael J Pelczar et al. (2000) TATA McGraw Hill
16. Sharma P.D (2004) , The Fungi , 2nd Edition , Rasthogi publication
17. Singh, Pande Jain (2007), Diversity of Microbes and Cryptogam, Rastogi
Publications.
18. Tortora et al. (2008) Microbiology an introduction, Pearson Education
19. Vasishta B.R (1990) Botany for Degree Students, Fungi S. Chand & Co, New Delhi.
89
PRACTICAL
BBBO4PB07: MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT

PATHOLOGY
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Mycology (18 hours)

1. Detailed study of the thallus anatomy and morphology of reproductive structures of
the fungal and lichen genera mentioned in the syllabus
2. Staining of VAM
3. Familiarizing the slide culture technique of fungus.
Microbiology (12 hours)
1. Gram staining technique
2. Isolation of microbes from soil through serial dilution and streak plate method.
3. Prepare a bacterial colony from human hand (demonstration only)
Plant Pathology (6 hours)
1. Identify the diseases mentioned in the syllabus with respect to causative organisms
and symptoms
2. Prepare an illustrated report on the prevalence of the diseases and pest in your
locality.
3. Preparation of Bordeaux mixture (demonstration only)
4. Familiarize with the various kinds of biocontrol agents
90
SEMESTER V
BBBO5B08: ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives
 To make the students acquainted with the plant taxonomy
 To make the students informed about plant wealth of our state
Course Outcome
 Students will be familiar with rules and tools of plant taxonomy
 Students will be equipped with the skill of plant identification and documentation
 Students will become aware of the status of plant diversity in the state
Taxonomy (45 hours)

Module 1 – Different Taxonomic Approaches (4 hours)
Objectives of taxonomy, research scope and opportunities in taxonomy, .Types of
Classification- Linnean sexual system (Brief account), Bentham and Hooker (Detailed
account), APG system (Brief account), Binomial Nomenclature, Interdisciplinary approach
in Taxonomy; Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy, Molecular taxonomy, Numerical taxonomy.
Herbarium technique- Preparation of herbarium, preservation, Acronymn, ICBN, Botanical,
gardens and BSI (Brief account)
Module 3 - Angiosperm Plant Body – Reproductive Parts (2 hours)
Flower – flower as a modified shoot, whorls of flower – calyx, corolla, androecium,
Gynoecium; symmetry of flower- actinomprphic, zygomorphic.
Study of the following families of Bentham and Hooker’s System with special reference to
their morphological and floral characters. Special attention shall be given to common and
economically important plants within the families.
Annonaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Capparidaceae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Anacardiaceae,
Leguminosae (Mimosaceae, Caesalpiniaceae and Fabaceae), Combretaceae, Myrtaceae,
Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Compositae (Asteraceae), Sapotaceae, Apocynaceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Solanaceae, Convolvulaceae, Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae
91
(Labiatae), Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, Liliaceae, Arecaceae, Graminae
(Poaceae)
Economic Botany (9 hours)

Study of the following groups of plants based on their uses with special reference to the
botanical name, family and morphology of the useful part,
Cereals- Rice, Wheat, Maize
Millets- Ragi
Pulses- Green gram, Bengal gram, Black gram
Fruits- Apple, Pineapple, Grape, Mango and Banana
Vegetables- Bittergourd, Snake gourd, Ash gourd, Ladies finger, Carrot and Cabbage.
Sugar- Sugar cane, Sugar beet
Timber yielding plants- Teak wood and Jack wood, Rose wood
Beverages- Tea, Coffee
Oil yielding plants- Ground nut, Gingelly
Rubber yielding plants- Para rubber
Gums and Resins- White damer, Gum Arabic, Asafoetida Spices – Cardamom, cloves,
ginger, star anise, nutmeg, pepper
Insecticide yielding Plants- Tobacco and Neem
Module 2 – Ethanobotany (3 hours)
Ethnobotany and its significance. Methodology of ethnobotanical studies, Study of the
following plants used in daily life by tribals and village folks for Food, Shelter and Medicine
Food-Artocarpus, Corypha
Shelter - Bamboosa, Ochlandra and Calamus
Medicine – Scoparia dulcis, Aegle marmalose, Saraca ashoka, Coleus umbonicus
References
1. Ashok Bendra and Ashok Kumar (1980) Economic botany. Rastogi publications,
Meerut.
2. Davis P.H and Heywood V.H. (1967) Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy.
Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyl.
3. Henry and Chandra Bose (2001) An Aid to the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature. Botanical Survey of India. Coimbatore.
92
4. Heywood V.H. (1967) Plant Taxonomy. London: Edward Arnold.
5. Hill A.F. (1982) Economic Botany: McGraw Hill, New York.
6. Jain S K (2004) A Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, India
7. Jain S. K. (1987) A Manual of Ethnobotany. Jodhpur Scientific Publishers.
8. Jain S.K. and Rao R.R. (1976) A hand book of field and herbarium technique. Today
and Tomorrow’s Publishers, New Delhi.
9. Jeffery C. (1968) An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, J and A Churchill. London.
10. Maheshwari P. and Umaro Singh. (1965) Dictionary of Economic Plants in India,
ICAR. New Delhi.
11. Naik V.N. (1984) Taxonomy of angiosperms. Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing
Company, New Delhi.
12. Pandey B.P. (2000) Economic Botany S. Chand& Company Ltd. New Delhi.
13. Pandey & Misra (20080 Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Ane Book Pvt. Ltd.
14. Rendle A.B. (1979) Classification of flowering plants. Vikas Publishing House, U.P.
Vols. I & II.
15. Singh V. and Jain D. K. (1989) Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Meerut: Rastogi
Publication.
16. Sivarajan V.V. (1982) Introduction to Principles of Taxonomy, Oxford and IBH
Publication. New Delhi
17. Swain T. (1963) Chemical Plant Taxonomy. New York: Academic Press.
93
PRACTICAL
BBBO5PB08: ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC

