Mycologia XIII

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MYCOLOGIA
Volume XIII, 1921
Published by the aid of the
David Lydig Fund

Bequeathed by Charles P. Daly
MYCOLOGIA
IN CONTINUATION OF THE JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY
Founded by W. A. Kellerman, J. B. Ellis.and B. M. Everhart in 1885
EDITOR
WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL
Volume XIII, 1921

With 15 Plates and 21 Figures
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
JOSEPH C. ARTHUR FRANKLIN S. EARLE LARS ROMELL
HOWARD J. BANKER BRUCE FINK FRED J. SEAVER
GIACOMO BRESADOLA ROBERT A. HARPER CORNELIUS L. SHEAR
FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS THOMAS H. MACBRIDE TYOZABURO TANAKA
JOHN DEARNESS NARCISSE PATOUILLARD
PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY FOR

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
By THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER. PA.
k
PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.
MAR 3 1 1954
TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. i. January
Page
Studies of Plant Cancers — II, by Michael Levine i
Nineteen Years of Culture Work, by J. C. Arthur 12
Some New Hampshire Fungi, by L. O. Overholts 24

The Fungi of the Wilkes Expedition, by W. W. Diehl 38
Clitocybe sudorifica as a Poisonous Mushroom, by J. W. Roberts 42
Observations on the Infection of Crataegus by Gymnosporangium, by
J. F. Adams 45
The Fruit-Disease Survey, by W. A. Murrill 50
Notes and Brief Articles 54
Index to American Mycological Literature 62
No. 2. March
Photographs and Descriptions of Cup-Fungi —-IX. American Species of
Discina, by F. J. Seaver 67
Massospora cicadina Peck, by A. T. Spease 72
Light-colored Resupinate Polypores — III, by W. A. Murrill 83
—
Smuts and Rusts of Utah IV, by A. O. Garrett 101
The Behavior of Telia of Puccinia graminis in the South, by H. R. Rosen, hi
.Index to American Mycological Literature 126
No. 3. May
Some New Species of Russula, by G. S. Burlingham 129
The Life Historv and Identity of " Patellina Fragariae," " Leptothyrium
macrothecium," and " Peziza Oenotherae," by C. L. Shear and B. O.
Dodge 135
Light-colored Resupinate Polypores — IV, by W. A. Murrill 171
Smuts and Rusts of Northern Utah and Southern Idaho, by G. L. Zundel. 179
New or Noteworthy Geoglossaceae, by E. J Durand 184
Nos. 4-5. July-September

Massachusetts Species of Helvella, by P. J. Anderson and M. G. Ickis.. 201
Memoranda and Index of Cultures of Uredineae, 1899-1917, by J. C.
Arthur , 230
Index to American Mycological Literature.... 272
v
vi Table of Contents
No. 6. November
Page
A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Pyrenomycetes of Porto Rico,
by C. E. Chardon 279
California —
Hypogaeous Fungi Tuberaceae, by H. E. Parks 301
The Heteroecism of Puccinia montanensis, P. Koeleriae, and P. apocrypta,
by E. B. Mains 315
New Japanese Fungi. Notes and Translations —X, by T. Tanaka 323
Some of the Ways of the Sljme Mould, by T. H. Macbride 329
Index to Volume XIII 356
MYCOLOGIAIN CONTINUATION OF THE JOURNAL, OF MYCOLOGY
Founded by W. A. Kellerman, J. B. Ellis, and B. M. Everhart in 1885
"
v \ x
editor
Vol. XIII— JANUARY, 1921—No. 1
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
josephc. arthur FRANKLIN S, EARLE LARSROMELL
howard j. banker BRUCE FINK FRED J. SE AVER
giacomo bresadola ROBERT A. HARPER CORNELIUS L. SHEAR
frederic e. clements THOMAS H. MACBRIDE TYOZABURO^ TANAKA
?ess NARCISSE PATOUILLARI)
49 PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY FQR

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDBN
By THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANV
LANCASTER, PA.
CONTENTS
Studies of Plant Cancers—II .
. . . Michael Levine i
Nineteen Years of Culture Work . . . .

J. C. Arthur 12
Some New Hampshire Fungi . . . L. O. Overholts 24

The Fungi of the Wilkes Expedition . « W. W. Diehl 38
Clitocybe sudorifica as a Poisonous Mushroom.
J. W. Roberts 42
Observations on the Infection of Crataegus by

. Gymno-
sporarigium . ........ .
J. F. Adams 45
The Fruit-Disease Survey . . . . . . W. A. Murrill 50

Index to American Mycological Literature . . ... . . . 62
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MYCOLOGIA
Vol. XIII . JANUARY, 192 1 No. 1
STUDIES ON PLANT CANCERS— II

THE BEHAVIOR OF CROWN GALL ON THE
RUBBER PLANT (FICUS ELASTICA) 1
(With Plates i and 2)
Michael Levine
Tourney (1900) in studying the effects of crown gall on the

host pointed out the destructiveness of this disease on deciduous
trees. He gave an adequate picture of the developmental stages
in the growth of the crown gall tissue on the almond. He con-
tends that the period of growth of the crown gall is definite and
usually extends over the growing season; after which time the
gall dies, falls out, leaving an open wound. In the following
spring a new crown gall is formed on the margin of the old
wound which in turn dies and increases the area of the lesion,
so that it weakens the tree and causes it to break off in a wind,
thus killing it. It appears from Tourney's study that death is
the result of a mechanical effect of the crown gall on the tissue

of the host in no way similar to the toxic effects that the can-
cerous growth has on the animal or human being.
Hedgcock (19101 ) in his field studies of the effect of crown
gall on grape showed that the crown gall stunts the plant and that
when the galls occur on the stem under the ground they com-
monly decay, killing the adjacent tissue and often killing the vine
above the point of attack. Whether the decay is directly brought
1 From the Cancer Research Laboratory, Montefiore Hospital, Dr. Isaac

Levin, Chief. The first paper was published in Bull. Torrey Club 46: 447-452.
pis. 17, 18. 1919.
[Mycologia for November (12: 299-360) was issued December 27, 1920]
1
2 Mycologia
about by Bacterium tumefaciens Hedgcock does not state. He

claims however with Tourney that the galls die annually. In a
later study (1910 2 ) of crown gall on the apple he maintains that
the destructive effect of this disease is overrated.
Smith (1911-12) in his extensive studies on crown gall and its
resemblance to animal cancer shows that the physiological effects

of these tumors vary from species to species and also within the
species and are generally less pronounced and speedy than one
might expect. He holds that it is difficult to show conclusively
that the substances produced in the tumor by the parasite are
absorbed and act as slow poisons. This is especially difficult in
view of the fact that the galls are often soaked by rains and be-
come infected with other parasitic and saprophytic organisms.
Levin and Levine (1918-20) in a report on the malignancy of
the crown gall and its analogy to human cancer pointed out that
a number of the phenomena in both diseases are analogous. They
contend that the neoplasms in plants produced by Bacterium tume-
faciens are sometimes benign though some are true malignant
growths. The latter generally dwarf the plant so affected and
cause necrosis of the tissue above and below the gall.
These studies and those of Smith's and other workers were

carried out in annuals, biennials or deciduous trees in which the
period of growth of the host as well as the crown gall is normally
interrupted. The difficulty in determining whether toxins are
present in such cases is made more difficult by the intervention
of natural death, caused by changes in temperature and its con-
comitant factors, and second, by the occurrence of infections
caused by fungi and even insect grubs, the eggs of which are
deposited in the soft tissue of the young crown gall.
The purpose of this report is to bring forward further evi-
dence on the malignancy of the crown gall experimentally in-

duced on mature evergreen perennials such as the common rubber
tree, Ficus elastica. In such plants where the growth is rather
active all the year round, when kept under uniform, green house
conditions, the effect of the crown gall organism and the neo-
plastic growth on the host can be kept under observation for an
extended period. Drenching rains and destructive insects are
Levine: Studies on Plant Cancers 3
avoided and very often other parasitic and saprophytic fungi. In

this way and in such plants as Ficus elastica it is possible to show
definitely whether and in what degree the crown gall has an
injurious effect upon the adjacent normal tissue of the host. It
must be remembered however that while transportation of the
materials elaborated by the cancer cells of the animal is in some

degree limited, this is much more the case in plants.
I have found some evidence of injurious effects spreading from
a gall upwards and finally killing the stem above the point of in-
oculation. This was the result in every case (10 branches) with
two exceptions. In the first the signs of death are only now, 14
months after inoculation were made, making their appearance.
In the other case described below, the stem, it appears, was cut
off for examination too soon.
In no case was there any evidence that the death of the stem
above the gall was due to the obstruction of the sap flow or water
supply. Tourney's results do< not suggest the possibility of any

such direct mechanical disturbance on the part of the gall. I
will describe briefly a number of cases observed.

Material and Observations. —Through the courtesy of Dr. S.
Wachsmann, director of the Montefiore Hospital, a number of
rubber trees (Ficus elastica) were placed at my disposal. These
plants were growing in large boxes and were kept indoors during
the winter months in a basement room well lighted and ventilated.
In the summer these plants were moved out on the campus of the
hospital. These plants make almost as much growth during the
winter as they do during the summer. Various parts of these
plants were inoculated with Bacterium tumefaciens, labeled and
then examined from time to time. It was found that within a
month indications of a crown gall made their appearance in the

part of the plant inoculated.
Figure 1 represents one of the trees during the month of Janu-
ary used in this study. The terminal buds are opening and the
moderately green glistening apical leaves show evidence of an
active condition of growth. The plant shown in figure 1 with
five others of equal size were inoculated on July 28, 1919, by
pricking the tissue with a steel needle that had been previously
4 Mycologia
dipped into a culture of Bacterium tumefaciens. As few as

five pricks of the needles with the crown gall organism were found
to be sufficient to produce a visible neoplasm in a month's time.
A careful number of galls at the
scrutiny of this picture reveals a
internodes of several branches (Fig. i, a, b) on the mid-vein of
an old leaf (Fig. i, c) and on one of the main branches (Fig.
I, d). Where the needle perforated the tissue a crown gall
was formed on both sides of the stem or the leaf. No less active
were the growths that were produced on the trunk of the tree
(Fig. i, d). The galls formed are of the characteristic type de-
scribed by Tourney, Smith and others. They are always firm,
yellowish in color and covered with brownish patches when
young and become dark brown in color and of a woody con-
sistency with age, as we shall see below.
The crown gall, at this stage, as far as can be seen, has no

specially injurious effect upon the host. The terminal buds of
the plant are actively growing and there appears to be no signs of
dwarfing of the branches, nor any indication of fascination of the
internodes above the region of inoculation such as those reported
by Smith, and Levin and Levine for Geranium, Ricinus, etc.
Figure 2 represents a branch from another rubber tree which

had been inoculated seven months previously on the second inter-
node. The crown gall has grown extensively, covering one half
of the circumference of the stem. The surface is dark brown in
color, highly convoluted, indicating a number of centers of pe-
ripheral growth. The mass is hard and some parts of the surface
appear to be dead. The branch however has grown considerably
as shown by the number of internodes above the crown gall.
(See Figs. 2 and 3.) In June, 1919, it was noted that the
terminal bud was small and dark green in color, and showed no
signs of growth. This was true of a number of other branches
which had been inoculated for the same length of time. The
control branches that were similarly treated with a sterile needle
had long greenish buds, many of which were opening. This condi-
tion suggested at once the possibility of mechanical interference
of the crown gall with the water supply of the plant due to partial
destruction and possible occlusion of the fibrovascular bundles,
but cross and longitudinal sections of this gall made much later
showed this assumption to be incorrect as is further described

below. It is obvious at once however that there is some other
cause of death than the cutting of the water supply, since in that
case, the dying would progress from the tip downward.
Twelve months after inoculation. Figure 3 represents the
same branch shown in figure 2 on December, 1919, approximately
12 months after the inoculation had been made. The crown gall
has almost girdled the stem encircling J4, of the stem's circumfer-
ence. The leaves above the crown gall have turned black and
fallen off while those below are turning a yellowish brown. The
major portion of the stem above the gall is dead, the injury pro-
gressing from the gall upward so that at the time the photograph
was made the top of the stem (Fig. 3) was still green and showed
indications of being alive. A cross section through the middle of
this crown gall appears in figure 4 and shows that the crown gall
tissue has become fully differentiated and thus further supports

the contention of Tourney and Hedgcock that the crown gall
growths are annual and Levin and Levine's views that these
growths are unlike animal cancers in that they are limited in
growth and become differentiated. The wood fibers and par-

enchymatous cells of which the crown gall is composed are dark
brown on the interior of the gall as they are on the surface. The
vascular elements are distorted and nodular on the periphery of
the tumor where their antecedents were undoubtedly centers of
rapid cell division before they became differentiated and old.
Approximately one half of the original cylinder made by the

fibrovascular bundles is destroyed and replaced by crown gall
tissue. The tissue in the center of the crown gall is dark in
color, watery and is apparently disintegrating. The remaining

half of the wood cylinder appears to be undistributed and un-
doubtedly is mechanically fit to carry sap, as evidenced by the
still turgid condition of the top of the branch as shown in figure
5. This figure represents a longitudinal section of the upper

part of the stem including the upper part of the crown gall.
There appears to be only a partial destruction of the wood fibers

in the region of the stem occupied by the lesion as seen in the
G Mycologia
cross section to the left of the figure. The wood and pith are
apparently normal structurally though physiologically dead.
A later state in the necrosis following the inoculation of Bac-
terium tumefaciens is shown in figure 6 photographed eleven
months afterward. Here again the inoculation was made at one

side of the stem in the third internode with a needle dipped into
an emulsion of the crown gall organism. In this late stage the
growth does not completely girdle the stem, yet two months previ-
ously the leaves f elr off and the stem became discolored and finally
died. The crown gall and the stem above the gall also died. A
short portion of the stem immediately below the gall at the time
of the photograph was rapidly undergoing similar changes. The
gall in this case again shows all the characteristics of the typical
crown galls referred to above. The outer surface is dry and

woody and is markedly nodular. In a longitudinal section of
we
this gall find the region near the stem slightly moist, darker
in appearance and invading the wood cylinder (Fig. 7). A large
portion of the wood cylinder is intact and appears to be func-
tional. There again, it appears as if death was caused by Bac-
terium tumefaciens or the crown gall cells rather than by the
interference with the transportation system caused by the destruc-
tion on the invasion of the fibrovascular bundles.
Figure 8 represents a gall 12 months old which has caused no
injury to the stem either above or below the gall. Growth is
continuing normally. The inoculation was made in two opposite
sides of the branch. The crown gall that appears in front on
the stem " B " and " C " was produced by inoculating an axillary
bud region. The lower gall, "A," was obtained by inoculating
an internodal space on the opposite sides of the stem. The lower

growth which appears as two separate tumors on opposite sides
of the stem consists of one continuous mass of tissue encircling
one half of the circumference of the stem. The growth has a
distinctly tubercular structure. It is dark brown in color, hard
and dry, and apparently dead. The upper crown gall which is
on the surface of the stem, as mentioned above, extends for a
distance of nearly one half of the circumference of the stem also.
To the left it developed into a more or less uniformly globular
growth through which two branches have grown.
We may turn now to consider the cases in which no evidence

of injurious effects of the gall in tissue above and below it in the
stem have yet appeared. In all, I have observed two such cases
as mentioned above against ten in which death of the region
above and below the gall or both occurred.
It is natural to suspect in view of the statements of the authors
quoted that the injurious effects I have observed may be due to
the presence of some additional infection or to some special
direct physical effect of the crown gall on the rubber tree. I am

however convinced that this is not the case.
As in the case of Bryophyllum (Levine 1919), Bacterium
tumefaciens does not cause the formation of embryomata when
inoculated into F. elastica in a region where embryonic cells are
to be expected. At the time this photograph was made, twelve
months after inoculation, the upper gall was still active although
parts of it were beginning to distintegrate. The stem above the
gall appears as noted to be entirely unaffected and in good
physiological condition. A cross section of the stem made at the
level indicated by the line " AA " shows complete disorganiza-

tion of more than one half of the wood cylinder. The remaining
half is not unlike the apparently healthy portion of the wood
shown in figure 4. A photograph of the cut end of the stem at
the level of " BB " (Fig. 8) shown

Here little of
is in figure 9.
the vascular cylinder appears to be invaded by the crown gall

tissue. At this level the great mass of the crown gall seems to
have developed from the cortical layer of the stem only and has
not, at this time, affected the central cylinder.
The gall from which the branches " Y" and " Z " appear (Fig.
9) is unlike all other crown galls so far described in that almost
its entire surface is smooth and not tubercular; it is covered with
small brown corky patches. The lower left side of the gall in
the picture shows the typical crown gall convolutions.
A section still higher up on the stem made at the level indi-
cated by the line " CC " cuts through this smooth gall at a point
near the origin of the branches "Y" and "Z" (see Fig. 10).
An abundance of milk comes from the entire surface above the
dark area of the crown gall shown in this figure. No invasion
8 Mycologia
of the central cylinder by the crown gall tissue appears. There is,
however, a. slight hyperplasia of the wood. The fan-shaped

vascular elements in the gall seem to be running into the branches
"Y" and "Z " from " X." The gall in this case may be* com-
pared to the so-called benign tumors (Levin and Levine, 1918).
The character of the tissue of this neoplasm does not differ from
that of a malignant crown gall. It seems obvious that the death
of the crown gall is in general a result of merely mechanical
conditions. The gall may be insufficiently supplied with food and
water and dies because it fails to establish an adequate connec-
tion with the conducting system of the host. It is most likely
that this is true of the almond crown gall described by Tourney.

Bacterium tumefaciens from stem and crown gall. The possi-
bility that another organism as well as Bacterium tumefaciens is
present and is responsible for the destruction of the stem apex

as shown in figures 3, 5, 6 was tested in the following manner.
Small pieces of the interior of the crown gall shown in figures 3
and 6 were carefully removed with a sterile knife and placed in

tubes of beef agar. In two days the surfaces of the agar on
which the inocula were resting became covered with a hyaline,
whitish yellow colored schizomycete which in general appearance
is not unlike that of Bacterium tumefaciens. Similar results
were obtained by planting pieces of the stem from above the
crown gall after being superficially sterilized by immersing in a
weak formol solution. In all tubes the organisms were more or
less alike in their superficial appearance. In several beef agar
cultures the hyphae of a mold made their appearance. The
presence of the mold we consider accidental contamination.
Molds at any rate are not known to be parasitic on and to cause
death of the rubber tree.

It appears from this that the organism is carried to parts re-
moved from the gall but owing to its depauperate condition is
unable to influence the production of a new growth.

The organism obtained in these cultures were inoculated into
the tissue of young growing geranium plants and young shoots

of the rubber trees. Crown galls appeared within two months
after inoculation. The growths were much smaller than those
obtained by inoculating young geraniums and branches of a

rubber tree with a known culture of Bacterium tumefaciens.
This supports the contention that the bacteria in the distant parts
of the stem bearing a crown gall are of a less virulent strain.
Summary
1. Bacterium tumefaciens inoculated into the apical internode
of the' branches, into the leaves, or main stem of the rubber tree,
Ficus elastica, stimulates the development of a neoplasm in the
region of inoculation of a benign or malignant nature. The

crown galls so formed, in this plant, are of two kinds, one in
which growth is uniform and appears to be a swelling, the other

is the characteristic convoluted type indicating a peripheral
growth of isolated nodules.
2. The early stages in the development of the crown gall in
Ficus elastica does not interfere with the life of the plant as a
whole nor does it interfere with the growth of the inoculated

branches.
3. The crown gall in Ficus elastica after a number of months
of active growth becomes hard and dry and finally dies. This is
associated with the differentiation of the tissue which converts the

gall into a mass of parenchymatous cells and nodules of woody
fibers. The central portion of the crown gall which generally
lies near the woody cylinder disintegrates.
4. The invasion of the stem by the new growth does not de-
stroy the entire conducting system of the stem, yet that portion
of the stem above the gall dies as well as considerable portion of
the stem below.
5. Cultures made from pieces of the crown gall and stem above
the gall yield only a schizomycete which in appearance is not
unlike Bacterium tumefaciens and which when inoculated into
the stem of young geranium and rubber plants produce crown
galls in the region of inoculation.
6. It is possible that the crown gall cells or the crown gall
forming organisms are responsible for the progressive necrosis of

the stem from the gall upward and downward. The death of the
plant due to crown gall is at least suggestive of the death caused
by malignant growths in animals.
10 Mycologia
Literature Cited
1900. Tourney, J. W. An inquiry into the cause and nature of crown gall.
Bull. Arizona Agri. Exp. Sta. 33: 7-64. /. 1-31.
1901.1 Hedgcock, G. G. Field studies of the crown gall of the grape. Bureau
Plant Ind. U. S. Dept. Agri. Bull. 183 : 1-40. pis. 1-4.
1910.2 Field studies of the crown gall and hairy root of the apple tree.
.
Bureau Plant Ind. U. S. Dept. Agri. Bull. 186: 1-108. pis. 1-10.
191 1. Smith, E. F., Brown, N. A., and C. 0. Townsend. Crown gall of
plants, its cause and its remedy. Bureau Plant Ind. U. S. Dept. Agri.
Bull. 213: 1-215. pis. 1-35.
19 1 2. Smith, E. F., Brown, A. N., and L. McCulloch. The structure and
development of crown gall. Bureau Plant Ind. U. S. Dept. Agri. Bull.
2 55 : 1-60. pis. 1-109.
19 1 6. Smith, E. F. Further evidence that crown gall of plants is cancer.
Science N. S. 43, No. 1121: 871-889.
1918. Levin, I., and M. Levine. Malignancy of the crown gall and its analogy
to animal cancer. Proc. Soc. Exp. Bio. and Med. 16: 21-22. Jour.
Cancer Research 5: 243—260. f. 1—15. 1920.
1 9 19. Levine, M. Studies on plant cancers I. —The mechanism of the forma-
tion of the leafy crown gall. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 46 : 447-452.
pis. 17-18.
1646 University Avenue,
New York City.
Explanation of Plates i and 2
Fig. 1. Represents the type of Ficus elastica used in these experiments.

The c, and d are the result of inocu-
galls in the various parts of the plant a, b,
lating them with a culture of Bacterium tumefaciens, five months previously.
Fig. 2. Apical portion of a branch showing a large crown gall seven
months after inoculation in the second internode. The gall does not seem to
have interfered with the growth of the stem; several internodes having been
added in the interim. (X ^2.)
Fig. 3. Same branch twelve months after inoculation. The leaves above
the gall have dropped off. The stem is discolored, dry, and dying progressively
upward. The tip is still green and alive. The gall is hard, dry and dead.
(x y4 .)
Fig. 4. Cross section of the stem through the gall shown in figure 3. The
wood cylinder is only partially destroyed by the invading gall. The portion
of the crown gall near the central cylinder is soft and disintegrating.
Fig. 5. Longitudinal section of the upper portion of the same stem. The
portion near the gall is dry, brown and dead, while the apical internode and
bud are still green and alive.
Fig. 6. A branch of Ficus elastica in which the gall and the stem above
and below the gall is dead ; the inoculation having been made twelve months
previously.
Fig. 7. Longitudinal section showing invasion of the crown gall destroy-
ing a considerable portion of fibrovascular bundles. The invading portion of
the gall is soft, spongy and disintegrating.
Mycologia Volume XIII, Plate i
BACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS ON FICUS ELASTICA

Mycologia Volume XIII, Plate 2
BACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS ON FICUS ELASTICA

Fig. 8. A branch of Ficus elastica actively growing twelve months after

having been inoculated with Bacterium tumefaciens. Two galls formed " A,"
and " B," " C," on opposite sides of the stem showing the smooth and nodular
types of crown galls. Two branches are growing through the smooth crown
gall.
Fig. 9. Cross section of stem between the upper and lower crown galls
corresponding to level indicated by the line " BB " in figure 8. The gall to
the left is of the smooth kind, being covered by corky patches.
Fig. Cross section higher up on the stem corresponding to the level
10.
indicated by the line " CC " in figure 8. Shows large brown necrotic area and
the undisturbed cylinder of the main stem " X " with bundles of fibers going
to branches " Y
" and " Z."
NINETEEN YEARS OF CULTURE WORK 1
J. C. Arthur
A series of culture experiments with the Uredinales was begun

by the writer in 1899, and continued under the auspices of the
Indiana Agricultural Experiment Station without interruption
until 1917, making nineteen consecutive years in which this
method was consistently pursued. The results of the

of research
work were embodied in fifteen reports, printed in the Botanical
Gazette, Journal of Mycology, and Mycologia. It is now pro-
posed very briefly to review the work, in order to set forth some
of the objects accomplished, and especially to point out the more
important of the changing conceptions of the problems forming
the ground plan on which the work was projected.
The cultures were not undertaken as part of a distinct thesis
or circumscribed problem. They were rather the aids in a gen-
eral taxonomic study of American rusts, which was directed
toward supplying a technical description as complete as possible
for every species of Uredinales in North America recorded in
literature or known to the writer. This ambitious undertaking

was definitely begun sometime in the nineties at the invitation of
the editors of the North American Flora.

Beginning with my first taxonomic work on the rusts in 1882 it
had seemed to me highly desirable for the purposes of a full tech-
nical description of species, that every part of these microscopic
plants, capable of supplying diagnostic characters, should be uni-

formly considered, quite as much as are the stems, leaves, in-
florescence, flowers, and fruit of higher plants, and that every

means should be taken to arrive at a clear understanding of the
identity and relationship of the various forms and species. No
effort should be spared, it was believed, to make the name ap-
plied to any form embrace also the transformations and variations

1 Contribution from the Botanical Department of Purdue University Agri-
cultural Experiment Station.
12
Arthur: Nineteen Years of Culture Work 13
which that form undergoes in passing through its whole life
cycle. Many rusts are commonly collected in only one or two

stages of their development, or the several stages are taken as
independent objects, and to grow such rusts so as to keep them
under direct observation and be able to note the succession of
stages seemed highly desirable, and especially so for the heteroeci-
ous species which pass their gametophytic and sporophytic stages
upon wholly unlike and unrelated hosts. It was natural, there-
fore, to direct chief attention, especially at first, toward unravel-
ing the tangle of heteroecious forms.
Nobody knew how many rusts were to be found on the North
American continent and its islands. There were possibly a thou-
sand or more names in existence, but how many of these names
applied to single and independent life cycles, and how many to
parts of cycles, or were synonyms, no one had attempted to say.
It was, in fact, only with the existing names that I had to do.
It was no part of my problem to discover new species, or to give
new names, either in preparing manuscript for the North Ameri-

can Flora, or in conducting cultures, except in so far as these
were required for the systematic development of the work.
Many longer or shorter excursions were made during the progress
of the cultures, some of them a thousand miles or more, but they
were all for the purpose of making field observations upon known
species, and in no case for making discovery of new species.
The new species that were found were an incidental result.

The first year of the culture work, that of 1899, was very
encouraging, and developed no particular difficulties calling for
solution. So far custom was followed in the application of
names, and it had not been necessary to apply any formula to
decide what constituted a species. The assumption that forms
on the same or closely related hosts, having no striking morpho-
logical differences, were of one species seemed a sufficient hy-
pothesis, and the corollary necessarily followed that cultures would
show the range of hosts for each species, as well as serve to
demonstrate the stages and spore-forms in the life cycle. Cer-

tain features in connection with the common Euphorbia rust did
indicate that difficulty might be found in the application of the
14 Mycologia
corollary, and this indication became more pronounced during

the year following.
In 1902 three species of Euphorbia of unlike appearance and
growth habits were found to bear non-interchangeable rusts,
which were tentatively considered to present races of Uromyces
Euphorbiae C. & P., and with the more confidence because no
well-defined morphological distinctions could be detected. Sub-
sequent studies strengthened this view of races, and the idea of
races from this time on was constantly kept prominently in mind.
The attempt to evade or simplify taxonomic and cultural difficul-
ties by treating such races or biological strains as species, as'
Tranzschel 2 subsequently did with these same Euphobia forms
was not favored.
It was also in 1902 that the Helianthus rust was grown with
indication of races, developed further in the following year, and
brought to a climax in 1904, with the conclusion that a number
of more or less well established races occur in Puccinia Helmnthi
Schw., having Helianthus annuus as a bridging species, follow-
ing the lead of Marshall Ward 3
in his study of the brome rusts.
No further considerable effort was made to study races in autoeci-
ous species, or to pick out bridging hosts, as it was held that to

ascertain the identity of species was as great a task as could be
undertaken in this series of cultures, and that studies leading
to the separation of a species into varieties, races, forms, or other
subclasses, although of much biological and often of great eco-
nomical interest, must be left for other time and hands.
The problems of the Carex rusts came early into view. In
1901 and 1902 the three remarkable co-species, having telia on
various species of Carex and aecia on species of Aster, Solidago
and Erigeron respectively were repeatedly grown from telial
material, and were called Puccinia Caricis-Asteris, P. Caricis-
Solidaginis, and P. Caricis-Erigerontis. As no single collection
of teliospores was found that would infect more than one of the
genera named, the forms were tentatively considered to be species
and given distinctive names, followng the brilliant cultural
methods of Klebahn in Germany, Plowright in England, and

2 Ann. Myc. 8: 1-35. 1910.
3 Ann. Myc. 1 : 150. I9°3»
others, although a careful comparison of the three forms made

it seem " not improbable that the three represent more correctly
the biological variations of one species," as was stated at the time.
In the further study of these forms it was thought that the telial
stage might be found to be restricted to certain species of Carex,

or to particular sections of the genus, as was believed to be true
of the European Carex rusts, which assumption in the case of
the American forms, however, could not be established in any

definite way. The hosts were shown finally to be even less re-
stricted than supposed, as the Aster form was eventually carried

over to Euthamia for its aecia and to Dulichium for its telia.
The necessity soon became acute to find criteria by which to

judge of the standing of species among the rusts, and all the more
so because the manuscript was now under preparation for the

North American Flora. It was soon decided that, for the pur-
poses of the Flora, morphological characters must be the final
test for species. Yet for purposes of study outside of taxonomy
it might be serviceable and desirable to maintain the so-called
biological or physiological species in any rank desired, but they
ought not to be recognized as species proper in taxonomic classi-
fication. Consequently in 1912 the three Carex forms were com-

bined with certain European forms under the name Puccinia
extensicola Plowr., a name which has been supplanted by P.
Asterum (Schw.) Kern, since the cultural series closed. Further-
more, the cultures of 191 3 disclosed that P. vulpinoidis with its
covered telia had its aecia on Solidago, and was a part of this
same species heretofore known only with naked sori, making the
much emphasized character of covered telia a secondary one to be
associated principally with the host.
Thus the idea of species among the rusts grew into a far more
definite, although more complex form, than could have been pos-
sible without the aid of cultural studies. A liberal view was now
also required regarding hosts, and also the stress on certain
morphological characters called for modification, but the end was
not yet.
In 1910 a number of cultures with the Carex rust, Uromyces
perigynius, revealed a remarkable parallelism between this species
16 Mycologia
and Puccinia extensicola. Aster and Solidago races came to

light, not however quite so well stabilized in some instances as
with the corresponding Puccinia races, for in one case sowings of
teliospores from the same Carex collection were made to grow on
both Aster and Solidago. The two species, one of Uromyces, the
other* of Puccinia, were subjected to an extensive microscopical
study, and no marked differences could be found between their
several corresponding spore- forms, except in the septation of the
teliospores. This unity of structure had already been observed
regarding the aecia and aeciospores when a preliminary culture
of the Uromyces was made seven years before. From the
microscopical evidence, united with much collateral evidence, the
following statement was made in 1:he discussion of 1910, which

holds true to the present time :
" As the aecia and uredinia of
the two groups [of host-races], one under the genus Puccinia
and the other under Uromyces, are indistinguishable, and as the
teliospores of the Uromyces agree with the one-celled spores of
the Puccinia [mesospores] and also with the two-celled spores
in all characters except number of cells and consequent length of
spore, the former doubtless are morphological races of the latter.
Relationship could be shown better by putting all of these forms
under one specific name, and designating the several races by
varietal names. But in the present state of taxonomy of the
rusts more convenient to dispose of them under the two
it is
genera Puccinia and Uromyces" 4

:
If any further illustration were needed to show that Puccinia

and Uromyces were not only parallel genera but actually identical,
it was supplied by the cultures of the following year, 191 1. Dur-
ing this season successful cultures on Atriplex hastata of both
Uromyces Peckianus and Puccinia subnitens, each grown from
teliospores on the grass, Distichlis spicata, obtained from widely
separated localities, gave rise to aecia that appeared to be indis-
tinguishable. A morphological study of these two so-called
species has been reported by C. R. Orton in his article on " Cor-

5
relation between Puccinia and Uromyces," in which he finds a
4 Mycologia 4 : 22. 1912.

5 Mycologia 4: 199. 1912.
slight difference in size of the urdiniospores, and, of course, in
the teliospores a difference in number of cells and consequent

size. He points out, however, that these differences are such as
are to be expected in other similar cases. The comparison of
these two forms of Distichlis rust, as to morphology, hosts and
distribution, is an interesting topic, which need not be pursued
further here.
If the Carex-Aster-Solidago-Erigeron studies supplemented by
studies with the Distichlis rust, opened up new views of the
species question in relation to host influence and teliosporic di-
morphism, so did the Carex-Ribes studies disclose new views in
another direction. The first cultures were in 1901. As the

results of sowing teliospores on Ribes gave peculiarly small and
pale aecia, it was thought that an unrecognized species had been
found, which was called Puccinia albiperidia. Whether this
form was distinct from the common Carex-Ribes rust of the

fields, distinguished as P. Grossulariae, and whether American
forms were distinct from European forms, of which Klebahn had
recognized five, were questions which received attention from
year to year as opportunity permitted. In this study Dr. Klebahn
graciously consented to lend assistance, and during the two sea-
sons of 1904 and 1906 made cultures at Hamburg, Germany,
from telial material supplied by the writer.
6
Just as the problem seemed solved, and Dr. Klebahn and my-
self had independently arrived at the conclusion that in both
Europe and America only one heteroecious species occurred,
which possessed a number of strains or races, it was discovered
by C. R. Orton, 7 while assisting with the rust studies, that the
original material of P. albiperidia onCarex pubescens, as well as
that on a number of American species of Carex similar to C.
gracillima, possessed urediniospores with only one basal pore, in
part at least, instead of the usual three or four equatorial pores.

Again the Carex-Ribes rusts of Amercia seemed to fall into two
species, not based on differences in the aecia this time, but on dif-
ferences in the urediniospores. From 1910 onward the question
in this connection was whether or not the same species of rust
6 Zeits. Pflanzenkr. 17: 132-134. 1907.
7 Mycologia 4: 14, 200. 1912.
18 Mycologia
could possess urediniospores partly with one basal pore and partly
with three or four equatorial pores. The answer involved the
value and application of pore characters in defining species.
After special search, 8 which led to both kinds of urediniospores
being found repeatedly in the same sorus, although for the most
part they occurred in separate sori, it was concluded that only
one species of rust was under consideration, but with morpho-
logical as well as physiological races, not well delimited.
It seemed probable, furthermore, that the previously described,

one-pored form of Carex rust, known as Uromyces uniporulus
Kern, was a race also belonging to the Carex-Ribes species, but
it was not possible to test the matter by cultures. In this con-
nection it is interesting to note, and provocative of speculation,
that there is no form yet known with three- and four-pored
urediniospores belonging under Uromyces in the Carex-Ribes
aggregation, to make the parallelism with its Puccinia form
complete.
In 1917, the last year of the culture series, the principle of
basing species upon morphological characters, with a greater or
less degree of mobility in interpretation, was further illustrated
by the case of the Spartina rust, Uromyces Polemonii (Peck)
Barth., which it was found could be segregated into four races, 9
separable by small but appreciable differences in morphological
characters of both aeciospores and teliospores, and by wholly
unrelated aecial hosts, and further reinforced by some differences
in habitat and geographical distribution. The correlated Puc-
cinia-form for this common and widely distributed American rust
is that of Puccinia Distichlidis, so-called because the type collec-
tion was incorrectly labelled as on Distichlis instead of on Spar-
tina. Its range and aecial hosts, so far as known correspond to
only one of the four Uromyces races.

At the time the culture work began the subepidermal rusts
occurring on wild grasses in America with few exceptions, passed
under the name of Puccinia rubigo-vera, along with part of the
similar leaf rusts of cereals. No criteria had been found for
distinguishing them, not even those which had received special
s Mycologia 7: 67-69. 1915.
9 Mycologia 9: 309-312. 1917.
names, and every effort was consequently put forth to make head-
way into this obscure maze of forms. The first success was in
1902 with a form on Elymus virginicus and aecia on Impatiens,

which became Puccinia Impatientis (Schw.) Arth. The work
opened up slowly. In 1903 a false move was made in connection
with the rust on Bromus, but the year following this rust was
shown to have aecia on Clematis virginiana. 10
In 1907 Puccinia Agropyri E. & E., as it occurred in Colo-
rado on Agropyron, was found to go to Clematis ligusticifolia, a
connection that had been demonstrated by Dietel with European

hosts fifteen years before. The following year Puccinia cinerea
Arth. on Puccinellia was grown on Ranunculus Cymbalaria, a
rust from Koeleria cristata on Mahonia, from Bromus on Thalic-
trum, from Agropyron on Aquilegia, the last three being de-
scribed as new species. In 191 5 aecia on Hydrophyllum from
Utah were made to grow on Agropyron and Elymus, giving rise
to uredinia and telia similar to those from the Ranunculaceous
aecia, but believed to constitute a distinct species. In 1916
another rust on Koeleria cristata was grown on Laciniaria under
the name P. Liatridis (Ell. & And.) Bethel. Repeated attempts
were made to find the aerial host of the common leaf rust of
wheat, P. triticina Erikss., but without success, although there
were many indications that pointed to a Ranunculaceous host, and
especially to Clematis or Anemone. It was thought that a favor-
able trial on Clematis Flammula would give a measure of success.
At any rate it was believed to be one of the numerous races of
the subepidermal leaf -rust of grasses, P. Agropyri, with Ranun-
culaceous hosts for its aecia. 11
The series were discontinued before the study of the subepi-

dermal forms was completed, but ten of them had been connected
with their aecia. The conviction had been growing for some
time that some of these ten names represented races of Puccinia
Agropyri, rather than independent species, as was stated in dis-
cussing the cultures of 1912. When the manuscript was pre-
10 For a full account and explanation of the mistake of 1903 in supposedly
connecting aecia on Dirca with the Bromus rust see Journal of Mycology 11 :
62-63. 1905.
11 Mycologia 9 : 276. 1917.
20 Mycologia
pared for the North American Flora P. tomipara, P. Agropyri,

P. cinerea, P. alternans and P. obliterata, as well as P. triticina,
were placed under the one name of P. Clematidis (DC.) Lagerh.

It is considered a great advance to bring from the limbo of P.
rubigovera, six distinguishable species, some of them having a
considerable number of recognized races, and thereby making it
possible to relegate to obscurity some dozen or more names that

had previously been encumbering the literature of the rusts.
In a somewhat similar way the American Carex rusts were in
utter confusion at the beginning of the cultures. They were quite

generally called Puccinia Cartels or P. caricina, no cultures with
American material having been made, and diagnostic characters
not having been well worked out. Altogether ten species were
grown during the culture period to show their full life cycle, and
in several of them a number of races was found, including the
one-celled Uromyces perigynius. Of course, being able to sepa-
rate these ten species made it possible to decide upon the identity
of other species, which were not actually grown.
A view generally held when the culture work began was that
the hosts of an autoecious species, or of each of the two parts of
a heteroecious species, would be found to be closely related,
often, indeed, to be but a single species, or genus, and certainly
always within a single family. Consequently it was felt that
when a grass or sedge rust was successfully cultured, the problem
about hosts for that species was practically solved. This com-
placent opinion was quite upset in the case of Puccinia subnitens
Diet, on Distichlis spicata, which in 1902 was first grown upon
Cheno podium album. In 1904 Rev. J. M. Bates of Nebraska,
who had made the field observations and suggestions for this
combination, wrote that he had been continuing his observations
of this species and believed that it had aecia also on hosts belong-
ing to two other families, which seemed to the writer at the time
as most incredible. showed it would flourish on
Tests, however,
species of Cleome, Lepidium, Sophia and Erysimum, as well as
on Chenopodium, compelling the admission that it would grow
" with equal vigor upon species belonging to three families of
plants," at the time being a " remarkable fact not known for any
other species of rust." Additional genera in the same families

were added from time to time for aecial hosts, until in the cul-
tures of 1916 the species was grown on Abronia and Polygonum,

thus adding two more families. Mr. E. Bethel, of Denver, Colo-
rado, who made the field observations and suggestions for the
later additions, has continued the list since the culture series
stopped and brought the number up to 76 species, belonging to
12
19 families, a truly astonishing showing, and all the more so as
no clearly defined races have so far been detected. The only
other species of rust with such a remarkably extended series of
aecial hosts at all approaching P. subnitens Diet., is that of P.
Isiacae (Thiim.) Wint. from the dry trans-Caspian region of

western Asia, as reported by Tranzschel. 13 This species with
telia on Phragmites communis has aecia on 19 species of hosts
belonging to 9 families, the aecial families being the same as for
P. subnitens.
In still another way the conception of species was modified
when in 1905 teliospores from Ruellia ciliosa were grown on the
same host and also on R. strepens. The latter host, with loose,
watery tissues, gave rise to aecia fully ten per cent, larger in every
way than did the former host with its firm, woody tissues, thus
showing that the forms recognized by the Sydows under Puccinia

lateripes B. & Rav. and P. Ruelliae (B. & Br.) Lagerh. 14 repre-
sent only a host influence upon one and the same species, this
influence being traced not only in the aecia, but also in the other
spore-forms.
Thus it will be seen that while the main work of the cultures
was effective in completing the life cycles for many species, and
in some cases extending and defining the range of hosts, it was
at the same time most profoundly modifying the current concep-
tion of species among the rusts. Instead of a rigid ideal of a
few invariable characters and a limited range of nearly related
hosts to be determined by cultures, we have substituted a com-
plex of somewhat variable morphological characters as the basis,
12 Bethel, Phytopathology 9: 193. 1919.

13 Beitrage zur Biologie der Uredineen. Trav. Mus. Bot. Acad. Sci. St.
Petersb. 3: 40. 1906; 7: 14. 1909.
14 Sydow, Monographia Uredinearum 1: 235. 1902.
22 Mycologia
with a more or less extended range of hosts in part determined

by cultures and in part by microscopical similarities in the fungus.
A species at the beginning of the work was conceived as a simple

and direct succession of individuals of the same appearance,
capable of being demonstrated by cultures, but at the close had
become a bundle of somewhat mobile characters, often compris-
ing many strains varying physiologically and sometimes morpho-
logically, and to a more or less extent not interchangeable by
cultures.
Insome other ways than already mentioned the accepted
notions regarding rusts were modified. It was found that telio-
spores among the grass forms were not all necessarily resting
spores, and that the non-resting forms presented special problems,
whose solution was not far advanced when the work came to ^
close. Assistance with field observations and material permitted
successful cultures to be made in May, 191 1, with the aeciospores
from Arabis sown on Trisetum. The Arabis aecia arise from
systemic mycelium extending throughout the stem and leaves of
the plant. A month later teliospores resulting from this culture,
now having become mature, were found to be capable of germina-

tion and were sown on seedling rosettes of Arabis. The results
of this sowing first definitely showed when the axis of the Arabis
began to elongate as growth started the following spring. A
culture was similarly carried out in 1903 with Puccinia Eatoniae,
using the aecia on Ranunculus abortivus, also a form with dif-
fused mycelium, but a reciprocal culture was not made. These
two species of rusts, having a systemic form of aecia, were the
only ones of the kind which were brought under culture. They
belong to an interesting class physiologically, with systemic aecia,
and with teliospores capable of germination upon maturity, which
possibly do not retain their viability through the winter, or only
to an impaired degree.
The culture work began with the too prevalent idea that all
rusts could be expected to conform in general to the well known

Puccinia graminis. It closed with the conviction that the rusts
are far too diversified in their morphology, their numerous char-
acters, their physiological adaptations, and their range of hosts,
to be represented by Puccinia graminis in more than one out of

numerous aspects.In this resume of cultures only a few of the
more prominent developments that should help to modify the too
rigid and restricted ideas of rust species as commonly held have
been brought forward. Yet enough has been said possibly to

indicate the value of what has been accomplished and the need
of more extended work along similar lines.
Purdue University,
Lafayette, Indiana.
SOME NEW HAMPSHIRE FUNGI*
L. 0. OVERHOLTS
The state of New Hampshire, and in fact most of New Eng-

land, has been an important collecting ground for considerably
more than a half century. Notwithstanding this fact the botan-
-
ical literature of the region contains only a meager amount of

information dealing with its crypt ogamic flora. For the state
of New Hampshire the writer is aware of but a single paper
treating to any extent the fungous flora of the state. This was
an eighteen page article by the late Dr. W. G. Farlow, appear-
ing in volume 3 of Appalachia, published in 1884. Here are
listed a total of 107 species distributed through 63 genera, repre-
senting collections made in the vicinity of Shelburne, Mt. Wash-
ington, etc., in 1882 and 1883. Of this list, there are 13 species
of Myxomycetes, 2 of Phycomycetes, 33 of Ascomycetes, 16 of
Fungi Imperfecti, 6 of Smuts, 20 of Rusts, and 17 of Hymeno-
mycetes.
Aside from this paper the literature contains only incidental
reference to fungi collected in or described from the state,
although abundant material probably exists in a number of dif-

ferent herbaria. Dr. Farlow, himself, had a summer home at
Chocorua, and undoubtedly collected a wealth of material in that
locality. Many other botanists have also visited the White Moun-
tain region, and if all this material could be brought together a
fairly complete list of the fungi could probably be made up.
In 1 91 8 the writer spent about twenty weeks, from April to
September, in New Hampshire, as an employee of the Bureau of

Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. During this time head-
quarters were established at North Conway on the edge of the
White Mountains, and not many miles distant from Dr. Farlow's
home at Chocorua. This location gave access to an excellent
* Contribution from the Department of Botany, The Pennsylvania State

College, No. 26.
24
Overholts : Some New Hampshire Fungi 25
forest region of pine, balsam, spruce, and hemlock, as well as to

hardwood areas of beech, maple, birch, alder, etc. North Con-
way and Intervale were the chief local collecting centers. A
number of trips were made to Crawford Notch in the heart of the
White Mountains, and there the forests are mainly hardwoods
"
with scattering balsam and spruce. An extensive " wind throw
of several years age is located in this region and proved to be a
rich collecting ground. One trip was made to Lisbon, another to
Bethlehem, and a three day excursion to the summit of Mt.
Washington by way of Tuckerman Ravine and returning to
Crawford Notch. Advantage was taken of every opportunity
for picking up at all times any fungi observed. But only in
special groups was the attempt made to collect the same speci-es
from different localities or different substrata. In fact, because

of other duties, no systematic collecting was done except what
might be indulged in at odd times, on holidays, Sundays, etc.
Consequently, the species here listed are for the most part the
ones that the ordinary collector would casually notice because of
their size, coloration, or other conspicuous characteristic. Never-
theless, the number of collections made was sufficient to furnish
the appended list of 195 species of fungi, every one of which is
represented in the writer's herbarium by one or more collections.
These species are here listed under about 77 different genera.

It is a curious fact, that in this list scarcely more than a dozen
species duplicate collections reported by Dr. Farlow. This is
mostly explained by the fact that the species he reported belong

largely to the lower groups of fungi, while the writer has col-
lected more among the higher Basidiomycetes. A number of
duplicates from these collections have been furnished the Herbar-
ium of the United States Department of Agriculture, the Mis-
souri Botanical Garden, the Herbarium of Dr. J. S. Weir, of
Dr. H. H. York, then located at Brown University, Providence,
R. L, and of the Department of Botany of the Pennsylvania
State College. For this reason the writer's herbarium numbers
are always cited in the list, that they may the more definitely
identify duplicate collections in other herbaria.

Unless otherwise noted, the collections were made by the
26 Mycologia
writer, or in company with Dr. H. H. York, to whom the writer
is much indebted for assistance. Various other individuals also

contributed collections and such are credited in the list. Special
thanks are due to those mycologists mentioned f or determinations

of various collections, as they have thereby added to the com-
pleteness and accuracy of the list.
In closing this introduction I cannot fail to mention one of

the unsolved problems encountered in the spruce forests of this
region. Many individuals of the red spruce (Picea rubens) are
here attacked by a heart-wood decaying organism producing a
" carbonizing " type of decay somewhat similar to that produced
in structural timbers by Trametes carnea. The attacked heart-

wood becomes reddish-brown and shrinks and cracks both longi-
tudinally and transversely. In the final stages of decay the wood
crumbles to a fine dry powder when rubbed between the thumb
and finger. The fate of such trees is sooner or later to become
windthrown, breaking ofif usually within six feet of the ground,
indicating that the fungus is especially active in this region of
the trunk. Although this disease was recognized early in the
season and a constant lookout kept for sporophores, none were

found that would in any way indicate the species responsible for
the damage caused. The trees are from 5 to 15 inches in di-
ameter, breast high, at the time they are wind thrown. That
the causal organism is a member of the Polyporaceae there is
little room for doubt, but its generic and specific identity remain
to be determined.
FUNGI IMPERFECT!
1. Order Sphaeropsidales
1. Leptothyrium perichymeni (Desm.) Sacc. On leaves of Lonicera sp.

North Conway, No. 5266. Determined by Mrs. F. W. Patterson.
2. Septoria acerina Peck. On leaves of Acer pennsylvanica. North Conway
and Willey Station. Nos. 5695 and 5696, respectively. Determined by
Dr. J. J. Davis.
3. Septoria rubi West. On leaves of Rubus villosus. North Conway. No.
5697.
4. Septoria saccharina E. & Ev. On leaves of Acer saccharum. Crawford
Notch. No. 5690. Determined by Dr. J. J. Davis.
Overholts: Some New Hampshire Fungi 27
ASCOMYCETES
1. Order Perisporiales
5. Microsphaera grossulariae (Wal.) Lev. On leaves of Ribes prostratum.

White Horse Ledge (North Conway), No. 5220; Jackson, No. 5221.
2. Order Hypocreales
6. Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link. On larva. Crawford Notch, No. 4983.
Distribution recorded by Seaveri as " Massachusetts to North Dakota
and Virginia."
1 North American Flora 3: 49. 1910.
7. Hypomyces hyalinus (Schw.) Tul. On Amanita rubescens. Willey Sta-

tion,No. 4969; North Conway, No. 5139.
8. Hypomyces lactifluorum (Schw.) Tul. On Lactaruis. North Conway,
No. 4754; Intervale, No. 5142.
9. Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. On dead Acer saccharum. North Con-
way, No. 4612; on dead stems of Ribes prostratum, No. 4862.
10. Nectria cucurbitula Sacc. On bark of fallen Abies balsamea. Crawford
Notch, No. 4946. Determined by Dr. F. J. Seaver.
11. Scoleconectria scolecospora (Bref.) Seaver. On dead branches of Pinus
strobus. Lisbon, No. 4700. Distribution recorded by Seaver2 as " New
2 Loc. cit.
Jersey to Maryland and California." This is the fungus most often

associated with the white pine blister-rust in that region.
3. Order Sphaeriales
12. Hypoxylon coccineum Bull. On bark of Fagus. Crawford Notch, No.
4552. Collected by H. H. York and L. E. Newman.
13. Hypoxylon cohaerens (Pers.) Fr. On dead Fagus. North Conway, No.
5066.
4. Order Phacidiales
14. Coccophacidium pint (A. & S.) Karst. On dead limbs of Pinus strobus.
North Conway, No. 5044.
5. Order Pezizales
15. Dasyscypha agassizi (B. & C.) Sacc. On fallen Abies balsamea. Craw-
ford Notch, No. 4841 ; base of Mt. Washington, No. 4861. Determined
by Dr. F. J. Seaver. Not an uncommon plant and usually making a
profuse growth on the dead bark.
16. Dermatea prunastri (Pers.) Fr. On dead Prunus sp. North Conway,
No. 5064. Collected by A. S. Rhoads.
17. Humaria aggregata (B. & Br.) Cooke. On the ground among pine needles.
North Conway, No. 5063. Determined by Dr. F. J. Seaver who writes
in part as follows " I have seen only one other specimen of this species
:
and that a very small one from Indiana.'"'

18. Tympanis pinastri Tul. On fallen trunk of Abies balsamea. Crawford
Notch Bridle Path to Mt. Washington, No. 5037. The determination
was made by Dr. Seaver.
28 Mycologia
6. Order Helvellales
19. Helvetia infula On the ground in moist coniferous woods.
Schaeff.
North Conway, No. 493 2 Determined by Dr. Seaver. The specimens
-
have much the appearance of a small Gyromitra.

20. Leotia lubrica (Scop.) Pers. In moist humus. North Conway, No. 5080.
Rather common.
21. Microglossum rufwm (Schw.) Underw. On rotten mossy logs. North
Conway, No. 5120.
22. Spathularia velutipes Cooke & Farlow. On the ground in woods. Willey
Station, No. 5083.
23. Vibrissea truncorum A. & S. On submerged wood in cold mountain
stream. Tuckerman Ravine, No. 4979.
BASIDIOMYCETES
Hemi-Basidiomycetes
1. Order Ustilaginales '
24. Urocystis agrogyri (Preuss.) Schrot. On an undetermined grass. Kear-

sarge, No. 4870.
2. Order Uredinales
25. Coleosporium solidaginis (Schw.) Thiim. Aecia on needles of Pinus

resinosa. North Conway, Nos. 4901, 4927. First observed June 12,
and last collected Aug. 1. Uredinia and telia on species of Aster, Soli-
dago and Euthamia, North Conway and Crawford Notch, Nos. 5694
and 5693, respectively.
26. Cronartium comptoniae Arth. On Comptonia asplenifolia. North Con-
way, No. 4616; on Pinus rigida, North Conw'ay, No. 5126.
27. Cronartium ribicola Fischer. Collections are preserved as follows On :
Ribes aureum, North Conway and Bath, Nos. 49 n and 4596 respec-
tively, the latter collection by H. H. York ; on R. cynosbati, Lisbon,
Bartlett and Jackson, Nos. 4587, 5222 and 4617 respectively; on R.
lacustre, Crawford Notch, Nos. 4588 and 4594; on R. nigrum, Bethle-
hem and North Conway, Nos. 4619 and 4598 respectively; on R. oxya-
canlhoides, Crawford Notch, No. 4590; on R. prostratum, North Con-
way and slope of Moat Mt. at about 2600 ft. elevation, Nos. 4602 and
4640 respectively, the latter collection by P. R. Gast on R. triste, ;
Crawford Notch, Nos. 4589 and 4600; on R. vulgare, North Conway,

No. 4601 also observed, but no collections preserved, on R, grossu-
;
laria, at North Conway. The aecial stage on white pine is widely dis-
tributed through this part of the state. Numerous collections were made
in the region of North Conway, South Conway, Intervale, and Lisbon.
28. Gymnosporangium clavariae forme (Jacq.) DC. On Juniperus communis
var. depressa. North Conway, No. 5001.
29. Gymnosporangium cornutum (Pers.) Arth. On leaves of Sorbus (ameri-
canat). Intervale, No. 5689. Determined by F. D. Kern.
30. Kuhneola uredinis (Link) Arth. On leaves of Rubus villosus. Tucker-
man Ravine, No. 4889.
31. Melampsora medusae Thiim. On leaves of Populus tremuloides. North

Conway, No. 4657. Collected by A. S. Rhoads.
32. Mel amps or ell a elatina (A. & S.) Arth. On Abies balsamea, forming
witches brooms. North Conway, No. 4890.
33. Melampsoridium betulae (Schum.) Arth. On Betula populifolia. North
Conway, No. 4670. Collected by A. S. Rhoads.
34. Puccinia clematidis (DC.) Lagerh. Aecia on leaves of Clematis sp. Craw-
ford Notch, No. 4909.
35. Puccinia fraseri Arth. On leaves of Hieracium sp. North Conway, No.
5692. Determined by Prof. C. R. Orton.
36. Puccinia graminis Pers. Pycnia and aecia on leaves of Berberis vulgaris.
Intervale, No. 4649.
37. Puccinia grossulariae (Schum.) Lagerh. Aecia on Ribes prostratum and
R. cynosbati; at Crawford Notch and Jackson respectively; Nos. 4585
and 4614 respectively.
38. Puccinia obscura Schroet. On leaves of Luzula. Jackson, No. 5687. Col-
lected by H. H. York. Determined by C. R. Orton.
39. Puccinia pedatata (Schw.) Arth. Aecia on leaves of Viola saggitatal.
40. Puccinia physostegiae (Peck) Kuntze. Aecia on leaves of Physostegia
virginiana. North Conway, No. 4913.
41. Puccinia taraxaci Plowr. On leaves of Taraxacum officinale. No. 5688.
Collected by H. H. York.
42. Uredinopsis mirabilis (Peck) Magnus. On leaves of Abies balsamea.
Franconia, No. 4980 ; on leaves of Dryopteris, Franconia, No. 5288.
43. Uromyces caladii (Schw.) Farlow. Aecia on Arisaema triphyllum. North
Conway, No. 4910.
44. Uromyces houstoniata (Schroet.) Sheldon. Aecia on Houstonia coerulea.
Eu-Basidiomycetes
1. Family Tremellaceae
45. Exidia glandulosa (Bull.) Fr. On dead Fagus. North Conway, No. 51 16.
46. Sebacina calcea (Pers.) Bres. On fallen Pinus rigida. Intervale, No.
5108. The fungus was determined by Dr. E. A. Burt.
47. Tremellodon gelatinosum (Scop.) Fr. On rotten hemlock stump. North
Conway (Hales Location), No. 5158.
2. Family Dacryomycetaceae
48. Calocera cornea Fr. On log of Acer. Crawford Notch, No. 4746.
49. Dacryomyces hyalinus Quel. On hemlock(?) log. Intervale, No. 5147.
Determined by Mr. C. G. Lloyd.
3. Family Thelephoraceae
50. Aleurodiscus acerinus (Pers.)v. Hohn. & Litsch. On bark of living

Fraxinus americanus. North Conway, No. 5104.
30 Mycologia
51. Aleurodiscus amorphus (Pers.) Rab. On dead limbs of Abies balsamea.

Crawford Notch Bridle Path to Mt. Washington, No. 4840.
52. Corticiam albulum Atk. & Burt. On dead Primus. North Conway, No.
Si". , 'I!'"
, "i
53. Corticium galactinum (Fr.) Burt. All collections at North Conway. On

coniferous logs, No. 4555; on hemlock log, No. 5131; on log of Acer,
No. 4584; on log of Betula populifolia, No. 4945. No. 4555 and 4584
were determined by Dr. E. A. Burt.
54. Corticium laetwm Karst. On dead Alnus. Crawford Notch (Mt. Web-
ster), No. 5079.
55. Corticium sub gig ant eum Berk. On dead Acer branches. North Conway
(Hales Location), No. 5062. Determined by Dr. E. A. Burt.
56. Cyphella fasciculata (Schw.) B. & C. On dead Alnus. North Conway,
No. 5052.
57. Hymenochaete abnormis Peck. On the exposoed heart-wood on the end
of a log of Picea rubens. Crawford Notch, No. 4948. The determina-
tion was made by Dr. E. A. Burt, who, however, prefers to class the
fungus in the genus Stereum rather than in Hymenochaete. It has con-
siderable resemblance to H. rubiginosum (Dicks.) Lev. Spores cylin-
dric when mature, hyaline, 7-12 X 3-4 sometimes somewhat shorter
when on basidia.
58. Hymenochaete corrugata (Fr.) Lev. On dead wood, probably of Acer.
59. Hymenochaete tabacina (Sow.) Lev. All collections in the vicinity of
North Conway. On wood of Acer, Nos. 4734 and 4551 on wood of ;
Acer rubrum, No. 5036;- on fallen hemlock, No. 5112. A coniferous

host for this species is not often found.
60. Peniophora affinis Burt. On dead Alnus incana. North Conway, No.
5106.
61. Peniophora allescheri Bres. On dead Populus. North Conway, No. 4564.
62. Peniophora carnosa Burt. On rotten Acer log. North Conway, No.
4732 on fallen Pinus rigida, Intervale, No. 5039.
;
63. Peniophora cinerea (Fr.) Cooke. On dead Ulmus americana. No. 4858.
64. Stereum ambiguum Peck. On coniferous fence timber. North Conway,
No. 4553.
65. Stereum hirsutum Fr. On dead Alnus. North Conway, No. 5009.
66. Stereum lilacino-fuscum (B. & C.) Burt. On dead Acer twigs. Nos.
5032, 5161.
67. Stereum rameale Schw. On fallen Acer rubrum. North Conway, No.
4956; on Fagus americana, No. 5020.
68. Stereum rufum Pers. On dead Populus twigs. North Conway, No. 4931.
69. Stereum sanguinolentum A. & S. On fallen Abies balsamea. Tuckerman
Ravine, No. 4949 on Tsuga canadensis, North Conway, No. 4963.
;
70. Stereum sulcatum Burt. On log of Tsuga canadensis. North Conway,

No. 5033. Determined by Dr. E. A. Burt.
71. Stereum tuber culosum Fr. On fallen Acer saccharum. Crawford Notch,
No. 4582; on coniferous log, North Conway, No. 5074; on dead Betula,
North Conway, No. 51 10.
72. Thelephora palmata Fr. On the ground in woods. North Conway, No.
4978. With a decidedly foetid odor in fresh plants.
73. Thelephora terrestris (Ehrh.) Fr. On the ground and growing over
mosses, twigs, etc. North Conway, No. 4873 on rotten stump of
;
Pinus resinosa, No. 4958. Both collections were made by Dr. H. H.

York.
74. Tulasnella fusco-violacea Bres. On bark of Abies balsamea. Crawford
Notch, No. 4883. Determined by Dr. E. A. Burt. There occurs rather
abundantly in this region a peculiar fungus growing exclusively on the
bark of living trees of Pinus strobus, in which it forms orbicular patches
1 to 2.5 cm. broad. It is entirely resupinate, or at least practically so,
and of a light brown The surface is rough with a matter, stri-
color.
gose pubescence. No hymenium can be found. In general appearance
the fungus has the appearance that one would expect of a resupinate
species of Stereum. However, Dr. Burt suggests that it may be a spe-
cies of Septobasidium. Mycologists who have opportunity to collect in

this region through a longer period of time than have I can render a
distinct, service by observing and collecting this peculiar fungus in the
endeavor to obtain it in fruiting conditions. It can be found on the
uninjured bark of trees 20 to 50 years old, and only where they grow
in dense stands.
4. Family Clavariaceae
75. Clavaria fusiformis Sow. Among moss in forest trail. North Conway,
No. 5060. Collected by Dr. H. H. York.
76. Clavaria krombholtzii Fr. On the ground in woods. North Conway, No.
5172.
5. Family Hydnaceae
77. Asterodon setigera Peck. On rotten hemlock log. North Conway, No.
5059.
78. Hydnum coralloides (Scop.) Fr. On end of oak log. North Conway,
No. 5148.
79. Hydnum ochraceum Pers. On log of Acer. North Conway, No. 4736.
80. Phlebia strigoso-zonata Schw. On dead Populus. North Conway, No.
5i33.
81. Radulum casearium Morgan. On log of Populus. North Conway, Nos.
4637, 5132.
6. Family Agaricaceae
82. Amanita flavoconia Atk. In rich humus in woods. North Conway, Nos.
4569, 4729 and 4738.
83. Amanita morrisii Peck. On the ground in damp woods. North Conway,
No. 4737.
84. Amanita muscaria (L.) Fr. On the ground under aspens. Willey Sta-
tion, No. 4663.
85. Amanita rubescens Fr. On the ground in moist woods. North Conway,
No. 4735.
32 Mycologia
86. Armillaria mellea Vahl. On roots of a dead Prunus serotinus. North

Conway, No. 5095.
87. Cantharellus cibarius Fr. On the ground in woods. North Conway, No.
4748.
88. Cantharellus fioccosus Schw. On the ground in woods. North Conway,
Nos. 5065 and 5135.
89. Cantharellus iimbonatus Fr. Among Polytrichum moss under pines.
North Conway, Nos. 4749 and 4977.
90. Clitocybe clavipes Pers. On the ground under pines. North Conway,
No. 4930.
91. Clitocybe infundibuliformis Bull. Among Polytrichum moss under alders.
No. 4658.
92. Clitocybe virens (Scop.) Fr. On the ground under aspens. Willey Sta-
tion, No. 4751.
93. Collybia acervata Fr. On rotten wood. Crawford Notch (Mt. Webster),
No. 4965.
94. Collybia dryophila (Bull.) Fr. On the ground under pines. North Con-
way, No. 4866.
95. Collybia platypliylla Fr. Around an old stump. North Conway, No.
4756.
96. Hypholoma incertum Peck.. On a lawn. North Conway, No. 4856. Col-
lected by Dr. H. H. York.
97. Lactarius deceptivus Peck. On the ground in woods. North Conway,
Nos. 4825 and 4851. The latter collection by Dr. A. S. Rhoads.
98. Lactarius hygrophoroides Peck. On the ground in woods. North Con-
way, No. 4757.
99. Lentinus lepideus Fr. On railway ties, North Conway, No. 4554; on pine
stump, North Conway, No. 5105. A very common species.
100. -Lentinus ursinus Fr. On rotten log. North Conway, No. 4871. .
101. Lepiota granulosa (Batsch) Fr. On the ground under aspens. Willey
Station, No. 4758.
102. Lepiota procera (Scop.) Fr. On the ground in woods. North Conway,
No. 4872.
103. Marasmius androsaceus (L.) Fr. On needles, twigs, etc., on the ground.
104. Marasmius archyropus Fr. On the ground in woods. Crawford Notch,
No. 5090.
105. Marasmius multifolius Peck. On the ground under aspens. Willey Sta-
tion, No. 5087.
106. Marasmius oreades (L.) Fr. By grassy roadside. North Conway, No.
5081.
107. Marasmius rotula (Scop.) Fr. On beech log. Crawford Notch, No. 5141.
108. Marasmius subnudus (Ellis) Peck. On the ground and on wood. North
Conway, No. 5159.
109. Mycena leaiana Berk. On log of Fagus. North Conway, No. 4563.
110. Panaeolus solidipes Peck. On manure heap. North Conway, No. 4761.
in. Panus rudis Fr. On log of Fagus. North Conway, No. 5127.
112. Paxillus atroiomentosus (Batsch) Fr. On the ground by a pine stump.
North Conway, Nos. 4750 and 4753-
Overholts : Some New Hampshire Fungi 33
113. Paxillus involutus Fr. On the ground in woods. North Conway, No.
4752.
114. Pholiota marginalia Peck. On rotten mossy log. North Conway, No.
4762.
115. Pholiota mycenoides Fr. In wet, marshy ground among scattered Sphag-
num. North Conway, No. 4943.
116. Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.) Fr. On fallen beech, Crawford Notch, No.
4855 on dead wood, Intervale, No. 5000.
;
117. Pluteus cervinus (Schaeff.) Fr. In old roadway. North Conway, No.
5i53.
118. Pluteus leoninus (Schaeff.) Fr. On a rotten log. North Conway, No.
4929.
119. Russula flavida Frost. On the ground" in woods. Intervale, No. 4667.
120. Russula mariae Peck. On the ground in a woods road. No. 5150.
'.21. Trieholoma laterarium Fr. On leaf mold in forest. North Conway, No.
5050.
122. Trogia crispa Fr. On dead Betula populifolia. North Conway, No. 4982 ;
collected by Dr. A. S. Rhoads ; on dead beech limbs, Willey Station,

No. 5051.
7. Family Boletaceae
123. Boletinus pictus Peck. On the ground in woods. North Conway, No.
5136.
124. Boletus communis (Bull.) Fr. On the ground in woods. North Conway„
No. 4972.
125. Boletus cyanescens (Bull.) Fr. On the ground by roadside. Crawford
Notch, No. 4744.
126. Boletus edulis (Bull.) Fr. On the ground in woods. North Conway,
No. 4960.
127. Boletus felleus (Bull.) Fr. On the ground in woods. North Conway,
No. 4755.
128. Boletus ferruginatus (Batsch) Fr. On the ground in woods. North
Conway, No. 4826.
129. Boletus fumosipes Peck. On the ground in woods. Willey Station, No.
5160.
130. Boletus granulatus (Bull.) Fr. On the ground under trees. North Con-
way, No. 5107.
131. Boletus scaber (Bull.) Fr. On the ground in woods. Intervale, No.
4976.
132. Boletus subaureus Peck. On the ground in woods, especially in trails
and grassy places. North Conway, No. 4985. Common.
133. Boletus subglabripes Peck. On the ground in woods. North Conway,
No. 4937-
134. Boletus subtomentosus (L.) Fr. On the ground under pines. North
Conway, No. 5156.
8. Family Polyporaceae
135. Daedalea unicolor (Bull.) Fr. On dead Acer and also on Fagus. North
Conway, Nos. 4842 and 4859.
34 Mycologia
136. Favolus canadensis Klotzsch. On beech limbs. North Conway, No.

4876.
t 37. Fomes applanatus (Pers.) Wallr. On Acer stump: North Conway, No.
4694.
138. Fomes connatus (Weinm.) Gill. On Acer saccharinum. North Conway,
No. 4743 on Acer rubrum, No. 4986.
;
139. Fomes conchatus (Pers.) Fr. On dead Acer rubrum. North Conway,
No. 4733 on dead Acer rubrum, Intervale, No. 4849
; ; on living Fraxinus
americana, North Conway, No. 4968.
140. Fomes fomenlarius (L.) Gill. On Betula lutea. North Conway, No.
4724 ; Intervale, No. 4725.
141. Fomes On fallen Populus. North Conway, No. 4562; on
igniarius Fr.
fallenPopulus deltoides, Crawford Notch, No. 4648 on Betula lutea, ;
Jackson and Crawford Notch, Nos. 4727 and 4940 on Betula populi- ;
folia,Crawford Notch, No. 4951; on Betula lutea, Tuckerman Ravine,

No. 4966 on dead Betula alba, Willey Station, No. 5085.
;
142. Fomes pini (Brot.) Lloyd. On hemlock log. North Conway, No. 4846.
143. Fomes pinicola (Sw.) Cooke. On Betula lutea. North Conway, No.
4695 on Abies balsamea. North Conway, No. 4704, collected by Dr. H.
;
H. York; on dead Prunus, Crawford Notch, No. 4947.

144. Fomes roseus (A. & S.) Cooke. On dead Tsuga canadensis. North
Conway, No. 5004.
145. Fomes scutellatus Schw. On dead Alnus. North Conway, No. 5089.
146. Lenzites saepiaria Fr. On rotten coniferous log. North Conway, No.
4742.
147. Polyporus abietinus Fr. On Tsuga canadensis. North Conway, No.
5008; on fallen Abies balsamea, Crawford Notch, No. 5121.
148. Polyporus adustus '(Willd.) Fr. On dead Populus. North Conway, No.
4739 on fallen beech
; Crawford Notch, No. 4868.
log,
149. Polyporus anceps Peck. The following collections at North Conway: On

dead limbs of Pinus resinosa, No. 4865 on trunk of dead Pinus resi- ;
nosa, No. 4988 ; on dead standing hemlock, No. 5026.

150. Polyporus betulinus (Bull.) Fr. On Betula alba. Crawford Notch, No.
4839.
151. Polyporus biformis Klotzsch. On beech log. North Conway, No. 4957.
152. Polyporus brumalis (Pers.) Fr. On dead deciduous wood. North Con-
way, No. 5084.
153. Polyporus chioneus Fr. The following collections at North Conway: On
dead Populus, No. 4926; on dead Prunus serotinus, No. 4941; on log
of Betula, No. 5006.
154. Polyporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) Fr. On log of Acer. Crawford Notch,
No. 4568; on fallen Acer saccharum, North Conway, No. 5145, collected
by Dr. H. H. York and Mr. L. E. Newman.
155. Polyporus conchifer (Schw.) Fr. On dead elm branches. North Con--
way, No. 4745.
156. Polyporus dichrous Fr. On dead Alnus. North Conway (Hales Loca-
No. 4987.
tion),
157. Polyporus elegans (Bull.) Fr. On dead wood. Crawford Notch, No.
5005.
158. Polyporus epileucus Fr. ex Lloyd. On fallen Acer. Crawford Notch,

No. 5002.
159. Polyporus guttulatus Peck. On fallen Abies balsamea. On Crawford
Notch trail to Mt. Webster, No. 5152.
160. Polyporus hirsutus (Wulf.) Fr. On fallen beech. Crawford Notch, No.
4864 also on fallen Populus, No. 4898.
;
161. Polyporus montagnei Fr. On the ground, probably attached to buried

wood. North Conway, No. 4999.
162. .Polyporus pargamenus Fr. On Acer rubrum. Intervale, No. 4650; on
fallen Populus, Kearsarge Mt. and Crawford Notch, Nos. 4707 and 4884,
respectively ; on dead Salix, North Conway, No. 4884, collected by Dr.
A. S. Rhoads.
163. Polyporus perennis (L.) Fr. On ground under aspens and in forest
trails. Willey Station, No. 5055. Of this species larger specimens
were collected than had ever before been observed by the writer, some
being as much as 11 cm. broad. It is the common, brown, centrally
stipitate species of forest trails and roadsides in this region.
164. Polyporus picipes Fr. On rotten Abies balsamea. Crawford Notch, No.
4934; on log of Acer, No. 4952. A coniferous host for this species is
extremely uncommon.
165. Polyporus pubescens (Schum.) Fr. On dead Acer saccharum. Crawford
Notch, No. 5 1 13. Observed but once.
166. Polyporus radiatus (Sow.) Fr. On stump of Betula lutea. North Con-
way, No. 5078; on dead Alnus, No. 5122.
167. Polyporus schweinitzii Fr. On roots of pine stumps. North Conway,
Nos. 4740 and 5155.
168. Polyporus semipileatus Peck. On dead beech limbs. North Conway,
No. 4852.
169. Polyporus semisupinus B. & C. On dead Alnus. North Conway (Hales
Location), No. 5093. Found but once.
170. Polyporus sulphureus (Bull.) Fr. On old hardwood log. North Con-
way, No. 4722. Collected by Dr. H. H. York.
171. Polyporus tsugae Murrill. On dead hemlock. Intervale, No. 4613, by
Mr. J. North Conway, No. 4620.
Corliss ;
172. Polyporus tulipiferus (Schw.) Overh. On dead Acer pennsylvanica.

Crawford Notch, No. 4583 on dead Prunus serotinus and also on
;
dead beech limbs, North Conway, Nos. 4967 and 5130 respectively.
173. Polyporus ur sinus Lloyd. On log of Picea rubens. North Conway, No.
6076. This species was collected in August, 1920, by Mr. Walter H.
Snell. It is a rare plant though rather widely distributed in the
United States.
174. Poria attenuata Peck. On dead hardwood. North Conway, No. 4566;
on dead Acer limbs, No. 5171.
175. Poria attenuata var. subincarnata Peck. On dead limbs of Tsuga cana-
densis. North Conway, Nos. 5034 and 5099. This plant is not a va-
riety of P. attenuata as has already been pointed out by the writer
(Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 205-206; 73-74. 1919-) It is a distinct spe-
cies but whether or not otherwise named I cannot say at present.
36 Mycologia
176. Porta betulina Murrill. On fallen Betula populifolia. Crawford Notch,

Nos. 4565 and 5013 ; on Betula alba, No. 5025. This species has been
extensively studied by the writer and will be considered more in detail
in a paper soon to be published. It is common throughout the north-
eastern states, but without knowing the host it is difficult to distinguish
from resupinate forms of Fomes igniarius. The spores were originally
described as " ovoid, smooth, fulvous, 4-5 fi long.'' They are, how-
ever, subglobose, smooth, hyaline, and measure 5-6 fi in diameter. The
species is consequently misplaced in Murrill's genus Fomitiporella, in
which the brown spores are made a generic character.
177. Porta ferrtiginosa (Schrad.) Fr. On dead limbs of Acer. North Con-
way, No. 4672; on fallen Prunus serotinus, Crawford Notch, No. 4971;
on dead Fagus, Willey Station, No. 5096. Among other brown resupi-
nate species this one is well characterized by the abundant setae, the
distinctly oblong or oblong-ellipsoid hyaline spores measuring 4-5
X 2-2.5 Mi an d by being confined to the wood of deciduous trees.
178. Poria fimbriata Pers. On rotten wood. North Conway, No. 4607. The
species is sometimes known as Porothelium fimbriatum.
179. Poria medulla-pants Pers. On old limbs of deciduous trees. North
Conway, No. 5035.
180. Poria nigrescens Bres. On rotten Betula. North Conway, No. 4942.
181. Poria prunicola Murrill. On dead Prunus. Crawford Notch, No. 4580.
This is a rather common Poria on dead Prunus, especially at the higher
elevations in the vicinity of Crawford Notch. Its affinities are with
Poria betulina. Setae are rare, but usually present.
182. Poria subacida Peck. On fallen Acer rubrunt. Intervale, No. 4641 on ;
fallen hemlock, North Conway, Nos. 4827 and 5046; on fallen Abies
balsamea, Intervale, No. 4974 on dead Betula, North Conway, No.
;
5049 on log of Pinus Strobus, North Conway, No. 5097. A common

;
and variable species.

183. Poria tsugina Murrill. On log of Tsuga canadensis. North Conway and
Lisbon, Nos. 4962 and 5091 respectively.
184. Trametes carneaNees. On log of Picea mariana and on pine log. North
Conway, Nos. 4731 and 4933 respectively.
185. Trametes heteromorpha Fr. On fallen Abies balsamea. Crawford Notch,
No. 5045. This species has only recently been recognized in this coun-
try (see Overholts, Polyporaceae of the Middle-Western United States,
p. 74. 1915). Its occurrence in such widely separated localities as

Idaho and New Hampshire argues for a wide distribution.
186. Trametes malicola B. & C. ? On rotten log of hemlock or red spruce.
North Conway, No. 5100. The specimens may belong rather under
Fomes annosus. More recent studies indicate that the real affinities of
this species are with Fomes annosus under which it is now included
as a weathered form.
187. Trametes mollis Sommerf. On fallen Acer. Crawford Notch, No. 4608,
collected by Dr. H. H. York and Mr. L. E. Newman on fallen Fagus
;
and Acer, Crawford Notch, No. 5129.

188. Trametes peckii Kalchbr. On log of Populus grandidentata Dundee,
No. 5047.
189. Trametes sepium B. & C. On oak fence posts. North Conway, No.
5123.
190. Trametes serialis Fr. On coniferous wood. North Conway, No. 4854;
on fallen Abies balsamea, Crawford Notch, No. 4925 on hemlock log,
;
Lisbon, No. 5°73.

191. Trametes variiformis Peck. On hemlock logs. North Conway, Nos.
4571 and 4605 ; on fallen Picea rubens, North Conway, No. 5076.
Addenda
192. Puccinia gnaphaliata (Schw.) Arth. & Bisby. Aecia on Gnaphalium sp.
North Conway, No. 5225. Collected by H. H. York. Determined by

C. R. Orton, who includes the species in the genus Allodus as recently
monographed «by him. P. investita Schw. is given as a synonym.
193. Pucciniastrum potentillae Kom. Uredinia on leaves of Potentilla triden-
tata. Tuckerman Ravine, Mt. Washington, No. 5226. Determined by
C. R. Orton. This species is not included in the treatment of the genus
Pucciniastrum as given in the North American Flora. Dr. J. J. Davis
records from Wisconsin on the same host.
it
194. Septoria humuli Westend. On leaves of Humulus. Intervale, No. 5219.

The spore measurements, 20-30 X 1 ft, agree better with this species
than with S. lupulina Ellis & Kell.
195. Septoria ribis Desm. On leaves of seedling Ribes prostratum. North

Conway, No. 5227. Spores ilnear, elongate, curved or straight, 40-60
X 1 /Ji. No scptations are visible in the spores but the fruiting body is
surely a pycnidium rather than an acervulus.

State College,
Pennsylvania.
THE FUNGI OF THE WILKES EXPEDITION
William W. Diehl
The U. S. Exploring Expedition under the command of Charles

Wilkes, 1838-42, in connection with other work of a scientific
character made collections of plants which have been a notable

contribution to a floristic knowledge of the lands explored. The
fungi collected on this expedition (1) were, however, singularly
few, thirty-one in all, eight of which were described as new (2).
In spite of the character of this limited collection and the status
of Berkeley and Curtis as eminent mycologists of the period, the
eight new species do not seem to have been generally recognized
Massee (3) in his monograph does not men-
in the literature.
tion Nos. 21 and 23. Cooke (4) in his "Australian Fungi"

makes no mention of these Berkeley and Curtis species. Hen-
nings (5) in a compendium of South Sea fungi calls attention to
but one of the list, No. 21, as Thelephora lamellata B. Guppy
(6) listing the fungi of the Solomon Islands similarly cites this
species only. Berkeley (7) himself cites only this one of the
Wilkes Expedition names in his " Fungi of the Challenger Ex-
pedition." None of them occurs in Berkeley's (8) part of the
Flora of New Zealand. It is indeed strange that Berkeley and
others, except by citation of the Wilkes literature, do not seem
to refer in subsequent publications to any other collections of
these species either directly or in synonymy.
This lack of reference to these fungi is doubtless due to the
fact that the types have been lost to mycologists in that they have
probably not been recognized since their original description.
The were published (2) as new less than six months
species
after Curtis studied them, if his study was coincident with his
reference in a letter to Professor Edw. Tuckerman dated Dec.
9, 1850.
1
He notes finding some among the fungi of the
lichens
1 Dr. C. L. Shear has kindly permitted the writer to examine a photostat

copy of the letters written to Tuckerman from 1847 to 1850.
38
Diehl: Fungi of Wilkes Expedition 39
U. S. Exploring Expedition; he says, further: "The fungi are

few — 30 species only —8 new."- Collins (9) describes the un-
fortunate disposition of various specimens and publications of
the Wilkes Expedition. The fungi apparently met a similar ex-
perience since less than half can be located. In the early days
of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, as revealed by the old
handwriting on index cards and by the character of the specimen
envelopes, some of these were inserted in what is now the Patho-
logical Collections of the Bureau of Plant Industry, where they
have been kept intact though unrecognized as belonging to the
Wilkes Collection. A search through the governmental herbaria
did not reveal the presence of any others. Those numbers that
were located are noted in the appended list by an asterisk. The
authenticity of these specimens is definitely established by the fact
that each contains a note in the peculiar hand-printing used for
labels by M. A. Curtis in which the numbers, names, and locali-
ties correspond to those in the original list (1). Furthermore,

the notes in the publication (1) stating that there were in the
collection but one specimen of No. 13, and but two of No. 31,
and the agreement of the figure of No. 31, fig. 8, (1) with the
specimen absolutely eliminates any doubt respecting these two
instances. According to the instructions of J. K. Paulding (10),
then Secretary of the Navy, to Commander Wilkes, " You will
require from every person under your command the surrender
of all journals ... as well as all specimens, etc.," it would ap-
pear that it was the intention to keep all specimens entirely under
governmental care ; and doubtless the fungi were in charge of
Berkeley and Curtis only during their study. This would explain
the apparent absence of any of these types from other herbaria 2
and a consequent lack of reference to them in the literature.
It is thus seen that all the types (possibly in sensu stricto) with
the exception of No. 20, Favolus platyporus, are preserved. It
is worthy of note that Berkeley and Curtis (1) considered No.

13, Polyp orus brunneolns, to be similar to the type, giving it a
significant status. The orthography of the list is that of the

publication "(1).
2 Through the courtesy of Mr. Arthur W. Hill, Assistant Director of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, it has been learned that none of these types is at Kew.
40 Mycologia
* i. Agaricus (Pleuropus) lagotis Berk. & Curt. Oahu, Sandwich Islands.

2. Agaricus ignobilis Berk. Feejee Islands.
* 3. Agaricus (Flammula) croesus Berk. & Curt. Waya-ruru Bay, New Zea-
land.
4. Agaricus . Mauna Kea, Hawaii, Sandwich Islands.
5. Cantharellus aurantiacus Fries. Fort Vancouver. Oregon.