BOTANY
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 1
1. Preparation of floral formula from floral description.

2. Identify the member plants belonging to the families mentioned in the syllabus
3. Students must describe the floral parts, draw the L.S., floral diagram and write the
floral formula of at least one flower from each family.
4. Study the finished products of plants mentioned in the syllabus of economic botany
with special reference to the morphology, botanical name and family.
5. Prepare herbarium of 25 plants with field notes.
6. Conduct field work for 5 days under the guidance of a teacher
94
BBBO5B09: ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HUMAN
RIGHTS
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives:-
 To provide basic knowledge of the significance of ecological balance and
significance of environmental science
 To enable the students to explore the interactions of life forms at cellular and
molecular level
 To inspire the students to apply the acquired knowledge to create a better
environment
Course Outcome:-
 Students will be able to identify the major ecosystems and the components of
different types of ecosystems
 Students will be able to compare and contrast the characteristics of different types of
ecosystems
 Students will be able identify the major causes of environmental problems
 Students will be able to explicate the ecological interconnectedness of life on earth.

Relevance and scope of ecology, Ecology and Environmental Science, Interdisciplinary
nature of environmental science, Types of resources-Renewable and non-renewable,
Sustainable development and ecological footprints.
Module 2 - Ecosystems: Structure and Function (8 hours)
Ecosystem components- abiotic and biotic, Energy flow: Ecological energetics, trophic
levels, food chain and food web and ecological pyramids. Productivity – primary, secondary
and net productivity
Nutrient cycles: Biogeochemical cycles of C, N and S. Habitat, ecological niche and
microclimate.
Module 3 - Population and Community Ecology (8 hours)
Population characteristics, population growth, Metapopulations, Ecotypes and Ecads, Biotic
interactions – positive and negative,
Community characteristics: Quantitative (eg. frequency, density and abundance), Qualitative
(eg. physiognomy and phenology), Synthetic (eg. dominance), ecotone and edge effect.
95
Ecological succession: types of succession, process of succession. Hydrosere and xerosere.
Adaptation of plants to environment: Xerophytes, Hydrophytes, epiphytes and halophytes.
Module 4 - Environmental Issues (18 hours)
Global and local environmental issues: global warming and climate change (use case studies
to illustrate the points);ozone depletion; greenhouse effect; acid rain; carbon trading, carbon
credit; carbon sequestration; IPCC/UNFCC; nuclear accidents and nuclear holocaust, sand
mining; wetland reclamation; landscape changes; deforestation; soil erosion. Flood and
drought, desertification, overexploitation, threats to fresh water resources of Kerala; tourism
and its impact on environment.
Pollution: air pollution; water pollution; soil pollution; noise pollution; pesticide pollution,
solid waste management: causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial waste-
biodegradable and non-degradable
Disaster management : introduction to hazards; hazards classification; natural and
anthropogenic, disaster management - earthquakes; cyclone; tsunami; floods; landslides;
droughts
Module 5 - Human Rights (18 hours)
National and International Perspectives: Definitions of Human Right, Relevance of Human
Rights in India-Social Aspects-Economic Aspects-Political Aspects, Human Rights
International Norms, UDHR-Civil and political rights- Economic, social and cultural rights-
Rights against torture, Discrimination and forced labour-Rights of the child, Human Rights
and duties in India- Preamble to the Indian constitution-Human Rights and Duties in Indian
constitution
Deprivation of Human Rights-The core issues: Poverty-Overpopulation- Illiteracy-
Unsustainable Development, Disadvantageous Groups (Women, Children, SC/ST, Homeless
and slum dwellers, physically and mentally handicapped, refugees and internally displaced
persons.
Redressal Mechanisms against Human Rights Violation: Judiciary - Government systems for
Redressal - NHRC and other Statutory Commissions- Media advocacy-Creation of Human
Rights Literacy and Awareness
References
1. Chapman JL, Reiss MJ (2005) Ecology: Principles and Applications. Cambridge
University Press.
2. Elton C S (1958) The Ecology of Invasion by Plants and Animals. Methuem, London.
96
3. Fox C W, Roff D A, Fairbairn D J (Eds) (2001) Evolutionary Ecology: Concepts and
Studies. Oxford University Press.
4. H.D Kumar (2000) Modern Concepts of Ecology Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi
5. Krebs C J (2008) Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and
Abundance (VI Edn). Benjamin Cummings Publ.
6. Krishnamurthy K V (2004) An Advanced Textbook on Biodiversity: Principles and
practice. Oxford and IBH. Publ. Co.
7. Odum E P, Barrett G W (2005) Fundamentals of Ecology. Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd.
8. Odum, E.P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology WB Sunders.
9. Peter Stiling (2012) Ecology: Global insights and investigations Mc Graw Hill
10. Pritchard H W (2004) Modern methods in orchid conservation: The role of
Physiology, Ecology and Management. Cambridge University Press.
11. Rana S V S (2005) Essentials of Ecology and Environmental Science. Prentice Hall
of India.
12. Rose M R, Mueller L D (2006) Evolution and Ecology of the Organisms Pearson
Prentice Hall.
13. Singh JS, Singh S P, Gupta S R (2006) Ecology, Environment, and Resource
Conservation. Anamaya Publ.
14. Smith T. M. and Smith R. L. (2012) Elements of ecology, Pearson publication, New
Delhi
15. Smith T M, Smith R L (2006) Elements of Ecology (VI Edn).Pearson.
97
PRACTICAL
BBBO5PB09: ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HUMAN