* 6. Lentinus wilkesii Berk. & Curt. Feejee Islands.
7. Schizophyllum commune Fries. Sandwich Islands.
8. Lenzites repanda Fries. Samoan Group, Navigators' Islands.
* 9. Trametes australis Fries, var.Mangsi Islands.
10. Trametes lactea Berk. Woolongong, New South Wales.
11. Polyporus perennis Fries. Island of Madeira.
12. Polyporus sanguineus Fries. Brazil; also Feejee and Mangsi Islands.
*i3. Polyporus brunneolus Berk. Samoan Islands.
*i4. .Polyporus flabelliformis Klotsch. Sandal-wood Bay, Feejee Islands.
15. Polyporus australis Fries. Ovolau, Feejee Islands.
16. Polyporus cinnabarinus Fries. Feejee Islands, New Zealand, and New
South Wales.
*i7. Polyporus vellereus Berk., var. poris minoribus. Puget's Sound, Oregon.
*i8. Polyporus liturarius Berk. & Curt. Ovolau, Feejee Islands.
19. Polyporus (imperfectus). Samoan Grop, Navigators' Islands.
20. Favolus platyporus Berk. & Curt. Feejee Islands.
*2i. Thelephora lamellata Berk. & Curt. Feejee Islands.
*22. Thelephora aurantiaca Pers. var. Samoan Group, Navigators' Islands.
*23. Thelephora scabra Berk. & Curt. Ovolau, Feejee Islands.
24. Stereum lobatum Fries. Bay of Islands, New Zealand.
25. Stereum complicatum Fries, var. Ovolau, Feejee Islands.
26. Exidia hispidula Berk. New Zealand, Sandwich, and Mangsi Islands.
27. Batarrea phalloides Pers. Oregon.
28. Lycoperdon pusillum Batsch. var. Bay of Islands, New Zealand.
. 29. Clathrus (Laternea) triscapus Fr. Relief Bay, Fuegia.
30. Hypoxylon concentricum Bolt. Volcano of Maui, Sandwich Islands.
*3i. Hypoxylon pilaeforme Berk. & Curt. Oahu, Sandwich Islands.
Bureau of Plant Industry,
Washington, D. C.
Literature Cited
1. Berkeley, M. J., and Curtis, M. A. Fungi, 193-203, with plate. U. S.

Exploring Expedition, etc. 17: Philadelphia. C. Sherman, 1862, 1874.3
2. Berkeley, M. J., and Curtis, M. A. Descriptions of new species of fungi
collected by the U. S. Exploring Expedition. Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts
2d Ser. 11: 39-95, May, 1 85 1
3. Massee, G. A Monograph of the Thelephoreae. Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.

25: 107-155, 1890; 27: 95-205, 1891.
3 This is the author's edition; the official edition of Vol. 17 'by the author-
ity of Congress '
of which there are copies in the Library of Congress was
printed without plates and apparently without an atlas.
Diehl : Fungi of Wilkes Expedition 41
4. Cooke, M. C. Handbook of Australian Fungi. 1-458, London. Wil-

liams and Norgate, 1892.
5. Hennings, P. Eumycetes, 35-65, in Schumann, K., and Lauterbach, K.
Flora d. deut. Schutzgebiete in d. Siidsee. Leipzig. Geb. Borntraeger,
1901.
6. Guppy, H. B. Solomon Islands. 304, London. Sonnenschein, Lowrey &
Co., 1887.
7. Berkeley, M. J. Fungi of the Challenger Expedition. Journ. Linn. Soc
Bot. 16: 38-54, 1878.
8. Berkeley, M. J. Fungi, in Hooker, J. D. Botany of the Antarctic Voyage
II: Flora Novae Zealandnae, part II. 172-210. London. L. Reeve, 1855.
9. Collins, F. S. The botanical and other papers of the Wilkes Expedition.
Rhodora 14: 57-68, April, 1912.
10. Wilkes, C. Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition I: xxx. Phila-
delphia. Lea & Blanchard, 1845.
CLITOCYBE SUDORIFICA AS A POISONOUS
MUSHROOM
J. W. Roberts
On October 15, my wife collected some mushrooms which were

growing on the Hall at Washington. I identified them as belong-
ing to the genus Clitocybe, probably Clitocybe dealbata. In order
to determine whether or not they were edible, I took a few
nibbles just before dinner on the evening of October 15. No ill
results were noticed. The next morning before breakfast, I ate
one entir; cap without any feeling of discomfort resulting. That

night at dinner my wife and myself ate about eight or ten each.
Those eaten at this time were creamed. We thought we noticed
no ill effects but I remember that I perspired more freely tKan
usual and remarked to my wife that the lights in a nearby apart-
ment house had a peculiar appearance. However at the time I
attributed the former to the fact that the heat was turned on in
our apartment and the latter to peculiar atmospheric conditions.

Since the flavor of these mushrooms was very pleasant more of
them were collected on the morning of October 18 and served
with meat that evening at dinner. My wife ate something like
eight of them and I ate probably twice that number.

At about 6:45, or one half hour after dinner, I began to feel
very warm and was perspiring very freely. At about 7:00
o'clock my eyes began to give out and I was compelled to stop
reading. At 7 130 I looked at my watch and had some difficulty
in telling the time. At 8:20 I was so warm and perspiring so
freely that I opened the outside door of the apartment and put on
lighter clothing. Shortly afterward my wife came in from
another room and said she was not feeling well. I mentioned
that I could read no longer for despite my glasses which magnify
slightly, I was unable to see clearly. She at once said that she
could not see distinctly. To both of us all objects appeared
blurred. Lights appeared as sun-bursts of remarkable beauty.
42
Roberts : Clitocybe sudorificia 43
This derangement of sight was due to the contraction of the

pupils.
Realizing that the trouble was due to mushrooms, a physician
was summoned. He arrived shortly before 9:30. Before his
arrival we had taken emetics to good effect. He gave additional
emetics and bits of mushrooms were among the things
brought up.
I was also, beginning at about nine o'clock, affected with
diarrhoea. At about the .same time my muscles began twitching
and by nine-thirty I had very little control of my legs and arms.
I was, for instance, unable to pick up a glass of water with one

hand. There was also a very pronounced flow of saliva and my
clothing were soaked with perspiration. There was a scantiness
of urine, in fact none was voided between 6 :oo o'clock that even-
ing and 9:00 o'clock the next morning, at which time less than
two ounces was given off. My pulse was rapid, being about 90,
whereas it is usually around 70. Respiration was, I believe,
about normal, at least I do not recall having any difficulty in
breathing, or being troubled with shortness of breath.

After the physician was satisfied that the stomach was empty,
purgatives were given and atropine was administered subcutane-
ously. We were then ordered to bed under heavy covering and
with hot water bottles at our feet. Within a short time, I should
say half an hour, I had recovered control of my muscles and was
experiencing a mental exhilaration. I enjoyed the peculiar ap-
pearance of the lights and glistening objects and told the doctor
and the nurse that I felt better than I usually did when well.
At 2 :oo o'clock the next morning I went to sleep, awakening
'at 6:00 and again at 9:00. At 9:00 I arose and looked over the
morning paper with eyesight apparently normal. My wife com-
plained of pain at the top of her head but I felt no pain anywhere.
In fact, save for my wife's headache neither of us had felt any
pain throughout the whole experience. Both of us were in
possession of our mental faculties throughout.

During the day following I was as usual save for scantiness of
urine, scantiness of saliva and lack of sense of taste. Pulse,
perspiration, sight, etc., were apparently normal.
44 Mycologia
By the next afternoon, October 20, the flow of urine became

normal or nearly so, but the scantiness of saliva persisted a day
longer.
My sense of taste, I have not yet fully regained at this date,
October 22, the fourth day after the mushrooms were eaten.
There was no after effect of stupor or coma with slowing up of
the heart beat.
On October 20, specimens of the mushroom were submitted to
Miss Vera K. Charles, who very kindly identified it for me. Miss
Charles also cited me to Murrill's note on this species as follows
Clitocybe sudorifica Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 157 : 67. 1912.

First described as a variety of C. dealbata from specimens collected in
grassy ground at Saratoga, New York, by F. G. Howland. It has been col-
lected in two or three other localities in Albany and Ontario counties. Mr.
'
Howland, Dr. Peck, and Dr. W. W. Ford all agreed that this mushroom was
decidely sudorific and unwholesome, differing decidedly in this respect from
the reputation enjoyed by C. dealbata. I have examined the types, however,
and can see no morphologic difference between the two plants. They both
grow gregariously in exposed grassy places and the best observer could not
tell them apart. —
Murrill, W. A. In Mycologia 7: 274-275. 1915.

Washington, D. C.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE INFECTION OF
CRATAEGUS BY GYMNOSPORANGIUM 1
J. F. Adams
An interesting growth of the red cedar (Juniperus virginiana)

and hawthorns (Crataegus spp.) is found on the slopes of Tussey
Mountain at Mussers Gap, Center County, Pennsylvania. They
comprise the shrubbery growth within an old cleared area of
twenty-five acres, now used for a pasture, which is surrounded by
Fig. i. A dense growth of hawthorns as it appears in early spring.
a secondary growth of oak trees. In certain areas the hawthorns

are close together and form a very dense growth,
as shown in
figure The cedars and hawthorns are often found associated
i.
as shown in figure 4. The majority of the cedars, however, are

in rather restricted groups surrounding the hawthorns. Thirteen
specimens of hawthorns have been identified in this area. Several
trees of Mains glaucescens have been found also adjacent to this
1 Contribution from the Department of Botany. The Pennsylvania State

College, No. 25.
45
46 Mycologia
section. Whatever the conditions, they have been very favorable

for the prolific reproduction of the hawthorns and illustrate an
interesting development of recognized species.
With the close association between the two hosts favorable
conditions are present for the development of Gymno sporangium
rusts. The following species are found established-:Gymno spor-
angium germinate (Schw.) Kern, Gymno sporangium globosum
Farlow, and Gymno sporangium J uniperi-virginianae Schw.
These three species are found severely infecting the above men-
tioned hosts.
Fig. 2. Upper portion of a hawthorn showing the numerous hypertrofied

branches as the result of infection of G. germinale.
The telial infection of G. germinale which occurs upon the

trunks and branches of the cedars is most prevalent on the young
growth, which is often completely girdled. On the hawthorns
the most serious infection is with this rust. The young growth,
modified branches, and terminal buds present abnormal hyper-
trofied developments when infected, as shown in figure 3.
Severely infected trees with this species of rust present," from a

distance, an appearance similar to a black-knot infection on
Adams: Infection of Crataegus by Gymnosporangium 47
plums. Figure 2 shows the upper growth of a hawthorn in the

early spring with the numerous hypertrofied branches as the
result of previous infection. On the larger branches the hyper-
trofies indicate perennial character of the rust infection. The
aecia on the branches always preceed the appearance of the aecia
Fig. 3. A branch showing the hypertrofied development of the young

growth, modified branches and germinal buds as the result of infection by
G. germinale.
on the fruit of the hawthorns. Infection with G. germinale on

the fruit of the hawthorns is most conspicuous and the fruits are
usually completely covered with the cylindrical aecia.
Infection with G. globosum, which occurs on the leaves of the
hawthorns, has been observed to cause partial defoliation: The
aecia are also commonly found developing on the calyx lobes of
48 Mycologia
the fruits. The aecia of G. Juniperi-virginianae were found only

on the fruit and leaves of Mains glaucescens.
Specimens of these rusts have been collected at different times
within this area by Dr. F. D. Kern, Prof. C. R. Orton and the
writer. The different species of Crataegus have been kindly
identified by Prof. W. W. Eggleston. The following list includes
Fig. 4. An intimate association between cedar and hawthorn favorable for

the development of the rusts.
those species of hawthorns not previously reported as hosts in

North American Flora for G. germinale and G. globosum.
There«are ten additional species reported for G. germinale and
six for G. globosum. The remaining species of hawthorns listed
includes those not previously reported for Pennsylvania.

Adams : Infection of Crataegus by Gymnosporangium 49
Through the kindness of Dr. J. C. Arthur I have secured the

data regarding a collection which was not reported in North
American Flora, but was collected previous to our collection at
Mussers Gap, Center Co., Pennsylvania. The collection is in the
exsiccati of Ellis, North American Fungi 1084, as Gymnosporang-
ium germinale on Crataegus coccinea collected in West Chester,

Pennsylvania.
Gymnosporangium germinale (Schw.) Kern

on
Crataegus coccinea^ L. Crataegus pausiaca 1 Ashe.
Crataegus coccinioides 1 Ashe. Crataegus pruinosa 1 (Wendl.) Beadle.
Crataegus Jesupi 1 Sarg. Crataegus punctata 2 Jacq.
Crataegus macrospermaX Ashe, Crataegus str amine 1 Beadle.
Crataegus Margaretta^ Ashe. Crataegus succulenta^- Schrad.
Crataegus neofluvialisi Ashe.
Gymnosporangium globosum Farlow

on
Crataegus Calpodendron^ Borckh. Crataegus Margaretta 2 Ashe.
Crataegus coccinea'2 L.
'
Crataegus neofluvialisi Ashe
Crataegus coccinioides 2 Ashe. Crataegus pruinosa 2 (Wendl.) Beadle.
Crataegus Crus-galli 2 L. Crataegus stramineai Beadle.
Crataegus Jusupi*- Sarg. Crataegus succulenta 1 Schrad
Crataegus macrosperma 1 Ashe.
Gymnosporangium Juniperi-virginianae Schw.

on
Malus glaucescens 2 Rehder.
State College,
Pennsylvania.
1 Species not previously reported in North American Flora.

2 Species not previously reported from Pennsylvania.
THE FRUIT-DISEASE SURVEY
W. A. MURRILL
(With Plate 3)
Encouraged by the success of the field meeting on Long Island

in 1919 for the study of potato diseases, the American Phyto-
pathological Society decided to hold a similar meeting in 1920 for
the study of fruit diseases. The region selected was the Great
Valley, extending from Staunton, Virginia, northward into Penn-
sylvania, one of the richest and best known fruit-growing dis-
tricts in the United States ; and the time was the first week in
August, which proved to be a most fortunate selection because of

the perfect weather.
Early Monday, August 2, phytopathologists began to arrive at
Staunton from all parts of the country, as well as from several
foreign countries, until about 75 had assembled; the attendance
being further augmented by horticulturists, entomologists, and
other specialists. The mornings and afternoons were devoted to
inspection work and the evenings to informal discussions of the
fungi causing the diseases observed and the various methods of
control. No better method could be devised for meeting the
problems which pathologists have to face, and, in my opinion, the
meeting under discussion was the greatest in the history of plant
pathology.
I have prepared a popular account of this survey for the
Garden Journal; and Dr. G. R. Lyman, who was mainly respons-
ible for its success, has published a brief report on it in the
November number of Phytopathology. The following paragraph

is taken from his report.
August 3 was devoted to a tour of the Staunton-Harrisonburg
district in Virginia, and included the inspection of interesting
demonstrations of apple root-rot and cedar rust, and comparative
dusting and spraying experiments for control of various apple
50
Murrill: The Fruit-Disease Survey 51
diseases. The party spent August 4 in Berkeley County, West

Virginia, noting the effects of cedar eradication, visiting orchards
where dusting and spraying experiments were in progress, and
inspecting demonstrations of collar-blight and other diseases.
Visits were also made to the experimental packing plant at In-
wood, and to the West Virginia pathological weather instrument
station near Martinsburg. August 5 was spent in the vicinity of
Hagerstown, Maryland, and was largely devoted to peach diseases

and their control by dusting and spraying, some attention also
being given to truck-crop diseases. On August 6, the party

visited the Field Laboratory of the Pennsylvania Agricultural
Experiment Station at Arendtsville, Pennsylvania, and inspected
experiments in progress in that region under direction of the
laboratory staff on the control of apple diseases and insects. The
conference adjourned at Gettysburg, but on August 7 a portion
of the party continued by automobile to Philadelphia, visiting the
rich agricultural districts of Lancaster County and inspecting the
tobacco experiments in progress there.
Wednesday evening, we were guests of the Chamber of Com-
merce of Hagerstown, Maryland. After the usual exchange of
courtesies, the representatives of foreign countries were called
upon for addresses, beginning with Dr. Brierly, of England after ;
which Dr. Ball, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, Prof. Symons,

of the University of Maryland, and other speakers entertained us
until nearly midnight.
Thursday was another full day. We visited truck gardens to

study blights, rots, mosaics, tip-burns, etc. ;
peach orchards to
observe the effects of spraying ;
apple orchards for cedar eradica-
tion; and the Antietam battlefield for its historic interest. In the
evening, there was a meeting for the discussion of local fruit
diseases held under the auspices of the Washington County Fruit
Growers, at which Prof. Whetzel discussed dusting and spraying,
and Mr. Charles Repp, of New Jersey, outlined some of the diffi-
culties of the commercial fruit-grower of the present day.

We shall never forget the informal talk given by Dr. Brierly in
the peach orchard Thursday morning. The audience sat on a
shaded, elevated terrace looking out on a wonderful valley, while
52 Mycologia
the speaker gave an immensely interesting account of the plant

diseases in England. Silver-leaf was very bad on apples, plums,
etc., while Nectria canker and brown-rot were among their worst
orchard diseases. Potato-wart was terrible, often taking 100 per
cent, of the crop. Dr. Brierly said this was the only case he
knew in which the host was either entirely susceptible or entirely
immune. The mycological flora of the soil was also touched
upon as an exceedingly important field of investigation.
The accompanying photograph, showing a number of those in
attendance, was taken at Arendtsville, Pennsylvania, after a 35-
mile drive over the mountains through the Mt. Alto State Forest
of 25,000 acres.
The visit to Gettysburg was greatly enjoyed, and another ex-
cellent photograph was taken which I should like to reproduce if
space allowed. The effects of shot and shell on forest trees were
much in evidence on the battlefield, where one white oak was
noticed with 18 bullet-marks in the lower part of its trunk. In a
low spot in the forest, near a spring, the white ash trees were all
seriously affected with a heart-rot caused by Fomes fraxinophi-

lus, many sporophores of this fungus being observed on the
trunks.
The meeting Friday evening, at Gettysburg, was devoted to im-
pressions, results, plans for the future, and a general summing-up

of the phytopathological situation. Prof. C. R. Orton presided
and called upon Jones, Waite, Ball, Whetzel, Brierly, Lyman, and
others to make impromptu addresses on various subjects. It was
the general opinion that the meeting had been a most decided
success.
On Saturday morning, a number of the pathologists, including
Brierly, Foex, Rosatti, Stevenson, Bain, Whetzel, Kern, Adams,
Orton, Torrey, and others, journeyed by automobile from Gettys-
burg to Lancaster and thence by trolley to Ephrata, where Mr.
Olsen showed the co-operative experiments on tobacco being
conducted by the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the Penn-
sylvania Agricultural Experiment Station. At the farm of Pro-
fessor E. K. Hibshman, the visitors saw numerous strains of
tobacco growing under the ideal conditions of this region. The
Murrill: The Fruit-Disease Survey 53
experiments included not only a tobacco strain test but also

studies on various fertilizers and rotations. In connection with'
the field studies, difficulty has been encountered with the root-rot
disease caused by Thietavia basicola and the plant pathologists
of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station have been
called in to assist in testing the various strains of tobacco for
resistance to this disease. This season, six strains were being

tested on infested and noninfested soil and marked differences
were noted. One strain is apparently highly resistant, though not
immune, to root-rot. It will produce a good crop beside other
strains which will be a total failure.
Dr. Lyman was fortunate in having such able and obliging

associates on his committee of arrangements. Fromme was in
charge in Virginia, Giddings in West Virginia, Temple in Mary-

land, and Orton in Pennsylvania. Dr. Waite represented the
Department of Agriculture.
New York Botanical Garden.
NOTES AND BRIEF ARTICLES
[Unsigned notes are by the editor]
Readers of Mycologia are invited to contribute to this department personal

news items and notes or brief articles of interest to mycologists in general.
Manuscript should be submitted before the middle of the month preceding the
month in which this publication is issued.
Dr. C. D. Sherbakofr is now plant pathologist at the Tennessee

Experiment Station.
The new officers of the Pacific Division of the Phytopatho-

logical Society are Dr. H. S. Reed, Dr. J. W. Hotson, and Dr.
S. M. Zeller.
Mr. Stewart H. Burnham has removed his extensive collection
of New York plants to Cornell University, where he will be
permanently located.
Dr. Foex, representing the pathologists of France, visited the

Garden on September 8; and Dr. Brierly, representing those of
England, spent October 8 with us and departed for Rothamsted
October 9.
A memorial of the late Professor P. A. Saccardo has been pre-

pared and distributed by Professor de Toni. Nearly half of the
pamphlet of 36 pages is devoted to a list of Professor Saccardo's
publications.
Professor Samuel M. Tracy died at Laurel, Mississippi, on

September 5, at the age of 73. He was born at Hartford, Ver-
mont, and educated at the Michigan Agricultural College.
Several of his publications deal with the fungi, and he was asso-
ciated with Professor Earle in studies of the fungous flora of
the southern states. .
54
Thomas F. Hunt, Dean of the College of Agriculture of the

University of California, has accepted appointment as permanent
delegate representing the United States at the International In-
stitute of Agriculture, Rome, Italy. His wide knowledge of agri-
cultural conditions in America, coupled with his extensive in-
vestigations in Europe, make him an exceptionally well-quali-

fied man for this position, which has been vacant since the death
of David Lubin.
Mr. Ramsbottom, general secretary of the British Mycological

Society, with headquarters at the British Museum, has under-
taken to compile a list of all the new genera of fungi published
since the appearance of Vol. XXII of Saccardo's " Sylloge," the
original diagnoses of which will appear in annual instalments in
the Society's publications. He will welcome separates including

descriptions of new genera or any other assistance that will make
his work easier or more complete.
Dr. L. O. Overholts, of State College, Pennsylvania, arrived at

the Garden, August 28, with several boxes of specimens to be
studied and compared in the mycological herbarium. Among
them were some specimens which we were very glad to see, in-
cluding types of certain species recently described by Mr. C. G.

Lloyd. Of these, Polyporus induratus C. G. Lloyd, collected at
Urbana, Illinois, in 1918 by William McDougal, proves to be a

rather thick form of Fomes fraxinens, which is more like the
typical European specimens than most of those I have seen from

America.
Grifola flavovirens was found in quantity at Yama Farms, on

September 6, by several members of the Mycological Club who
were out collecting fungi. It appeared in several fine clusters in
a low, damp spot in oak-chestnut woods between the Inn and

Jenny Brook. I have never before seen so much of this rare
species in one place.

56 Mycologia
Under the title " Selecta Mycologica," in the Annales Myco-

logici for 1920, Bresadola describes 92 new species of fungi from
various localities and appends a list of observations and synonyms
prepared during his study of herbarium material borrowed from
several European institutions.
Dr. W. H. Ballou brought to the Garden on August 30 and

September 2, from White Plains, New York, a number of- in-
teresting fleshy and woody fungi which he had just collected

among them Lactaria atroviridis, Lactaria Indigo, several species
of Boletus, a peculiar form of Tyromyces caesius, zygospores of
Sporodinia grandis, and a resupinate polypore.
Pcstalosma scirrofaciens is described as new by Miss Nellie

Brown in Phytopathology for August, 1920, as the cause of a
hard tumor on the stems of the sapodilla tree in Florida. The
disease can be controlled in an orchard by destroying the infected
trees.
Mr. H. A. Lee, pathologist of the Bureau of Science, Manila,

reports banana wilt in certain parts of the Philippine Islands.
Fortunately, this disease, caused by Fusarium cubense, has not
yet appeared upon Musa textilis, which yields the valuable Manila
hemp of commerce.
A mosaic disease of corn in Porto Rico similar to that found

on sugar-cane, is described and figured by Brandes in the Journal
of Agricultural Research for August 16, 1920. The corn aphis
is an active agent in disseminating this disease ; and the only
known method of control is the destruction of infected plants.
" The Ascomycetous Fungi of Human Excreta," by C. E. Fair-

man, issued July 30, 1920, is a small illustrated pamphlet contain-
ing historical matter, observations, a bibliography, a list of the 18
species previously known, and the description of a new species,
Cylindrocolla faecalis, found by the author in September, 191 7.

Dr. Fairman is a practising physician and became interested in

these fungi because of the connection of some of them with
human diseases.
Professor Bruce Fink wrote me, August 29, from Conway,

Kentucky, where he spent the summer :
" The woods are full of
fleshy fungi, as we have had wet weather. On August 21, I
picked up a strange fungus, which I suppose is a Cyclomyces.

Itwas growing at the base of an old stump in the woods. I
found one somewhat like it near here several years ago. The two
are the only ones I have collected." A specimen sent for the
Garden herbarium proved to be the rare Cycloporus Greenei, as
Professor Fink suggested.
A bacterial canker of poplar, caused by Micrococcus populi,

has become a veritable scourge in the valley of the Oise and
neighboring valleys of France. It attacks the stem and branches
of seedlings and the trunks of older trees. Treatments are pre-
ventive only, and include selection of stock and locality, destruc-
tion of all insects feeding on the poplar, and destruction of all
diseased trees or parts of such trees.
Professor Buller has published in the Transactions of the

British Mycological Society for September, 1920, an interesting
account of the way in which the red squirrel of North America
collects mushrooms and stores them up in late autumn for winter
use. They are either hidden away in quantity in holes in tree
trunks, in crows' nests, etc., or placed in the forks of branches,
where they dry quickly and may be used when desired.
A circular on Potato Wart distributed by the U. S. Department

of Agriculture in October, 1920, reviews what was previously
known regarding this very serious disease' and adds information
recently obtained by observation and experiment. A general dis-
cussion of the subject by Lyman is followed by special discus-
sions of susceptible varieties and new hosts contributed by Kunkel.
58 Mycologia
The disease has been found on several varieties of tomatoes. The

actual damage to this new host is slight, but the fungus is kept
alive and spread to new fields by this means.
The Tropical Research Laboratory of the United Fruit Com-

pany, which was formerly located at Zent, Costa Rica, and closed
during the period of the war, is being reopened at Changuinola,
Panama. Dr. John R. Johnston, professor of plant pathology
in the University of Havana, has been appointed director of
tropical research for the company with headquarters in Havana,
and two pathologists will be located at the Laboratory in Panama,
one to continue work on the banana disease, and the other to work
on the diseases of the coconut, cacao, and other crops.
Referring to Puccinia'strum arcticum (Lagh.) Tranz. the state-

ment has recently been made that " Outside of Alaska only two
American collections are known." (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 47:
468) [Oct., 1920]. This statement needs amplifying. There are
in the herbarium of the University of Wisconsin specimens repre-
senting 30 collections from upwards of 20 localities in Wisconsin
ranging from the north to within about 40 miles of the southern
boundary. All of these are on Rubus triflorus (R. pub esc ens)
and all of the specimens on this species of Rubus are of the
arcticum type while all of those on Rubus strigosus are of the
americanum type. This raised a query as to whether the cause
of the difference lay in the parasites or in the hosts.
J. J. Davis
" Collar-rot of Apple Trees in the Yakima Valley," by J. W.

Hotson, is an important contribution to this subject published in
Phytopathology for November, 1920. The author believes that
the only essential condition of collar-rot is a permanent wound
of the bark at the collar of the tree; which may be caused by
Bacillus amylovorus, Armillaria mellea, Polystictus versicolor,
gophers, frost, plowing, gradual corrosion by oxidation, etc.
Where the injury is severe, the tree should be removed; in other

cases, cut out the diseased tissue, disinfect the wound with lysoi
and leave it exposed to the air. Bridge grafting has been tried
on valuable trees, but can not be recommended as a general prac-
tice, since trees so treated are rarely thrifty.
In Bulletin 222 of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment

Station, Dr. Clinton gives an account, with illustrations, of new
and unusual plant injuries and diseases found in Connecticut,
1916-1919. Under Dry Rot, on page 398, he describes a house

at Westbrook, which was attacked by Merulius lacrymans and
seriously damaged because of insufficient air drainage about the
woodwork. Among the remedial measures suggested were The :
removal and burning of all infected wood and rubbish the ;
creosoting, if possible, of the new wood used; and the building

of several sunken areaways, protected only by wire netting, to
allow free access of air under the house. According to Dr.
Clinton, the dry-rot fungus depends in great measure for its
development upon a fairly small and tightly closed air space next
the wood, and a sufficient amount of water to keep the air therein
constantly saturated or at least above the normal amount.
The results of experimental work and observations on the

citrus canker by Peltier and Frederich are published in the
Journal of Agricultural Research for July 15, 1920. The fol-
lowing statements are quoted from the summary

The successful inoculation of a large number of wild relatives
in the greenhouse shows that Pseudomonas citri has a wide
range of hosts and is not limited to the genus Citrus.
So far as the menace of citrus-canker to the citrus industry of
the United States is concerned, with the exception of Poncirus
trifoliatd, none of the wild relatives, native or introduced, now
growing in the citrus districts are susceptible enough to have any
bearing on the eradication program.
Leaf texture is apparently an important factor in influencing
resistance to Pseudomonas citri by its host plants. This phase
deserves further investigation.
60 Mycologia
An exceedingly important discussion of sugar-cane root disease

by Earle and Matz appeared in the Journal of the Department of
Agriculture of Porto Rico for January, 1920. A summary of the
situation in Porto Rico is given by Earle, as follows
Root disease as here understood is a complex including phases often known

as Root Rot, Wither Tip, Top Rot and Rind Disease. These phenomena are
caused by a number of facultative parasites, none of which attack actively-
growing vigorous tissues. There is also a heretofore unknown true parasite
inhabiting the vascular bundles. Rhizoctonia and Pythium are the usual root-
killing agents rather than Marasmius and Himantia.
Cane varieties differ greatly in their resistance or susceptibility to Root
Disease. The Otaheite or Cana Blanca is very susceptible. North Indian
canes like Kavangire and those with part North Indian parentage are very
resistant or practically immune.
Remedial or preventive measures include
A. The planting of resistant varieties.
B. Better cultural methods to overcome facultative parasites.
C. Proper seed selection and handling.
The parasite inhabiting the vascular bundles is described by

Matz as Plasmodiophora vascularum. It is said to differ from
P. brassicae in having larger spores, in not forming galls, and in
inhabiting the vascular system of its host, plugging up the con-
ducting vessels and greatly interfering with their action.
A New Bolete from Porto Rico

Gyroporus Earlei sp. nov.
Pileus broadly convex, solitary, 8-10 cm. broad; surface

slightly viscid when young, becoming dry at maturity, sub-
glabrous, fulvous ;
margin
concolorous context fleshy, firm,
thin, ;
yellowish-white, unchanging, taste mild, but slightly mawkish;

tubes sinuate-depressed, minute, ochraceous at maturity, not
stuffed when young; spores ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, honey-
vellow under the microscope, with a very large nucleus, 7-8 X
4-5 jx stipe somewhat enlarged above and below, bright-yellow
;
at the apex, otherwise very dark brown, almost black, glabrous,

solid, firm, 5 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick.
Type collected in sandy land beside a ditch in an old grape-
fruit grove, —where the trees were dying from root disease, —near
Manati, Porto Rico, October 29, 1920, F. S. Earle. The descrip-
tion is largely drawn from field-notes accompanying the collec-
tion. Boletes are exceedingly rare in tropical regions. This is
probably the first specimen of the group that has been found in
Porto Rico ; and it is interesting to note that it belongs to the

small genus having pale, ellipsoid spores.
W. A. Murrill.
Tree Surgery is the subject of Farmers' Bulletin 1173, by J.
Franklin Collins, published in September, 1920. This bulletin is
intended primarily as a guide for those who desire to take care

of their own trees or to superintend such work. It outlines some
of the better methods of treating injuries, removing dead or
diseased limbs, and repairing decayed spots in the trunk or limbs.
A badly diseased or injured tree should be removed and re-
placed by a healthy one unless there is some very special reason
for trying to preserve the tree. This applies particulary to an

old tree that has been in poor condition or in poor soil for some
years. Such a tree rarely recovers completely from the shock
of extensive or elaborate repair work on the trunk ; in fact, it
often deteriorates more rapidly thereafter. Two axioms of tree-
repair work (tree surgery) that should be borne in mind con-

stantly are (1) that prompt treatment of freshly made wounds is
the surest and most economical method of preventing disease or

decay in the future and (2) that all wounds made in tree-surgery
work should be cleaned, sterilized, and protected from infection

just as thoroughly as in the case of animal surgery and for
exactly thesame reasons.
At present tree-repair work has not received the recognition and
approval from tree owners that it deserves. This may be due at
times to unfavorable experiences with dishonest and ignorant
tree surgeons, at other times to the reluctance of the owners to
spend much money in preserving their trees, or from their ignor-
ance of the benefits that may result when tree-repair work is
properly done. Reliable tree surgeons are doing much in a prac-
tical way to educate the public as to the benefits of tree-repair

work. Unfortunately, the unscientific or dishonest work of some
others still is doing much to offset it.
INDEX TO AMERICAN MYCOLOGICAL
LITERATURE
Anderson, H. W. Dendrophoma leaf blight of strawberry.
Univ. 111. Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 229: 127-136. /. 1-3, Jl
1920.
Barnes, F. Mould growths on wood pulp. Pulp and Paper

Mag. 18; 995-996. f. 1-7. 23 S 1920.
Bequaert, J. A new host of Laboulbenia formicarum Thaxter,
with remarks on the fungous parasites of ants. Bull. Brook-
lyn Ent. Soc. 15: 71-79. Ap-Je 1920.
Bessey, E. A., & Thompson, B. E. An undescribed Genea from

Michigan. Mycologia 12 : 282-285. pi. 20. 1920.
Genea cubispora sp. nov.
Brown, N. A. A Pestalozzia producing a tumor on the sapodilla

tree (Achras Zapota L.) Phytopathology 10: 383-394. /. 1-5.
1920.
Pestalozzia scirrofaciens sp. nov.
Carpenter, C. W. Report of the division of plant pathology.

Hawaii Agr. Exper. Sta. 1919 : 49-54. 10 S 1920.
Collins, J. F. Notes on resistance of chestnuts to the blight.
Phytopathology 10: 368-371. /. 1-2. 1920.
Dickson, B. T. Onygena equina (Willd.) Pers. Mycologia 12:

289-291. /. 1. 1920.
Douglas, G. E. Early development of Inocybe. Bot. Gaz. 70

211-220. pi. 18-22. 15 S 1920.
Earle, F. S. La resistancia de las variedades de cafia a la en-
fermedad de las rayas amarillas o del mosaico. Puerto Rico
Dept. Agric. y Trab. Bol. 19 : 1-19. Au 1920.
Edgerton, C. W., & Moreland, C. C. Tomato Wilt. La Bull. 174:
1-54. /. j-/p. Ap 1920.
Fairman, C. E. The Ascomycetous flora of human excreta, pp.

1-10. pi. 1 & f. 3. Lyndonville, N. Y. 30 Jl 1920.
Includes Cylindrocolla faecalis sp. nov.
62
Fawcett, H. S. Pythiacystis and Phytophthosa. Phytopathol-

ogy 10: 397-399- 1920.
Fitzpatrick, H. M. Monograph of the Coryneliaceae. Mycologia

12: 206-236. pi. 12-18. 7 Au 1920; 239-267. 1920.
Fraser, W. P. Cultures of Puccinia Clematidis (DC.) Lagerh.

and Puccinia Impatientis (Schw.) Arth. Mycologia 12: 292-
295. 1920.
Hedgcock, G. G. New species and relationships in the genus

Coleosporium. Mycologia 12 : 182-198. 1920.
Includes Peridermium floridanum sp. nov. and several new combinations.
Hedgcock, G. G. ? & Hunt, N. R. Notes on Peridermium Hark-
nessii. Phytopathology, 10 :
395-397. 1920.
Lehman, S. C. Penicillium spiculisporum, a new ascogenous

fungus. Mycologia 12 : 268-274. pi. 19. 1920.
Levine, M. The behavior of crown gall on the rubber tree

(Ficus elastica). Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol, and Med. 17: 157-
158. 1920.
Lloyd, C. G. Mycological notes, 63: 945-984. My 1920.
Matz, J. Gumming disease of sugar cane in Porto Rico. Phy-

topathology 10: 429-430. /. 1. 1920.
Matz, J. La gomosis de la cana. Revista Agric. Puerto Rico

5': 24-26. Jl 1920. [Illust.]
Matz, J. La gomosis de la cana de azucar. Puerto Rico Dept.

Agric. y Trab. Circ. 20: 1-7. 1920. [1 plate.]
Matz, J. Pudricion de la base de la " roselle." Revista Agric.

Puerto Rico 5' : 18-20. Jl 1920. [Illust.]
Moreau, F. A propos du nouveau genre Kunkelia Arthur. Bull.

Soc. Myc. Fr. 36: 101-103. 15 Jl 1920.
Murphy, P. A., & Wortley, E. J. Relation of climate to the
development and control of leaf roll of potato. Phytopathol-
ogy 10: 407-414. /. 1. 1920.
Murrill, W. A. A new Amanita. Mycologia 12 : 291-292.
1920.
Venenarius Wellsii sp. nov.
W. A. Autobasidiomycetes,
Murrill, in Britton, N. L., The Ba-
hama Flora 637-645. 26 Je 1920.
64 Mycologia
Norton, J. B. S., & Chen, C. C. Another corn seed parasite.

Science II. 52: 250-251. 10 S 1920.
Peltier, G. L., & Frederich, W. J. Relative susceptibility to
citrus-cankers of different species and hybrids of the genus
Citrus, including the wild relatives. Jour. Agric. Research
x9 : 339-362. pi. 57-68. 15 Jl 1920.
Reed, G. M., & Duncan, .G. H. Flag smut and take-all. Univ.
111. Agric. Exper. Sta. Circ. 242 : 1-4. /. 1. Jl. 1920.
Riddle, L. W. Lichens, in Britton, N. L., The Bahama Flora

522-553. 26 Je 1920.
Includes 19 new species.
Riddle, L. W. Observations on the genus Acrospermum. My-

cologia 12: 175-181. pi. 11. 1920.
Includes A. Maxoni Farlow sp. nov.
Roberts, J. W. The apple-blotch and bitter-rot cankers. Phy-

topathology 10: 353-357. 1920.
Romell, L. Hvarifran kommer det bruna pulcret a ofre sidan af

P'olyporus applanatus och andra Ganoderma —arter? [with
English summary] Sv. Bot. Tidsk. 10: 341-348. 1916.
Rosenbaum, J. A. Macro sporium foot-rot of tomato. Phyto-

pathology 10: 415-422. /. 1-4. 1920.
Saccardo, P. A. Notae mycologicae, ser. XXIX. Micromycetes

Dakotenses et Utahenses a Doct. J. F. Brenckle lecti et com-
municati. Mycologia 12 : 199-205. 1920.
Includes Phaetrype gen. nov. and 9 new species in various groups.
Seaver, F. J. Fungi, in Britton, N. L., The Bahama Flora 631-

645. 26 Je 1920.
Includes s new species.
Schmitz, H. The present trend of forest pathology. Idaho For.

1920: 13-17. 1920.
Schmitz, H. Shoe-string root rot of Rhododendron and Azalea

caused by Armillaria mellea Vahl. Phytopathology 10: 375.
/. J. 1920.
Snell, W. H. Observations on the distance of spread of aecio-

spores and urediniospores of Cronartium ribicola. Phyto-
pathology 10 : 358-364. 1920.
Walker, L. B. Developments of Cyathus fascicularis, C. striatus

and Crucibulum vulgare. Bot. Gaz. 70 : 1-24. pi. 6 & f. 1—3.
24 Jl 1920.
Weir, J. R. Note on the pathological effects of blazing trees.
Phytopathology 10: 371-373. 1920.
Weiss, H. B., & West, E. Fungous insects and their hosts. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash. 33: 1-19. pi. 1. 24 Jl 1920.
Willaman, J. J. Pectin relations of Sclerotinia cinerea. Bot.

Gaz. 70: 21-229. 15 S 1920.
Wilson, 0. T. Crown-gall of alfalfa. Bot. Gaz. 70: 51-68. pi.
?-io. 24 Jl. 1920.
Zundel, G. L. Some Ustilagineae of the state of Washington.

Mycologia 12: 275-281. 1920.
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Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville,
New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey, viii 138 pp., with 29 plates.
'
+
1909.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on
Plants, by Charles Stuart
Gager. viii 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908.
-f-
Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York A Contribution to Plant :
Geography, by Normari Taylor, vi -f- 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915-

Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anniver-
sary of the New York Botanical Garden, viii -f- 592 pp., with 43 plates and
many text figures. 1916.
Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from
Journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. In
the ninth volume.
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN,
MYCOLOGIA
IN CONTINUATION OF THE JOURNAL OF MYCOLOGY
Founded by W. A. Kellerman, J. B. Ellis>and B. M. Everhait to 1885
EDITOR
Vol. XIII— MARCH, 1921— No. 2
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS THOMAS H. MACBRIDE TY6ZABURO TANAKA

LANCASTER, PA.
CONTENTS
Photographs and Descriptions of Cup-fungi— IX. North
American Species of Discina . . . F. J. Seaver 67
Massospora cicadina Peck . . . . . . A. T. Speare 72
Light-colored Resupinate Polypores— III.

W. A. MURRILL 83
Smuts and Rusts of Utah —IV . . . A. O. Garrett ioi
The Behavior of Telia of Puccinia graminis in the South.

H. R. Rosen hi
Notes and Brief Articles . . . . . . . .114
Index to American Mycological Literature . ..... 126
4PP- 8 pp. 12pp. 16pp. 26pp. 24pp. 28pp. 32pp. 48pp. 64pp.
25 copies $1.40 $2.45 #3.65 $ 4.40 $ 5.65 $6.50 $ 8.00 $ 8.45 $12.55 $15.90
"
SO I.65 2.90 4.25 5-10 6.65 7-75 9.40 9.85 14.15 17.35
"
75 1.95 3-35 4.85 5.65 7.60 8.75 10.45 11.25 15-65 19-95
"
100 2.25 380 5-35 6-35 8.25 9.80 11.55 12.45 17-55 22.05
" 10.20 12.10 14.20 15.20 21-35 26,80
150 2.70 4.60 6.50 7.60
"
200 3-°o 5.05 7-15 8-35 II.40 13.50 15.80 16.85 23.55 20.60
"
300 3-85 6.20 9.20 IO.70 14.85 17*55 20.50 21.05 30.20 37-40
MAR 2 9 1921
Mycologia Volume 13, Plate 4
1. Discina convoluta Seaver

2. Discina ancilis (Pers.) Sacc.
MYCOLOGIA
Vol. XIII MARCH, 192 1 No 2
PHOTOGRAPHS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF

CUP-FUNGI—IX
NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF DISCINA
Fred J. Seaver
(With Plate 4)
The genus Discina was established by Fries in 1849 as a mono-

typic genus, having been segregated from the old genus Peziza
and based on Peziza perlata of Fries which, so far as we can see,
is identical with Peziza ancilis of Persoon. The species is char-

acterized by the thick waxy consistency and the expanded form
of the apothecia. The spores of the species also furnish impor-
tant diagnostic characters, although these were not mentioned by
Fries when the genus was proposed. The spores are unusually
large, strongly roughened at maturity, and provided with an
apiculate appendage at either end.
Although the genus originally contained a single species, it has
been gradually enlarged until at present it contains a score or
more of species. In fact, almost every species which shows a
tendency to become repand or flattened has
1
finally come to be
placed in the genus Discina.
After an extended study the writer, while recognizing the
genus, is inclined to use it in a more restricted sense to include
those large forms of cup-fungi which have appendiculate spores
since the spore characters are more fixed and reliable than the
mere form of the apothecia which is so susceptible to change.

The genus would then include comparatively few but well marked
species.
[Mycologia for January (13: 1-65) was issued February 3, 1921]
67
68 Mycologia
The type species, Discina ancitis, a large and conspicuous

fungus, is frequently collected from New York State west to
Washington. A number of specimens have been received from
J. R. Weir to whom the writer is indebted for the accompanying
photograph. Peziza Warnei was described by C. H. Peck from
material collected at Oneida, New York, by H. A. Warne. Ex-
amination of some of this material in the herbarium of the New
York Botanical Garden shows it to be identical with Discina
an c His.
Discina leucoxantha is also a large and attractive species but
is less frequently collected. It is readily recognized by its light
color and by the truncate appendages which mark the spores.

Several specimens have been received from Stewart H. Burn-
ham, collected at Hudson Falls, New York. Other specimens
from New York and Maryland have been examined. Discina
convolnta differs in its extremely convolute hymenium. Whether
this character is constant must be determined by future col-
lections.
Peziza apiculate of Cooke also doubtless belongs to Discina as

here treated although the occurrence of this species in North
America somewhat doubtful. A very small specimen collected
is
by B. O. Dodge in Bermuda has been doubtfully referred to this

species. Also Peziza elaeodes of Clements seems to agree al-
though no specimen has been seen. Doubtless other apiculate

spored species of cup-fungi occur in North America and it is
hoped that more will come to light. A synopsis of the North

American species follows
37. Discina Fries, Summa Veg. Scand. 348. 1849
Apothecia medium to large, sessile or short-stipitate, fleshy or

waxy, light or dark-colored asci cylindric or subcylindric, very
;
long, usually showing a tendency to become spirally twisted;

spores ellipsoid, appendiculate and often sculptured, hyaline or
faintly colored spore appendages apiculate or truncate paraph-
; ;
yses rather stout.

Type species, Discina perlata Fries.
Apothecia dark-colored ;
spore appendages apiculate.
Apothecia large, 6-7 cm. or more in diameter. 1. D. ancilis.
Seaver: Photographs and Descriptions of Cup-fungi 69
Apotheci?. medium sized, not exceeding 1.5 cm. in di-
ameter. 2. D. apiculata.
Apothecia bright-colored ;
spore appendages truncate.
Hymenium strongly convolute. 3. D. convoluta.
Hymenium even or only slightly undulated. 4. D. lencoxantha.
I. Discina ancilis (Pers.) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 8: 103. 1899

Peziza ancilis Pers. Myc. Eu. i: 219. 1822.
Peziza perlata Fries, Syst. Myc. 2: 43. 1822.

Discina perlata Fries, Summa
Veg. Scand. 348. 1849.
Rhizina helvetica Fuckel, Symb. Myc. Nacht. 2: 66. 1873.
Peziza Wamei Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 30: 59. 1878.
Aleuria ancilis Gill. Champ. Fr. Discom. 36. 1879.
Acetabula ancilis Lamb. Fl. Myc. Belg. 2: 573. 1880.
Discina Wamei Sacc. Syll. Fung. 8: 102. 1889.
Discina ancilis Sacc. Syll. Fung. 8: 103. 1889.
Discina helvetica Sacc. Syll. Fung. 8: 103. 1889.
Apothecia gregarious or scattered, more rarely congested, short-

subglobose, soon becoming discoid, finally repand,
stipitate, at first
at first regular in form, becoming irregular and often angular as
the margin rolls back, externally whitish or pallid, reaching a
diameter of 7 or 8 cm., or in rare cases as large as 20-25 cm.
hymenium uneven, often beautifully veined or convolute, plane
or convex, usually umbilicate, dark-brown, finally almost black
stem very short and stout, often 1-3 cm. in diameter and rarely
exceeding- 1 cm. in length, or entirely wanting, more or less lacu-
nose, whitish or overcast with a pinkish tint asci cylindric or ;
subcylindric, reaching a length of 300-350^ and a diameter of

12-18 ft, 8-spored spores obliquely 1 -seriate, very large, ellipsoid,
;
hyaline, 12-14X30-35^,
or occasionally as long as 40 /x includ-
ing apiculi smooth, becoming sculptured spore-sculptur-
; at first ;
ing consisting of minute warts spore appendages consisting of a

;
minute apiculus 4-5 fx long and 3-4 fx broad at the base, one at
either end of the spore paraphyses strongly enlarged above,
;
closely adhering together, dark yellowish-brown, reaching a

diameter of 8 11.
On the ground in coniferous woods, more rarely on rotten

wood.
Type locality Europe. :
Distribution New York : to Washington, Oregon, and Colo-

rado ; also in Europe.
Illustrations : Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 30 pi. 1, :
f.
19-21 ; Boud. Ic. Myc. pi. 252 Fuckel, Symb. Myc. Nacht.
; 2
70 Mycologia
/. 24 \ Pat. Tab. Fung. /. 596; Cooke, Mycographia pi. 103, f.

3 <
371; Rab. Krypt.-Fl. i : 922, /. 1-4.
Exsiccati Shear, : New York Fungi 324 : N. Am. Fungi 2622.
2. Discina apiculata (Cooke) Seaver, comb. nov.
Peziza apiculata Cooke, Mycographia 175. 1877.

Phaeopezia apiculata Sacc. Bot. Centr. 18: 2i8. 1884.
Alenria apiculata Boud. Hist. Class. Discom. Eu. 47. 1907.
? Peziza eiaeodes Clements, Bot. Surv. Nebr. 5: 6. 1901.
Apothecia scattered, sessile, at first cup-shaped, soon becom-

ing discoid, fleshy, circular in outline not usually exceeding 1.5
cm. in diameter hymenium dark brownish-black, slightly concave
;
or nearly plane asci cylindric or subcylindric, reaching a length

;
of 200 fx and a diameter of 18 p, 8-spored spores obliquely 1 -seri- ;
ate, with the ends overlapping, narrow-ellipsoid to fusoid, often

with a small apiculus at either end, becoming pale brownish and
often delicately sculptured, about 10 24 /x, containing two large X
oil-drops ;
spore sculpturing consisting of minute warts ;
paraph-
yses slender, adhering together at their apices, dark-brown.
On damp soil.
Type locality: Italy.
Distribution: (Nebraska?) and (Bermuda?) ; also in Europe.

Illustrations: Cooke, Mycographia pi. 79, f. 305.'
3. Discina convoluta Seaver, sp. nov.
Apothecia gregarious or cespitose, very short-stipitata, becom-

ing shallow cup-shaped or subdiscoid, externally whitish at the
base, becoming yellowish upwards toward the margin, reaching
a diameter of 6 cm. ;
hymenium yellowish-brown, very deeply
convolute, the convolutions consisting of more or less radiating
ribs or veins, resembling those of Peziza venosa but more dis-
tinct stem very short and stout, 1 cm. or more thick and usually
;
not more than 1 cm. long, whitish, deeply corrugated asci cylin- ;
dric or subcylindric, reaching a length of 400-500 and a diam- ju,
eter of 20 fx, 8-spored but a part of the spores often remaining

undeveloped spores i-seriate, with the ends usually overlapping,
;
ellipsoid, becoming sculptured and appendiculate, 12-14 X

35-40 jx; spore-sculpturing consisting of warts or short inter-
rupted ridges which often approach very fine reticulations spore ;
appendages consisting of a cup-like structure at each end pa- ;
raphyses stout, usually straight, reaching a diameter of 8 at /*.
their apices, densely filled with yellow granules.

Seaver: Photographs and Descriptions of Cup-fungi 71
On the ground in woods.

Type collected in the woods near Yonkers, New York, May
22, 1916, by F. J. Seaver.
Distribution : Known only from the type locality.
4. Discina leucoxantha Bres. Rev. Myc. 4: 212. 1882

Peziza leucoxantha Bres. Fungi Trid. 42. 1881.
Apothecia gregarious or substipitate, at first subglobose, ex-

panding and becoming hemispheric or nearly plane, externally
whitish, reaching a diameter of 4-7 cm., the margin regular or
lobed; hymenium concave or nearly plane, even or undulated,
bright-yellow or becoming yellowish-brown with age stem about ;
1 cm. in diameter and scarcely exceeding 5 mm m length, ir- -
regularly corrugated at the base, the flesh thick and brittle asci ;
cylindric or subcylindric, attenuated at reaching a

the base,
length of 400 \h and a diameter of 20 /x, becoming twisted, 8-spored ;
spores ellipsoid, smooth, containing one large oil-drop and sev-

eral smaller ones, becoming minutely sculptured, 10-15 X 27—35 \x ;
spore-sculpturing consisting of minute warts or occasionally

minute ridges or indistinct reticulations spore appendages con- ;
sisting of truncate protuberances, one at either end of the spore

paraphyses slender, septate, branched, slightly enlarged above,
filled with orange granules.
On the ground in coniferous woods.

Type locality: France.
Distribution New York : ; also in Europe.
Illustrations: Bres. Fungi Trid. pi. 44; Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr.
3
3: pi 12 \ Bond. Ic. Myc. pi. 253; Rab. Krypt.-Fl. I : 922. /. 5.
Description of Plate 4
1. Discina convoluta Seaver. Two plants about natural size with draw-
ings of a portion of an ascus with spores, paraphysis, and one spore isolated.
2. Discina ancilis (Pers.) Sacc. One plant showing the hymenial surface
and one in profile both about natural size with drawing of a portion of an
ascus with spores and paraphysis.
All drawings made with the aid of the camera lucida.
MASSOSPORA CICADINA PECK
A Fungous Parasite of the Periodical Cicada
A. T. Speare
(With Plates 5 and 6)
Among the enemies of the periodical cicada, Tibicina septen-

decim (L.), none perhaps is of more interest than the fungus
Massospora cicadina. It is of interest because to perpetuate itself
upon a host of such extraordinary life habits, and so far as is
known it occurs on no other host, it must likewise possess a very

unusual mode of life. It is of interest also because its relation-
ship to other entomogenous fungi has not been clearly understood
up to the present time, and, like many other entomogenous forms,
it is worthy of especial consideration because it attacks an insect
of some economic importance.
Although the organism was apparently first observed by Leidy
(1850), the first description of it was published by Peck (1879).
It seems probable that Peck observed the resting spores of the
fungus as well as its conidia, but apparently he did not observe
the processes associated with the formation of either of these
types of reproductive bodies, and, lacking the information that a
study of such stages would have afforded him, the organism was
erroneously placed near Protomyccs among the Coniomycetes.
Thaxter (1888) almost simultaneously with Forbes (1888), pub-
lished a brief note in which the fungus was considered as a mem-
ber of the Entomophthorales, but as only a few old dried speci-
mens were available for study at the time, none of which showed
the resting spores, he apparently did not feel fully justified in
assigning it to this family of fungi.
In addition to the above mentioned papers, several others have
appeared such as those of Butler (1886) and Marlatt (1907), in
which the gross appearance of the fungus and of the diseased

cicadas was briefly described, but with the exception of the above
72
Speare: Massospora cicadina Peck 73
mentioned brief note of Thaxter no other publication has ap-

peared, as far as the writer is aware, in which the microscopic
characters of the fungus have been considered.
Like the host which it parasitizes, Massospora cicadina is, so
far as is known, peculiar to America, and as a result, Europeans,
to whom the fungus is known only by such fragmentary and in-
complete references as those noted above, have been more or less
confused in regard to the nature of the organism, Lakon (1919a),

for example, classing it with Sorosporella agrotidis Sor. (Soro-
sporella nvclla (Krass.) Gd.) and Massospora staritzii Bresa-
dola as " Unvollkommen bekannte Entomophthoreen bezw. als
solche beschriebene Pike."

During the summer of 1919, Brood X of the periodical cicada
made its appearance in the vicinity of Washington, D. C, and an
excellent opportunity was thus afforded the writer to study its
fungous parasite. The later was first observed on May 31, about
ten days after the first insects emerged from the earth, and from
this date until the disappearance of the brood in the early part
of July it was constantly present, though in no great abundance
until after June 10.
The resting spore as well as the conidial condition of the fungus

was common about Washington, in 1919, but the latter was never
as abundant as the former, and while it was often a difficult
matter to collect during an afternoon a dozen cicadas showing
conidia, during as many hours later in the season it was not dif-
ficult to collect hundreds of specimens showing the resting spores.

It should be noted, that both types of reproductive bodies
were never found either simultaneously or consecutively in the
same individual, and it was determined that the conidia and the
resting spores occurred at different periods in the aerial life of
the host, the former appearing exclusively in the early part of the
season, the latter developing toward the end of the aerial exist-
ence of the insect. It should be noted furthermore that the fun-

gus seemed to be largely though not exclusively confined to the
male insects. Despite the fact that infected insects were observed
and collected many times during the season, not more than half
a dozen parasitized females were observed. Whether or not the
74 Mycologia
disproportionately large numbers of infected male individuals

indicates a predisposition of the latter to attack by Massospora
cicadina has not been determined but the present instance is not
the only one of the kind for Giard (1888) records the same phe-
nomenon in connection with a fungus upon Tipula paludosa,
which he appropriately called Entomophthora arrenoctona. 1
Nevertheless it is a rather unusual condition and one that has
not yet been satisfactorily explained. Not only is present fungus
largely confined to male insects but in the resting spore condition
at least, it seems furthermore, to parasitize spent individuals in
most instances. In the closing days of the brood, when the females
were busy ovipositing in the tree tops, it was observed that simul-
taneously, the males occurred by hundreds, either dead upon the
ground, or alive and feebly attempting to crawl from the ground
up the trunks of trees. A very large percentage of such males
were found upon examination to show the fungus parasite in
some stage of resting spore development. It seems reasonable

to conclude, as the large numbers of dead and dying males were
found at a time when the females were laying eggs, that fer-
tilization of the females had taken place in most instances and
that the dead and dying males were largely spent individuals. It
is not possible, however, to state whether or not the dead male

insects found in early, or mid-season, in which it will be recalled
conidia only occurred, had mated, but in any event such individ-
uals were relatively few in numbers.
An examination of the healthy as well as the infected male in-
sects, particularly toward the end of the brood, showed that the
anterior portion of the abdomen was invariably empty. The
genitalia and nearly all of the other internal organs were concen-
trated in the last four or five segments of the abdomen. This
condition was also observed by Mr. R. E. Snodgrass of the
Bureau of Entomology, who found furthermore that a sac was
1 It is perhaps appropriate at this time to point out that Dr. Roland Thaxter,
of Harvard University, who possesses the type of Entomophthora arrenoctona

Giard, believes this fungus to be identical with Entomophthora caroliniana
(Thaxt.). Although both descriptions were published in 1888, that of Thaxter
appeared in April, and that of Giard some time after July 11. Hence the name
Entomophthora caroliniana (haxt.) is the correct one and should be used for
the fungus in question.
formed in the anterior portion of the abdomen which upon en-
largement and inflation pushed the genitalia to the position indi-

cated, and also pushed the intestine which normally in most
insects lies close to the ventral abdominal wall to a position upon
the dorsal wall. This sac becomes so large that it occupies the
greater part of the abdomen, and in the opinion of Mr. Snod-
grass it may act as an air reservoir in both sexes, and in addition,
in the male, have a resounding function for the stridulatory ap-

paratus. In any event a portion of the wall of this sac forms a
septum across the body cavity, effectually separating the genitalia
and other organs from the empty anterior portion of the abdomen,
and the fungus which lives entirely upon the softer tissues of the
insect's body is therefore limited in its development to the last
four or five segments of the body in which the genitalia and other
similar organs are concentrated.
As the conidial and the resting spore conditions do not occur
simultaneously in the same individual and as the insects in which
conidia are formed present quite a different appearance from
those in which resting spores occur, it seems advisable to con-
sider each phase of development separately.
Conidial Development
Infected individuals showing the conidial stages of the fungus

2
appear in a way such as is illustrated on Plate 5, Fig. I. Speci-
mens such as those shown, were usually found lying dead upon
the ground beneath trees, or in open roadways, although very
often a similarly afflicted cicada was observed flying around in an
unsteady manner, or crawling feebly about. Unfortunately no
specimens showing an earlier phase of the disease were collected,
and therefore while the method of formation of the conidia was
followed in several instances, an earlier stage homologous to the
" hyphal body " stage of other Entomophthorales was not ob-
served.
The fungus thus confined in its vegetative growth to the softer
2 In the specimens shown the wings and legs were removed artificially in
certain instances, in order better to expose the fungus mass for photographic
purposes, and in the individuals shown on Plate 5, Fig. 2, a portion of certain
of the abdominal rings was removed for the same purpose.
76 Mycologia
tissues in the posterior segments of the body of the host, ulti-
mately destroys all such tissues, including the flexible interseg-

mental membranes of the abdomen in this region. As a result of
the complete destruction of these membranes the posterior ab-
dominal segments slough off until a condition such as that illus-
trated on Plate 5, Figs. 1 B and C is reached. The sloughing off
process takes place progressively, beginning with the last segment

and continues until four or more have been dropped, the last re-
maining one marking the position of the septum referred to above.
The insect does not die at the time the first segments are dropped.
On the contrary it remains alive for a considerable period and

continues to fly and crawl about from place to place.
As far as the writer is aware such a sloughing off process, tak-

ing place while the host is alive, is quite unknown in other insects
attacked by other members of the Entomophthorales, and in fact

the phenomenon is so unusual that it has been noted by practically
every person who has observed the disease in the field. The ap-
pearance of insects crawling and flying about with but two or
three abdominal segments attached to the thorax, is indeed suf-
ficiently striking to attract the attention of any one.
The fungus mass, including the conidia, which morphologically
is of endogenous origin, becomes exposed as fast as the body seg-
ments of the host rot away, and the movements of the insect from
place to place serve to disseminate the conidia in a way that could
scarcely be improved by any natural method. It will be recalled

that in most of the entomogenous entomophthorales, the conidia
are borne upon conidiophores which bore their way outward
through the body wall of the host, and that they are violently
ejected from the conidiophores only after the host is dead and
therefore stationary. Although the conidia are thrown to some
distance, such a method seems inefficient when it is compared
With the process which takes place in the present instance, in
which the live, actively moving infected host mingles promiscu-
ously with its fellows.
The fungus when intact forms a clay colored pustule like,
granular mass at the tip of the abdomen. In certain individuals

such as is shown on Plate 5, Fig. 1 C the pustule is quite large,
Speare : Massospora cicadina Peck 77
assuming the size and conformation of that part of the abdomen

which it formally occupied. In other specimens Plate 5, Fig. 1
B and D, the pustule is asymmetrical and ragged. Such speci-
mens from which a large part

as the latter are evidently old ones,
of the conidia were detached when the hosts were alive and mov-
ing about. Upon microscopic examination the pustule is found
to be composed almost wholly of conidia, although if search is
made deep within the mass close to the septum, conidiophores and
the characteristic entomophthoroid hyphal fragments may also
be seen.
As noted above, in the species of Entomophthora, the conidia
are violently discharged from the conidiophores. In Massospora,
however, the conidia are formed within the body of the host, and
although they are cut off in the usual manner their ejection is
prevented by the body wall of the insect, which when they are
cut off is intact, and holds them in the approximate position in
which they are produced. The conidia therefore cohere with one
another and a mass is formed which upon disintegration of the
intersegmental abdominal membranes is exposed, and assumes
the form of a pustule such as is described above. The movement
of the host at this period is perhaps the most important factor in
loosening the segments of the abdomen, the membranes connect-

ing which have been destroyed by the vegetative development of
the fungus so that the movements of the insects not only serve
to scatter the conidia of the fungus, but first free them from
captivity.
The conidia are, so far as the writer has been able to determine,
all of one type, which conforms in most respects to that of the
other Entomophthorales. They are quite regularly oval in form,
measuring 10-14 X 14-17 microns. The papilla, an outgrowth
characteristic of the conidia of all members of the family, is usu-
ally not prominent, though always noticeable. Occasionally it
stands out conspicuously in a manner such as is shown on Plate

6, Fig. A. Unlike other members of the family, however, the
conidial walls are regularly verrucose, which condition renders
them unique in appearance. It should be noted, however, that
there is a tendency for them to lose the warted appearance if
they are permitted to remain in water for a short time.

78 Mycologia
The method of formation of the conidia and the manner in
which they are cut off seems quite like the analogous processes
in other species and need not be discussed here.
When viable conidia were placed upon a slide in a moist cham-
ber, or when they were sewn upon a nutrient agar, germination
usually took place in a manner such as is illustrated on Plate 6,

Figs. 2-3, namely, by one or more rather stout, long, germ tubes.
Occasionally, however, a single rather stout germ tube arose, the
terminal portion of which became swollen, Plate 6, Fig D, as
though to form a secondary conidium, but at this point develop-
ment invariably ceased.
In connection with the germination tests, attempts were made
to grow the fungus artificially. The media used were potato
agar, Molische's agar, oat agar, and nutrient beef broth. In
addition to these nutrients, the genitalia and other organs, upon
which the fungus normally grows in nature, were removed asep-
tically from live, healthy cicadas and employed without steriliza-
tion, for the same purpose. No growth of the fungus was ob-
tained, however, upon either the unsterilized tissues from freshly
killed insects, or upon the other nutrients noted above.
The conidia when placed in a suitable situation germinate with
great rapidity, a growth such as that illustrated on Plate 6, Fig.
B-C, taking place within three hours, but after such a short, rapid,
preliminary growth development ceased in every instance in the
writer's tests.
. Resting. Spore Development
Up to the present time resting spores have not been definitely

associated with the organism in question, although Peck (1879)
vaguely described bodies, which Thaxter (1888) subsequently
tentatively regarded as resting spores. In the light of these in-
vestigations furthermore, it likewise appears that many of the
early notes about the fungus contain references to the resting
spore condition, although the descriptions were of such a nature
that they might have applied equally well to the conidial growth.
As noted above the resting spore condition, which was never
found associated with the conidial condition, was very prevalent
about Washington in 1919, from 50-90 per cent of the male in-
sects showing this stage of the fungus during the latter part of
the season.
In its vegetative growth prior to the production of resting
spores, the fungus destroys the intersegmental abdominal mem-

branes of the host, as it does in the conidial phase of the develop-
ment just considered, and there is a similar sloughing off of the
abdominal segments. The septum described above, across the
body cavity of the insect, which normally persists in insects af-
fected with the conidial growth is, however, destroyed in most

instances during the formation of the resting spores, and al-
though these bodies arise upon the soft tissues concentrated in
the last four or five posterior segments of the body, they may be
found, owing to the absence of the septum, in some numbers,
within the otherwise empty anterior portion of the abdomen.
The resting spore-mass which is, nevertheless, largely confined
to the posterior segments, presents a granular appearance and is
of a sulphur yellow color, tinged with green when young, but it
assumes a dark brown color when the resting spores are mature.
These bodies are less coherent in the mass than are the conidia,
and as a result they are scattered about by the movements of the
host much more freely. It was in fact not uncommon to observe
an infected individual in which the empty body cavity formed one

continuous passage from the last abdominal segment to the head,
with two or three of its abdominal segments missing, actively
crawling or flying about. In this respect the appearance of
cicadas showing the resting spores, differs from those showing
the conidial growth, because it will be recalled there occurs in the
latter a persistent fungus stroma closely associated with the

above-mentioned septum, which after the abdominal segments
have been dropped, remains as a continuous partition across the
abdomen.
It can therefore be readily seen that, though both of the repro-
ductive phases have many characteristics in common, there are
nevertheless certain characters by which one phase may be
readily distinguished from the other merely by a superficial ex-
amination.
80 Mycologia
Microscopically the mature resting spores, or as they perhaps

should be called, azygospores, appear as spherical, slightly brown-
ish bodies, the outer wall of which is beautifully reticulated in a
manner such as is shown on Plate 6, Fig. T. They are remark-
ably uniform in size, mesauring 38-48 microns in diameter,
averaging 44 microns.
Unfortunately all stages in the development of these azygospores
were not seen in fresh material and particularly those stages as-
sociated with the transfer of protoplasmic material from the

byphal body to the resting spore. Alcoholic material, which it
may be stated was all collected in the daytime, indicates, how-

ever, that the process is a non-sexual one, and that the azygo-
spores arise as buds or outgrowths upon the hyphal bodies into
which, as they enlarge, flows the entire protoplasmic contents of
the hyphal body, the empty and evanescent walls of which some-
times remain attached to the mature resting spores.
The writer showed (Speare, 1912) in connection with Ento-
mophthora pseudococci that the presence or absence of daylight,
at the time of maturity of the hyphal bodies, predetermined to a
large extent the type of reproductive body that was formed, and
that the azygospores of the fungus in question, could be pro-
duced at will, by placing artificial cultures of the fungus in a
dark situation a few hours before the hyphal bodies were ready
to " germinate." It would therefore seem reasonable, if one de-
sired to collect the early resting spore stages in such a similar
form as Massospora cicadina, to search for them during the
night, yet, inadvertently no collections were made at this time in
the present investigation. Nevertheless, the alcoholic material

shows with reasonable certainty that no sexual process is pres-
ent, and that the development of the resting spores, conforms
quite well with the development of the azygospores in other
members of the family such as Entomophthora aulicae Reich.
The resting spores of Massospora cicadina like the analogous
bodies of many other of the entomogenous species of the family
have never been seen to germinate. In the writer's tests a num-
ber of them were heated at varying degrees of temperature, and a
number were permitted to remain out-of-doors all winter, yet no
Speare: Massospora cicadina Peck SI
germination was observed, when, after such treatment they were

suspended in a drop of water in Van Tieghem cells. Similar
negative results were obtained in attempts to germinate resting
spores that had previously been treated with dilute hydrochloric
acid for a short time.
The writer has obtained no information in these studies re-
garding the manner by which Massospora cicadina passes the 16
years and 9 months' subterranean existence of its host. That it
lives during this period either on the larvae of T. septendecim,

or on other similar biennial cicadas seems the reasonable suppo-
sition, yet there is no evidence at hand to support this theory. It
is probable that when it has been determined how, for example,

Entomophthora muscae and other species that are not known to
form resting spores, live over winter (see Lakon, 1919 b), infor-
mation will be at hand that will be of value in solving the peculiar
conditions involved in the present instance.
From the economic viewpoint it must be stated that if the
fungus is confined largely to spent males and does not attack and
kill the larvae (the writer observed it only on adult individuals),
its importance as a natural check to the spread of this insect is
almost negligible. Investigation should be made, however, of

larvae two or three years before their emergence in order to de-
termine whether or not the fungus is present.
These studies show, it is hoped, that there can no longer be any
question regarding the relationship of Massospora cicadina to
other entomogenous Entomophthorales, and that while it is a
very distinct form in many respects, it falls quite naturally into
the above mentioned family.
Bureau of Entomology,
United States Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.
Literature Cited
Butler, A. W. 1886. The periodical cicada in Southwestern Indiana. Bui.

12, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agri., July, 1886, p. 24.
Forbes, S. A. 1888. On the present state of our knowledge concerning insect
diseases. Psyche, Vol. V, p. 3.
Giard, A. 1888. Fragmentes Biologiques XI, Sur Quelques Entomophthorees.

Bull. Scient. de la Fr. et Belg. Tome, XIX, p. 298.
Lakon, G. 1919a. Die Insektenfeinde aus der Familie der Entomophthoreen.
Zeii, f. Angew. Entom., Bd. V, 1919, p. 186.
82 Mycologia
Lakon, G. 1919b. Bemerkungen uber die Uberwinterung von Empusa muscae.

Zeit. f. Angew. Ent., Bd. V, p. 287, 1919.
Leidy, J. 1850. (Note on fungus disease of Cicada septendecim.) Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. 5, 1850-51, p. 235.
Marlatt, C. L. 1907. The periodical cicada. Bull. 71, Bur. of Ent. U. S.
Dept. Agri.
Peck, C. 1879. Massospora cicadina n.g. et sp. Thirty-first Report of State
Botanist of New York, p. 44.
Speare, A. T. 1912. Fungus parasites of insects injurious to sugar cane.
Bull. 12, Path. Ser. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Experiment Station, Hono-
lulu, Hawaii.
Speare, A. T. 1919. The fungus parasite of the periodical cicada. Science,
n.s., Vol. I, No. 1283, p. 116, August, 1919.
Thaxter, R. 1888. The Entomophthoreae of the United States. Mem. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, No. VI, p. 190.
Explanation of Plates
Plate 5
Fig. 1. Specimens of Tibicina septendecim showing the conidia of Masso-

spora cicadina. Although certain organs of these insects were removed arti-
ficially, the abdomen with the attached fungus mass is shown in each instance
exactly as it was observed in the field. Fig. 1A is a female individual and
shows an unusually large conidial mass. X 1.
Fig. 2. Specimens of Tibicina septendecim showing the resting spores of
M. cicadina. In Fig. 2A a portion of the anterior four abdominal segments
were removed artificially. Fig. 2B shows the fungus mass within the abdomen,
viewed from a posterior position. X 1.
Plate 6
Figs. A, E, F. Conidia of Massospora cicadina. X 1048.

Figs. B, C, D. Conidia germinating. X 568.
Fig. G. Optical cross section of conidium showing its thick wall. X 1048.
Fig. H. A group of conidiophores. X 568.
Figs. I, J, K, L. Selected conidiophores showing the method of formation
of the conidia. X 568.
Fig. M. Gourd shaped hyphal bodies associated with the resting spore con-
dition. X 268.
Figs. N, O. Young resting spores with hyphal bodies attached. X 268.
Figs. P, S. Young resting spores with hyphal bodies attached. X 532.
Fig. Q. A stage in resting spore development intermediate between those
shown in Figs. P and T. X 532.
Fig. R. Apparently an encysted hyphal body. X 532.
Fig. T. Mature resting spore. X 568.
Figs, U, V. Hyphal elements of unknown origin and function found asso-
ciated with the resting spore condition. X 568.
Fig. W. A portion of one of the tube-like genital organs, showing resting
spores and hyphal bodies adhering. X 62.
Fig. X. Optical cross section of a resting spore in about the stage of de-
velopment shown in Fig. Q. X 532.
1. (Above.) Conidia on Tibicina

2. Resting Spores on Tibicina
Massospora cicadina Peck

LIGHT-COLORED RESUPINATE
POLYPORES—III
William A. Murrill
The last number of this series, which appeared in Mycologia

for November, 1920, dealt chiefly with white species. In the
present article, I shall mainly discuss species that are rose-colored,
lilac, red, or purple ; or that show tints of these colors.
48. Poria eupora (P. Karst.) Cooke, Grevillea 14: 1 10. 1886
Polyporus euporus P. Karst. Not. Sallsk. Faun. Fl. Fenn. 9

360. 1868.
Polyporus attenuatus Peck, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 1 : 61.
1873 ; Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 26 : 70. 1874.

Polyporus Blyttii Fries, Hymen. Eur. 571. 1874.
Poria Blyttii P. Karst. Bidr. Finl. Nat. Folk 37 : 83. 1882.
Poria attenuata Cooke, Grevillea 14: no. 1886.
Originally described as follows from specimens collected on
dead willow wood in Finland by Karsten, who notes that it is not
rare
" Effusus, adhaerens vel adnatus, tenuis, submicans, ambitu

byssaceo-contextu albo ;
pori minuti, subangulati, demum saepius
,
laceri, curti, testaceo-lutei.'
The type of P. Blyttii is at Christiania. At Upsala I found two

specimens under this name, one white and the other rosy-isabel-
line, the latter being the correct one. According to Bresadola,
Polyporus collabens Fries and P. emollitus Fries are forms of P.
Blyttii Fries, and his statement appears to be supported by orig-
inal specimens in his herbarium. Specimens from Karsten show
that P. euporus is not distinct. It may be that the name here
used will have to give way to P. nitida Pers. See discussion
under that species.
The most complete description of this fungus is that recently
83
84 Mycologia
published by Overholts, the various original descriptions being

brief and inadequate. He finds the spores 3-4x2-3//, and the
cystidia 60-80 x 7.5-10 /x. Bresadola measured the spores as
4-4.5x2-2.5^.
This species occurs on linden, poplar, oak, birch, beech, wil-
low, etc., in Europe ; and in this country on maple, oak, witch
hazel, alder, willow, linden, ironwood, and certain other decidu-
ous trees. I have found it very common on red maple. A speci-
men from Bresadola collected by Eichler on Pinus sylvestris
exactly agrees with ours on maple in gross characters, and Bresa-
dola finds the spores to be the same, but the cystidia less abundant.
Peck's variety subincarnata occurs on hemlock, but this is a dis-
tinct species.
Ellis, N. Am. Fungi 921 ;

Canada, Faull 47, 49, Macoun 36
(177), 4 1 , ^1, I4 1 J 45, 223, 397, 458, 499; Newfoundland,
J 33, ,
Waghornc 691; Maine, Murrill 1747, 2010, 2167; Vermont, Burt;

New Hampshire, Underwood; Connecticut, Underwood 550;
New York, Cook, 93, Murrill 64, Underwood, Van Hook (Cor-
nell University 7896), Van Hook & Smith (Cornell University
8067) ;
Pennsylvania, Everhart & Haines, Herbst, Sumstine 63;
Ohio, James 10, Lloyd 379, 2788, 2789, 31 16, Morgan 77, 81; In-
diana, Underwood Iowa, Holway 208
; ;
Florida, Calkins.
49. Poria vincta (Berk.) Cooke, Grevillea 14: no. 1886
Polyporus vinctus Berk. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. II. 9 : 196. 1852.
Polyporus carneopallens Berk. Hook. Jour. Bot. 8 :
235. 1856.
?Polyporus Fendleri Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 317.
1868.
Polyporus epilinteus Berk. & Br. Jour. Linn. Soc. 14: 55. 1875.
Described as follows from specimens collected by Salle in
Santo Domingo and still preserved at Kew

"
Totus resupinatus, centro crassiusculus margine tenuis sub-
liberatus supra sanguineo-tinctus poris minimis pallidis con-
;
textu lignicolori. Salle, no. 34. On dead wood.

" Spreading for many inches over the decayed wood, 2 lines or
more thick in the centre, very thin at the extreme margin, where
the upper surface is separable, smooth, and stained with blood-
color. Pores scarcely visible to the naked eye, pallid, a line or
more long; dissepiments thin; substance wood-color."
Murrill: Light-colored Resupinate Polypores 85
P. carneopallens was described from Spruce's collections in
Brazil, P. Fendleri from Fendler's collections in Venezuela, and

P. epilinteus from Ceylon. According to Cooke, one of the orig-
inal type specimens of the last species has orange mycelium while
the two others are without it. Poria cassicola Bres., recently de-
scribed from Brazil, is nearly related. Poria lilacina Speg., col-
lected by Balansa in Paraguay, is apparently not distinct.

This species is rosy-isabelline when fresh, like P. eupora, with
which it is easily confused. It occurs throughout tropical regions

on dead wood of orange, acacia, etc., as indicated in the follow-
ing collections
Mexico, Murrill 238, 622, 869, 976, 979, 1029, 104s, 118/, 1190 ;
Mexico or Nicaragua, Smith 244; Nicaragua, Smith 65a Cuba, \
Earle & Murrill 80, 210, 325, Home 197, Underzvood & Earle
1208; Porto Rico, Johnston 430, Johnston & Stevenson 1495,
Stevenson 2888, 2910, 3362; Danish West Indies, Raunkiaer 138,
171, 188, 239, 249, 264; Jamaica, Underzvood 3287, Murrill &
Harris 942, Murrill 37, 184, 228, 247, 249, 373, Earle ioo, 219 ;
Venezuela, Fendler South America, Gaillard 65 Ceylon also

; ;
;
from New Zealand and Perak.
50. Poria albirosea sp. nov.
Effused for several centimeters, continuous, inseparable; mar-

gin appressed, membranous, white to rosy-isabelline, becoming
inconspicuous with age context pallid, a mere membrane hy-
;
;
menium slightly uneven, not glistening, pallid to rosy-isabelline,

becoming pale-chestnut-colored in spots when bruised or handled
tubes rigid, rather regular, angular, 3-4 to a mm., reaching 2 mm.
in length, edges rather thin, entire ;
spores ovoid, smooth, hyaline.
Type collected on well-rotted deciduous wood at Fern Hollow,

Pennsylvania, July 13, 1906, David R. Sumstine 70. Also col-
lected at three different times on dead wood in Canada by Maconn

(probably near Ottawa), and at Wilmington, Delaware, Com-
mons 2672. Langlois' No. 2543, from St. Martinsville, Louis-
iana, may belong here, but the tubes seem rather small.
86 Mycologia
51. Poria subundata sp. nov.
Effused for several centimeters, becoming continuous, closely

appressed, inseparable, thin ;
margin inconspicuous, thin, ap-
pressed, white, soon disappearing; context pallid, not apparent
in age; hymenium very oblique, beautifully undulated, not glis-
tening, cremeous to pale-rosy-isabelline tubes small, rigid, regu-;
lar in size and shape, angular, 5 to a mm., 1 mm. or less long,

edges thin, entire ;
spore characters not satisfactorily determined.
Type collected on a decayed standing stub of a hardwood tree

in wet woods on Cooper's Ranch at the base of El Yunque Moun-
tain, Baracoa, Cuba, March, 1903, L. M. Underwood & F. S.
Earle 1168. Also collected on decayed hardwood in Troy and

Tyre, Jamaica, January, 1909, W. A. Murrill & W. Harris 1012.
52. Poria subincarnata (Peck) sp. nov.
Poria attenuata subincarnata Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus.

48: 118. 1897.
Briefly described by Peck as follows, from specimens collected
on fallen branches of Tsuga canadensis at Alcove, New York, by
C. L. Shear in November, 1893
" This differs from the typical form in the paler color of the
pores. It grows on hemlock bark and forms small patches rarely
more than 1 inch in diameter."
Overholts has described it at length after studying type ma-

terial and specimens recently collected by himself in New Hamp-
shire. He finds the spores allantoid, hyaline, 4-5 xi/i;, cystidia
none. I have a number of collections —on fir, hemlock, Cnpres-
sus thyoides, alder, maple, etc. — all of which appear to be iden-
tical with the type at Albany. Various specimens collected by me
in Maine and New York appeared milk-white to buff with an in-
carnate tintwhen fresh and are now pale-rosy-isabelline in the
herbarium. Thin forms of Poria eupora from Karsten collected
on willow greatly resemble this species at first glance, but under
a hand lens they show darker and more rosy tints, while the
microscope reveals their strikingly different spore characters.
Ellis & Everhart, Fungi Columb. 1; Canada, Macoun 289, 570;
Newfoundland, Waghome 29 ;
Maine, Murrill 1925 ,1985, 1988,
1989 New Hampshire, Underwood; New

;
York, Murrill 2708,
Shear; New Jersey, Ellis.
53. Poria Dodgei sp. nov.
Widely effused, continuous, inseparable, thick; margin con-

spicuous, but narrow in age, appressed, membranous, pale-rosy-
isabelline ; context membranous, rosy-fulvous hymenium even, ;
somewhat glistening, rosy-isabelline to rosy-fulvous; tubes rigid,

quite regular, angular, rosy- fulvous within at maturity, 2-4 to a
mm., reaching 5 mm. in length, edges thin, subentire ;
spores
elongate, smooth, hyaline, 5.5 x 2.5 /x.
Type collected on a decayed coniferous log at Krohns Lake,

near Algoma, Wisconsin, by B. 0. Dodge.
54. Poria incarnata (Alb. & Schw.) Cooke, Grevillea 14: 112.
1886
Boletus incarnatus Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung. 250. 1805.

Polyporus incarnatus Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 379. 1821.
I have good specimens from Sweden and Trent, the latter col-
lected by Bresadola on dead trunks of larch. Specimens from

Florida sent to Ellis by Calkins and determined by Cooke as this
species were compared by me with material at Upsala and found
to be distinct. Underwood, while at Kew, studied plants from
South Carolina in this connection and said that they seemed the
same as specimens from Sweden. Poria Dodgei is nearly related.
55. Poria undata (Pers.) Bres. Ann. Myc. 1: 78. 1903
Polyporus undatus Pers. Myc. Eur. 2 : 90. pi. 16, f. j. 1825.

Polyporus cinctus Berk. Outl. Brit. Fungol. 250. i860.
Polyporus subliberatus Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 318.
1868.
Polyporus Broomei Rab. Fungi Eur. 2004. 1876.
Polyporus odorus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 38: 92.
1885. Not P. odorus Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. 275. 1826 ;
Fries, Elench. Fung. 1 : 90. 1828.