RIGHTS
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Ecology and Environmental Studies

1. Estimation of CO2, Dissolved O2 and total alkalinity of water samples (Titrimetry)
2. Determination of pH of soil and water
3. Assessment of diversity, abundance, and frequency of plant species by quadrate
method (Grasslands, forests)
4. EIA studies in degraded areas (Sampling – line transect, Quadrate)
5. Visit to any forests types including grasslands and preparation of the list of Rare and
threatened (R&T) plants (no collection of specimens) OR Visit to any ecotourism
centre in Kerala and prepare a report on the project.
6. Collection, identification and preparation of the list of exotic species in the locality.
7. Study of anatomical, morphological, physiological adaptation of plants to the
environment (Xerophytic, Hydrophytic, Epiphytic and Halophytic)
98
BBBO5B10: PTERIDOLOGY, GYMNOSPERMS AND PALEOBOTANY
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives
 Introducing the characteristics of Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
 To provide basic knowledge of the lifecycle patterns exhibited by Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms
Course Outcome
 Students will be able to identify the major Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
 Students will be able to identify the Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms in their locality

Module 1 - General Characters of Pteridophytes (4 hours)
General characters of Pteridophytes, basic life cycle patterns in pteridophytes; life cycles of
homosporous and heterosporus pteridophytes, vascular tissues in Pteridophytes, stelar types
and their evolution, Classification of Pteridophytes by Smith
Structural organization of sporophyte and gametophyte (development of sex organs not
necessary) of Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella , Equisetum , Pteris , Marsilea
Module 3 – General topics (4 hours)
Heterospory and seed habit, Economic importance of Pteridophytes, ecological importance
of Pteridophytes
Gymnosperms (18 hours)

Module 4 - General characters of Gymnosperms (4 hours)
General characters, Classification (Sporne’s system)
Study of morphology, anatomy and reproductive features of Cycas, Pinus and Gnetum.
Module 6 – General Topics (4 hours)
Affinities of Gymnosperms, Economic importance of Gymnosperms
99
Palaeobotany (9 hours)
Module7 - Introduction (5 hours)
Study of geological time scale, formation of fossil, fossil types & technique of study, fossil
as a fuel. Indian contribution to Palaeobotany: Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany
Module 8 - Fossil Type Study (4 hours)
Detailed study of Fossil Pteridophyte: Rhynia Fossil Gymnosperm: Williamsonia Fossil
Angiosperm: Palmoxylon
References
1. Bhatnagar S P & Moitra A., (2003) Gymnosperms, New Age International (P)Ltd.,
New Delhi.
2. Coutler J.M & Chamberlain C. J (1958) Morphology of Gymnosperms. Central Book
Depot Allahabad.
3. Dutta S.C, (1991) An Introduction To Gymnosperms, Kalyan Publishing Co. New
Delhi.
4. Pandey S.N. (2006) A text book of Botany, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
5. Rasheed A. (1999) An Introduction to Pteridophyta, Vikas Publishing House, New
Delhi.
6. Vashista B. R (1993) Gymnosperms, S Chand & Co., New Delhi.
7. Vashista B. R, (1993) Pteridophyta, S Chand & Co., New Delhi
8. Smith GM Cryptogamic botany Vol. II
9. Sporne KR Morphology of Gymnoperm
10. Arnold H.N (1967) Introduction to Paleobotany, Tata Mc Graw- Hill, New Delhi
11. Biswas & John B .M (2004) Gymnosperms, Narosa Publishing house.
12. Bower F.O (1935) Primitive Land Plants. Cambridge, London.
100
PRACTICAL
BBBO5PB10: PTERIDOLOGY, GYMNOSPERMS AND

PALEOBOTANY
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 1

Study of the morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of the types mentioned.
Gymnosperms and Paleobotany (27 hours)

Study of the morphology, anatomy and reproductive structures of the types mentioned
101
SEMESTER VI
BBBO6B11: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS AND

BIOSTATISTICS
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Course Objectives
 To make the students acquainted with the method of research and design of
experiments
 To introduce the tools and techniques required for research in life science
Course Outcome
 Students will be familiar with the principles of scientific research
 Students will become familiar with the tools and techniques used in research
Module 1 - Basic Concepts of Research (11 hours)

Research-Meaning, purpose of research and Qualities of a good research; Types of research -
Descriptive vs analytical; applied vs fundamental; quantitative vs qualitative; conceptual vs
empirical; Research process – An over view of the process of research - identification of
problem, literature survey, identification of variables, formation of hypothesis, experiment
and collection of data, analysis and interpretation of data, testing of hypothesis.
Report writing - Components of research thesis. Bibliographic management software:
Mendely; Research ethics, plagiarism, plagiarism checking softwares
Module 2 - General Laboratory Practices (2 hours)
Basic rules of laboratory and fieldwork, biosafety regulations and biosafety levels
Module 3 - Imaging and Related Techniques (12 hours)
Principles of microscopy; Fluorescence microscopy; Electron microscopy; Use of
fluorochromes: Applications of fluorescence microscopy; Transmission and Scanning
electron microscopy – sample preparation for electron microscopy.
Module 4 - Principle and Application (5 hours)
Centrifuge, pH meter, Colorimeter, UV-Vis spectrometer.
Module 5 – Chromatography (3 hours)
Principle and application: Paper chromatography; Column chromatography, TLC, HPLC.
102
Module 6 - Information Technology (3 hours)
MS word, MS Excel and MS PowerPoint and their applications in research field
Module 7 - Biostatistics (18 hours)
Data, population, samples, Variable, Quantitative Variable: Discrete and Continuous
Variable, Qualitative Variable; Sampling- concept of sample, sampling methods - random
and non-random sampling; Representation of Data: Tabular, Graphical; Measures of central
tendency: Arithmetic mean, mode, median; Measures of dispersion: Range, mean deviation,
variation, standard deviation; Chi- square test for goodness of fit. Application of statistics in
research
References
1. Col Ruxton R, S N. Colegrave. (2006) Experimental Design for the life Science,
2. Cotteril R, (2002) Biophysics an Introduction .John Wiley and Sons.
3. Dany Spencer Adams, (2004) Lab Math I.K. International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
4. Dawson, C. (2002) Practical research methods. UBS Publishers, New Delhi.
5. Day R.A, (1998) How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, University Press
Cambridge.
7. Norman T.J Bailey, (2008) Statistical Methods in Biology, Cambridge.
8. Prasad S. (2003) Elements of Biostatistics. Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
9. Stapleton, P., Yondeowei, A., Mukanyange, J., Houten, H. (1995) Scientific writing
for agricultural research scientists – a training reference manual. West Africa Rice
Development Association, Hong Kong.
103
PRACTICAL
BBBO6PB11: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS AND

BIOSTATISTICS
Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
1. Collect numerical data and find out the central tendencies and prepare different types of
graph mentioned in the syllabus
2. Determination of the concentration of a given solution of CuSO4 using colorimetry
3. Paper chromatography of plant pigments
4. Measurement of pH using pH meter
5. Familiarize with biosafety levels
104
COMPLEMENTARY COURSES
BDBO101: CRYPTOGAMS AND GYMNOSPERMS