Poria nigrescens Bres. Atti Accad. Roverto III. 3 :
83. 1897.
u
This species, so common in America, is usually labeled Poria
88 Mycologia
callosa " or " Poria corticola" from both of which it is very dis-
tinct. Peck described it from specimens collected on spruce logs
at Osceola, New York, and referred to its strong, disagreeable
odor ; but his name does not appear to have been known or used
outside of the state herbarium.
The earliest tenable name applied to it seems to be that of Per-
soon, who described it from a specimen collected by Chaillet on
dead wood. His colored figure shows the " waves " in the hyme-
nium which suggested the name. Bresadola seemed to think in
1903 that Fries misapplied the name Poly poms vitreus Pers. to
this species, and his opinion is supported by a specimen from
Karsten collected on Pinus sylvestris. Another note I have from
him, however, is to the effect that Poria vitrea Pers. is not spe-
cifically distinct from P. undata, but that the former is smooth
and the latter an undulate variety. I see no difference between
types of Poria nigrescens Bres. and specimens collected by Over-
holts at Oxford, Ohio. This blackening is not common and
seems to be associated with thick, old forms which have " re-
vived " the second or third year.
Fresh specimens are described as " pure-white, " " yellow,
" reddish-flesh-colored," etc., and as separating readily from the
matrix. With specimens collected by Overholts on beech logs
in Ohio are the following notes
" Effused, separable, orbicular at first, then irregular, peren-
nial, 2-3 mm. thick ;
margin thin, free, sterile, narrow, cottony,
white ; context inconspicuous ;
hymenium plane, gray, yellowish
in weathered specimens tubes stratified, pallid within, 2 mm.
;
long each season mouths circular, small, 6-J to a mm., edges

;
thin, entire spores globose, smooth, hyaline, 3 ft in diameter."

;
Few species have such a wide distribution and find themselves

•
at home on so many widely different hosts. Elm, beech, alder,
orange, white oak, shingle oak, hemlock, spruce, fir, pine, Douglas
spruce, and other trees are found mentioned as furnishing sub-
strata for it; while the following list of specimens will indicate
its distribution:
Barth. Fungi Columb. 5042; Rab. Fungi Eur. 2004; Zopf &
Syd. Myc. Mar. 5; England, Plowright ;
Finland, Karsten; Ber-
lin, Sydow Hungary, Kmet Canada,

Brawn, Hennings, Magnus, ; ;
Dearness 699B, 11 13, 2046, Macoun 107; New Hampshire, Wil-

son; New York, Ames, Atkinson 22767, Ballon, Underwood, Van
Hook {Cornell University 8255) New Jersey, Ellis; Pennsyl-;
vania, Banker, Sumstine 1, 6, 16, 17, 19, 55, 56; Delaware, Com-
mons 2673; Ohio, Gentry, Hard {Cornell University 196 18),
Lloyd 1728, Overholts 23, 70; Indiana, Underwood, Van Hook
2192 Missouri, Demetrio 629 Arkansas, Long 19834
; ;
Cali- ;
fornia, Harper, Johnston 253, 255; North Carolina, Townsend

{Cornell University 5734) Alabama, Earle and Underwood
;
Mississippi, Bartholomew 5782; Louisiana, Langlois 48, 183,

T 735> 2 43 I )
Florida, Calkins 853 ;
Cuba, Earle 731, Home 197,
Underwood & Earle 745A Danish West ; Indies, Raunkiaer 172
Panama Canal Zone, Bethel.
56. Poria borbonica Pat. Jour, de Bot. 4: 198. 1890
Originally described as follows from specimens collected on

bark on Reunion Island
" Resupine, dur, compact, entierement gris de souris, marge

nulle. Tubes obliques, longs de 5 millimetres, implantes direct-
ment sur le support pores petits, arrondis, ou ovales allonges, en-
;
tiers, a cloisons minces. Mycelium blanc, floconneux, abondant,

entourant la plante d'une large bordure soyeuse.
" Plante f ormant des plaques denses, larges de 10-20 centi-
metres. Le mycelium penetre profondement dans l'ecorce et

donne naissance a des couches blanches a la maniere du Poria
corticola."
This species is widely distributed and quite common in tropical
regions on dead trunks of mango, cocoanut, etc. When young

and fresh, the hymenium is very light russet with a glaucous
bloom. The following specimens have been examined
Cuba, Baker 3883, Earle 263, 653, Earle & Murrill 338, 484,
492; Porto Rico, Britton, Brown & Cowell 5360, Johnston 678,
Johnston & Stevenson 1502, 1606, Santingo 33 ;
Jamaica, Earle
226, 547, 55(5, Underwood 3470;
Murrill 14, 61, 139, 11 2 4, 11 44,
Danish West Indies, Raunkiaer 128, 133, 133, 176, 193; Mont-
serrat, West Indies, Shafcr 902; Guadeloupe, Duss 7; Africa,
Dusen.
m
90 Mycologia
Owing to the difficulty in finding spores, I can not say posi-

tively that the specimens listed below from Florida and adjacent
states are the same as those given above. They are very similar,
but without the glaucous bloom, which may have been removed
by some treatment to destroy insects.
Ellis & Everhart, N. Am. Fungi 2304 ;

Louisiana, Langlois
1274, 1736, 1879, 2544, 2545, 2552; Florida, Calkins 20, 635, 644,
704.
57. Poria lateritia Pat. Bull. Soc. Myc. Fr. 15: 200. 1899
Described as follows from specimens collected by Duss on a

dead trunk of Symplocos martinicensis in Guadeloupe :
" Larges plaques dures, ligneuses, planes ou a peine bosselees,

grises a la surface, rouge brique a l'interieur; pores superficiels
(100 /a de profondeur), tres petits (50-65 fx de diametre), angu-
leux-sinueux, irreguliers, a cloisons minces, rigides, de 20-30^
d'epaisseur, grises dans leur portion libre avec la tranche blan-
chatre, souvent incompletes et prenant alors l'aspect irpico'ide.
Trame epaisse de 1 a 3 millim., brique, dure, traversee par les
cloisons.
" Espece distinctede P. aurantiotingens par sa trame rouge
brique et non brune ou noiratre."
I have specimens from Duss (No 592) collected on Symplocos

and also a fine collection made on Fergus Mountain, Montserrat,
January 30, 1907, /. A. Shafer 886. The latter specimens show
the cinereous hymenial surface and the brick-red, stratose interior
so characteristic of the species, as well as a handsome, smooth,
dark-brown border encircling the fungus.
58. Poria sanguinolenta (Alb. & Schw.) Cooke, Grevillea

14: 112. 1886
Boletus sanguinolentus Alb. & Schw. Consp. Fung. 257. 1805.

Poly poms sanguinolentus Fries, Syst. Myc 1 : 383. 182 1.
The only American specimen that appears to belong here is
one collected on rotten wood at Ottawa, Canada, by Macoun,

February 10, 1883. Ellis collected specimens on oak at Newfield,
New Jersey, which resemble authentic material, but their identity
Murrill : Light-colored Resupinate Polypores 91
is in doubt. His N. A. F. 1306, on cedar, seems to me distinct,

although itwas milk-white when young and fresh. Specimens
collected by me on spruce near Stockholm, Sweden, in 1910, and
determined by Romell, as well as by comparison with specimens
from Karsten, were described by me in the field as follows
"Margin milk-white, slightly ragged and cobwebby hymenium
;
discolored at the center with brownish-chestnut tints as though

bruised or stained with blood. The discolorations are not bril-
liant, however, but look more like old blood stains."
Bresadola reports the species from Hungary on poplar, beech,
and walnut. Specimens from Poland on pine are said by him to
be much thinner and quite distinct in appearance, being very sim-

ilar to P. violacea, with which he says this form is often con-
fused. According to him, the spores are 6-8 x 2-2.5 /*> an d the
hymenophore is at first white, then stained with red, drying in-
carnate, and becoming purple or violet-fuscous in the herbarium.

His idea of the species is quite different from Romell's and
Karsten's, and specimens so named from him appear very similar
to P. purpurea.
Krieger, Fungi Sax. 421; Roum. Fungi Gall. 31 13; Sweden,
Murrill; Finland, Karsten; Belgium, Bommer & Rousseau; Sax-
ony, Krieger; Canada, Macoun 130.
59. Poria Bracei sp. nov.
Widely effused over the soil or decayed organic matter, fol-

lowing the irregularities of the surface and reviving from year
to year until it forms extensive mats a centimeter or more thick
margin very broad and conspicuous, membranous, persistent, pale-
wine-colored to lilac or rose-colored; context conspicuous, be-
coming rose-bay with age hymenium appearing in patches, but
;
soon continuous and fairly even, roseous to darker, not glisten-

ing; tubes regular in size and shape, roseous to darker within,
1-2 mm. long each season, mouths circular, 4 to a mm., edges
rather thick, entire ;
spores globose, hyaline, 4 /*.
Type collected on the bottom of a barrel at Nassau, New

Providence, Bahamas, in 1918, L. K. Brace 9594- Also col-
/.
lected on dead wood at Nassau, December 15, 1918, Brace 9764;

on the ground at Nassau, in 1904, Brace 836^2 ; and on the
92 Mycologia
ground at Rio Piedras, Porto Rico, February 22, 1914, /. R.

Johnston & J. A. Stevenson 1427.
60. Poria violacea (Fries) Cooke, Grevillea 14: 112. 1886
Polyporus violaceus Fries, Obs. Myc. 2 : 263. 1818.

According to Bresadola, this very rare species is scarcely
known by mycologists, even Fries himself confusing it with other
species. The color, he says, is constant, dilute-violet subiculum ;
exceedingly thin ; tubes 2 to a mm., very short, resembling those

of Merulius ;
spores hyaline, 5 x 2.5-3 11 - Specimens collected by
him at Trent on Abies resemble very closely what I am calling
Poria purpurea, but Bresadola says that the spores of the latter
species measure 7-8x2-2.5/*, and are cylindric-curved. Speci-

mens labeled Poria violacea by Ellis and others have a distinct
subiculum and differ in other ways. See Poria taxicola.
61. Poria purpurea (Hall.) Cooke, Grevillea 14: 112. 1886
Polyporus purpureus Fries, Syst. Myc. 1: 379. 1821.

Boletus lilacinus Schw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1 : 74. 1822.
fPolyporus oxydatus Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc 10: 317.
1868.
This is No. 2274 in Haller's list of Switzerland plants, col-
lected on beech logs. Specimens described by Schweinitz were
collected in North Carolina. The distribution in America is indi-
cated by the list of specimens below, many of which have been

called Poria micans Ehrenb., a species not found in America, but,
according to Bresadola, well represented by P. albocarneo-gilvidus
Romell, collected on oak in Sweden and distributed by Romell.
The American hosts of P. purpurea are red maple, magnolia,
sycamore, live oak, and pine.
Canada, Dearness 1075, Macoun 141; New York, Cook;

Pennsylvania, Witte 38 West Virginia, Nuttall 223 Ohio, Lloyd
; ;
281 1, Morgan 90; Indiana, Underwood Colorado, Cocker ell 76; ;
Kansas, Bartholomew 2060, Kcllerman & Swingle 1381 Oregon, ;
Murnll 926; California, McClatchie 107 1, Parish 2975, Parks

1022.
In addition to the above, there are a few specimens which I
can not definitely connect up with this species without having

more stages. They appear to be young and are distinctly lilac in
the dried state, with smaller tubes than those of typical P. pur-
purea, reminding one strongly of Porta aurantio-canescens P.
Henn., found on poplar in Berlin.
Pennsylvania, Murrill 11.90; Delaware, Commons 2163; Ohio,
Lloyd 3560, Morgan 325.
62. Poria subbadia sp. nov.
Irregularly effused for several centimeters, becoming con-

tinuous, closely adhering, rather thin ;
margin thin, appressed,
arachnoid, white to rosy-isabelline, inconspicuous with age ; con-
text white to rose-colored, at first a mere membrane on which the
tubes appear in patches, scarcely apparent in mature specimens
hymenium very uneven, not glistening, testaceous to pale-bay in
dried specimens ; tubes irregular, angular, collapsing to some ex-
tent,2-3 to a mm., 1 mm. long, edges thin, becoming lacerate-
dentate spores smooth, ellipsoid, distinctly roseous under the
;
microscope, 5x3^.
Type collected by L.M. Underwood on a dead trunk at Auburn,
Alabama, in February, 1896. Also collected in Bermuda on dead
fiddlewood, December, 1912 K Brown, Britton, & Seaver 1418.
63. Poria mutans tenuis Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus.

43: 39- 1890
Collected by Peck on spruce at Sevey, New York, in July.

Little can be added to what Peck and Overholts have published
about this plant until more mature specimens have been found
and studied. After a careful examination of type material, I
must conclude with Overholts that the variety seems quite dis-
tinct from P. mutans, being much thinner, softer, and differently
colored. It differs from P. purpurea in color and in having a

distinct subiculum; and from P. taxicola in color and in the shape
of its tubes, although having a similar, well-developed subiculum.
Compare Poria nitida Pers.
94 Mycologia
64. Poria nitida (Pers.) Cooke, Grevillea 14: no. 1886
Boletus nitidus Pers. Obs. Myc. 2: 15. pi. 4, f. 1. 1799.

According to Bresadola, Persoon's original plant is quite dis-
tinct from Fries' interpretation of it. An excellent specimen col-
lected on pine in Poland was recently sent me by Bresadola and I
find it strikingly similar to Poria mutans* tenuis Peck. The spec-
imens so labeled in American herbaria are mostly confused with

P. eupora and P. vincta. Poria nitida crocca Schw. at Paris from
French Guiana is near P. spissa. In his paper on Poland fungi,
Bresadola gives the following description of P. nitida :
"
Subiculum ut plurimum manifestissimum, usque ad 6 mm
crassum, aurantiacum, in magis evolutis basi album, in exsiccatis
saepe roseum, ex hyphis crasse tunicatis, 3-6 /x crassis, conflatum
tubuli et pori carnosi, molles, colore primitus carneolo dein vitel-
lino vel aurantio-incarnato, compressione vel tactu fuscescentes,
mox collapsi ;
sporae hyalinae, oblongae, 5-6x2^-3^."
In opposition to Bresadola's opinion, I have a note made in
Persoon's herbarium at Leiden in 1906 to the effect that Poria

nitida Pers. is near, if not the same as, P. attenuata Peck, and
that Bresadola did not see Persoon's specimens. This would
make the Friesian interpretation of the species more correct and
our American specimens so labeled would not be far wrong. If
I could see Pers. Obs. Myc. 2 : pi. 4, f. 1 (which is not in our
library) and compare it with my plants, I believe I could settle
this question. Persoon's description is of little use.
65. Poria pavonina Bres. Hedwigia 35 : 282. 1896
Described as below from specimens collected at Blumenau,

Brazil, by Dr. Moller. I have examined the types of this species
in Bresadola's herbarium and there are good specimens in the
Ellis Collection here. The color is very beautiful, varying from

dark-lilac to pale-purple. The species is known only from
Blumenau, Brazil, where it was collected three times by Moller.
His no. 364, which is older than the other two collections, was in-
correctly determined by Bresadola as Poria jamllacea, a species

described from New England.
" Late effusa, coriacea, adglutinata, vivide pavonina, expallens,
margine obsoleto, subiculo, nullo tubulis brevibus, I mm. longis ;
poris parvis, subangulatis hyphis subhymenialibus, 2 \x.

;
Sporae —
non visae."
66. Poria taxicola (Pers.) Bres. Atti Accad. Rovereto III.
3:80. 1897
Xylomyzon taxicola Pers. Myc. Eur. 2 : 32. pi 14, f. 4, 5. 1825.

Polyporus haematodes Rostk. in Sturm, Deuts. Fl. Pilze 4: 127.
pi 62. 1838.
Merulius Ravenelii Berk. Grevillea 1 : 69. 1872.
Polyporus sorbicola Fries, Hymen. Eur. 570. 1874.
Serpula rufa pinicola P. Karst. Hedwigia 35 •
45- 1896.
This beautiful purple, white-bordered species was originally
described and poorly figured by Persoon from specimens col-
lected by Chaillet on the trunks of a conifer. Standing as it
does on the border line between Merulius and Poria, it has re-
ceived a number of names, both in this country and in Europe.
Most of the herbarium specimens in the Poria sheets are called
either P. violacea or P. incarnata by Fries, Karsten, Plowright,
Ellis, and others. Burt includes it in Merulius, — as did Persoon,
—and I have no desire to alter this arrangement. The hyme-

nium is often strikingly merulioid when young. The spores are
allantoid, hyaline, 3.5-4.5x0.5-1.5^. It occurs on dead wood
and bark of pine, spruce, fir, Cupressus thyoides, Thuya occi-
dentalism and other conifers. One specimen from Karsten is said
to have been collected on a deciduous trunk.
Cooke, Fungi Brit. 409 ; Ellis & Everhart, Fungi Columb. 1 ;
Ellis, N. Am. Fungi 1305 Rav. Fungi ; Car. 4 :

9 ; de Thiimen,
Myc. Univ. 406; England, Eyre, Massee, Plozvright ; Fin-
land, Karsten ;
Sweden, Murrill 611 ; New York, Earle 1653,
Murrill 822-, New Jersey, Ellis; Pennsylvania, Stevenson 463;
Minnesota, Hohvay 234 ; South Carolina, Ravenel ;
Louisiana,
Bethel
67. Poria subrufa Ellis & Dearness, Proc. Can. Inst. 1 :

89. 1897
The type collection was made by Dearness at Granton, Ontario,

in November, 1896, on a rotten beech log. Unfortunately, none
96 Mycologia
of the material is in very good shape to compare with Porta mu-

tatis or other near relatives. The description is as follows:
" Resupinate, effused, mostly in small patches

2-4 cm. across,
inseparable, soft, juicy, creamy-white becoming red- when fresh,
dish when dry margin thin, membranaceous, narrow, almost
;
wanting. Pores round to sub-angular, Ya-Yz cm. long, /4 _ ^2

mm. wide, dissepiments thin, margin acute but not lacerate.
Spores elliptic-oblong, 4x3 /a."
68. Poria spissa (Schw.) Cooke, Grevillea 14: no. 1886
Polyporus spissus Schw. in Fries, Elench. Fung. 1: in. 1828.

Polyporus salmonicolor Berk. & Curt. Hook. Jour. Bot. 1 : 104.
1849. Grevillea 1 :
53. 1872.
Polyporus crueniatus Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 : 129. 1854.
?Polyporus laetificns Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 38: 91.
1885.
Poria crocipora Cooke, Grevillea 14: no. 1886.
Poria phlebiaeformis Berk. ;
Cooke, Grevillea 15 : 24. 1886.
Originally described from Schweinitz' collections in North
Carolina on hard trunks. Redescribed from Ravenel's collec-
tions in South Carolina on burnt wood, the authors supposing
that Schweinitz sent a different plant to Fries under the name
P. spissus. The original Schweinitzian description, however, calls
for a plant with spadiceous tubes and Fries refers in his notes to
distinct black lines and to its resemblance to the true P. obliquus,
whose tubes are similarly oblique and somewhat spadiceous.

Moreover, specimens in Hooker's herbarium were marked P.
spissus by Schweinitz and excellent types of the same kind still
exist in the Schweinitz herbarium.
P. phlebiaeformis is hardly mature enough to show its true

characters. P. laetificns is also probably a young stage, the type
material being sterile and too poor for comparison. When young,
P. spissa is white, then pale-salmon-tinted with a whitish border.
Ellis describes it as continuous for 2-3 feet, with a thin, narrow,
subtomentose margin, showing at first only a faint tinge of sal-
mon color, which becomes deeper and changes more or less to a
dull-red in drying, turning reddish when bruised, and having a
very strong odor in drying ;

pores nearly round or subangular,
2-3 mm. long, resting on a separable substratum or membrane,
which is of a soft, carnose nature, not very tough and about 1
mm. thick. The hymenium is stratose.
The range of this species is remarkable, as will be seen by ex-

amining the list of collections below. Among its hosts are apple,
linden, red maple, ash, Alnus rhombifolia, old hymenophores of
Hapalopilns gilvus, pine, and Pinus radiata.
Ellis & Everhart, Fungi Columb. 208; Ellis & Everhart, N.
Am. Fungi 150 _/ ; Rav. Fungi Car. 1 : 18 ;
Canada, Dearness
11 14; New York, Ballon, Burnham, Cook, Underwood ; New
Jersey, Ballon, Ellis, Martin 102, Southzmck ;
Pennsylvania, An-
derson, Miss Clarke 1595, Everhart & others 279, Haines 38,
Snmstine 33, 39 ;
Delaware, Commons 2783 ;
Ohio, Fink 17, Lloyd
1 106, Morgan 327; Indiana, Underzvood ;
Michigan, Johnson
631; Missouri, Demetrio; Oregon, Carpenter 43; California,
Gardner 1093, Johnston 234 North Carolina, Schweinitz South
; ;
Carolina, Ravenel Cuba, Wright 939 Guiana Ecuador, Lager-

; ; ;
heim 98.
69. Poria mutans Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 43 :

39.
1890
Polyporus mutans Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 41 :

77.
1888.
Described as follows from specimens collected by Peck on
chestnut wood at Selkirk, New York, in August
" Resupinate, rather thick, tough, following the inequalities of
the wood ;
pores minute, rotund, short, buff-yellow or cream
color, becoming dingy red or dull incarnate where wounded, the
subiculum fibrous, changing color like the pores, the whole plant
assuming an incarnate hue when dried."
There are also specimens at Albany collected at Croghan, Bol-

ton, and Savannah, New York ; and I have six specimens col-
lected on chestnut elsewhere, three from Connecticut, one from

New Jersey, one from Pennsylvania, and one from Canada. The
other specimens listed below may also be from chestnut, but the
host is not mentioned in any case.
98 Mycologia
This species is closely related to Porta spissa and may be easily

confused with it in herbarium specimens. Mr. Overholts found
the spores to be hyaline, 3.5-5 x 2.5-3.5^; cystidia none. In re-
cently collected young specimens, I found copious spores meas-

uring 3-4 x 3 /x. In a collection made a few years ago, the spores
were ovoid, smooth, hyaline, 3.5 x2.5 ft, and one flask-shaped,
pointed, yellowish cystidium was found measuring 25x8^.
Poria saloisensis P. Karst. seems closely related, but is probably
nearer P. spissa.
Canada, Dearness; Connecticut, Clinton, Earle 484, Graves)
New York, Ballon; New Jersey, P. Wilson; Pennsylvania, Sum-
stine 5, 6, 10, 12, 14, 34, 66 ;
Virginia, Murrill 389.
70. Poria incrassata (Berk. & Curt.) Burt, Ann. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 4: 360. 1917
Merulius incrassatus Berk. & Curt. Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 1
234. 1849; Grevillea 1: 70. 1872.

Merulius spissus Berk. Grevillea 1 : 70. 1872.
Polyporus p'meus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 41 : 78.
1888.
Poria pinea Sacc. Syll. Fung. 9: 194. 1891.
This very interesting species, which has been carefully studied
both by Burt and Overholts, may be readily recognized by its
large, dark spores. It somewhat resembles P. taxicola in gross

characters, but belongs decidedly to Poria rather than to Meru-
lius. Curtis collected his original specimens on a pine stump in
South Carolina, and Peck obtained his on pine at Selkirk, New
York. The margin is whitish or yellowish and the hymenium
dingy-white, becoming purple to black with age. The spores are
fuscous, 7.5-1 1 x 4-7 fx, and there are no cystidia.
In addition to the original specimens already mentioned, which
I have seen at Albany, Kew, and elsewhere, I find several speci-
mens in the Ellis Collection that represent stages not shown in
the types. One of these collections is assigned a manuscript name
by Ellis and the following notes accompany it :
" Margin narrow,
erect, tomentose, white, the edges fringed with short, spine-like
hairs or bristles ; mouths of tubes white, dull-reddish within
spores allantoid, hyaline, 10-12 x 3.5 /x." This collection was

made on dead limbs of Pinus austriaca at Newfield on Christmas
day. Four other packets collected by Ellis on pine at Newfield
bear as many different dates, and three are referred by him to
Porta violacea.
The following specimens resemble those of the above species,
but prove to be undeveloped resupinate forms of Tyromyces
Smallii Murrill
Auburn, Alabama, Earlc, on pine bark ;
Newfield, New Jersey,
Ellis, on old pine stump.
71. Poria subviolacea Ellis & Ev. Am. Nat. 31: 339. 1897
Described from specimens collected by Ellis on decaying white

oak limbs buried beneath decaying leaves at Newfield, New Jer-
sey, in September and October, 1896. I find only one packet so
labeled in the Ellis Collection and it is practically destroyed by

insects. Its date is October 1, while the description was drawn
from specimens (which I do not find) collected on the same host,
October 17. Ellis says that the hymenium is more or less tinged
with violet or lilac at first, changing mostly to dirty-white or yel-
lowish-white on drying. I imagine that the affinities of the species
are- rather with some of the thin, white forms previously studied
than with the present group.
72. Poria Caryae (Schw.) Cooke, Grevillea 14: in. 1886
This species was treated in Mycologia for March, 1920. The

specimens mentioned there as Ellis & Ev. N. Am. Fungi 2306,
collected by Calkins in Florida, seem to be incorrectly determined
and belong nearer to the Poria vincta group. Other good speci-
mens found in the Ellis Herbarium are as follows

Ohio, Morgan 229. This is probably a part of the same col-
lection sent to Underwood in 1894, which has already been cited.
London, Canada, on beech, by Dearness 1343, December 6,
1889.
I have already referred to specimens collected by me on beech
in northern Maine.
Kansas, Cragin 193.
100 Mycologia
73. Poria cavernulosa (Berk.) Cooke, Grevillea 14: 113. 1886
Polyporus cavernulosus Berk. Jour. Bot. & Kew. Misc. 8: 235.

1856.
Collected on dead branches at Panure, Brazil, by Spruce and
described as follows:
" Resupinate, fawn

orbicular, at length confluent, of a dirty
margin narrow, formed of
colour, darker in the centre, rigid;
matted down, but not byssoid; pores %5 of an inch across, sub-
hexagonal edge rigid, sometimes elongated at the commissures,
;
sometimes slightly waved."
Original specimens seen at Kew are not distinct from resupi-

nate forms of Trametes versatilis Berk., although a totally dif-
ferent plant was found under this name at Paris and in the Fungi
Cubenses Wrightiani. P. byssoideus Jungh. in the Persoon her-
barium at Leiden also seemed to me the same as T. versatilis,
while Romell says that Poria Dusenii P. Henn. belongs in the
same category.
SMUTS AND RUSTS OF UTAH—IV 1
A. O. Garrett
USTIL AGIN ALES
6. Ustilago Bromivora (Tul.) Fisch. de Waldh.

Bromus tectomm L. 2503, June 2, 1919, Salt Lake City.
In ovaries of :
Another collection on the same host was made in October, 1919. 2755, August
20, 1920, Providence, Cache Co.
This smut was very abundant in the early summer of 1919 on this host on
the "benches" around Salt Lake City. In 1920, it has been observed in equal
abundance extending northward to the Idaho line. Previous to these collec-
tions, but one other collection was known for this host, Dr. Clinton informs
me and; that was made by Dr. Hitchcock in Oregon.
9. Ustilago hypodytes (Schlecht.) Fries
On Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.), Ricker (Eriocoma cuspidata

Nutt.) : 2514, July 18, 1919, Price, Carbon Co.
On Hilaria Jamesii (Torr.) Benth. 2508, July 18, 1919, Price, Carbon Co.
:
Host determined by Mrs. Agnes Chase smut by Dr. Clinton, to whose her- ;
barium a specimen has been contributed. This is the first collection of the
smut on this host.
12. Ustilago Lorentziana Thum.
In inflorescence of Hordeum caespitosum Scrib. : 2015c, June 15, 1909, Salt

Lake City.
In inflorescence of Sitanion Hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith; 2592, June 12,
1920, near East High School, Salt Lake City. Host determined by Dr.
Hitchcock.
27. Ustilago Hieronymi Schrot.
In inflorescence of Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. (B. racemosa

Lag.): A collection from Utah on this grass is listed in N. A. Flora 7 1 : 13.
1906.
29. Ustilago Tritici (Pers.) Rostr. Overs. K. Danske Vid. Selsk. Forh. 1890 :
15. 1890
In spikelets of Triticum vulgare L. : 2583, July 19, 1919, Castle Dale, Emery
Co. 2692a, July 18, 1920, Cedar City, Iron Co. 2510, July 18, 1919, Price,
Carbon Co.
1 The previous papers of "Smuts and Rusts of Utah" were published in

Mycologia as follows: I, 2: 265-304, Nov,, 1910; II, 6: 240-258, Sept., 1914;
III, 11, 202-215, July, 1919.
101
102 Mycologia
UREDINALES
6. Puccinia interveniens (Pk.) Bethel in Univ. Cal. Pub. 7: 119. 1919
Aecidium roestelioides Ellis & Ever.

Puccinia Burnettii Griff.
The rust recorded under No. 101 of this list as Puccinia Stipae Arth. on
Stipa minor (Vasey) Scrib. should be placed here. This collection was made
Aug. 26, 1909, near Gogorza, Summit Co. Nearly defunct aecia on Sidalcea
nervata (listed as No. 6 of the " Smuts and Rusts of Utah ") were collected
the same day in the immediate vicinity. Mrs. Clemens had made a collection
of fine aecia in the same locality in May of the same year.
8. Melampsora confluens (Pers.) Jackson, Brooklyn Bot. Gar. Mem. 1: 210.

1918
Caeoma confluens (Pers.) Schot.
On Grossularia inermis (Ryd.) Cov. & Britt. : 2594, June 21, 1920, Gogorza,
Summit The gooseberry bushes were growing under the willow trees, and
Co.
were very heavily infected. A single sorus was taken from the willows. 2621,
July 1, 1920, Henry Ranch, above Panguitch Lake, Garfield Co.
On Grossularia leptantha (A. Gray) Cov. & Britt.: 2622, July 1, 1920, Henry
Ranch, above Panguitch Lake, Garfield Co. Another collection on this host
was made between Panguitch and Panguitch Lake.
On Ribes petiolare Dougl. 2741, O, I, August 16, 1920, above Silver Lake,
:
Big Cottonwood Canyon. The material was too old when collected, but Dr.
Arthur considers it to belong to this species of rust. The writer has previously
collected the rust on G. inermis within a quarter of a mile from where this
collection was made. Willows were within a few feet of the bushes of R.
petiolare from which the collection was made.
On Salix Watsonii (Bebb) Rydb. 2593, II, June 21, 1920, Gogorza, Sum-
:
mit Co. A leaf with a few sori was taken from one willow. The gooseberries
growing below were heavily infected with the Caeoma stage. 2637, II, July
15, 1920, same locality as No. 2593. The Caeoma on the gooseberries grow-
ing below the willows had all gone, leaving only scars on the leaves to show
where it had been. 2772, III, Sept. 12, 1920, East Canyon, Summit Co.
9. Gymnosporangium Nelsoni Arth.
On Jtmiperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon : 2511, July 18, 1919, Price,

Carbon Co. 2607, June 25, 1920, Manti, San Pete Co. 2627, July 1, 1920,
head Mammoth Creek above Panguitch Lake, Garfield Co. 2639, July 17,
1920, Maple Canyon branch of Cedar Canyon, near Cedar City, Iron Co.
On Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. 2298, July 22, 1915, Logan Canyon, Cache
:
Co. 2600, June 23, 1920, McGee Canyon, near Santaquin, Utah Co. 2645a,
July 17, 1920, Maple Canyon branch Cedar Canyon, Iron Co. Some old cedar
trees at the head of Coal Creek branch of Cedar Canyon had nearly every
branch affected. 2698, July 29, 1920, Parowan Main Canyon, near Parowan,
Iron Co.
On Amelanchier mormonica C. K. Schneider: 2718, Aug. 3, 1920, Beaver
Canyon, near Beaver, Beaver Co. Host determined by Dr. Rydberg.
Garrett: Smuts and Rusts of Utah 103
On Amelanchier polycarpa Greene: 2645, I, July 17, 1920, Maple Canyon

branch of Cedar Canyon, about five miles from Cedar City, Iron Co. The host
was determined by Dr. Rydberg.
On Amelanchier Jonesiana C. K. Schneider?: 2661a, I, July 19, 1920, Coal
Creek branch, Cedar Canyon, about fifteen miles from Cedar City, Iron Co.
The host is determined tentatively by Dr. Rydberg.
15. Melampsorella elatina (Albert & Schw.) Arth. I
Dr. Hedgcock, in his paper " Some Western Uredineae," states that the
aecial stage of this rust (Peridermium elatinum) is conspicuous on Abies lasio-
carpa (Hook.) Nutt, in the Manti National Forest.
17. Phragmidium Ivesiae Sydow, II, III
Ph. affine Sydow.

On Potentilla pulcherrima Lehm. : 2759, Aug. 20, 1920, Richmond, Cache
Co. Host determined by Dr. Rydberg.
19. Phragmidium horkeliae Garrett

On Ivesia Gordonii (Hook.) T. & G. : 2744, Aug. 16, 1920, east slope from
Twin Lakes, Big Cottonwood Canyon, Salt Lake Co.
21. Phragmidium montivagum Arth.
On Rosa neomexicana Cockerell : 2617, June 28, 1920, Bullion Canyon, near
Marysvale, Piute Co. 2759a, Aug. 23, 1920, Mendon, Cache Co. 2774, Sept.
18, 1920, Parley's Canyon, opposite refreshment stand.
On Rosa puberulenta Rydb. : 2651, July 19, 1920, Coal Creek branch, Cedar
Canyon, Iron Co. 2720, August 3, 1920, Beaver Canyon, Beaver Co.
All of the above roses were determined by Dr. Rydberg.
25. Puccinia clematidis (DC.) Lagerh.
On Elymus condensatus Presl. : 2512, July 18, 1919, Price, Carbon Co. De-
termined by Dr. Arthur.
On Poa Fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey : 2673, II, Wiley Camp, Zion National
Park, Washington Co.
On Ranunculus Cymbal aria Pursh. : 2613a, I, June 28, 1920, Marysvale,
Piute Co.
On Sitanion Hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Smith: 2710, ii, Aug. 3, 1920, Beaver
Canyon, near Beaver, Beaver Co.
On Sitanion jubatum Smith: 2671, ii, July 22, 1920, Zion National Park,
near Wiley Camp, Washington Co. The near-by Clematis ligusticifolia bore
aecia.
32. Puccinia urticae (Schum.) Lagerh.
P. caricis (Schum.) Schrot.

On Carex nebraskensis Dewey: 2577, Oct. 11, 1919, Riverton, Salt Lake Co.
104 Mycologia
55. PUCCINIA GRAMINIS PerS.
On Elymus Macounii Vasey : 2576, Oct. 11, 1919, Riverton, Salt Lake Co.
Host determined by Mrs. Agnes Chase ; rust by Dr. Arthur.
On Triticum vulgare L. : 2719, II, Aug. 3, 1920, Beaver, Beaver Co. Rust
determined by Dr. Arthur.
59. PUCCINIA HELIANTHI Schw.
On Helianthus annuus A. Gray : 2675, July 22, 1920, Zion's Canyon, Wash-
ington Co.
63. Puccinia Hieracii (Schum.) Mart.
On Hieracium griseum Rydb. : 2636, July 15, 1920, Gogorza, Summit Co.
69. Puccinia Jonesii Peck
On Cogswellia sp. : 2650, July 17, 1920,Maple Canyon branch of Cedar

Canyon, Iron Co. 2702, July 29, 1920, Parowan Main Canyon, Iron Co. The
host in both collections was top old for determination, but is not one of the
species previously reported as a Utah host for P. Jonesii.
76. Puccinia Menthae Pers. II
On Mentha spicata L. 2692, July 28, 1920, Cedar City, Iron Co. 2756,
:
August 20, 1920, Providence, Cache Co. 2757, August 20, 1920, Millville,
Cache Co. Not before reported on this host for Utah.
79. Puccinia montanensis Ellis
On Agropyron tenerum Vasey: 2519, II, July 22, 1919, Orangeville, Emery
Co. Determined by Dr. Arthur.
On Elymus canadensis L. : 2517, II, July 22, 1919, Orangeville, Emery Co.
Determined by Dr. Arthur.
On Hordeum jubatum L. : 2518, II, July 22, 1919, Orangeville, Emery Co.
Determined by Dr. Arthur.
78. Puccinia monardellae Dudley & Thompson. II
On Madronella oblongifolia Rydb.: 2707, July 30, 1920, "Fish Lake Mtn.,"
Iron Co. Host determined by Dr. Rydberg ; rust by Dr. Arthur.
85. Puccinia Pattersoniana Arth.
On Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & Smith: 2599, II, III, June 21,
1920, Gogorza, Summit Co. The only suspicious aecia found in the vicinity
were those included in this list as Uromyces Brodieae. Although some of the
aecia were quite old, no telia nor uredinia could be found.
On Elymus condensatus Presl. : 2770, II, III, Sept. 12, 1920, East Canyon,
near Gogorza, Summit Co., not far from collections 2599. This was a heavy
infection. The aecial host of this rust has never been determined.
96. Puccinia Sherardiana Korn.

P. Malvastri Peck.
On Sphaeralcea pedata Torr. : 2680, July 21, 1920, Zion's Canyon, Wash-
ington Co. Host determined by Dr. Rydberg.
On Sphaeralcea arizonica Heller: 2680a, July 23, 1920, Hurricane, Wash-
ington Co. Host determined by Dr. Rydberg.
On Sphaeralcea dissecta (Nutt.) Rydb. 2712, Aug. : 3, 1920, Beaver Can-
yon, Beaver Co. Host determined by Dr. Rydberg.
On Sphaeralcea subrhomboidea Rydb. 2733, August : 19, 1920, Logan, Cache
Co. Host determined by Dr. Rydberg.
105. Puccinia subnitens Dietel
On Heliotropium spatulatum Rydb. I, collected by E. M. Hall May 17,
1 9 19, at St. George, Washington Co.

On Tropaeolum sp. cult. I, collected by E. M. Hall May 22, 19 19, at St.
George, Washington Co. This is the first collection ever made on this host.
On Beta vulgaris L. I, collected by E. M. Hall May, 1919, at St. George,
Washington Co.
On Atriplex rosea L. (A. spatiosa A. Nels.) I, collected by E. M. Hall May
18, 1919, at St. George, Washington Co. I, collected by Ellsworth Bethel May
27, 1919, at Salt Lake City.
On Lepidium perfoliatum L. I, collected by Ellsworth Bethel May 27, 1919,
at Salt Lake City. This is the first collection reported on this host.
On Chenopodium album L. I, collected by Ellsworth Bethel May 27, 19 19,
at Salt Lake City.
107. Puccinia substerilis Ellis & Ev. X, iii
On Stipa Lettermanni Vasey : 2687, Coal Creek branch of Cedar Canyon,

about fifteen miles from Cedar City, Iron Co. 2771, Sept. 12, 1920, East Can-
yon, Summit Co.
On Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Ricker : 2670, July 22, 1920,
Zion National Park, across river from Wiley Camp. The mesospores of this
collection were in germinating condition.
114. Puccinia Rugosa Billings, King's Report 40th Par. 914. 1871
P. Troximontis Pk.
On Ptilocalais teniiifolia Osterhout : 2506, June 21, 1920, Gogorza, Sum-
mit Co.
129. Uromyces punctatus Schrot.
On Kentrophyta impensa (Sheld.) Rydb.: 2647, July 17, 1920, Maple Can-
yon branch of Cedar Canyon, Iron Co. Host determined by Dr. Rydberg.
On Astragalus sp. 2659, July 19, 1920, Coal Creek branch of Cedar Can-
:
yon, Iron Co. A small species of Astragalus, not previously included in this
list.
On Astragalus humistratus A. Gray : 2660, July 19, 1920, Cedar Canyon,

Iron Co. Host determined by Dr. Rydberg.
106 Mycologia
On Astragalus Sonorae A. Gray: 2660a, July 19, 1920, Cedar Canyon.

Host determined by Dr. Rydberg.
131. Uromyces intricatus Cooke

Uromyces Eriogoni Ellis & Hark.
Two collections were made, each on a different species of Eriogonum, and
each new to the species hitherto recorded in this list. Both hosts were too
young, however, for specific determination. One collection was made in
Maple Canyon, Iron Co., and the other in Zion Canyon, Washington Co.
132. Uromyces proeminens (DC.) Pass.
U. Euphorbiae Cooke & Peck.

On Chamaesyce Greenei (Millsp.) Rydb. : 2646a, July 18, 1920, Cedar City,
Iron Co. 2509, July 18, 1919, Price, Carbon Co.
On Chamaesyce rugulosa (Engelm.) Rydb. : 2708, Aug. 3, 1920, Beaver
Canyon, Beaver Co. The host of each of these collections was determined by
Dr. Rydberg.
148. Coleosporium Ribicola (C. & E.) Arth. II
On Ribes cereum Dough: 2638, July 17, 1920, Maple Canyon, branch of
Cedar Canyon, Iron Co. 2705, July 30, 1920, First Left-hand Fork Parowan
Canyon, Iron Co. 2716, August 4, 1920, Beaver Canyon, Beaver Co. The
host of these collections is considered to be the same as R. inebrians Lindl.
149. Cronartium filamentosum (Peck) Hedge. & Long I
Peridermium filamentosum Peck.

On Pinus ponderosa scopulorum Engelm.: 2628, July 1, 1920, extending
southward from the south edge of Bryce Canyon, Garfield Co. This is the
first record of the collection of this Peridermium in Utah. The Peridermium
at this location is abundant, and is doing considerable damage to the pine
trees.
150. Cronartium pyriforme (Peck) Hedge. & Long I
Peridermium pyriforme Peck. •
Cronartium Comandrae Peck.

On Pinus ponderosa scopulorum Engelm. Collected by Vernon Christen-
sen (a former student in botany at the East High School, Salt Lake City), July
15, 1920, headwaters Provo River, Wasatch Co. This is the first collection
of this Peridermium in Utah, although the Cronartium has previously been

reported from several localities.
152. Gymnosporangium gracilens (Peck) Kern & Bethel I
On Philadelphia occidentalis A. Nelson: 2669, July 22, 1920, Zion Canyon,

Washington Co. Host determined by Dr. Rydberg. This extends the distri-
bution of this Gymnosporangium about two' hundred miles westward.