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 2
Module 1 - Classification (3 hours)
Classification and naming, purpose and significance, 2 kingdoms, 5 kingdoms, 3 domains.
Module 2 - Algae (9 hours)
General features, classification based on pigments, salient features of thallus and life cycle of
the following,
Cyanophyceae : Nostoc Chlorophyceae: Spirogyra Phaeophyceae: Ectocarpus
Rhodophyceae: Polysiphonia
Economic importance of Algae (general account)
Module 3 – Fungi (6 hours)
General features, classification, salient features of hyphae, and life cycle of the following
groups.
Phycomycetes: Phytophthora Ascomycetes: Peziza Basidiomycetes: Agaricus
Economic importance of Fungi (general account)
Module 4 – Lichens (2 hours)
Symbiosis of algae and fungi in lichen, classification based on thallus form and economic
importance, Thallu morphology and anatomy of Parmelia
Module 5 – Bryophytes (4 hours)
General features, classification, salient features of the thallus and life cycle of Riccia,
Economic importance of Bryophytes
Module 6 – Pteridophytes (4 hours)
General features, classification, salient features of the sporophytes and gametophyte and life
cycle of Pteris, Economic importance of Pteridophytes
Module 7 – Gymnosperms (4 hours)
General features, classification, salient features of the life cycle of Cycas , Economic
importance of Gymnosperms
Module 8 - Plant Pathology (4 hours)
Plant - pathogen interaction, host defense mechanisms, Control of plant diseases; physical,
chemical & biological methods. Study of the following diseases (causative organism,
105
symptoms and control measures); Nut fall of Arecanut, Abnormal leaf fall of Rubber, Leaf
mosaic of Tapioca
References
1. Ahamdijan, Vernon and Mason H. E (1973) The Lichens. New York: Academic
press.
2. Alexopoulose C. J. and Mims C. W. (1983) Introductory Micology, New York: Wiley
Eastern
3. Bhatia K. N (1975) A treatise on Algae. New Delhi. S. Chand and co. Publishing,
New Delhi, Vikas publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
4. Bilgramic K. S and Dube H. C (1976) Text Book of Modern Plant Pathology. New
Delhi. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd
5. Bishwas S.B and Biswas A. (1973) An Introduction to Viruses. New Delhi. Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
6. Chaube H. S. and Ramji S. (2000) Introductory Plant Pathology, International Book
Distributing Co. Lucknow.
7. Chopra R.N and Kumra P. K (1988) Biology of Bryophytes. New Delhi, Wiley
Eastern Ltd.
8. Fritsch F. B (1945), Structure and Reproduction of Algae Vol. I & II. Cambridge
University Press.
9. Gangulee H. C and Kar A. K (1993) College Botany Vol. II Calcutta, New Central
Book Agency.
10. Kanika Sharma (2009), Manual of Microbiology, Ane Books Pvt.Ltd.
11. Mamatha Rao (2009), Microbes and Non- flowering plants, Impact and Applications,
Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.
12. Pandey S. N and Trivedi P. S (1994) . A Textbook of College Botany Vol I
13. Pandey S. N. and Trivedi P. S (1998). A text Book of College Botany Vol. II
14. Pandey B.P (2007), College Botany Vol. I, S. Chand and Company
15. Pandey B. P(2007), College Botany Vol II, S. Chand and Company
16. Sharma P. D(2003) Microbiology and Plant Pathology and Biochemistry, Rasthogy
Publications
17. Vasishta B. R. Bryophyta – S. Chand and Co. New Delhi
106
PRACTICAL
BDBO1P01: CRYPTOGAMS AND GYMNOSPERMS

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
1. Identification of Cryptogamic and Gymnosperm specimens and their parts prescribed

in the syllabus; make micro-preparations wherever necessary
2. Identification of plant diseases mentioned in the syllabus.
107
SEMESTER II
BDBO202: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 2
Module 1 - Plant and Water (10 hours)
Physical aspects of water absorption –imbibition, diffusion and osmosis. Plant cell as an
osmotic system. Diffusion pressure deficit, water potential, plasmolysis, Mechanism of water
absorption, active and passive absorption. Transpiration – types, structure and mechanism of
stomtal transpiration, theories, significance and factors affecting transpiration,
antitranspirants, guttation.
Module 2 – Photosynthesis (12 hours)
Structure of chloroplast, Pigments, two pigments systems, light and dark reaction, Cyclic &
Non Cyclic photophosphorylation, C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms, photo respiration, Factors
affecting Photosynthesis: External and Internal.
Module 3 - Translocation of Solute (2 hours)
Translocation of organic solutes: Path and mechanism of Translocation, Munch mass flow
hypothesis
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation, Nitrogen Cycle, Carnivorous plants
Module 5 - Seed Physiology (3 hours)
Dormancy of seeds, factors causing dormancy, photoblastisms, techniques to break
dormancy, germination – mobilization of food reserves
Module 5 - Plant Growth and Movement (6 hours)
Growth and Movements: Sigmoid curve, measurement of growth, regions of growth, general
account of growth hormones, effect of ABA. Senescence and Abscission. Tropic and nastic
movements with reference to geotropism, phototropism, Photoperiodism and Vernalization.
References
1. Jain V. K. (2008) Fundamentals of Plant Physiology, S. Chand and Co.
2. Malik C. P (2002) Plant Physiology, Kalyani Publishers
3. Mukherjii. S. & Ghosh A.K (2005) Plant Physiology, Calcutta New Central Book
Agency.
4. Sinha A.K (2004) Modern Plant Physiology, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
108
5. Srivastava H. S. (2004) Plant Physiology &Biochemistry, Rasthogi
Publications.
6. Verma S. K. & Mohit Verma (2006) A Text book of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry
& Biotechnology, S. Chand and Co.
7. Verma V. (2007) Text Book of Plant Physiology, Ane Books Pvt Ltd.
109
PRACTICAL
BDBO2P02: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
Core Experiments:
1. Determination of osmotic pressure by plasmolytic method
2. Separation of Chlorophyll pigments by paper chromatography.
3. Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis by Hydrilla
plants
4. Demonstration of osmosis using plant membrane
Demonstration Experiments:
1. 1 Determination of transpiration under different environmental conditions using
Ganong’s / Farmer’s Potometer
2. Relation between transpiration and absorption
3. Evolution of O2 during photosynthesis
4. Light screen expt.
5. Mohl’s experiment
6. Experiment with variegated leaf
7. Measurement of growth using Arc Auxanometer
8. Experiment with Kleinostat.
9. Effect of hormones on growth
110
SEMESTER III
BDBO303: ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY AND