153. Gymnosporangium inconspicuum Kern

On Jnniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon 2641, July 17, 1920, Maple :
Canyon branch of Cedar Canyon, about five miles from Cedar City, Iron Co.
The entire tree was covered with brown smears at and near the tips of the
branchlets. 2700, July 29, 1920, Parowan Main Canyon, opposite Second Left-
hand Fork. The branchlets covered with this rust (both in this collection,
and No. 2641 above) seemed to be dead or dying.
On Amelanchier utahensis Koehne 2643, I, July 16, 1920, Maple Canyon
:
branch Cedar Canyon, about five miles from Cedar City, Iron Co. The infec-
tion was so heavy on the Amelanchiers of the region that scarcely a fruit
could be found- not affected by the rust. 2674, July 22, 1920, Zion National
Park, near Wiley Camp, Washington Co. All of the fruits of all of the trees
in the canyon seemed to be affected. 2704a, July 30, 1920, First Left-hand
could be found not affected by the rust. 2674, July 22, 1920, Zion National
Fork Parowan Canyon, near Parowan, Iron Co. 2725, I, Aug. 7, 1920, Fill-
more, Millard Co. The peridia are beautifully developed in this collection.
Rust determined by Dr. Arthur.

On Amelanchier prunifolia Greene: 2669a, I, July 22, 1920, Zion National
Park, above Wiley Camp, Washington Co.
On Amelanchier Jonesiana C. K. Schneider: 2701, I, July 29, 1920, Paro-
wan Main Canyon, near Parowan, Iron Co. Host determined tentatively by
Dr. Rydberg.
All of the above aecial forms are on the fruit.
The canyons of southwestern Utah are surely a paradise for the collector
of the Gymnosperms. Indeed, they are present in such profusion, and on such
a variety of hosts, as to offer a very considerable puzzle to the collector who
attempts to keep the species separated.
154 Melampsora albertensis Arth. I
Caeoma occidentalis Arth.

On Pseudotsuga mucronata
(Raf.) Sudw. 2685, July 27, 1920, Coal Creek
:
Canyon branch of Cedar Canyon, about fourteen miles from Cedar City, Iron
Co. This is the first recorded collection of this Caeoma for Utah, although
the Melampsora on Populus tremnloides has been reported from San Juan Co.
164. PUCCINIA GRINDELIAE Peck
On Chrysopsis horrida Rydb. ? : 2676, July 22, 1920, Zion Canyon, Washing-
ton Co.
181. Uromyces oblongus Vize

Three collections of this rust were made : 2679, July 22, 1920, Zion Can-
yon, Washington Co.; on Trifolium Kingii S. Wats.: 2686, July 27, Coal Creek
branch Cedar Canyon, Iron Co.; and 2706, July 30, 1920, First Left-hand Fork
Parowan Canyon, Iron Co. The rust was abundant but with the exception ;
of No. 2686 the Trifolium plants were too old to be determined.

108 Mycologia
184. Aecidium Allenii Clinton

On Shepherdia canadensis Nutt. : 26860b, July 27, 1920, Coal Creek Canyon
branch of Cedar Canyon, Iron Co.
187. Cronartium occidentale Hedge, Bethel & Hunt

On Pinus edulis Engelm. : 2614a, June 27, 1920, mouth of Bullion Canyon,
near Marysvale, Piute Co. 2697, July 29, 1920, Parowan Main Canyon, Iron
Co. A number of infections were on the tree from which this collection was
made.
On Ribes aureum Pursh : 2696, July 29, 1920, Parowan Main Canyon, Iron
Co. 2715, Aug. 3, 1920, Beaver, Beaver Co. 2724, Aug. 6, 1920, Hinckley,
Millard Co. 2726, Aug. 7, 1920, Fillmore, Millard Co. 27 30, Aug. 9, 1920,
Holden, Millard Co. 2732, August 9, 1920, Scipio, Millard Co. 2738, August
13, 1920, Oak City, Millard Co. 2748, Aug. 20, 1920, Lewiston, Cache Co.
2751, Aug. 22, 1920, Hyrum, Cache Co. This was beautiful uredineal material.
2760, Aug. 23, II, III, Mendon, Cache Co. 2763, II, III, Aug. 24, 1920, Mor-
gan, Morgan Co. The rust in III was also collected October 15, 1920, on
bushes along Current Creek, in DuChesne County, a half-mile from the Wa-
satch County line by Miss Ruby Harkness, a former student in botany in the
East High School, Salt Lake City. She reports that she found the Cronartium
on the first bush examined.
On Ribes cereum Dougl. : 2714, August 3, 1920, Beaver Canyon, just below
Upper Telluride Plant, about twelve miles from Beaver, Beaver Co. (This
host is not considered sufficiently distinct from R. inebrians to warrant their
separation.)
On Grossularia leptantha (A. Gray) Cov. & Britt. : 2713, Aug. 3, 1920, same
locality as No. 2714 given immediately above. A small tree of Pinus edulis
grew between the bushes. Not before reported for Utah on either of these
last two hosts.
All of the above are new records for the distribution of the Cronartium
and the Peridermium.
189. Gymnosporangium juvenescens Kern

On Juniperus scopulorum Sargent: 2642, 19, 1920, Cedar^Canyon III, July
near Cedar City, Iron Co. Parowan Main Canyon near
2698a, July 29, 1920,
Parowan, Iron Co. 2640, July 17, 1920, Maple Canyon branch Cedar Canyon,
about five miles from Cedar City, Iron Co. 2699, July 29, 1920, Parowan Main
Canyon, near Parowan, Iron Co.
On Amelanchier oreophila A. Nels. : 2618, I, June 28, 1920, Bullion Canyon,
near Marysvale, Piute Co.
192. Peridermium coloradense (Dietel) Arthur & Kern

On Picea Engelmanni (Parry) Engelm.: 2661, July 9, 1920, Coal Creek
branch Cedar Canyon, about fourteen miles from Cedar City. The aecia were
just beginning to develop at this date. Many trees were affected.
203. Uromyces fuscatus Arth.

On Ritmex paucifolius Nutt. : 2636a, July 15, 1920, Gogorza, Summit Co.
There has been some doubt in regard to the true identity of the host of this
rust, the original description giving it as Polygonum alpinum. Several col-
lections were made at this date from the same locality from which the original
Utah collection was made June 29, 1915. The host plants were in bloom and
young seed, and one plant was collected in flower with the broad lower leaves
strongly infected by the rust. Unfortunately, this specimen has been mislaid.
Host determined by Dr. Rydberg.
2o6*.2 Gymnosporangium Juniperinum (L.) Mart. Fl. Crypt. Erlang. 333.
1817
On Juniperus siberica. Burgsd. : 2615, June 28, 1920, Bullion Canyon, near
Marysvale, Piute Co. This is the first collection of this rust reported from
Utah
207*.. Phragmidium imitans Arthur, N. A. Flora 7: 165. 1912
On Rubus strigosus Mich.?: 2684, July 27, 1920, Coal Creek branch Cedar
Canyon, about fourteen miles from Cedar City, Iron Co. The host was sub-
mitted to Dr. Rydberg for determination, and he writes :
" It is none of the
Rocky Mountain forms of red raspberry, but may be an escape of the eastern
R. strigosus."
208*. Puccinia apocrypta Ellis & Tracy

On Agropyron tenerum Vasey : 2663, II, III, July 19, 1920, Coal Creelc
branch Cedar Canyon, about fourteen miles from Cedar City, Iron Co. Host
determined by Dr. Hitchcock; rust by Dr. Arthur.
209*. Puccinia Antirrhini Diet. & Holw. Hedwigia 36: 298. 1897
On leaves and stems of Antirrhinum majus L. : 2507, July 12, 1919, Salt
Lake City, Salt Lake Co. This destructive rust of greenhouse plants is alto-
gether too widely spread in the greenhouses of Salt Lake and adjoining
counties.
210*. Puccinia micrantha D. Griff I. Bull. Torrey Club 29: 299. 1902
On Grossularia leptantha (A. Gray) Cov. & Britt. 2717, Aug. 3, 1920, :
Beaver Canyon, just below Upper Telluride Plant, about fourteen miles from
Beaver, Beaver Co. This collection moves the range of the species at least
200 miles westward.
211*. Puccinia suavolens (Pers.) Rostr. Forh. Skand. Nat. 11: 339. 1874
On leaves of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. : 2506, July 9, 1919, Provo, Utah
Co. This collection extends the westerly range of this species by several
hundred miles.
2 Numbers followed with the asterisk (*.) are those of species not included
in any of the three preceding lists.
110 Mycologia
212*. Uromyces Brodieae Ellis & Hark. I. Bull. Cal. Ac Science 1884: 28.
1884
On Brodiaea Douglasii S. Wats.: 2507, June 21, 1920, Gogorza, Summit

Co. The seemed to attack only the plants of the first year's growth. No
rust
plants in bloom could be found with the rust on them. No leaves with ure-
dinea or telia could be found at this time, nor again on July 15. This leads
to the suspicion that possibly we might have here the aecium of an unattached
grass rust. As P. Pattersoniana occurred in abundance in the immediate vi-

cinity, it was suspected of being the alternate form. This will at least bear
investigation.
213*. Uromyces medicaginis Pass, in Thum. Herb. Myc. Oecon. 156. 1874
On leaves of Medicago sativa L. : 2766, Sept. 4, 1920, Salt Lake City. Not
hitherto from Utah. Schroeter (Krypt.
reported Fl. Schl. 31 : 306. 1887)
and Trebaux (Ann. Myc. 10: 74. 1912) state that in Europe this rust has its
aecial stage on various species of Euphorbia. The aecial stage has not yet
been recognized as occurring in America.
East High School,
Salt Lake City, Utah.
THE BEHAVIOR OF TELIA OF PUCCINIA
GRAMINIS IN THE SOUTH
H. R. Rosen
Since July, 1918, the writer has had under observation the be-
havior of telia of Puccinia graminis Pers. on various grasses and
the relationship of this spore stage to the overwintering and dis-
semination of the rust. It is well known that barberries, both

native and introduced, are present in- the southern states, and yet
infections on this alternate host are apparently rare. Stakman
(Separate from Yearbook of the United States Dept. of Agric.
No. 796, 1918, p. 25) says, "There can be no question whatever
that the barberry is the most important factor in the spread of
rust in the northern half of the Mississippi basin. In the South
it is less important." In a previous paper Rosen and Kirby
(Phytopathology 9: 569-573. 1919, p. 571) record the absence
in the Arthur Herbarium of aecial collections of P. graminis
from the southern states. It was with the thought that a study
of the behavior of telia might shed some light on the lack of bar-
berry infections that these observations were undertaken at
0
Fayetteville, Arkansas, latitude 36 . While the average tem-
peratures prevailing at Fayetteville are lower than those in a
major part of the state, the observations made in other sections
indicate a close similarity in the behavior of stem rust.
As a rule black stem rust is not nearly as widespread or as de-
structive as the various leaf rusts. Occasionally, as in 1919, the
wheat leaf- rust, Puccinia triticinia Erikss., is so destructive that
fields are abandoned and left unharvested, while the stem rust is
only rarely observed. However, the stem rust of red top, Agros-
tis palustris Huds. (A. alba of authors) of timothy, Phlenm pra-
tense L., and of Elymus australis Scrib. and Ball is often preva-
lent. Perhaps it will be worth while to point out that the main
difference between the urediniospores of the stem and leaf rusts
is' in the arrangement of the pores, being always equatorially dis-
posed in the stem rust and always scattered in the leaf rusts.
Such characters as color, shape, and size of the spores vary with
111
112 Mycologia
hosts, with degree of maturity and somewhat with environmental

conditions. Racial differences are well known. The uredinia of
stem rust have been studied; and dates kept of the earliest and
latest appearance, but a discussion of this stage will be left for
the future.
As compared to the uredinia, the telia of stem rust of the
cereals are rare and underdeveloped in this state. At harvesting
time, or indeed at any other time, while the uredinia may be
readily found it usually takes careful searching to obtain telia.
Moreover, examination of telia under the microscope shows

spores which are considerably undersized and otherwise abnor-
mal. In the fall of 1918, as well as in the fall of 1919, wheat
straw containing telia, collected around Fayetteville, were put
into wire cages and allowed to remain out of doors during the
winter. No germination occurred, in contrast to the teliospores
of over-wintered material of Elymus australis which germinated
profusely as will be described. No explanation is at hand for
this lack of normal telial development. It seems probable that
the frequent and prolonged " dry spells " characteristic of the
growing seasons of this section may have some influence on the
development of telia. Possibly the time of wheat harvesting,
usually in the first half of June, coming considerably earlier than
in the sections where a profuse development of normal telia is
common, as in the spring wheat section, may have something to
do with it.
But while the cereal grasses ordinarily do not produce viable

telial material the writer has carefully checked up the viability
1
and infectivity of this stage on Elymus australis, one of the com-
mon grasses of the region around Fayetteville. It is rather
drought resistant, frequently to be seen making good growth
when other grasses, both wild and cultivated, are either dead or
suffering for want of moisture. During the fall of 1919 a very
heavy infestation of the stem rust, in the form of telia, was noted
in a good-sized patch of Elymus growing along a road side. The
telia, unlike those observed on the cultivated cereals, appeared
well developed, of a blackish color, and when examined under
1 The writer is indebted to Mrs. Agnes Chase of the U. S. Department of
Agriculture for the identification of this grass.
Rosen: Behavior of Telia of Puccinia graminis 113
the microscope showed spores of a typically normal type in size,

shape and color. The unique character of this telial material
contrasting strongly with lack of telial development on other
hosts and especially with material collected on the same day on
timothy in which no telia but a very heavy infestation of uredinia
was observed, made it appear worth while to study this Elymus
infection. Several times during the fall, winter and early spring
attempts were made to germinate the material collected on these
different occasions but always without success. Profuse ger-
mination was finally obtained from material collected on April 5.
This germinating material was smeared on young, moistened

leaves of Berberis trifoliolata Moric, on a potted plant growing
in the greenhouse, and the whole plant covered with a bell- jar
for forty-eight hours. Another plant, uninoculated, served as a
check. Reddish-yellow, cushion-like spots began to develop in

about six days, and in eleven days, numerous pycnia, mostly
epiphyllous, had developed. No infections developed on the
check plant. The pycnia were typical of Puccinia graminis and
the infections as a whole were similar to those obtained on the
same host infected by using germinating telia on wheat straw
coming from Iowa. (See Rosen and Kirby, loc. cit., p. 571.) It
should be added that the telia were viable on April 29 and that
on June 25 no germination was obtained. No data is at hand to
indicate to which specialized race the telia of Elymus australis
belong. Apparently this species of Elymus has not previously
been recorded as a host for P. graminis and material has accord-
ingly been deposited in the Arthur Herbarium. However, Stak-
man and Piemeisel (Jour. Agr. Res. 10: 429-495. 1917) list
various species of Elymus as congenial hosts for two specialized

races which attack wheat, the " biologic forms " tritici and tritici
compact^ for the one which attacks rye, secale, and for the oat
race, avenae, which appears only slightly infectious on Elymus spp.
The telia on E. australis here recorded are of interest not only
because they differ from the ordinary behavior of stem rust telia
in this region, but because they clearly show that if telia are fully
developed they can be " overwintered " properly in this region
and that they are infectious.
University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, Arkansas.
[Unsigned notes are by the editor']

Manuscript should be submitted before the middle of the month preceding the
A new method of isolating single spores in Petri dishes for

transfer is described by Carl D. LaRue in the Botanical Gazette
for October, 1920.
Volume 7, parts 4 and 5, of North American Flora, by J. C.

Arthur appeared at the close of 1920. They include descriptions
of 201 species of Dicaeoma, of the Aecidiaceae. This important
genus of plant rusts comprises, according to Dr. Arthur, a total
of 269 species.
The dry-rot of incense cedar is discussed by J. S. Boyce in Bul-
letin 871 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The attacks

of Polyporns amarns are very severe, owing to forest fires and
various mechanical injuries. Trees with sporophores or serious
wounds should be promptly cut. The rotation for incense cedar,
according to the author,must not exceed 165 years in the inter-
mediate and 210 years in the optimum range.
In his excellent paper on Crown-gall of Alfalfa, published in

the Botanical Gazette for July, 1920, Mr. O. T. Wilson suggests
that, although Magnus was right in removing the causative para-
site from the genus Cladochytrium, it is doubtful whether he was
justified in placing it in Urophlyctis. The author concludes with
some interesting remarks about the Chytridiaceae in general and
their relationship to the Myxomycetes.
In a short paper on Porto Rican fungi in the Botanical Gazette

114
for November, 1920, F. L. Stevens describes Lino sp or a tricho-
stigmae, on Trichostigma octandra ; Trabutia portoricensis, on

Cocolobis nivea; the genus Trabutiella, with T. cordiae as its
type ;
Hyponectria phaseoli, on Vigna vexillata ; and Zythia pha-
seoli, on Phaseolns. A fuller description is also given of Antho-
stomella rhizomorphae (Ktz.) B. & V., collected on Rhizophora
mangle.
A Crop Protection Institute has been organized under the Na-

tional Research Council to bring together the scientist, the
grower, and the business man for mutual consultation regarding
problems connected with the growing and marketing of crops.
It proposes to cooperate with existing organizations wherever
possible, and to undertake work that has hitherto been over-
looked or imperfectly done. The control is in the hands of a
Board of Trustees, two thirds of whom are scientists.
An abundantly illustrated article on the early development of

Inocybe, by Gertrude E. Douglas, appeared in the Botanical
Gazette for September, 1920. The lamellae develop as in most
of the gill-fungi except those of the Amanita type. No marginal
veil is formed, but the ground tissue on the outside of the pileus
fundament becomes the blematogen, or universal veil. Several
species of Inocybe were used for this study, the fresh plants in
various stages being fixed in chromo-acetic acid of medium

strength, then imbedded in paraffin, and stained with fuchsin
after treatment with tannic acid.
An important paper on the development of Cyathus and Cruci-

bulum, by Lena B. Walker, appeared in the Botanical Gazette for
July, 1920. Six plates, with 70 excellent figures, greatly enhance
the value of this paper. The three species used, C. fascicularis,
C. striatus, and C. vulgare, grew readily on artificial media, but
only the first produced mature fruit-bodies. The peridioles orig-
inate in all three species at given centers, toward which the ends
of filaments converge. The most marked difference between
Crucibulum and Cyathus is in the structure of the walls of the
116 Mycologia
peridia. In Cyathus a middle layer is present which is entirely

wanting in Crucibulum.
Bulletin of the New York State Museum, Nos. 219, 220, ap-
peared in January, 1920. It contains a reprint of the report of
the state botanist for 1886, which has been so difficult to secure
because so few copies were originally printed. A paper on fungi
by Dr. House includes descriptions of Mycena filopes (Bull.)
Quel, and Mycena Atkinsoni House, and the following new com-
binations : Lophiotrcma Peckiana (Sacc.) House, Helmintho-
sporium pedunculatum (Peck) House, Gloniopsis Gloniopsis
(Gerard) House, and Stcrenm Willeyi (Clinton) Burt.
The first number of the Bulletin of the Yama Farms My co-

logical Club appeared in September, 1920. It contains a descrip-
tion of Yama Farms; the origin and purposes of the Club; plans
for the future ; a list of books and papers on the larger fungi
and a list of officers, including John Burroughs, W. A. Murrill,
H. D. House, C. F. Millspaugh, G. T. Moore, William Trelease,

H. I. Miller, C. H. Kauffman, Howard A. Kelly, Robert T.
Morris, and others. The Club intends to make Yama Farms, a
vast virgin tract in the southern Catskills, an important myco-

logical center, with facilities for collecting and studying the fungi
and other interesting forms of plant and animal life. Mrs. O. B.
Sarre is permanent secretary-treasurer, and she was assisted dur-
ing the season of 1920 by Miss Grace O. Winter, a graduate of
Pennsylvania State College.
Enzyme action in Echinodontium tinctorium, one of the most

destructive heart-rotting fungi on conifers in the West, was
briefly discussed by Henry Schmitz in the Journal of General
Physiology for July 20, 1920. The culture of the fungus used in
this study was obtained from a young sporophore by the tissue
method. The sporophore was carefully washed with sterile dis-
tilled water, dried by means of sterile tissue towelling, and cut

open. Small portions of tissue were taken from the interior of
the fruiting body and transferred to potato agar slants. After
the fungus had made considerable growth, transfers were made

from the agar slants to sliced sterile carrots in large Erlenmeyer
flasks, and the cultures incubated for 3 months at a temperature
0
of 32 C. The fungus makes comparatively slow growth both
on hard potato agar and on the carrots. While still in an actively
growing condition the fungous mats were removed from the
flasks, and, when thoroughly dry, were finely ground. The fol-
lowing enzymes were found to be present in the fungus : Esterase,

maltase, lactase, sucrase, rafrmase, diastase, inulase, cellulase,
hemicellulase, urease, rennet, and catalase.
A handsome paper on the mosaic disease of cucurbits by S.. P.

Doolittle, has appeared as Bulletin 879 of the U. S. Department
of Agriculture. According to the author, this disease has appar-
ently been present in the United States for nearly 20 years, but
prior to 1914 its importance was practically unrecognized. It
appears both in the field and in the greenhouse in nearly all sec-
tions where cucurbits are of commercial importance. Nearly all
cultivated cucurbits are susceptible to it, but the cucumber crop

seems to be most seriously affected, particularly in the Central
States and the trucking regions of the South. The diseased
plants develop a yellow mottling of the younger leaves, accom-
panied by a wrinkled or savoyed appearance. The older leaves
gradually turn yellow and die, leaving the basal portion of the
stem bare.
No visible causal orgainsm has been associated with cucurbit
mosaic, and the disease appears to be unrelated to soil conditions.
The juice of mosaic plants contains an infective principle, or
virus, however,which possesses certain definite properties. The
expressed juice of mosaic plants is rendered non-infectious if
0
heated above 70 C. The power of infection is also destroyed by
formaldehyde, phenol, and copper sulphate in 0.5 per cent solu-
tions and by mercuric chlorid in a strength of 1:2,000. A 10
per cent solution of chloroform will also render the virus inactive,
but neither 5 per cent chloroform nor 10 per cent toluene are
effective.
The juice of mosaic diseased plants may be diluted to 1 : 10,000

118 Mycologia
and still retain the power of infection. The expressed juice of

mosaic plants rarely remains infectious longer than 24 to 48
hours, and the virus is rapidly destroyed by desiccation. The in-
fective principle, as far as it has been determined, possesses many
properties of a living organism, and it appears possible that the
disease may be caused by an ultramicroscopic parasite. The
mosaic is highly infectious and can be produced by introducing
the expressed juices or crushed tissues of a mosaic plant into
slight wounds in healthy plants.
Volume 10 of North American Flora

The first three parts of this volume were issued some time
ago. The manuscript for part 4, prepared by Kauffman and
Overholts, will be ready for the printer within a few months.
Part 5 will be chiefly devoted to Cort'marius, to be treated by
Kauffman. Part 6 will continue the brown-spored and black-
spored agarics; and part 7, the gasteromycetes and an index,
concluding the volume.
Specimens of gill-fungi with brown or black spores, or any
of the gasteromycetes, will be very gladly received from myco-
logical friends. I do not care for Poria at present ; this group
will have to wait until volume 8, containing the Thelephoraceae,
Clavariaceae, Hydnaceae, etc., is well started.
The determination of miscellaneous collections of the higher
fungi must take second place with me henceforth, as my time
for scientific work is limited. I have enjoyed this kind of work
immensely during the past twenty years, and a vast number of
interesting things have been added to the herbarium through
collections sent in from widely separated localities.
If collectors wish to deposit sets of their larger fungi here

without expecting reports until the various groups are worked,
such specimens will be welcomed. In the case of special plants
sent in for critical examination, please mention the species with
which you would have them compared and also give microscopic
characters, so as to facilitate comparison as much as possible. .
W. A. MURRILL
Supervisor of Public Instruction
. Two Species of Fuscoporia
1. Fuscoporia tenerrima (Berk. & Rav.) comb. nov.
Polyporus tenerrimus Berk. & Rav. ; Berk. Grevillea i : 65. 1872.

Porta tenerrima Cooke, Grevillea 14: 115. 1886.
Described as below from Ravenel's Carolina collections on the
bark of Ulmus americana, and known only from that region and
on that particular host. It is rather difficult to decide where it
belongs without seeing fresh, well-developed specimens, but its
affinities appear to be with Fuscoporia.
" Entirely resupinate

very thin and tender, of a watery texture,
;
tawny; pores very small, confluent, with very thin dissepiments.
Ellis, N. Am. Fungi 922; Rav. Fungi Am. 710; Rav. Fungi
Car. 3 : ?3-
2. Fuscoporia nebulosa (Berk. & Curt.) comb. nov.
Polyporus nebulosus Berk. & Curt. Jour. Linn. Soc. 10: 317.
1868.
Poria nebulosa Cooke, Grevillea 14: 115. 1886.
Described as below from Wright's collections on dead wood in
Cuba. Known only from one collection. The entire plant, in-
cluding the tubes, is very thin and delicate. It apparently belongs
in Fuscoporia, but I have not been able to examine it micro-
scopically.
" Subiculo tenuissimo pulveraceo ferrugineo hymenio fusco,

;
poris parvis brevissimis angulatis, dissepimentis tenuibus rigidis

integris."
W. A. MURRILL
A Double Mushroom
A peculiar specimen of the ordinary cultivated mushroom,
Agaricus cavnpester, was sent me last October from the Hupfel-
Carrar Mushroom Plantation in the Bronx, with the following
note
"We are herewith sending you, under separate cover, a freak
of nature in the form of a mushroom picked from our mushroom
120 Mycologia
cellars, which we thought would interest you. -As you see, the
stem grew right through the top of the same. This is the first
occurrence we have had of this kind although we have picked

hundreds of thousands of mushrooms since we started our cellar."
Fig. i. Double mushroom, natural size
The accompanying sketches, reproduced natural size, was made

by Miss Eaton from the fresh specimen. As may be seen in the
two sets of gills, as well as two stems, as though
section, there are
the caps oftwo mushrooms occurring side by side had entirely

grown together and the stronger mushroom had lifted the other
into the air.
It is interesting to recall in this connection a figure, here repro-
duced, and a note that appeared in Hardwicke's Science Gossip,
:'
p. 209, 1866, which reads as follows

" A Triple Mushroom. —A physician of my acquaintance has a mushroom-
bed in his cellar. A few weeks ago he cut one which was about five inches in
breadth, leaving the lower portion of the stem projecting from the bed. This
afternoon he was surprised to find a peculiar double mushroom on the spot.
It is formed of two mushrooms attached by their upper surfaces the smaller ;
one being placed in the inverted position on the upper one, and the cuticle of
the two being continuous. The stem of the upper one was continuous with
that of the large one which was cut off. The annexed sketch will give some
idea of the nature of this curious monstrosity. The part above the dotted line
represents the one cut off a few weeks ago ; the part below is the double
mushroom at present in my possession. — C. A."
While my attention was fixed on interesting morphological

peculiarities like the above, a package of Hypolysus Montagnei,
recently collected in Trinidad by Mrs. Britton, Miss Coker, and
Fig. 2. Double mushroom in section, natural size
Mr. Rowland, was handed me for determination and I found that

many of the small, .goblet-shaped hymenophores had budded at
the margin and produced from one to three secondary hymeno-
phores with stalks and caps similar to the primary ones both in
shape and size.
One frequently sees "buds" on the pilei of gill-fungi, usually

bearing lamellae on their upper surface, but no trace of a stipe
is ever present. In a pretty little specimen of Marasmius col-
122 Mycologia
by Mr. George T. Hastings, a prominent " bud

lected last fall
had developed just at the apex of the pileus, looking as though
the stipe had been prolonged and developed into a small, in-
verted, sessile pileus with lamellae similar to those of the normal
Fig. 3. Triple mushroom
pileus. The " buds," however, usually develop nearer the margin,
those at the apex being very rare.
W. A. Murrill
The Genus Tinctoporia

This genus was described in North American Flora, with T.
anrantiotingens as its type. Two other interesting species belong
here, one staining the substratum and the other not.
Hymenophore staining the substratum red.

Hymenium black. 1. T. albocincta.
Hymenium rosy-isabelline. 2. T. graphica.
Hymenophore not staining the substratum ;
hymenium black. 3. T. Fuligo.
I. Tinctoporia albocincta (Cooke & Massee) comb. nov.
Poria albocincta Cooke & Massee; Cooke, Grevillea 20: 106.
1892.
Poria Fuligo anrantiotingens Ellis & Macbr. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist.
. Univ. Iowa3 2 : 191- 1896.

Tinctoporia anrantiotingens (Ellis & Macbr.) Murrill, N. Am.
Fl. 9 : 14. 1907.
This species was studied by me in 1907, but several collections
have come in since that time, and I have discovered at Kew that
another specific name has priority over the one I then used. This
is Poria albocincta, described as follows from specimens collected
on bark on the Island of St. Vincent
" Tota resupinata, atro-cinerea, demum fissurato fatiscens
margine lato, niveo, pulverulento, tenui ; tubulis circa i mm.
longis, poris minutissimis, inconspicuis. Sporis ellipticis, 4x2^."
The only host mentioned in the new collections is Ilex lucida.
Additional collections are
Mexico, Murrill 224 ; Porto Rico, Earle 116, Stevenson &
Johnston 1482; Guadeloupe, Duss 574, 906.
2. Tinctoporia graphica (Bres.) comb. nov.
Poria graphica Bres. Hedwigia 35 282. 1896.

Collected on dead sticks in Brazil by Moller and described as
below. A portion of the type is in the Garden herbarium.
" Late effusa tenuissima, lilacino-carnea, margine rubello,
subiculo nullo; tubulis vix Y\ mm. longis; poris elongatis, sinu-
osis, variis, dissepimentibus tenuissimus praeditis sporae non ;
visae. Hyphae subhymeniales 3 /x latae."
3. Tinctoporia Fuligo (Berk. & Br.) comb. nov.
Polyporus Fuligo Berk. & Br. Jour. Linn. Soc. 14: 53. 1875.
Polyporus Ravenalae Berk. & Br. Jour. Linn. Soc. 14: 53. 1875.
Polyporus BiUtneri P. Henn. Verh. Bot. Ver. Proc. Brand. 30
129. 1888.
Poria glauca Pat. Jour, de Bot. 5 : 312. 1891.
Originally described from Peradenya, Ceylon, and several
times collected in the Orient. P. glauca was described from Ton-
kin and P. Buttneri from Cameroon, Africa. This species is
thin, annual, black, with a glaucous bloom in young stages, and

does not stain the substratum red.
W. A. Murrill
Notes on a Few Papers Read at Chicago

Among the many interesting papers presented at the twelfth
annual meeting of the American Phytopathological Society held
124 Mycologia
at Chicago, December 28-31, 1920, the following may be briefly

mentioned
" The regional occurrence of Puccinia graminis on barberry," by E. C. Stak-
nian, R. S. Kirby, and A. F. Thiel.
The common barberry does not rust in the Southern States and on the
Pacific Coast. It was found that barberries would not become infected in the
Southern States when they were inoculated with teliospore material which had
been developed in the South but when inoculated with teliospores from the
;
North, they became very heavily infected. Excellent infection was obtained
as early as March 16 by using northern material. Teliospores from the South
which had been kept in the North during the summer and fall, however, caused
infection in the South, while northern teliospores which had been kept in
the South did not cause infection. Teliospores formed in the fall in the
South caused infection in the following spring. Evidently, therefore, the rea-
son why barberries do not become infected in the South is not because con-
ditions are unfavorable for. infection, but because practically no teliospores
are viable in the spring.
" The effect of incipient decay on the mechanical properties of airplane timber,"
by Reginald H. Colley.
Standard tests conducted at the University of California by the Bureau of
Plant Industry in cooperation with the Forest Service indicate marked differ-
ences in the effect of different fungi on the mechanical properties of airplane
timber. Pieces of Sitka spruce and Douglas fir showing incipient decay were
tested against matched sound The effect of Fomes pinicola, Fomes
pieces.
laricis, and Poly poms schweinitzii, which may be grouped together, was decid-
edly more marked than that of Trametes pini. Test sticks taken many feet
ahead of the typical rot showed the weakening effect of P. schweinitzii, while
sticks infected with T. pini gave as high or higher results than sound wood.
Lumbermen have long recognized that wood infected with T. pini is strong
even in the early pocket stage. Results point to need for more careful inspec-
tion and diagnosis of incipient decay in forest and mill to prevent the expense
of working and finishing defective stock and its inclusion in the airplane.
" Valsa poplar canker," by Alfred H. W. Povah.

This disease, under the name Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr. has been
reported from the Southwest by Long and from the Northwest by Hubert. It
has been found near Syracuse, New York, to cause serious injury and in some
cases death to Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata when weakened by
fire. Field studies show infection of 68.4 per cent and mortality of 36.9 per
cent. The perfect stage {Valsa sp.) has been found on the trunks of infected
trees. Inoculation experiments with pycnospores on cuttings of P. tremuloides,
P. grandidentata, and P. caroliniana have resulted in the production of typical
pycnia, bearing the characteristic red spore horns, and the death of the cut-
tings. Cuttings not inoculated but kept in the laboratory where material bear-
ing spore horns was exposed soon became infected and were killed.
" Lightning injury to Hevea brasiliensis," by Carl D. La Rue.

Lightning injury to the Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) rarely manifests
itself in tearing or breaking of the trunks or branches. Usually a single small
branch at the top of the tree dies first. From this point the death of the
branch continues downward until the trunk is reached, then the trunk dies
back until the root is reached and finally the whole tree is killed. Several days
may elapse from the time the injury is first visible until the whole tree is
dead. The progressive death of the tissues is extremely suggestive of invasion

of the tree by some destructive organism. The injury has been attributed to
Diplodia and the supposedly guilty organism named Diplodia rapax. Cultures
by the author showed Diplodia to be the only organism constantly present, but
this is now known to be secondary and not the cause of the death of the tree.
The injury is most pronounced in the cambium region. Here the tissue be-
comes deep-purple in color and decays with great rapidity, making it easy to
trace the progress of the injury. The purple coloration is regarded by the
a-uthor as diagnostic for this type of injury. Frequently, trees surrounding
the dying tree show injury in lesser degree, which develops later than of the
tree most seriously injured, thus suggesting the spread of an organism from
one tree to the other.
" A dry rot of the sugar beet caused by Corticium vagum," by B. L. Richards.
A serious and apparently undescribed rot of the sugar beet has been ob-
served during the past season in a number of beet fields in northern Utah and
southern Idaho. The disease, as it appears in the field, is confined to some-
what definitely delimited areas wherein every beet may become infected. The
roots of the diseased beets show circular lesions characterized by very promi-
nent alternating light and dark brown concentric rings. The disease is typi-
cally a dry rot. In the later stages a deep pocket, partly filled with a dry pulp
composed of mycelium and decayed host tissue, results at each point of infec-
tion. With numerous points of attack the beet by harvest time may be con-
verted into a dry, pithy mass. Numerous isolations from sugar beets, taken
from a number of fields, have given what, from cooperative studies, appears to
be a single strain of Corticium vagum B. & C. Inoculation shows this strain
to be extremely virulent, and lesions have been produced on normal healthy
beets with unusual uniformity.
W. A. MURRILL
LITERATURE
Anderson, H. W. Diseases of Illinois fruits. Univ. 111. Agr.
Exp. Sta. Cire. 241 : 3-155. pi. 1, 2, f. 1-60. Ap 1920.
Atanosoff, D. Fiisariiim -blight (scab) of wheat and other cere-

als. Jour. Agr. Research 20 : 1-32. pi. 1-4, f. 1,2. 1 O 1920.
Bisby, G. R. & Tolaas, A. G. Potato diseases in Minnesota.

Univ. Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 190 : 1-44. /. 1-28. Je 1920.
Bitting, K. G. The effect of certain agents on the development
ofsome moulds (Penicillium expansum, Altcrnaria Solani, and
Oidium lactis) Pp. 1-176. pi. 1-62. Washington.
. N 1920.
Bonar, L. Wilt of white clover, due to Brachysporium Trifolii.
Phytopath. 10: 435-441. /. 1-3. 1920.
Boyce, J. S. The dry-rot of incense cedar. U. S. Dept. Agr.

Bull. 871 : 1-58. pi. 1-3, f.
1-3. 10 N 1920.
Brandes, E. W. Mosaic disease of corn. Jour. Agr. Research

19: 517-521. pi. 95, 96. 16 Au 1920.
Bresadola, G. Selecta mycologia. Ann. Myc. 18 : 26-70. 1920.

Includes 2 new genera and 45 new species from America.
Cheyney, E. G. Preliminary investigation of Ribes as a con-

trolling factor in the spread of white pine blister rust. Science
II. 52 : 342-345- 8 O 1920.
Clinton, G. P. New or unusual plant injuries and diseases, found

in Connecticut, 1916-1919. Conn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 222
397-482. pi. 33-55- Au 1920.
Coker, W. C. & Couch, J. N. A new species of Achyla. Jour.

Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 36: 100, 101. 1920.
Doolittle, S. P. The mosaic disease of cucurbits. U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bull. 879: 1-69. pi. 1-10. 15 N 1920.
Earle, F. S. La extirpation del mosaico de la cana como medio

de represion. Puerto Rico Dept. Agr. y Trab. Bol. 22 : 1-19.
Ja 1920.
126
Earle, F. S. Sugar cane root disease. Jour. Dept. Agr. Porto

Rico 4: 27. Ja 1920.
Greaves, J. E. & Carter, E. G. Influence of moisture on the bac-
terial activities of the soil. Soil Sci. 10: 361-387. /. 1-4. N
1920.
Harvey, R. B. Some enemies of the potato. Sci. Am. Mo. 2
120-122. /. 1-9. O 1920.
Hayes, H. K., Parker, J. H. & Kurtzweil, C. Genetics of rust re-

sistance in crosses of varieties of Triticum vulgare with varie-
ties of T. durum and T. dicoccum. Jour. Agr. Research 19
523-542. pi. 97-102. 1 S 1920.
Hohnel, F. Mykologische fragmenti. Ann. Myc. 18: 71-97.
1920.
Includes Valseutypella gen. nov., from North America.
Holbert, J. R. & Hoffer, G. N. Control of the root, stalk and ear

rot diseases of corn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bull. 1176:
3-24. /. 1-25. S 1920.
Hubert, E. E. Observations on Cytospora chrysosperma in the
northwest. Phytopath. 10 : 442-447. 1920.
Kirby, R. S. & Thomas, H. E. The take-all disease of wheat in
New York state. Science II. 52 : 368-369. 15 O 1920.
Kunkel, L. 0. Further data on the orange-rusts of Rubus. Jour.

Agr. Research 19: 501-512. pi. D& pi. 92-04. 16 Au 1920.
Kunkel, L. 0. & Orton, C. R. The behavior of American potato

varieties in the presence of the wart. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ.
in : 10-17. /. 2, 3. O 1920.
Kunkel, L. 0. & Orton, C. R. A new host for the potato wart

disease. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. in : 17, 18. /. 4. O 1920.
LaRue, C. D. Isolating single spores. Bot. Gaz. 70: 319-320.

19 O 1920.
Lyman, G. R. Potato wart in the United States. U. S. Dept.

Agr. Circ. 111 : 3-10. /. 1. O 1920.
Matz, J. A new vascular organism in sugar cane. Jour. Dept.

Agr. Porto Rico 4: 41-46. /. 7-9. Ja 1920.
Plasmodiophoia vascularum sp. nov.
128 Mycologia
Matz, J. Investigations of root disease of sugar cane. Jour.

Dept. Agr. Porto Rico 4: 28-40. /. 1-6. Ja 1920.
Matz, J. El Mai del guineo. Puerto Rico Dept. Agr. y Trab.
Circ. 25 : 1-7. My 1920.
Nowell,W. & Williams, C. B. Sugar cane blight in Trinidad : a

summary of conclusions. Bull. Dept. Agr. Trinidad & Tobago
19 : 8-10. 1920.
Reed, G. M. Varietal resistance and susceptibility of oats to pow-

dery mildew, crown rusts and smuts. Mo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Re-
search Bull. 37: 3-41. pi. 1-4. Jl 1920.
Robbins, W. J. & Massey, A. B. The effect of certain environ-
mental conditions on the rate of destruction of vanillin by a

soil bacterium. Soil Sci. 10 : 237-246. /. 1. S 1920.
Stakman, L. J. A Helminthosporium disease of wheat and rye.
Univ. Mo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 191 : 1-18. pi. 1-5. Jl 1920.
Stillinger, C. R. Apple black rot (Sphaeropsis malorum Berk.)

in Oregon. Phytopath. 10: 453-458. 1920.
Taubenhaus, J. H. Wilts of the watermelon and related crops

(Fusarium wilts of cucurbits). Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull.
260 : 3-50. f.
1-16. F 1920.
Thiel, A. F. & Weiss, F. The effect of citric acid on the germina-

tion of the teliospores of Puccinia graminis Tritici. Phytopath.
10: 448-452. /. 1. 1920.
Whiting, A. L. & Hansen, R. Cross-inoculation studies with

nodule bacteria of lima beans, navy beans, cowpeas, and others
of the cowpea group. Soil Sci. 10: 291-300. O 1920.
Wolf, F. A. A little-known vetch disease. Jour. Elisha Mitchell

Sci. Soc. 36 : 72-85. pi. 2-6. S 1920.
Caused by Protocoronospora nigricans Atk. & Edg., of the Melanconiaceae.
BOTANICAL GARDEN

Nos. 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 49, 52, 56, 60, 65^ 69, 70 and 74. The Polyporaceae
—
No. 90. Studies in North American Peronosporales I. The Genus Albugo
by Guy West Wilson.
No. 95. Studies in North American Peronosporales— II. Phytophthoreae and
No. no. Additional Philippine Polyporaceae, by W. A. Murrill.
No. ill. Boleti from Western North Carolina, by W. A. Murrill.
—
No. 117. Studies in North American Peronosporales IV. Host Index, by
G.W.Wilson.
No. 122. Notes on North American Hypocreales — II. Nectria Peziza, by
F. J. Seaver.
No. 133. Iowa Discomycetes, by F. J. Seaver (special price 50 cents).
Guy West Wilson.
Address NEWYORK BOTANICAL GARDEN,
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MYCOLOGIA
IN CONTINUATION OF THE JOURNAL OP MYCOLOGY
Founded by W. A. Kellerman, J. B. Ellta,and B. M. Everhart In 1885
EDITOR
Vol. XIII— MAY, 1921— No. 3
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
HOWARD J. BANKER BRUCE PINK FRED J. SE AVER
FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS THOMAS H. MACBRIDE TYOZABURO" TANAKA

LANCASTER, PA.
CONTENTS
Some New Species of Russula.
Gertrude S. Burlingham 129
The Life History and Identity of " Patellina fragariae,"
" Leptothyrium macrothecium, and " Peziza oen- '
'
otherae" . C. L. Shear & B. O. Dodge

. . .
135
light-colored Resupinate Polypores— IV.
W. A. MURRILL 171
Smuts and Rusts of Northern Utah and Southern Idaho.
G. L. Z UN DEL I79
New or Noteworthy Geoglossaceae E. D. Durand . .
184
Notes and Brief Articles ............ 188
Index to American Mycological Literature ...... 195
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NEW SPECIES OF RUSSULA

MYCOLOGIA
Vol. XIII MAY, 1921 No 3
SOME NEW SPECIES OF RUSSULA

Gertrude S. Burlingham
(With Plate 7 and i Text-figure)
Most of the following species have been under observation for

several years, and with the possible exception of R. simulans and
R. ornaticeps they seem to be rare. Even these species are lim-
ited in season and in habitat. The first collection of R. Hib-
bardae was made in 1916 by Miss Ann Hibbard who also col-
lected the type of R. viridi-oculata. She has made numerous
water-color sketches of the species described from Vermont and
has placed these at the disposal of Miss Eaton for the preparation
of the plate which accompanies this article.
On July 29, 1919, I found several specimens of R. disparilis
Burl, growing on Newfane Hill, Vermont, under yellow and

white birches and poplars. This had previously been reported
only from the type locality, Stow, Mass. The taste at first was
sweet' and nutty, then tardily peppery. The stipe in some speci-
mens had a pink wash near the apex and base on one side. The
lamellae in mature specimens were pale maize-yellow.
Russula simulans sp. no v.

Pileus fleshy, broadly convex, becoming infundibuliform with
age,up to 11 cm. broad; surface reseda-green to ivy-green, paler
on the margin, vinous-purple in the center, or slate-violet and
green streaked together, or the whole faded with some yellowish
spots, viscid when wet, cuticle separable half way to the center,
under the lens and very slightly so to the naked
striate-reticulate
eye, glabrous; margin even or scarcely striate-tuberculate for a
depth of about one mm., inrolled nearly to maturity; context
[Mycologia for March (13: 67-128) was issued March 26, 1921]
129
130 Mycologia
white, firm, soon slightly peppery, without special odor lamellae ;
white, heterophyllous, some forking part way to the margin or

near the stipe, narrowed at each end, slightly decurrent, about 5
mm. wide at the center, close
stipe white, firm, spongy-stuffed,
;
nearly equal, 5.5-7 cm. X

2-2.2 cm., sometimes pruinose at the
apex spores pure-white, ellipsoid, minutely echinulate with blunt,
;
short projections, 6.25-6.87 8.75-9.37 /*. X

Type Locality: Newfane Hill, Vermont, 1,600 ft. elevation.
Habitat In woods usually under maple,
: birch, or oak trees,
July and the early part of August.

Distribution : Newfane Hill, Vermont, and Magnetewan,
Ontario, Canada.
This species resembles R. variata, R. heterophylla, and R. bifida
in certain respects. It differs from R. variata in its heterophyl-
lous lamellae which seldom fork more than once. R. variata has
a few short lamellae irregularly placed and the lamellae fork
from two to three times. From R. bifida it differs in its acrid
taste, less forking and thinner lamellae, and in the vinous shades
on the pileus. From R. heterophylla it differs in its acrid taste.
This is probably widely distributed and because of its close re-

semblance in the color of the pileus to that of R. variata, or in its
green form to R. heterophylla has been referred to one or the

other of the species.
Russula ornaticeps sp. nov.
Pileus convex-umbilicate, expanding when mature, with- mar-

gin drooping, at length somewhat infundibuliform in old age, up
to 10 cm. broad; surface variegated in color, Parma-violet, lilac-
mauve and with grayish-violet, the
bluish-violet intermingled
lilac-mauve being usually in the center, surrounded by the indigo
with bluish-violet on the margin, covered with a pruinose bloom,
viscid when wet, the pellicle separable half way to the center
margin even, when young, somewhat striate-tuberculate when
mature context white, except next the cuticle, where it is tinged
;
with the surface color, mild then slowly slightly acrid in and next
the cuticle ; lamellae fleshy-white, sometimes becoming rusty
spotted near the edge, equal, some forking near the stipe, venose-
connected, narrowed at the inner end, rounded at the outer, close
stipe white, occasionally washed with a faint tinge of violet,
sometimes pruinose at the apex, irregularly striate, nearly equal
BURLINGHAM I NEW SPECIES OF RuSSULA 131
to abruptly narrowed at the base, 5-7 1.5-2 cm. spores fleshy- X ;
white (t. 4), broadly ellipsoid, appearing minutely echinulate
Fig. 1. R. viridi-oculata Fig. 4. R. ornatipes

Fig. 2. R. simulans Fig. 5. R. praeumbonata
Fig. 3. R- Hibbardae Fig. 6. R. redolens
under the % objective and reticulate under the oil immersion,

6.25X7-5^

Habitat In rather dry mixed woods in dead leaves, almost
:
invariably under hop hornbeam trees, July, 1,300 to 1,600 ft. ele-
vation.
Distribution : Newfane, Vermont, and Magnetewan, Ontario,
Canada.
This species has been found for four years from July 8 to
August 4. It may occur earlier but I have rarely found it later.
It is most abundant before the last week in July. It is very beau-

132 Mycologia
tiful when growing, but rather difficult to find on acount of its
color. The peppery taste seems to be confined to the cuticle or

the context adjacent, and becomes perceptible after thorough
chewing. In color this resembles R. cyanoxantha but differs in
the slight peppery taste, the equal lamellae, and the absence of
cystidia. From R. heterophylla it differs also in the color of the
spores. The beauty is lost in drying.
Russula viridi-oculata sp. nov.
Pileus fleshy, thin, soon plane, from 2.3-6 cm. broad; surface
—
dark dull-green (264 t. 4) or darker blue-green in the center,
—
shading to dull sage-green (278 t. 1) on the margin, fading
—
with age to greenish-white (15 t. 1) toward the margin, viscid
when moist, cuticleslightly pruinose when young
separable,
margin even, recurved extended when mature context
at first, ;
white; unchanging, peppery, slightly pungent, with the odor of

green apples when fresh lamellae white, equal, a few forking
;
next the stipe, rounded and free, broad throughout, powdered

somewhat with spores stipe white, spongy, glabrous, equal, 5
;
cm. X I-I.2 cm.; spores white, broadly ellipsoid, uniguttulate,

apiculate, minutely echinulate.

Habitat Under a group
: of pines in' mixed woods, July 28,
1919.
This may be distinguished from R. acruginca by the promptly
acrid taste. It differs from R. rcdolcns in taste as well as in
odor and color and in the spore markings. It is smaller than R.

variata and differs in the lamellae forking only near the stipe. It
is also a small delicate mushroom more like R. fragiliformis in
size and texture.

Russula Hibbardae sp. nov.
Pileus fleshy, broadly convex, then plane to depressed, up to

10.5 cm. broad; surface vinous-purple to slate-violet on a back-
ground of Naples-yellow, unevenly colored, sometimes yellow
with only a wash of slate-violet in places, pruinose-velvety, vis-
cid when wet, but soon dry, cuticle separable nearly half way to
the center margin even or slightly striate-tuberculate on extreme
;
edge; context white, unchanging, slowly becoming slightly pep-

pery, without special odor lamellae nearly white, then maize-
;
BURLINGHAM I NEW SPECIES OF RuSSULA 133 '
yellow (t. 1-2), a few reaching only half way to the stipe, forking
near the stipe or a short distance away, interveined, rounded, and
only slightly attached next stipe, rounded at outer end, close,
broad stipe white, unchanging, pruinose at apex, spreading a
;
little next stipe, otherwise equal, firm, then spongy, 3-7 cm.
X 1.5-2.3; spores maize-yellow (t. 2-4), apiculate, symmetrical,

echinulate, with spiny ridges forming reticulations, 6.2 X 7-5~8jU.
Type Locality : Newfane Hill, Vermont.

Habitat: In dead leaves under beeches, August.
Distribution : Found in two different localities on Newfane
Hill.
This species seems rare and very distinct. The peppery taste
develops slowly and seems to be chiefly in the cuticle. .

I have
found the species each summer since 1916 and although I have
searched for it during July for three years I have not seen it until
toward the end of the first week in August. As a rule the vinous
color is more prominent toward the center of the pileus.
Russula redolens sp. nov.
Pileus convex, then plane, depressed in the center, up to 4.5

cm. broad; surface dark drab-green to greenish-gray, sometimes
paler toward the center, viscid when wet, appearing dull and
pruinose when dry, cuticle separable margin nearly even con- ; ;
text white, taste strong and disagreeable, becoming slightly pep-

pery, odor when dried like strong celery, persisting lamellae ;
pure-white, equal, some forking near the stipe, midway to the

margin, or near the margin, venose-connected, narrow at the
inner end, broadest in the center, rounded at the outer end stipe ;
white, tapering toward the base, spongy, becoming hollow, gla-

brous, 2 cm. X
1 cm. at apex, much narrower at the base spores ;
pure-white, very minutely echinulate, 5-7.5 5.6-7.5 X jtt.

Habitat: Under maple, oak and spruce, or beech trees, August
3 and 11.
Distribution : Newfane Hill and South Londonderry, Ver-

mont.
This can be distinguished from all other green species of Rus-
sula by the strong celery-like taste and odor, which becomes
noticeable in drying. The odor of the type collected in August,
1916, still persists in 1920.
134 Mycologia
Russula praeumbonata sp. nov.
Pileus fleshy, conical then expanding, with a large umbo, up

to 5.5 cm. broad, surface scarlet-red to Nopal-red or ox-blood
red on the umbo, glabrous, viscid when wet, with cuticle separable
half way to the center; margin becoming widely striate-tubercu-
late ; context white, unchanging, brittle, without special odor, mild
in taste; lamellae white, equal, simple, finely serrulate, venose-
connected, adnate ;
stipe white, tapering upwards, very brittle and
fragile, stuffed, becoming hollow, up to 10 cm. long by 1 cm.
thick ;
spores pure-white, broadly ellipsoid, very echinulate, apic-
ulate, 6.2-8.75 X 8.75-10 p.
Type Locality Stow, Massachusetts, Simon Davis.
:
Habitat: In a swamp under deciduous and coniferous trees,
September.
Distribution : Stow, Massachusetts, Newfane, Vermont, and
Magnetewan, Ontario, Canada.
This is related to R. purpurina and R. uncialis, but differs from
both in the presence of an umbo, in the more distant lamellae, the
absence of red on the stipe, and the larger, more ellipsoid and
more echinulate spores. From R. purpurina it differs further in
that the lamellae remain nearly white even in drying, while in R.

purpurina they become decidedly yellow. Three collections were
made from the type locality in 191 7 and one in 1918.
Late in August, 1919, I collected in Newfane, Vermont, two

specimens of apparently the same species. The taste of these
seemed to be at length slightly bitter as did the specimen found at
Magnetewan.
556 Lafayette Avenue,
Brooklyn, New York
Explanation of Plate 7
Fig. 1, 5. Russula simulans.

Fig. 2. Russula ornaticeps.
Fig. 3. Russula viridi-oculata.
Fig. 4. Russula Hibbardae.
Fig. 6. Russula redolens.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND IDENTITY OF
" PATELLINA FRAGARIAE," "LEPTO-
THYRIUM MACROTHECIUM," AND
"PEZIZA OENOTHERAE "
C. L. Shear and B. O. Dodge
(With Plates 8-10 and 5 Text-figures)
During our studies of the causes of decay and spoilage of

small fruits in picking, shipping and marketing a number of fungi
have been found which have been only recently or not heretofore
reported on fruit. The pathological and economic aspects of
these organisms will be treated in a separate paper. We would

direct attention here to only one point of distinct pathological
significance brought out by this study and that is the importance
of a full knowledge of the life history, identity, and synonymy
of pathogenic fungi. The conidial form of the organism under
consideration here was recently recognized as the cause of disease
and decay in strawberries in this country, referred to the form
genus Patellina and described as a new species, P. fragariac
Stevens and Peterson (1916). Obviously, if this pathogen were
really an undescribed species new to this country and restricted
to the strawberry, its pathological and economic aspects would

be quite different from those of an old and widely distributed
organism known to occur on a variety of hosts in three forms,
not only in this country, but in Europe and South America, as
now proves to be the case.
The present paper treats of the life history, morphology and
taxonomy of this particular fungus which has been found fre-
quently by the writers on strawberries and other small fruits and

is now shown to occur on a great variety of plants and plant
parts. Besides the new information brought out in connection
with the interesting life history, morphology and host relations
of this organism, there are other facts strikingly illustrated by
135
136 Mycologia
the list of synonyms given. Though this list is probably incom-

plete it shows that the fungus has not only been described under
various generic names but that the conidial form has been re-
ferred to such widely separated genera as Dacryomyces, among
the Basidiomycetes and Sphaeronenia and Titbercularia among
the Imperfecta This is an excellent example of the confusion
which prevails in the present nomenclature and taxonomy of the
ascomycetes. This deplorable condition must be remedied before
much permanent progress can be made in systematic mycology.
It has been found that three distinct types of fructification are
developed in the life cycle of this fungus. The oldest, name
which we have yet proved to belong to the first or conidial stage
is Hainesia lythri (Desm.) v. Hohnel (see pi. 8). The second or
pycnidial stage, will be referred to as Sclerotiopsis concava
(Desm.) (see pi. 9), and the third or ascogenous stage as Pezlzella
lythri (Desm.) (see pi. 10, figs. 19-22).
The first record we have of the conidial form of the fungus in
our laboratory is by the late Dr. W. Ralph Jones who secured

cultures from Rubus in May, 1912, which were referred tenta-
tively to Patcllina, The fungus was next found on decaying
strawberries sent by Mr. G. M. Darrow of the Bureau of Plant
Industry from Tennessee. It produced shallow cup-shaped, pink-
ish-yellow bodies and was doubtfully referred to the genus Ex-
cipula. In 191 5 specimens of decaying strawberries bearing the
same fungus were received from Hammond, Louisiana. Several
other collections were also received from the same locality the
same season. This conidial stage on strawberry was described

and figured by F. L. Stevens and A. Peterson (1916) as Patcllina
fragariae n, sp.
During the spring of 1918 the writers found the rot caused by
this fungus to be very common on strawberries in the markets of
New York City and Washington and a thorough study of the
organism was undertaken. The same year what appeared to be
the same fungus was found frequently on rotting dewberries at
Hamlet, Cameron and other points in North Carolina and at
Hammonton, New Jersey. It has also been found on red and

black raspberries in the New York markets and is not uncommon
Shear and Dodge : Patellina, Leptothyrium, Peziza137
on blackberries in New Jersey. A few sporodochia of the same

fungus were found in April, 1920, on old dewberry vines from
Cameron, North Carolina, and cultures were readily obtained
from this material, showing that the fungus had survived the
winter on the old vines.
The material from North Carolina was also found to bear con-
spicuous brown or black sclerotium-like pycnidia which proved

to be Leptothyrium macro the cium Fckl. This was reported by
Fuckel to occur on a variety of hosts, one of which was Rubus.
On account of the close association of the Hainesia sporodochia
and the Leptothyrium pycnidia and the great similarity of the
spores of the two forms a possible genetic relation was suspected.
If this was true the Leptothyrium stage, being evidently of a
more persistent and resistant character than the other, might be
the means of carrying the fungus over the winter. It may be noted
here that cultures from these pyenospores produced typical coni-
dial sporodochia. The pycnidial stage was also produced at will
on leaves and stems of Rubus and other plants by spraying with a

suspension of conidia.
xA.ssuming that this fungus had but two lower spore forms it
now remained to find the ascogenous stage. If any similarity in
form was to be expected between the pyenidium and the ascocarp,

Hypoderma might perhaps be suggested on account of its slight
superficial resemblance to the pycnidia and its occurrence on some

of the dewberry canes. On the other hand the sporodochia sug-
gest in form a possible small discomycete of similar appearance.
The discovery a little later of a small amber-colored discomycete
on old leaves of raspberry at Arlington Farm, Virginia, July 24,
closely associated with both sporodochia and pycnidia was imme-
diately followed by pure cultures from ascospores which proved
the genetic relation of the three forms. A search of literature
and herbaria showed that a discomycete apparently agreeing in
all respects with the one found on raspberry leaves, had been
described as Peziza (Mollisia) oenotherae C. & E. (1878) and
distributed as No. 846, Ellis and Everhart, N. A. F. and 244 Fun.
Col. All three forms were found occurring together on stems of
Oenothera biennis on the same herbarium specimen of No. 244
138 Mycologia
in the New York Botanical Graden and several other herbaria.

The conidial stage was named Sphaeronema comeum C. & E.
(1878) and distributed as No. 2074, E. & E., N. A. F. and the
pycnidial stage was distributed as Leptothyrium protuberans
Sacc. No. 733, E. & E., N. A. F.
CULTURES AND INOCULATIONS

The small, curved, hyaline spores of both conidial and pyc-
nidial stages are produced abundantly and are easily recognized.
As they germinate readily on all ordinary nutrient media, it is
not difficult to obtain pure cultures by the poured plate method.

On two per cent cornmeal agar the young colonies' show a white
mycelium, the branches of which unite in fascicles projecting
above the surface of the agar. The sporodochia appear on
poured plates about the third day and in test tube cultures about
the fifth or sixth day. In both tubes and petri dishes they are
frequently arranged concentrically. In old cultures on potato
agar the sporodochia become brownish or almost black. On four
per cent potato dextrose agar there is much greater aerial growth
of mycelium and very small white sporodochia are formed in
the water of guttation while those below on the agar are brown,
especially when old.
Cultures of the conidial stage were obtained from strawberries

in the market and inoculation experiments were carried out to
determine whether the rot could be readily produced by artificial
inoculations. As it is impracticable to thoroughly sterilize the

surface of berries, clean, fresh fruit was chosen, the berries set
on the calyx end in damp chambers and inoculated at the tip. A
drop of water containing conidia was simply placed on the end
of the berry or the epidermis punctured with a needle, or rubbed
lightly. The controls sometimes developed sporodochia, espe-
cially those which had been punctured. The sporodochia orig-
inate subcuticularly or intraepidermally. Berries that are inocu-

lated by puncturing will always develop sporodochia unless
Rhizopus appears at once and prevents. The results of a large
number of experiments show that only a slight injury to the epi-

dermis is necessary to bring about infection but we have no proof
Shear and Dodge : Patellina, Leptothyrium, Peziza 189
that the germ tubes are able to penetrate the uninjured, normal
cuticle of the strawberry.
As the skin of many berries is usually injured and insects prob-

ably carry spores from berry to berry, it is frequently only neces-
sary to provide moisture to insure development of sporodochia.
It was found to be much more satisfactory to carry on this work
with blackberries and dewberries as individual carpels could be
carefully inspected before inoculation. The same experiments
were carried out on these berries with strains of the fungus found
on the berries in 'nature. The fungus spreads to carpels adjoin-
ing the one inoculated but slowly. Over-ripening brings about a

softening or breaking of the cuticle so that such carpels become
infected following surface inoculation. Berries in boxes were
sprayed with a suspension of conidia, shipped from North Caro-
lina to New York City and then placed in damp chambers. They
developed large numbers of sporodochia. Boxes of berries simi-
larly treated except that hulls were left on in picking, arrived in
excellent condition and very few sporodochia could be found

even after the berries had been left several days in damp cham-
bers. The injury to the fruit caused by pulling off the hull ap-
parently provides opportunity for the entrance of the fungus as
berries picked with the hulls on are certainly not so susceptible
to this and other fruit rot fungi which are not able to penetrate
the unbroken cuticular layer.
It is also a question whether this fungus is able to penetrate the

cuticle and epidermis of a normal living leaf. It is likely in most
cases where sporodochia are found on living leaves that some
injury has occurred to the epidermis. There is frequently evi-
dence of insect injury in such cases. Under favorable condi-
tions the fungus having gained entrance to the tissue appears to
be able to spread to the adjoining tissue so that the spots become
larger and quite characteristic as noted by Halsted (1893) on
Rhus and Massalongo (1908) on leaves of Rubus, also by Stevens
and Peterson (1916) on fruit of strawberry. The pycnidial
stage is seldom found on living leaves but Massalongo noted
that it sometimes occurs on spots on Rubus leaves. Both stages
occurred very abundantly here during August and September,
140 Mycologia
1920, on decaying leaves of host plants cut earlier in the season.

On such old leaves sporodochia are apt to be overlooked because
of their very minute size. In some cases none is present though
the pycnidia are very abundant.
There appear to be no morphological differences between the
strains of the conidial form found in nature on fruits of species
of Fragaria and Rubus. Many cross-inoculation experiments
from one to the other have shown conclusively that the fungus
can be readily transferred from the fruit of one of these hosts to
the other.
Strains from dead spots on living leaves of Fragaria, Rubus,
Oenothera, Acer, Epilobium, Cornus, Smilax, five species of
Rhus and dead leaves of Vitis, and from the fruits of Fragaria
and several species of Rubus show practically identical characters
in culture.
The pyenidium is frequently one millimeter in diameter and as

the wall is thick and composed of thick-walled cells it can be
easily handled and thoroughly sterilized before being crushed out
to obtain spores for cultures. When plated out and grown on
the ordinary culture media sporodochia in no way distinguish-
able from those of Hainesia appear on the surface of the medium
in three or four days. Such cultures have been isolated many
times from the dark, heavy- walled pyenidial form on dewberry,
strawberry, sumac, evening primrose, and other hosts and there
can be no question of their being the pyenidial form of the same
fungus that first appears as sporodochia of the Hainesia type.
The various agar media upon which the fungus has been grown
do not appear to be favorable for the development of the pyc-
nidia although they are occasionally produced in agar. The
fungus grows well on the cut surface of apples and produces
sporodochia, some of which resemble a broadly ostiolate pyeni-
dium (pi. 8, fig. 6).
Strains of the Hainesia form isolated from a number of dif-

ferent hosts were grown on sterilized stems and leaves of black-
berry in large test tubes. These cultures produced vast numbers
of sporodochia within a week or two and then began to produce
large, brown pycnidia of the Sclcrotiopsis type.
So far as observed none of the cultures carried through under

sterile conditions in petri dishes or tes't tubes has produced the
perfect (Pczizella) stage. However, inoculation of wild black-
berry leaves and stems under natural conditions in the woods pro-
duced all three forms. On May 20, 1920, living leaves and stems
were punctured, then sprayed with a spore suspension of a strain
of Hainesia originally obtained from dewberry. The tissue soon
began to die about the points of inoculation and by the middle of

June sporodochia were very plentiful on the spots-. As the leaves
died during July and August typical pycnidia and discocarps of

Pczizella oenothcrae began to appear in abundance on the dead
leaves, petioles, fruit stalks and small branches. The perfect
and pyenidial stage continued to develop slowly down to the
larger branches and stems during September. While it is not
claimed that the perfect stage might not have arisen from natural
infections in this case, the experiment shows that it develops on
leaves and branches of the season's growth and that it is unnec-
essary for the vines to lie over winter in order that, as is supposed
with many ascomycetes, the ascocarps may mature in the spring
and spread new infection. The ascospores of this Pczizella are

set free or dispersed as soon as mature and germinate readily.
The problem of over-wintering seems to have been provided for

to a large extent by the thick-walled closed pyenidium. It is cer-
tain that many of these pycnidia pass through the winter un-
opened although filled with spores which will readily germinate
in April.
Leaves petioles and runners of cultivated strawberry in a gar-

den were inoculated manner described above with
in the similar
strains of Hainesia, May 20. Brown spots formed about the in-
jured places and sporodochia began to appear within three weeks.
By July 25 both sporodochia and pycnidia were abundant on the
dead leaves of these and other plants in the same plot. No- asco-
carps of Pezizella were found.
Several leaflets of Rhus glabra were treated in the same man-
ner August 5. On August 20 it was noted that many inoculated
leaflets on this plant showed dead areas with typical amber-
colored sporodochia. Leaf hoppers had by this time injured
142 Mycologia
many leaves on this plant and infection had spread naturally

also. As the leaves died and fell to the ground they began to
develop pycnidia. The perfect stage has not yet been found on
Rhus.
Sclerotiopsis pelargonii . Scalia has been reported on Pelar-
gonium leaves. As it was impossible to obtain a specimen of this
species to compare with the pycnidial stage of Pezizella which ac-

cording to the description it appears to resemble closely, several
leaves of rose geranium {Pelargonium capitatum) were inocu-
lated by puncturing and spraying with conidia obtained orig-
inally from a single ascus culture from Pezizella Oenotheras
The plant was kept under a bell-jar for four days and well aired
and sprayed with water. Blackish streaks soon began to spread
along the veins of several of the leaves where punctured. On
September n sporodochia of Haniesia appeared and on Sep-
tember 14 most of the infected leaves bore typical pycnidia of
Sclerotiopsis. A comparison of 'these pycnidia with Sclerotiopsis
pelargoni Scalia will be made later. Scalia drew his description
from specimens which developed on leaves kept in a damp cham-

ber and does not mention finding any other form of fungus on
the leaves.
On September 5, Dr. Neil E. Stevens found at North Liver-
more, Maine, on living leaves of Epilobium spicatum spots bear-
ing sporodochia of Pezizella. Cultures made from this form
differed in no way from those from other hosts. The leaves
bearing conidia were placed in damp chambers from September
9 to 14 when they showed an abundance of the pycnidial form of
the fungus. If leaves of any one of the host species upon which
sporodochia are found are placed in a damp chamber for a week
or two and kept fairly moist, pycnidia usually develop.
A hill of dewberries at Cameron, N. C, sprayed with conidia
from dewberry, May, 1919, showed no signs of sporodochia on
leaves or stems during the next two weeks, although berries
picked from this hill developed many sporodochia. These vines
were cut in July, kept in a warm, dry laboratory until April,
1920, and then placed on the ground in the woods. On July 25
they were examined. The leaves, fruit stalks and many of the
small branches bore an abundance of discocarps of Pezizella

oenotherae and also typical pycnidia and sporodochia of the same.
During the latter part of August pycnidia began to appear on the
larger stems and in September these pycnidia could be found even
at the base of the vines. It is not unlikely that the fungus winters
over in this condition as many unruptured pycnidia can be found
on vines collected in the field in April, too early for them to have
developed during the spring. Spores taken form these over-
wintered pycnidia germinated readily. .
It is rather difficult to obtain large quantities of ascospores of

Pezizella oenotherae. Noting that spores still within the ascus
germinated readily, apothecia were crushed in water and the
young asci separated so that when small drops were placed on the
surface of agar media the spread of the water was sufficient to
separate the asci, care being taken to secure the proper dilution.
By marking a number of spots on the petri dishes the separate
asci could be located after germination had begun. The asco-
spores are so nearly the size of the conidia that they might other-
wise be easily confused. In order to avoid this, only asci with
germinating spores clearly distinguishable were transferred. Sev-
eral dozen single ascus cultures were made at this time and in
all about two hundred pure cultures in plates and tubes were
obtained from asci. Without exception all produced sporodochia
agreeing with Hainesia. Twenty-five single ascus cultures were
made from two apothecia on raspberry leaves from Arlington
Farm, Virginia, July 23, and no tube cultures from ascospores
on the dewberry vines first sprayed with conidia at Cameron,
N. C, May 26, 1919, and kept on the ground in the woods at
Radnor, Virginia, from April 15 to July 26, 1920. The culture
work here summarized proves conclusively the genetic connection
between the three forms of fruit bodies described.
MORPHOLOGY
The morphological features of the Hainesia stage of this fun-
gus have been fairly well described by 'the authors of the various
specific names which have been applied to it. Stevens and Peter-
son (1916) have noted the variation in form, color and size of
144 Mycologia
the conidial fructifications as they appear on rotting- straw-

berries and figured some of the essential features. Saccardo
(1881) figures conidia and branched conidiophores.
I. Conidial Stage, Hainesia lythri (Desm.) v. Holm.
By some writers these conidial fructifications are called pyc-

nidia, by others acervuli and by still others sporodochia. There
is great need of a thorough comparative study of the develop-
ment and morphology of the various forms before a terminology
can be applied which will indicate the true nature and relation-
ships of different sporocarps that occur. Such studies made in
connection with the life histories of the organisms should prove

very helpful in determining the phylogeny and classification of
the ascomycetes. For the purposes of this paper the conidial
fructification of this fungus will be called a sporodochium. The
fructification of Hainesia is a small disc-shaped body with a dis-
tinct excipulum-like base similar to that found in the apothecium
of many discomycetes. It seems to the writers that this stage
might well be placed among the excipulaceous fungi in the sys-
tem of Saccardo. Considering only the variations of this one

stage it will be shown that the fruit body assumes a variety of
forms, some of which might be considered sporodochia of the
Tubercularia type, while others approach true pycnidia with
more or less clearly defined, broad ostioles.
In size the structures vary from a few conidiophores united in

a fascicle with a minute globule of spores at the top, to a disc-
shaped body 1 mm. in diameter which is readily visible to the

unaided eye. The color may be brown, white, black, pink, yellow,
amber, or golden depending upon the host or medium upon which
the fungus is growing, the age of the culture, or other conditions
of environment. The most common color when dry is some
shade of amber. When wet they appear white from the mass of
hyaline spores that gathers in a droplet of water and covers the
disc." Though ordinarily disc-shaped or patellate the sporodochia
may be elongate and slender or even cylindrical. Such forms
when dried and capped with a pointed mass of spores were mis-
taken by Cooke and Ellis for a Sphaeronema and described as
S. corneum (1878). When the spores of the flat types spread

out so that the spore masses coalesce a Hymenula is suggested,
as Hymenula rhoina (1893) (Ell. & Sacc), Bub. & Kab. (1912),
or a Tubercularia as interpreted by Halsted (1893) (T. rhoina
Halsted). Ordinarily nothing which might be called a stipe is
present, yet forms are met in nature and in cultures on twigs of

Rubus in which there is a distinct stipe-like base surmounted by
a flaring disk (pi. 8, fig. 7).
The outer wall of the sporocarp is but a few cells thick. These
cells are thin-walled and nearly isodiametric. Toward the mar-
gin the cells are arranged in more or less parallel rows and be-
come considerably elongated and branched. Very long, branched
slender paraphyses-like hyphae line the cup portion and extend
even beyond the margin, sometimes producing a fimbriated edge
(pi. 8, fig. 10). These structures appear in no way to differ
from the conidiophores in their morphology, as they are found

among the sporophores in young fruit bodies. The spores are
borne terminally and become quickly detached, but cohere in a
mass which becomes elongated and cone-shaped in case the spores
are not washed away or there is not enough moisture present to

lead to the formation of the trembling drop on the sporodochium
which no doubt suggested the name Glocosporium tremellinum to
Saccardo. In nature very small sporodochia may develop on old,

dead plant parts and in culture they form in the water of gutta-
tion where there is an abundance of aerial mycelium formed.
These fruiting bodies, consisting of a few conidiophores united
together, are clearly gymnocarpous and of the Tubercularia type,
being open from the very beginning. They scarcely resemble
the large patellate, urceolate or flack-shaped structures commonly
collected (pi. 8, figs. 1-4). The amount of margin or the depth
of the cup may become so great as to form a globose or pear-
shaped structure which in no way differs from a true pycnidium
with a large ostiole through which the spores ooze in a broad cir-
rhus (pi. 8, figs. 6, p). In normal forms in nature most of the

dark color is confined to the basal portion. The margin is at first
inrolled (pi. 8, fig. 5), later becoming expanded and frequentlv
revolute and lobed (pi. 8, fig. 2).
146 Mycologia
The conidia borne on simple or sparsely branched sporophores

(text- fig. i) are hyaline or only very slightly colored as seen
under the microscope. In mass, however, the color is as variable
as that of the sporodochium —white, pink, yellow, amber, brown,
or blackish, depending upon the nature of the host, medium,
moisture, age or other conditions. The usual color when dry is a
Fig. i. a. Various types of sporophores of Hainesia lythri. X 700. b.
Spores more highly magnified. X 1200.
light amber. The terms lunate, allantoid, curved and navicular

have been used to describe their shape. Stevens & Peterson
(1916) say they are straight or slightly convex on one side and
concave on the other. Massalongo (1889) calls the pycnospores,
which are the same shape as the conidia, navicular, and his draw-
ings (I.e., pi. 10, figs. 19-2 t) suggest a boat or canoe viewed from
the side as it floats on the water. Others describe them as straight
with the ends sharply and obliquely angled. None has mentioned
the small oil droplet frequently attached to one or both of the
sharply pointed ends.
The conidia are remarkably uniform in size and shape. The
average size is about 6-9 X i-5 -2 /* Saccardo's record (1881)
of 10-12 jm long for the spores of Gloeosporium? rhoinum is evi-
dently an error judging from the magnification indicated and also

from the spore measurements of Hainesia rhoina (Sacc.) Ell. &
Sacc, No. 2278, E. & E., N. A. F., the spores of which are
7-8 X 1.5-2 j".
II. Pycnidial Stage, Sclerotiopsis concava (Desm.) n. comb.
The pycnidial form has been most frequently referred to Lep-

tothyrium macrothecium Fckl. A study of the type of the genus
L. lunariae Kze., however, shows that this species is not congeneric
with it. In further search for a generic name it was found that
the genus Sclerotiopsis of Spegazzini was based on the same

species as ours. His type S. australasica proves indistinguishable
from Leptothyrium macrothecium. Sclerotiopsis is the oldest un-

questionable generic name we have found for the pycnidial form.
The pycnidium is a large, closed, shield-shaped or depressed, puk
vinate body which is packed with an enormous number of spores.
Like the sporodochial stage this fruit body arises intra-epider-
mally so that as growth continues the cuticle together with the

upper wall of the epidermal cells is stretched and pushed up
until a shield-shaped or pulvinate body is formed, entirely cov-
'
ered by the upper part of the epidermal layer. On dewberry

canes the epidermis may split at the center or in a line along the
center. On leaves and large stems these pycnidia are nearly cir-
cular in outline often collapsing at the center on drying. This is
the condition which suggested the specific name " concava " to
Desmazieres.
The color varies with the age of the pycnidium, being at first
gray to argillaceous, then light brown. Mature specimens are

shining chestnut brown or almost black. These changes of color
are well shown on leaves of Epilobium. As carbonization of the
cell walls progresses the color approaches more nearly chestnut
brown. On a substratum such as the blackberry cane the pycnid-
ium is very smooth and shining, a feature not noticeable where
the epidermis, such as that of a young Oenothera or Quercus leaf,
is rough or covered with fine hairs. The pycnidium, being intra-
epidermal, is long covered by the cuticle and cuticularized layer of

the epidermis (pi. o, fig. 17). The outer wall of the pycnidium is
composed of small polyhedral thick- walled brown cells, the outer

ones being somewhat flattened and brick-shaped. The inner
ones have much thinner walls and are more angular, forming a
rather broken or jagged border line. The basal or lower wall is
made up of at least three distinct tissues. The first lying next to

148 Mycologia
the host cells below is composed of small thin-walled cells.
Above this is to be found a dark layer composed of rather larger,

polyhedral cells. This becomes thinner toward the margin which
would appear to offer a favorable place for the pycnidium to
rupture, but so far as observed marginal dehiscence does not
occur. Above the middle layer lies that from which the conidio-
phores originate. It is composed of small, thin-walled, colorless
cells (pi. 9, fig. 16).
Fig. 2. a. Sporophores of Sclerotiopsis concava. X 700. b. Spores morn

highly magnified. X 1200.
In mature pycnidia the sporophores form a palisade-like layer

covering the base of the pycnidium. They are 10-20 X I \h f re_
quently with short lateral branches (text- fig. 2). The spores are
hyaline or faintly chlorine colored 6-9 X 1-5-2 /x. In old rup-
tured pycnidia the spores in mass may approach olivaceous. They
are borne apically on the terminal and lateral branches, some-
times slightly adhering in chains as noted by Massalongo ; but not
ordinarily found in that condition as the spores usually separate
as fast as they mature. They are boat-shaped, curved, acute,
oblique-angled, convex on one side, slightly concave on the other.
In keel view they are fusoid.
No ostiole is formed and the dehiscence of the pycnidium is
often delayed until spring. It may occur, however, within a few

weeks after maturity if the weather is very moist. The rupture
of the epidermis should not be confused with the splitting of the
wall of the pycnidium. In oblong forms on small branches, the
rupture may extend in a single line from end to end (pi. 9, figs.
14, 15). In the circular types there are usually three or four
cracks extending from the center toward the margin. The an-
gular segments thus formed (test- fig. j) turn up or fold over

exposing the spores which are quickly dispersed when wet, as
they are surrounded by a mucilaginous substance which swells
very quickly on addition of water and causes the spores to be
pushed out and spread just as they are from the sporodochia.
Fig. 3. Pycnidia of Sclerotiopsis concava. a. Three pycnidia showing

characteristic dehiscence. b. Pycnidiuni after having discharged all of its
spores and dried, c. A pycnidiuni just previous to spore discharge, d. Pycnid-

ium after spore discharge and the breaking away of the segments of the wall.
III. Ascogenous Stage, Pezizella lythri (Desm.) n. comb.
The ascogenous stage has been found from the latter part of
July to October. So far as known at present the discocarps were

first described by Cooke & Ellis (1878). Ellis collected the speci-
mens on Oenothera in August. They occur frequently associated

with the other stages on dead leaves, petioles, fruit stalks and
small branches of Rubus, and are especially abundant on the
"bark" at the base of stems of living Oenothera and on the mid-
rib and petioles of Steironema. They are most easily seen in the
morning when the dew is on or after a rain when all the plant
parts are wet. The disc then appears white, about Yi-i mm. in
diameter and flat. The sides and short stalk-like basal portion
are light-brown or amber colored. When dry they may retain the
flat disc-shape, or the margin may become somewhat involute.
In the latter condition they closely resemble the amber colored,
hard resin-like dried sporodochia which are frequently found
side by side with the discocarps. The pycnidia are not uncom-
monly found on the same specimens with the other two forms.
Ellis evidently sometimes mistook the large dried sporodochia
for the Pezizella stage on stems of Oenothera which he dis-
tributed as No. 846, N. A. F. On the specimens of this number

in the herbarium of the U. S. Department of Agriculture there
150 Mycologia
are several large amber colored sporodochia of Hainesia and not

a single ascOcarp of the Pezisella. The white appearance of the
apothecia when moist is due mostly to the presence of a muci-
laginous substance including large quantities of small globules.
Addition of water produces a sort of emulsion which spreads in a
white layer over the flat disc. This epitheciai' substance may oc-
cur as the result of the disorganization of the upper ends of the
paraphyses which in young ascocarps extend somewhat above
the ends of the asci. The photograph {pi. 10, figs, ip, 21) shows
some of this substance that persisted through the imbedding and
sectioning processes.
Fig. 4. Semi-diagrammatic view of a portion of the margin of the discocarps.
The stipe-like basal portion and the side walls of the apothe-
cium are composed of a pseudoparenchymatous (plectenchyma-
tous) tissue of light brown cells. At the margin the cells elongate
forming a border of narrow cells arranged side by side {text-
fig. 4). In view of this peculiar border or margin it is very likely
that the apothecium is not " at first closed," strictly speaking,
but from the appearance of the young fruit bodies as they break
through the upper wall and cuticle of the epidermis they would
commonly be said to be " closed at first then opening irregularly.'''
Whether the apothecium has a true stalk may be questioned.
Sections show the base to be variable, in some cases at least stalk-
like {pi. 10, fig. 22), and at others simply tapering downward
and funnel-shaped. Perhaps the shape of the apothecia of those

species placed by Boudier (1910) in the genus Micropodia best
represents the condition found here.
The asci are cylindrical, about 55-70 X 7-8 {text- fig. 5).
The apex is not colored blue by iodine. Sections show that the
ascus is truncate at the apex and would probably be called mar-

ginate by Boudier, although this does, not show at all in speci-
mens crushed out on a slide.
The ascospores are straight or slightly curved, occasionally

somewhat enlarged at one end, 8 X 2 fi, uniseriate when young

becoming biseriate when mature especially toward the apex (pi.
10, fig. 21). Spore dispersal is certainly not by "puffing" and

air currents. The -
walls of the asci appear to deliquesce rapidly

and it may be that insects and water are the chief agencies for
the distribution of -the ascospores. The paraphyses are narrow
Fig. 5. Asci and paraphyses. Pezizella lythri. X 920.
linear 60-70X i-i !/2 ^, simple or branched, at first extending

above the level of fully developed asci. The tips spread out
and disorganize, giving rise to the " epithecium " which is
composed in part of the mucilaginous products of this disor-

ganization (pi. 10, fig. 21).
A comparison of the fruit forms of this species of fungus
shows that the sporodochia and discocarps are so similar in their
texture, size, color and general appearance as to be easily con-

fused when dry. Even in this condition, however, they can be
distinguished with a fair degree of certainty w ith
T
a good lens
as the mass of conidia usually forms a heap giving a pulvinate

or conical shape to the top of the sporodochium ; whereas the
discocarp does not retain such a spore mass and is nearly plane
or somewhat concave. They are readily distinguished in wet
weather or when a drop of water is put on the surface of the
fruit body. Under such conditions the conidia collect in a large
droplet which maintains its form in whatever position the sporo-
dochium be placed. Such a drop never collects on the surface
152 Mycologia
of the discocarp when wet. All three forms of fruit bodies or-
dinarily arise intra-epidermally. With the growth of the
apothecium the basal portion may extend downward so that the
lower portions of the epidermis become surrounded by ceils of
the fungus and are lifted up as the point of attachment elon-
gates (pi. 10, fig. 22). The intra-epidermal habit is apparently
quite fixed even when the leaf is covered with hairs. Sections
through pycnidia on leaves of Pelargonium show that while the
coarse, pointed hairs as well as the short, glandular hairs are
raised so as to stand out like bristles on the wall of the pycni-
dium, yet the fungus is found to have invaded the lumen of the
lower part of the hairs to a remarkable extent.
SYNONYMY
In view of the occurrence of three distinct types of fructifica-
tions in the life history of the fungus under discussion and con-
sidering that one or all of these forms may be found on a large
number of host plants, either living or dead, some of which are
distantly related ; it is likely that the synonymy given here is not
complete. This synonymy is based primarily upon a careful study
of type or authentic specimens of most of the species discussed
and on an abundance of fresh and herbarium material from
various localities and hosts. A few probable synonyms based
upon comparison of original descriptions only have been given.
These are indicated in the list.
I. Conidial Stage, Hainesia lythri (Desm.) v. Hohn.
Dacryomyces lythri Desm. The oldest name we have posi-
tively identified as belonging to any stage of this fungus is Dacryo-

myces lythri Desm. In 1846 Desmazieres described this species
on the label accompanying No. 1545 of his PL Crypt. France Ser.
I. A careful study of the fungus distributed under this number
from three sets, two in the herbarium of the Department of Agri-
culture and one in the New York Botanical Garden herbarium,
shows that it is identical with the conidial stage of the Pezizella
described here. Von Hohnel (1906 and 1918) had already

pointed out that Desmazieres' plant is a true Hainesia. It may
seem remarkable that this form should have been referred to
Dacryomyces, which is now well understood to- be a genus of Ba-

sidiomycetes. It must be remembered, however, that at the time
this species was described, careful microscopic studies of these
organisms had not been made and the reference to this genus was
probably based upon the slight superficial resemblance which
large sporodochia of this fungus have to the fructifications of
certain small species of Dacryomyces.