ECONOMIC BOTANY
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Importance of plant taxonomy, types of classification, binomial nomenclature; ICB N,
cytotaxonomy, chemotaxonomy.
Herbarium techniques : Field study, field note, vasculum, plant press, disinfecting and
mounting, labelling, importance of herbarium.
Module 3 – Classification System (3 hours)
Bentham and Hooker’s system of classification.
Module 4 – Morphology (4 hours)
Morphology of Angiosperms, Plant habits, leaf, stem and root modifications, flowers,
inflorescence, fruits
Study of the following families of Bentham and Hookers system of classification with special
reference to major identifying characters and economic importance: Annonaceae, Malvaceae,
Rutaceae, Leguminosae, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae,
Lamiaceae (Labiatae), Euphorbiaceae, Arecaceae (Palmae), Poaceae (Gramineae).
Study of the following economic plants with special reference to their botanical name,
family, morphology of useful part, economic products and uses.
Cereals: Paddy,Wheat.
Pulses : Green gram, Bengalgram.
Tuber crops: Tapioca.
Spices : Pepper, Cardamom.
Beverages: Tea, Coffee.
Oil yielding plants: Coconut, Groundnut
Fiber yielding plants: Cotton, Coir.
Timber yielding plants: Teak, Rosewood.
111
Latex yielding plants: Pararubber.
Biopesticides: Neem, Tobacco.
Ornamental plants: Rose, Orchids,Anthurium.
Study of the following medicinal plants with special reference to their binomial, family,
morphology of useful parts and uses.
1.Adhatoda vasica 2. Aloe vera, 3.Bacopa moniri, 4.Catharanthus roseus 5.Eclipta alba, 6.
Azadirachta indica, 7. Ocimum sanctum, 9.Phyllanthus amarus, 9.Rauvolfia serpentina,
10.Sida. acuta
References
1. Eames, A. J. (1969) Morphology of Angiosperms. McGraw – Hill, New York.
2. Hill, A.F. (1952) Economic Botany: A Text book of Useful Plants and Plant Products.
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
3. Kochhar, S.L. (1981) Economic Botany in the Tropics. Macmillan India Limited,
Delhi.
4. Lawrence, G.H.M. (1951) Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi.
5. Naik, V.N. (1984) Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing Co;
New Delhi.
6. Sharma, O.P. (1993) Plant Taxonomy. Tata McGraw – Hill Publishing Co Ltd., New
Delhi.
7. Simpson, B.S and M. Conner – Ogorzaly. (1986) Economic Botany: Plants in Our
World. .McGraw – Hill Book Company, New York.
8. Singh, G. (1999) Plant Systematics – Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi
112
PRACTICAL
BDBO3P03: ANGIOSPERM MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
1. Practice to identify typical plants belonging to the families prescribed in the syllabus.
Learn to describe the floral parts in technical terms, draw floral diagrams and write
floral formula.
2. Learn to identify the economic products obtained from the plants included in the
syllabus (Module 6). Should record and study the botanical name, family,
morphology of the useful part and the uses of the plants mentioned in module
113
SEMESTER IV
BDBO404: PLANT ANATOMY AND APPLIED BOTANY

Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Plant Anatomy (27 hours)
Module 1 – Plant Cell (4 hours)
Plant cell – living and non living inclusions, cell wall – ultra structure of cell wall (brief
account only)
Module 2 – Plant Tissues (5 hours)
Tissues: simple and complex; structure and function, meristems, secretary tissues.
Module 3 – Primary Structure of plant organs (6 hours)
Primary structure of leaf, stem and root in dicots and monocots.
Module 4 – Secondary Growth (8 hours)
Secondary thickening in dicot stem and dicot root; cambium, growth rings, heart wood and
sap wood; hard wood and soft wood; ring porous wood and diffuse porous wood, Anomalous
secondary thickening in Bignonia.
Module 5 – Ecological Anatomy (4 hours)
Study of the morphological and anatomical adaptations of the following groups; Hydrophytes
, Xerophytes, Epiphytes and Halophytes
Applied Botany (27 hours)
Module 1 – Introduction to Plant Breeding (2 hours)
History and objectives
Module 2 – Methods of Plant Improvement (6 hours)
Plant introduction, acclimatization, plant quarantine: Selection: Mass selection; pureline
selection and clonal selection: Hybridization; intervarietal, interspecific and intergeneric;
procedure of hybridization.
Module 3 – Special Methods of Plant Breeding. (7 hours)
Mutation breeding, Polyploidy breeding, Apomixis, apogamy, apospory, amphimixis,
parthenogenesis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony.
Module 4 – Horticultural Practices (6 hours)
Propagation through cutting, layering, budding and grafting
Module 4 – Plant Tissue Culture (6 hours)
Principles, techniques and applications; culture media, asepsis, callus, organogenesis,
114
somatic embryogenesis, anther culture, artificial seeds.
References
1. Christopher, E.P. (1958) Introductory Horticulture. McGraw – Hill, New York.
2. Esau, K. (1965) Plant Anatomy. Wiley, New York.
3. Fahn. (1985)Plant Anatomy. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
4. Hartman, H.T. and D.E. Kester. (1991) Plant Propagation – Principles and
Practices. Prentice – Hall of India, New Delhi.
5. Kumar, N. (1994) Introduction to Horticulture. Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.
6. Pandey, B.P. (1984) Plant Anatomy. S. Chand and Company, New Delhi.
7. Vasishta, V.C. (1978) Plant Anatomy. S. Nagin and Company, Jallundhur.
115
PRACTICAL
BDBO4P04: PLANT ANATOMY AND APPLIED BOTANY

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 1
a. Using suitable micro preparations observe the different tissue types in the plant
organs mentioned in the syllabus
b. Observe the structure of stem and root of dicots and monocots.
c. Learn the structure of dicot stem and dicot root after secondary thickening.
d. Learn the secondary thickening in Bignonia.
e. Observe the anatomy of monocot and dicotleaf.
f. Find out the morphological and anatomical adaptations of Hydrophytes (Nymphaea
petiole), Xerophytes (Nerium leaf), Epiphytes (Velamen root of Vanda), Halophyte
(Pneumatophore and vivipary of Avicinia orRhizophora).
g. Practice emasculation using pea or Caesalpinia flowerbuds.
h. Practice ‘T’ budding, approach grafting and air layering.
116
OPEN COURSE
BOBO501: AGRIBUSINESS
Total Hours: 54
Credit: 3
Module 1 - Entrepreneurship (4 hours)
Types, Basic qualities of an Entrepreneur. Financial assistance from Banks, Role of
Institutions like MSME Training Institute, Khadi and Village Industries Board, Self Help
Groups, Co-operative Sector, Kudumbasree projects and Microenterprises.
Module 2: Floriculture, Gardening and Nursery Management (18 hours)
Introduction: Importance and scope of floriculture.
Nursery Management and Routine Garden Operations: Sexual and vegetative methods of
propagation; Soil sterilization; Seed sowing; Pricking; Planting and transplanting; Shading;
Stopping or pinching; Defoliation; Wintering; Mulching; Topiary; Role of plant growth
regulators.
Ornamental Plants: Flowering annuals; Herbaceous perennials; Divine vines; Shade and
ornamental trees; Ornamental bulbous and foliage plants; Cacti and succulents; Palms and
Cycads; Ferns and Selaginellas; Bonsai.
Rhizobium, VAM and its influence on growth and yield of crop plants.
– field Application.
Module 4 - Value Added Food Products (10 hours)
Preparation and Preservation Techniques. Causes of Spoilage of Food.
Preparation of wine, vinegar, pickles, jam, jelly, syrups, sauce, dry fruits, dairy products –
(cheese, butter, paneer).
Module 5 – Mushroom Culture Technology (10 hours)
mushrooms. Types of edible mushrooms available in India -Volvariella, Pleurotus, Agaricus
bisporus.
Oyster mushroom Cultivation Technology
117
References
Co., New Delhi.
3. Chandha. K. L, (2003) Handbook of Horticulture. ICAR. New Delhi.
4. Frazier and Westhoff, (1988) Food Microbiology. Tata McGraw –Hill.
5. George Acquciah (2004) Horticulture – Principles and Practices. II Edn. Prentice Hall
India.
House.
Francisco, USA.
Publishing Co.
12. Marimuthu, T. Krishnamoorthy, A.S. Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayarajan.R (1991)
13. Pandey, R.K and S.K. Ghosh, (1996) A Hand Book on Mushroom Cultivation.
Emkey Publications.
Publishers.
16. Sandhu, M. K., (1989) Plant Propagation, Wiley Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras.
17. Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.
118
Publishing Co. Ltd., No. 88, Mysore Road, Bangalore -560018.
Delhi.
119
ADD ON COURSE
BBOEX01: PLANT TISSUE CULTURE

Total Hours: 36
Credit: 2
Course Objectives
The student should be able:
1. To familiarize with the tools and techniques of plant tissue culture
2. To understand the possibility for the production of elite plants
3. To apply the technique in micro propagation of plants
4. To establish a commercial micro propagation unit
Theory - 18 hours - 1 credit

Fundamentals of plant tissue culture
1. Introduction and historical background of Plant Tissue Culture.
2. General Laboratory Techniques.-Maintenance of Laboratory.-Laboratory Space.-
Culture Room Culture vessels and washing
3. Equipments Principle and working - pH meter, Hot air oven, Autoclave, LAF, Rotary
Shaker.
4. Sterilization techniques- Dry heat sterilization, Wet Heat sterilization and Surface
sterilization of explants-Surface sterilants -different Methods.
5. Media preparation, Composition of Nutrient Media, Role of components, Method of
preparation of Stock solution, preparation of Growth regulators. Calculations
6. Inoculation -Laminar Air Flow, Procedure of inoculation
7. Incubation -Maintenance of inoculation record, subculture and temperature control,
Humidity
8. Hardening Techniques.
Applications of Plant Tissue Culture
1. Callus culture, suspension culture- choice of explants subculture Estimation of growth
of cells in culture.
2. Regeneration -Shoot regeneration, Somatic embryogenesis.
3. Brief study of - Anther culture, Ovary culture, Meristem culture, Embryo culture,
Protoplast culture and somatic hybridization.
4. Somaclonal variation - genetic basis of somaclonal variation.
120
5. Synthetic seeds - Preparation and Importance.
Practical - 18 hours - 1 credit

1. Preparation of Standard tissue culture media -MS and White's. Preparation of Stock
solution, Preparation of hormones, cotton bungs.
2. Method of preparation of Media, Sterilization of media.
3. Collection of explants Sterilization, inoculation of explants-leaf; root, shoot, anther,
ovary and embryo.
4. Preparation of synthetic seeds
5. Maintenance of cultures, Sub culturing at periodical intervals.
6. Hardening of rooted plantlets.
References
1. Keshavachandran R & Peter KV (2008) Plant Biotechnology: Methods in Tissue
Culture and Gene Transfer. Orient & Longman (Universal Press)
2. S SBhojwani, M K Razdan (1996). Plant tissue culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier.
3. L Gamborg, G C Philips (Eds.) (2005). Plant cell, tissue and organ culture:
Fundamental methods. Narosa Publishing House.
4. S Ignacimuthu (2006). Biotechnology: An introduction. Narosa Publishing House.
5. Edwin F George (1993) plant propagation by tissue culture part I and II The
technology. Exegetics ltd.
6. Kalian Kumar De (2003) An introduction to plant tissue culture, New central book
agency Pvt. Ltd.
Question Paper Pattern of Written Exam (Time: 1.5 hrs)

No of
Total Total
Part Type Marks Questions to
Questions Marks
be Answered
Part A Very Short Answer 10 1 10 10
Part B Short Answer 20 2 15 30
121

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DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

Curriculum and Syllabus for Undergraduate Programmes

MARK CUM GRADE CARD

Grade Awarded (G)

Controller of Examinations Principal

Name of the Candidate :

Permanent Register Number (PRN) :

ISA ESA Total

PROGRAMME PART RESULTS

Controller of Examinations Principal

Grade and Grade Point Percentage of Grade

BBBO101: INTRODUCTORY BOTANY AND ANGIOSPERM

Module 1 – Introduction to Botany (12 hours)

BBBO1P01: INTRODUCTORY BOTANY AND ANGIOSPERM

1. Compare the adaptations in land plants, against that of an aquatic plant

BBBO202: PLANT ANATOMY, MICROTECHNIQUES AND

Plant Anatomy and Microtechniques

Angiosperm Reproductive Botany

BBBO2P02: PLANT ANATOMY, MICROTECHNIQUES AND

1. Cell types and tissues

BBBO303: MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT

Mycology and Lichenology

BBBO3P03: MICROBIOLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND PLANT

Mycology (18 hours)

BBBO404: PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY

BBBO4P04: PHYCOLOGY AND BRYOLOGY

Phycology (24 hours)

BBBO505: PTERIDOLOGY, GYMNOSPERMS AND PALEOBOTANY

Pteridophytes (27 hours)

Gymnosperms (18 hours)

BBBO5P05: PTERIDOLOGY, GYMNOSPERMS AND PALEOBOTANY

Pteridophytes (27 hours)

Gymnosperms and Paleobotany (27 hours)

Module 1 - General Introduction (2 hours)

BBBO5P06: ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HUMAN

Ecology and Environmental Studies

Module 1 - Basic Concepts of Research (11 hours)

BBBO5P07: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY, BIOPHYSICS AND

Taxonomy (45 hours)

BBBO5P08: ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND ECONOMIC BOTANY

1. Preparation of floral formula from floral description.

BBBO609: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Plant Physiology (36 hours)

Biochemistry (18 hours)

BBBO6P09: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Plant Physiology Practical (27 hours) Core Experiments

Cytology (18 hours)

Molecular Biology (27 hours)

Biological Evolution (9 hours)

BBBO6P10: CYTOLOGY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND

Cytology (18 hours)

Biotechnology (36 hours)

BBBO6P11: PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS

Plant Biotechnology (27 hours)

Genetics (27 hours)

Plant Breeding (18 hours)

BBBO6P12: GENETICS, PLANT BREEDING AND HORTICULTURE

Genetics (18 hours)

Plant Breeding (9 hours)