Sphaeronema corneum C. & E. The next description of the
conidial stage which we have positively identified is under the
name Sphaeronema corneum C. & E. (1878). The original de-
scription is brief and one would scarcely think from reading it
that it applied to our fungus. It was said to have " cylindrical
perithecia." A study of authentic specimens on stems of Oeno-

thera, however, issued by Ellis & Everhart in N. A. F. No. 2074,
shows that there is no fungus on these specimens, either the one
in the herbarium of the Department of Agriculture or in the New
York Botanical Garden habarium, agreeing with the usual ge-
neric characters attributed to Sphaeronema. There are, how-
ever, small sporodochia of Hainesia present with typical spores
of this form. There is also found with the specimen of Pesiza
oenotherae E. & E., N. A. F. No. 846, a note on the label stating
that this species is accompanied by Sphaeronema corneum, E. &

E. on the same specimens. Here we also find well developed
sporodochia of Hainesia but no trace of a true Sphaeronema.
It seems certain, therefore, that the fungus to which Cooke &
Ellis applied the name Sphaeronema corneum is none other than
the conidial stage of Pczizclla lythri and its reference to Sphae-
ronema was evidently due to the superficial resemblance of the
sporodochia to the pyenidia of Sphaeronema; as has been already
referred to in describing the morphology of this stage (p. 144).
Gleoesporium ? tremellinum Sace. This was found on
leaves of Acer campestris in Europe and first described by Sac-
cardo (1880). The long branched sporophores lead him to in-

sert the question as to its belonging to Gloeosporium. Later
(1884) he referred it to Hainesia as H. tremellina. His figures
(1881) and his description agree so well with the conidial form
154 Mycologia
of Pezizella lythri, as found on Acer in America, that there can be

little doubt of its identity. We have, however, seen no authentic
specimens of Saccardo's species.
Gloeosporium ? rhoinum Sacc. This species found on leaves
of Rhus glabra in Itaiy and figured by Saccardo in 1881,
was later (1882) described by him. Still later (1884) this was
made new genus Hainesia by Ellis and Saccardo.
the type of a
Specimens collected by Ellis on Rhus in New Jersey are also
cited by Ellis & Saccardo in the description of the species. The
spore measurements given with the original figures and descrip-
tions are 10-12 X 3 ft. This may be an error. There is a possi-
bility, however, that Saccardo had another species of Hainesia
with larger spores, as we suspect that one of this character does
occur on Rhus, from the fact that there is on Rhus cotinus a
Sclerotiopsis having larger spores, which has been described as
Leptothyrium rhois West, by Fuckel (1870) but is not Westen-
dorp's species. Saccardo has proposed the name Gloeosporium
rhois J3 fuckelii for Fuckel's plant. This, according to Fuckel's
specimen, which we have examined, is a true Sclerotiopsis closely
related to >S\ cone ova. The conidia in Ellis' specimens on Rhus
copallina in his herbarium and Rhus aromatica in N. A. F. No.
2278 are only 6-8 X 1.5-2 Von Hohnel (191 8) also found the
fi.
spores from European specimens on Rhus to 7-9 X 1. 6-1. 8 ft.

Except for the measurements given, the figure and description of
Gloeosporium ? (Hainesia) rhoinum Sacc. agree perfectly with
Hainesia rhoina Ellis & Sacc. Authentic specimens in Ellis' her-
barium show that this is the same conidial form that is commonly
found on several species of Rhus and other hosts in this country.
In a later paper (1918) von Hohnel states that Hymenula rhoina

(Ellis & Sacc.) Kab. & Bub. on Rhus cotinus is identical with
specimens of Hainesia rhoina on Rhus glabra from Italy and

North America. Von Hohnel finds the spores in Rabat's speci-
mens Fun. Imp. 749, to be 7-9 X 1.6-8 ft and not as given by Sac-
cardo (1882) and by Bubak and Kabat (1912). The latter
authors state that the spores are 6^10 X 2.5-4 ft but in a later par-
agraph in the same paper the measurements are given as 6-16 X
2.5-4 ft. It appears clear that this is a typographical error, the
"6" in " 16" being used by mistake instead of "o."
Tubercularia rhois Halsted. This species collected by F. L.

Stevens on Rhus radicans at New Brunswick, N. J., and issued
and described in Seymour & Earle, Economic Fungi No. 273,
May, 1893, is the same fungus that was later described by Ste-
vens & Peterson as Patellina fragariac on fruit of cultivated
strawberry and is identical with Hainesia lythri (Desm.) v. Hohn.
Hainesia epilobii Eliasson. We have seen no specimens of
this species but the description (1897) agrees with Hainesia
lythri as found on Epilobium in this country.
Hainesia castaneae Oud. This species on Castanea vcsca

and H. rostrupii Oud. (1902) on Qucrcus rubra according to the
original descriptions agree very closely with H. lythri except for
slightly thicker conidia, and are probably identical. Authentic
specimens, however, should be examined in order to verify this.
Tubercularia zythioides C. Massal. (1908). No authentic

specimen of this species has been seen but judging from the orig-
inal description and its association with a pycnidial form, Sclero-
tiopsis rubi C. Massal. which is apparently identical with Sclero-
tiopsis concava, this conidial form is the same as Hainesia lythri.
The fungus was found on leaves of Rubus caesius in Italy and
the author suggested that the fungus might be the conidial stage
and the accompanying Sclerotiopsis the pycnidial stage of some
unknown ascomycete. The present investigations have verified
this prophesy in every particular.
Patellina fragariae Stev. & Pet. (1916). Authentic speci-
mens of this species kindly supplied by Dr. Stevens and carefully
.compared and grown in culture leave no doubt that it is identical
with Hainesia lythri (Desm.) v. Hohn. The form from straw-
berry is shown {pi. 8, figs. 3, 4).
This is the earliest name as yet positively connected with the

pycnidial stage of Pezizella lythri. During the winter following
the discovery of his " Dacryomyces " on Lythrum, Desmazieres
found on decaying leaves of Rosa, the branches of which had
been cut the preceding summer, a fungus which he described as
Ceuthospora concava (1847). An examination of his specimens
156 Mycologia
of this fungus in PL Crypt. France Ser. I, No. 1625 shows that

there is a single cavity in the pycnidium as he stated and that
there is no stroma, hence it could not be correctly referred to
Centhospora whose type is C. phacidioides, which has a clypeate
stroma enclosing several distinct pycnidia. However, like so
many genera this was poorly defined and contained a group of
very diverse species not congeneric. Desmazieres' fungus proves
to be identical with the pycnidial form of Pezizella lythri found
on Rosa, Rubus and other hosts. Smce this is the oldest specific
name yet known to have been applied to the pycnidial form, it
may be called Sclerotiopsis concava (Desm.) n. comb. The pyc-
nidial form of Pezizella lythri is referred to the form genus Sclero-
tiopsis of Spegazzini (1882) because it is identical with his mono-
type of the genus, 5". aiistralasica, as shown by careful study of an
authentic specimen of Spegazzini's species preserved in the her-
barium of the New York Botanical Garden. Diedicke (1911)
basing his interpretation of this genus apparently on that of
Allescher (1901) and on 5\ cheiri described by Oudemans, and
other forms previously referred to Phoma, revises the original
diagnosis and includes several species with multilocular stromata
clearly not congeneric with Spegazzini's type. V. Hohnel (1914)
has already pointed out Diedicke's error in the interpretation of
Sclerotiopsis. The latter 's mistake might perhaps have been
avoided if the type method of applying generic names had
been followed and the application of Spegazzini's genus re-
stricted to species congeneric with his monotype, S. aiistralasica.
Of course even then one might have such broad views of generic-
limits as to include forms having large multilocular stromata; but
it seems best to the writers to keep such forms separate until more
is known about the constancy and taxonomic value of such char-
acters and the life histories of the organisms. On a basis of a
comparison of morphological characters, one might be justified in
regarding Pilidium Kunze (1823) as a synonym of Sclerotiopsis

and in substituting Kunze's name for this pycnidial form. The
monotype of Kunze's genus, P. acerinum Kze. (not Leptothyrium
acerinum attributed to (Kunze) Cda. as found in some exsiccati,
e.g., D. Sacc. Myc. Ital. Nos. 762 and 974) is almost if not quite
identical in the structure of the pycnidium and scarcely differs
from S. concava in any way except in the shape and size of the
spores.
Leptothyrium macrothecium Fckl. Fuckel ( 1870) de-
scribed this species from leaves of Rosa, Potentilla, Quercus, and

Rubus in Germany. Specimens in his exsiccati, Fun. Rhen. Nos.
551, 553 and 1714 on leaves of the first three hosts respectively
and others on leaves and stems of Rubus from Fuckel's her-
barium have been examined. The specimens are identical with
Sclcrotiopsis concava (Desm.), the pycnidial form of Pczizella
lythri found in America on a great variety of hosts. Leptothy-
rium macrothecium has been figured by Saccardo (1881) and by
Laibach (1908). The latter has an excellent figure of a section
of a pycnidium showing the character of the thick wall and a
palisade-like layer of conidiophores extending across the base of
the pycnidium. Laibach makes no mention of finding a conidial
fungus corresponding to the Haincsia stage associated with the
pyenidia.
No. 552, Fun. Rhen. was originally labeled Leptothyrium ma-
crothecium f. rhois in Fuckel's herbarium. This form resembles
the species superficially except that the surface of the pycnidium
is somewhat rugose. The spores are 14-15 /x long. Noting these
differences Fuckel later (1870) referred the fungus to L. rhois
West. Westendorp's plant, however, as already pointed out (p.
154) is quite different from Fuckel's. Fuckel's form Rhois is
not a Gloeosporium as stated by Saccardo (1884). The fungus

agrees in all morphological characters except spore measurements
with L. macrothecium and seems undoubtedly congeneric with it.
Typical L. macrothecium has been frequently found on both

native and introduced species of Rhus about Washington, but we
have never found the form with large spores described by
Fuckel. The occurrence of this second species of pycnidial fun-
gus on Rhus seems to justify the belief that it belongs to a dis-
comycete congeneric with Pezizella lythri and probably has a
conidial form similar to Hainesia lythri. A pycnidial fungus
very similar, if not identical, with this is Pilidium acerinum Kze.
which occurs in Europe on Acer and Carpinus leaves. It has not
158 Mycologia
yet been reported in this country so far as we can learn. If this
is found to be congeneric with Sclerotiopsis, as suggested above,
the name Pilidium Kunze (1823) would displace Sclerotiopsis of

Spegazzini (1882). A thorough search for the ascogenous and
conidial stages of this fungus should be made where this Pilidium
occurs.
The first report of the pycnidial form of Pezizella lythri on
strawberry in this country was that of Saccardo (1913). The
specimens were collected by Dearness, No. 3507 b, in Canada.
A portion of this material kindly contributed by Professor Dear-
ness is interesting, as it shows that besides the typical L. macro-
thecium pycnidia there are also present several sporodochia of
the Hainesia stage. These seem to have been overlooked by Sac-
cardo if they were on the specimens sent him.
Leptothyrium protuberans Sacc. This specific name was
first attributed by Saccardo (1882) to Leveille, as Saccardo
thought at that time it was the Phoma protuberans of that author
(1846). Saccardo was apparently misled by Roumeguere's ap-

plication of Leveille's name to his No. 516 Fun. Sel. Gal. on
Coronaria myrtifolia, which was the first specimen Saccardo re-
ferred to this species (1882). Later (1884), he recognized the

mistake, dropped the citation of Leveille and used the name as
his own. Saccardo mentions (1882, 351) that his Leptothyrium
protuberans is closely related to L. macrothecium. An examina-
tion of Roumeguere's No. 516 in Ellis' herbarium shows that it
is identical with L. macrothecium Fckl. and Sclerotiopsis con-

cava (Desm.).
Sporonema dubium C. Massal. Massalongo (1889 a) de-
scribed this species from Italy on Castanea. A little later the
same year (1889 b) the same species is described and illustrated

with colored figures. Through the kindness of Dr. Massalongo
we have been able to examine and compare part of the type col-
lection of this species as well as two others described and fig-
ured at the same time. A study of these specimens shows that

this species is identical with Sclerotiopsis concava, the pycnidial
form of Pezizella lythri. Massalongo described the spores as
catenulate. Whether they are slightly catenulate just before or

at maturity is very difficult to determine positively. Whefri

packed in the pycnidium before it ruptures the spores sometimes
appear to be catenulate. If so it is an evanescent character and of
little or no diagnostic value.
Sporonema quercicolum C. Massal. This was described
(1889 a) and figured (1889 b) at the same time as Sporonema
diibhim. Examination of type material of this also shows that it
is identical with our plant. This was said to differ from 5\ du-
bium.'m being argillaceous in color and dehiscing somewhat dif-
ferently. Our study of many specimens of different age and

condition shows that the color is variable, ranging from clay color
through light brown and chestnut brown to black. Old speci-
mens are usually darker than younger ones. The dehiscence of
the pycnidia at maturity also varies greatly. S. castaneae C.

Massal. (1889&), which it was thought might also be a form
of the same species, proves upon examination of part of the type
to be specifically distinct, having considerably larger and differ-
ently shaped spores. This species appears to be identical with

Pilidium acerinum Kze. (1823).
Leptothyrium borzianum F. Tassi (1896). This was found
on Jambosa (Eugenia) vulgaris in the Botanical Garden at Siena,
Italy. Tassi's figures show clearly the form of the pycnidia
which he says are concave or collapsed when dry. The charac-
teristic navicular spores borne upon branched conidiophores are
also shown. We have seen no authentic specimens of Tassi's plant
but we have found typical Sclerotiopsis concava on the same
species of Jambosa in the greenhouses of the New York Botan-
ical Garden which agree in all respects with Tassi's description
and figure and which when cultured gave the typical sporodochia
of Hainesia lythri. There seems scarcely any doubt, therefore,
that Tassi's species is the pycnidial stage of Pezizella lythri.
Sclerotiopsis potentillae Oud. (1900). This was found
on Potentilla in Hoi'land. Oudemans says this differs but little
from S. australasica Speg. except that the spores are 1.5 fi longer.
This slight variation in the length of spores is very common even
in Spegazzini's own specimens. As the original description of
Oudemans' agrees in every respect with Sclerotiopsis concava as
160 Mycologia
found on Potentilla in this country, we have no hesitation in re-

garding it as a synonym.
Sclerotiopsis pelargonii Scalia (1903). This was based on
specimens that developed on leaves of Pelargonium capitatum in
damp chamber in Italy. We have seen no authentic specimens of

this species but the description applies in all particulars to speci-
mens of Sclerotiopsis concava which developed on leaves of the

same host in a damp chamber in our laboratory and also in
nature on P. zonale in New Jersey. Sporodochia of Pezizeila

lythri have been found also in September on old leaves of Ger-
anium maculatum, in the drug garden at Arlington Farm, Vir-
ginia.
Sclerotiopsis rubi C. Massal. (1906). This was found on

dead spots on old leaves of Rubus caesius in Italy. The author
compares the species with his Sporonema dubium and Sclero-
tiopsis potentilla Oud. The original description agrees entirely
with that of pyenidia of Pezizeila lythri as found on various
species of Rubus from different localities in this country. Though
we have seen no authentic specimens of Massalongo's species
there seems to be no doubt that it is the. same as Sclerotiopsis
concava (Desm.).
Sporonema pulvinatum Shear (1907). Comparison of the
type specimen of this species, which was found on cranberry
leaves kept in a moist chamber, shows that it is identical with
the pyenidial form, Sclerotiopsis concava. We also find, upon

examining the original material, other leaves in the same collec-
tion bearing amber-colored spore masses which had been referred

provisionally to Gloeosporium ; but which upon careful compari-
son now prove to be typical Hainesia lythri. Other specimens of
the pyenidial form on Vaccinium macrocarpum have been col-
lected in New Jersey and at Olympia, Washington. Judging

from the character of the monotype of the genus Sporonema
Desm. (1847) which is 5\ phacidioides, and also by study of its
ascogenous stage, Pyrenopeziza medicaginis Fckl., which was

demonstrated by Jones (1918), this is very closely related to
Sclerotiopsis and Pezizeila ocnotherae, but it is apparently generi-
cally distinct.
Shear and Dodge :Patellina, Leptothyrium, Peziza 161
Ceuthospora rubi Petrak (1911). This is apparently a

nomcn nudum, as we have been unable to find any description of
it. The name is used on specimens distributed by Petrak in his
exsiccati, Fl. Bohem. et Morav. No. 512 and was found on canes
of Rubus thrysoideus. A specimen of this number which we have

examined is identical with Sclcrotiopsis concara.
III. Ascogenous Stage, Pezizella lythri (Desm.) n. comb.
Peziza (Mollisia) oenotherae C. & E. Cooke and Ellis
(1878), described this discomycete which Ellis collected upon old
stems of Oenothera. An examination of a part of the original

material from Ellis' herbarium and also of the specimens dis-
tributed in North American Fungi Exsiccati No. 846 and Fungi
Columb. No. 244 shows that this is identical with the disco-
mycete which we have found on this same host and on various
other hosts associated with the conidial and pyenidial form, and
which has been demonstrated by single ascus cultures and inocu-
lation to be identical. If the ascogenous form has ever been de-
scribed or reported from Europe we have been unable thus far
to find it. The discocarps have been found abundantly on old
leaves of Oenothera, Rubus, Gaura, Steironema, Prunus, Salix
and other hosts. They are generally accompanied by the pye-
nidial form and also usually by the conidial form as well.
Pezizella oenotherae (C. & E.) Sacc. Saccardo (1889) re-
ferred Cooke and Ellis' species to Pezizella. This w as merely

r
a
transfer of the species to this genus and was not based on any
new material or information.
Until we have much more knowledge of the life histories, com-
parative morphology and taxonomic value of the various charac-
ters and also can agree as to the generic types, it will be impos-
sible to make any satisfactory disposition of the numerous genera
and species of the discomycetes. In the meantime all attempts
at classification must be regarded as tentative and of little value.
The treatment of genera of discomycetes by the various systema-
tists such as Phillips, Rehm, Boudier, Saccardo, von Hohnel and
others is so diverse that one is left in a quandary as to what
course to pursue in dealing with members of this group.
162 Mycologia
MoUisia, to which Cooke and Ellis referred this plant, seems

to have been first used as a generic name by Karsten (1871), who
includes 28 species, a considerable number of which he regarded
as new. Peziza cinerea Batsch might perhaps be chosen as the
type of MoUisia, as it is one of the common species included by
Fries in his subgenus of the same name and is included in the
first section by Karsten and Rehm. It is very doubtful, however,
whether M. cinerea is congeneric with Pezizella lythri. Some
idea of the confusion which exists in these genera may be derived
from Von Hohnel's statement (1919) in regard to Pezizella. He
says that his investigation of over 50 species, which have been
referred to this genus, shows that they represent 23 different
genera ! As he does not specify to which of these 23 genera our
species, P. Oenotheras, belongs, we shall leave it for the present
where Saccardo placed it, only adopting as the specific name the
oldest one applied to any stage of the species so far as at present
known.
Synonyms
The synonymy of each stage of the fungus is given below, also
the exsiccati which have been cited and examined, the various
illustrations which have been published and the distribution and
hosts so far as at present known.
In connection with distribution and hosts it seems somewhat
remarkable that so few collections of any of the three stages of
this fungus should have been made or reported heretofore in this
country; and especially in view of the variety of hosts upon which

it occurs and its abundance the past season in several widely
separated localities. This indicates quite forcibly the scantiness
of our knowledge of our mycological flora and the great need of
more systematic collection and study before we can hope to know
what species occur or their distribution as to localities or host
plants.
PEZIZELLA LYTHRI (Desm.) n. comb.
I. Conidial Stage, Hainesia lythri (Desm.) v. Hohn.

r. Dacryomyces lythri Desm. PI. Crypt. France No. 1545. 1846.
2. Sphaeronema corneum C. & E. Grev. 6: 84. 1878.
*3. Gloeosporium? tremellinum Sacc. Michelia 2: 168. 1880.
4. Gloesporium? rhointtm Sacc. Fungi Italici, PI. 1035. Jl. 1881.

*S'. Hainesia rhoina (Sacc.) Ell. & Sacc. Syll. Fun. 3: 699. 1884.
6. Tubercularia rhois Halsted. Seymour & Earl. Economic Fungi No.
2 73- 1893. Also Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 251. 1893.
*7. Hainesia epilobii Eliasson. Bih. K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl. Ill, 22: 16.
1896.
*8. Hainesia castaneae Oud. Ned. Kruid. Archief Ver. Med. Ned. Bot. Ver.
Ill, 2: 755. 1902.
*g. Hainesia rostrupii Oud. Ned. Kruid. Archief Ver. Med. Ned. Bot. Ver. Ill,
2: 756. 1902.
10. Hainesia lythri (Desm.) v. Hohn. Frag. Myc. (in Sitz. Akad. Wiss.
Wien. 115: 687. 1906).
*n. Tubercularia zythioides C. Massal. Madonna Verona 2: 39. 1908.
12. Hymenula rhoina (Sacc.) Bub. & Kab. Kabat & Bubak, Fungi Imp.
Exs. No. 749. 1910.
13. Patellina fragariae Stevens & Peterson. Phytopathology 6: 264. 1916.
1. Ceuthospora concava Desm. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. III. 8: 17. 1847. .
2. Leptothyrium macrothecium Fckl. Symb. Myc. 383. 1870.

3. Leptothyrium protuberans Sacc. Michelia 2: 35 t. Mr. 1881. Syll. Fun.
3: 635- 1884.
4. Sclerotiopsis australasica Speg. Ann. Soc. cien. Arg. 13: 14. 1882.
5. Sporonema dubium C. Massal. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 21 : 166. Apr.

: •
fe -
1889.
6. Sporonema quercicolum C. Massal. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. 21 : 166.
Apr. 1889.'
*7. Leptothyrium borzianum F. Tassi. Rev. Myc. 18: 171. pi. 173 F. 1896.
*8. Sclerotiopsis potentillae Oud. Ned. Kruid. Archief III Ver. Med. Ned.
Bot. Ver. 2: 248. 1900.
*9. Sclerotiopsis pelargonii Scalia. Mycetes Siculi Novi. II. 2. 1903.
*ro. Sclerotiopsis rubi C. Massal. Malpighia. 20: 166. 1906.
11. Sporonema pulvinatum Shear. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34: 308, 309. 1907.
12. Ceuthospora rubi Petrak. nomen nudum. Flora Bohem. et Morav. Exs.
No. 512 II Ser. 1 Abt. Lfg. 11. 1912.
II. Ascogenous Stage, Pezizella lythri (Desm.) n. comb.
1. Peziza (Mollisia) oenotherae C. & E. Grev. 6: 90. Mr. 1878.

2. Pezizella oenotherae (C. & E.) Sacc. Syll. 8: 278. Dec. 20, 1889.
* No authentic specimens seen.
Exsiccati Examined
Hainesia lythri.
Desmazieres, J. B. H. J. PI. Crypt. France 1545 as Dacryomyces lythri
Desm. 1846.
Ellis & Everhart. N. A. Fun. 846. Peziza oenotherae C. & E. with
sporodochia (Sphaeronema corneum, C. & E.). 1881 or 1882.
Seymour & Earle. Econ. Fun. 273. Tubercularia rhois Halsted. 1893.
164 Mycologia
Ellis & Everhart. Fun. Col. 244. Peziza oenotherae C. & E. with sporo-
dochia also in the four sets examined. 1894.
Ellis & Everhart. N. A. Fun. 2074. Sphaeronema corneum C. & E.
Ellis & Everhart. N. A. Fun. 2278. Hainesia rhoina (Sacc.) Ell. &
Sacc.
Kabat & Bubak. Fun. Imp. Exs. 749. Hymenula rhoina (Sacc.) Bub.
& Kab. 191 o.
SCLEROTIOPSIS CONCAVA.
Desmazieres. PI. Crypt. France 1625. Ceuthospora concava Desm.
1847.
Fuckel. Fun. Rhen. 551, 553, 1714. Leptothyrium macrothecium Fckl.
1870.
Roumeguere, C. Fun. Sel. Gal. 516. PJiouia protnberans Lev. 1879.
Vestergren, T. Mic. Rar. Sel. 61. Leptothyrium protnberans Sacc.
1882.
Ellis & Everhart. N. A. Fun. 733. Leptothyrium protnberans Sacc.
1881.
Ellis & Everhart. Fun. Col. 287. Leptothyrium protnberans Sacc. 1894.
Ellis & Everhart. Fun. Col. 244. Peziza oenotherae C. & E. with pycnidia
and sporodochia. 1894. ,
Petrak. Fl. Boh. & Morav. Exs. Ser. II, 1 Abt. 512. "Ceuthospora
rubi n. sp." 19 12.
Pezizella lythri.
Ellis & Everhart. N. A. Fun. 846. Pezica oenotherae C. & E. 1881
and 1882. Only the conidial stage, Hainesia lythri, on specimens of
this number in Herb. U. S. Dept. Agr. and N. Y. Bot. Garden.
Ellis & Everhart. Fun. Col. 244. Peziza oenotherae C. & E. 1894.
Ellis & Everhart. Fun. Col. 287. Leptothyrium protnberans Sacc. 1894.
The discocarps are also found with this in the specimens of one
set of this number in the Herb. N. Y. Bot. Garden.
Illustrations
Conidial stage.
Saccardo. Fungi Ital. pi. 1035. 188 r.
Saccardo. Fungi Ital. pi. 1039. 1881.

Stevens & Peterson. Phytopath. 6: figs. 19-26. 1916.
Engler & Prantl. Pflanzenfam. I, 1** : 400 fig. 206 A-C. 1900.
Pycnidial stage.
Fuckel. Symb. Myc. pi. 3, fig. 28. 1870.
Saccardo. Fungi Ital. pi. 1489. 1886.
Richon. Cat. Champ. Marne p. 520. 1889.
Massalongo, C. Mem. Accad. Agr. Verona Ser. III. 65 : pi. 3, fig. XIX,
XX. 1889.
Tassi. Rev. Myc. 18: pi. 173, f. 8. 1896.
Oudemans. Med. Kruid. Archief III. 2: pi. 1, fig. 6. 1900.
Shear. U. S. Dept. Agr. Plant. Ind. Bull. 100, pi. 5, figs. 25-28. 1907
Laibach. Arb. K. Biol. Anst. Land. u. Forst. 6: 79. fig. 2. 1908.
Allescher. Rab. Crypt. Fl. i: Abt. 7: 318, 334, 338. 1903.
Distribution
Americas. The fungus has been found in one or more of its
three fruiting conditions in Ontario (Canada), Maine, Massa-

chusetts, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, District of Colum-
bia, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Wisconsin, Min-
nesota, Ohio, Tennessee, Louisiana, Texas, Washington ( United
States), and Argentina (South America).
Europe. Sweden, Holland, France, Germany, Bohemia, Italy.
Hosts
In the Americas the conidial stage has been found on dead
spots on living leaves, or on mature fruit, dead leaves, petioles or
stems of the following plants : A cer rubrum, Ampelopsis qidnque-
folia, Castanca dentata, Castanca {dcntataX ?), Cercis canadensis,
Comas canadensis, Duchesnia indica, Epilobinin angustifolium,
Eucalyptus globulus, Fragaria virginiana, F. virginiana chiloensis,
F. mcxicana, Gaulthcria procumbens, Gaura biennis, Hicona
glabra, Jambosa (Eugenia) vulgaris, Lythfium saliearia, Nyssa
sylvatica, Oenothera biennis, V accinium
macro car pum, Pelargo-
nium capitatum, Pelargonium zonale, Populus nigra italica, Po-
tcntilla canadensis, Prunus serotina, Quercus alba, 0. rubra, 0.
vclutina, Rhus copallina, R. glabra, R. cotinus, R. toxicodendrum,
R. typhina, Ribes prostrata, Rosa rugosa prostrata, Rubus occi-
dentalis var. (cult, black raspberry), R. strigosus var. (cult, red

raspberry), R. idaeus, R. setosus, Rubus spp. (wild blackberry),
Rubus villosus var. (Lucretia dewberry), Salix hurnilis, Smilax
rotundifolia, Ulmus sp., Vitis cordifolia.
The pyenidial stage has been found on all of the above hosts
with the exception of Ampelopsis, Cercis, Cornus, Duche:uia,
Geranium and Ribes.
The ascogenous stage has been found on Castanca (dcn-
tata X ?), Gaura biennis, Oenothera biennis, Prunus serotina,
Steironema ciliata, Rubus strigosus idaeus (cult, var.), R. villo-
sus var. (Lucretia dewberry) and Rubus sp. (wild blackberry).
All hosts from the LTnited States and Canada except the fol-
lowing are here reported for the first time: Fragaria, Oenothera,
Rhus, Rubus, and V accinium.
166 Mycologia
Conclusion
Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the great need for
serious and concentrated effort in improving the conditions in
mycology, which are so strikingly illustrated by the results of the

present study. With such confusion prevailing in the taxonomy
and such lack of knowledge of the morphology of the fungi as is
here indicated, it is imperative that all mycologists and patholo-

gists should unite in trying to remedy these conditions and to es-
tablish a fairly stable system of nomenclature and terminology for
the fungi. The most practical and effective plan yet suggested
for establishing generic names is to fix a type species for each

genus, which shall furnish a basis for a definite application and
interpretation of the genus. We cannot hope for complete agree-
ment as to the exact limitations of genera, but the application of
the generic type method would at least insure that a certain
species or small group of species would always be inseparable
from the generic name. This would certainly be a great improve-
ment over the present practice so frequently followed of shifting
the generic name from one species or group of species to another
group with little or no consideration for the original species of
the genus.
This work al'so emphasizes the need of more careful study and
comparison of all the morphological characters of the differ-
ent forms or stages of the pleomorphic fungi. The various co-
nidial and pyenidial fructifications when thoroughly studied and
compared in detail will, we beheve, show points of resemblance
or difference which can be coordinated with their relationships
to each other and to their perfect stages. Such knowledge com-
bined with that derived from life history studies will prob-
ably provide the best foundation for determining the natural
relationships of genera and species as well as the higher groups.
The failure to appreciate the significance of the confusion and

lack of knowledge of various genera involved in the present
taxonomic practice has apparently lead some to think that the
conidial and pyenidial stages of ascomycetes show no consistent
resemblances or differences of taxonomic value, and are therefore
of little or no use in determining the relationships of genera and
species. It is said, for example, that species of Gloeosporium

are conidial forms of such diverse and distantly related asco-
mycetes as Glomerella and Pseudopeziza. When, however, one
studies and compares carefully the so-called species of Gloeo-
sporium involved, it is found that they are very different, and
could not on a purely morphological basis be considered con-
generic. The present genus Gloeosporium as treated by Sac-
cardo, for example, contains a heterogeneous collection of many
imperfectly .known and poorly described forms, really belonging
to various and sometimes widely separated genera having in some
cases only very slight superficial resemblances. The same is true
of most of the large genera of the so-called fungi imperfecti.
Summary
This paper contains an account of the life history, morphology
and taxonomy of a discomycete, Pezizella lythri (Desm.) Shear
and Dodge, which is found on a great variety of plants and plant
parts and has three stages in its life cycle : sporodochia, pycnidia
and apothecia.
The conidial stage has received at least seven generic and ten
specific names. It belongs to the form genus Hainesia and was
described as the monotype of that genus. Its first specific name
so far as at present known is lythri, it having been described as
Dacryomyces lythri by Desmazieres in 1846. The new combina-
tion Hainesia lythri (Desm.) was proposed by von Hohnel in
1906.
The pycnidial stage has also been described under various
generic and specific names. It has been referred to at least four
different genera and has had at least twelve specific names. It is
the type of the genus Sclerotiopsis and its oldest specific name at
present known is concava, it having been described at Ceutho-
spora concava by Desmazieres in 1847. The new combination,
Sclerotiopsis concava (Desm.) Shear and Dodge is therefore pro-
posed for it.
The ascogenous or perfect stage has been described but once

so far as known. Cooke & Ellis described it as Peziza (Mollisia)
oenotherae in 1878 from stems of Oenotherae biennis collected
168 Mycologia
in New Jersey. Later Saccardo transferred it to the genus Pczi-

zella as P. oenotherae (C. & E.) Sacc. It is left for the present
in this genus. Adopting, however, the oldest known specific
name applied to any stage, it becomes Pczizclla lythri (Desm.)

new combination.
This fungus in one or another of its stages has been found on
about fifty different host plants widely distributed through North
America and Europe, and is also found in South America.
The cultural and morphological characteristics of^ the various
stages are described.
Cross inoculation experiments show that the fungus weak is a
parasite and passes readily under favorable conditions from one
host to another.
The chaos which at present prevails in the taxonomy and mor-
phology of the ascomycetes is discussed and the imperative need
of establishing a more stable system of nomenclature pointed out.
The application of the type method, it is believed, would accom-

plish this end.
The great need and importance of life history studies is em-

phasized, as such studies will supply important data for deter-
mining the natural relationships of the genera and species of
fungi and also furnish information of exceeding value and direct
bearing on phytopathological problems.
Washington, D. C.
Literature Cited
1823. Kunze, G. Kunze & Schmidt. Myk. Heft. 2: 92.
1846. Desmazieres, J. B. H. J. PI. Crypt. France Ser. I, No. 1545.

1846. Leveille, J, H. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. III. 5: 281.
1847. Desmazieres, J. B. H. J. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. Ser. III. 8: 17.
1 85 1. Westendorp, G. D. Herb. Crypt. Beige No. 544.

1870. Fuckel, L. Symb. Myc. 383- pi. 2, fig. 28.
1871. Karsten, P. A. Myc. Fenn. 1: 15, 187.
1878. Cooke, M. C. & Ellis, J. B. Grev. 6: 84, 90.
1880. Saccardo, P. A. Mich. 2: 168.
1881. •
Fun. Ital. pi. 1035, 1039.
1882. Mich. 2: 540.
1882. Mich. 2: 574.
1882. Spegazzini, C. An. cien. Argentina 13: 14
1884. Saccardo, P. A. Syll. Fun. 3: 635.
1884. Syll. Fun. 3: 699.
1889a. Massalongo, C. Nuovo Gior. Bot. Ital. 21: 166, 167.

1889b. Mem. Acad. Agr. Art. Com. Verona III. 65:
•
pi. 3, figs.
XIX-XXI.
Saccardo, P. A. Syll. Fun. 8 : 278.
Halsted, B. D. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 20: 251.
Tassi, F. Rev. Myc. 18: 171.
Eliasson, A. G. Bih. K. Sv. Vet. Akad. Handl Afd. III. 22: 16.
Oudemans, C. A. J. A. Ned. Kruid. Archief III. 2: 24S, pi. j, fig. 6.
Allescher, A. Rab. Krypt. Fl. I, 6: 416.

Oudemans, C. A. J. A. Ned. Kruid. Archief III. 2: 755, 756.
Scalia, G. Atti Accad. Gioenia Sci. Nat. Catania IV. 17: 14.
Massalongo, C. Malphighia 20: 166.

Hohnel, F. v. Frag. Myc. in Sitz. K. Akad. Wiss. Math. Nat. 115:
687, 688.
Shear, C, L. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34: 308, 309.
Laibach, F. Arb. K. Biol. Anst. Land- u. Forst. 6 : 79.
Massalongo, C. Madonna Verona 2 : 39.

Boudier, E. Icones Myc. pi. 526c
Diedicke, H. Ann. Myc. 9 282. :
Petrak, F. Flora Bohem. et Moray. Ser. II. 1 Abt. Pilze Exs. No. 512.
Bubak, F. & Kabat, J. E. Hedwigia 52: 1363.
Saccardo, P. A. Ann. Myc. 11 :
549.
Hohnel, F. v. Zeits. Garungsphysiol. 4: 218.
Stevens, F. L., & Peterson, A. Phytopathology 6 : 264.
Hohnel, F. v. Hedwigia 60: 163.
Jones, F. R. Jour. Agr. Research 13: 301-33°-

Hohnel, F. v. Ber. Deuts. Bot. Ges. 37: 109.
Explanation of Plates 8-10
Pezizella lythri (Desm.) Shear & Dodge
Plate 8. Conidial stage, Hainesia lythri (Desm.) v. Holm.

Fig. 1. Small sporodochia on white carpel of dewberry, also mycelia of
moulds that often follow this fungus. X 10.
Fig. 2. Large sporodochia on red raspberry, two showing irregularly

lobed margin. X 15.
Fig. 3. Sporodochia on strawberry showing conical mass of conidia.

X 10.
Fig. 4. Typical forms on strawberry. X 15.
Fig. 5. Two sporodochia from old cultures on cut surface of apple. The
one at left developed normally, that on right remained closed and became
darkened. It contained mature spores. X 15.
Fig. 6. Sporodochia from the same cultures as fig. 5. These resemble pyc-
nidia with large ostioles from which broad, white cirrhi of spores are protrud-
ing. X 15-
Fig. 7. Mature sporodochia on agar. The spore masses have become

heavy so that most of the sporodochia have fallen over showing the stalk-
like basal portions. X 10.
170 Mycologia
Fig. 8. Sporodochiura from the same culture as fig. 7, after the spore mass
was removed showing the cup shaped body with lobed margin. X 20.
Fig. 9. Section of young cylindrical sporodochium from strawberry. The
sporophores from the base are much longer than those from the sides. X 100.
Fig. 10. Section of a conidial fructification from strawberry. The spore
mass free from the sporophores. X 300.
Plate 9. Pycnidial stage, Sclerotiopsis coticava (Desm.) Shear & Dodge

Fig. 11. Pycnidia on cane of black raspberry. Note the lines radiating
from each pycnidium showing the effect of the fungus in causing a wrinkling
of the host tissues.
Fig. 12. Pycnidia on dead leaf of Steironema ciliatum showing concave
condition of the mature, dried fruit body, dehiscence not yet occurred. X /2
2J .
Fig. 13. Immature pycnidia on leaf of Epilobium. X 12.

Fig. 14. Pycnidia on dewberry canes. The longitudinal cracks show
where the cuticle has ruptured. The walls of the pycnidia are still un-
broken. X 15.
Fig. 15. Pycnidia from the specimen shown in Fig. n, but more highly
magnified to show the irregular cracking of the pycnidial wall in dehiscence.
Fig. 16. Section of a very small mature pycnidium showing the original
orientation of cells in the upper wall and the middle, dark colored tissue in
the basal wall. X 240.
Fig. 17. Cross section of an overwintered pycnidium on dewberry cane,
showing the cuticle and the cuticularized layer of the epidermis tightly
stretched, and region at the center showing where the walls of spores are
being transformed into a mucilaginous substance the swelling of which bursts
the pycnidium. X 80.
Plate 10. Ascogenous stage, Pezizella lythri (Desm.) Shear & Dodge
(except fig. 18).
Fig. 18. An old sporodochium (a) and a young pycnidium (b) on rotting
strawberry. The spore cavity in the pycnidium is just being formed. The
dark colored middle layer of the wall along the base is well shown here. X 80.
Fig. 19. Section of a mature discocarp from dewberry. The spores are
deeply stained. X 300.
Fig. 20. Section of a discocarp showing a stalk-like base, from leaf of
wild blackberry. The discocarps originate intraepidermally. This is evident
as portions of epidermal cells are clearly seen at the base. X 150.
Fig. 21. Part of a section of a discocarp highly magnified, showing the
arrangement of the spores in the asci, and the paraphyses projecting above
the asci. X 600.
Fig. 22. Small but old discocarp from dewberry leaf showing portions of
the epidermis among the cells at the base. X 150.
PEZIZELLA LYTHRI (Desm.) Shear & Dodge

SCLEROTIOPSIS CONCAVA Shear & Dodge

PEZIZELLA LYTHRI (Desm.) Shear & Dodge

LIGHT-COLORED RESUPINATE
POLYPORES—IV
William A. Murrill
The last article, devoted to red or reddish species, appeared in

the March number of Mycologia. In the present article, I pro-
pose to discuss some of the resupinate forms in which yellow is
the predominant color.
74. Poria aurea Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 43 : 67. 1890
Described as follows from specimens collected by Peck at
Sevey, New York, in July on decaying wood of sugar maple :
" Effused, forming patches several inches in extent, 2 to 3

lines thick, separablefrom the matrix, golden yellow subiculum ;
thin, sub-gelatinous, the young margin byssoid or fimbriate,

greenish-yellow, soon disappearing; pores small, subrotund, elon-
gated, the dissepiments thin, rather soft."
This species, which seems to occur on both deciduous and co-

niferous wood, has been confused with Poria subacida, even by
Peck himself. According to Overholts, the spores are oblong or
short-cylindric, smooth, hyaline, 5-5-7-5 X 2.5-3.5 ^ ;
cystidia
large, hyaline, abundant, projecting. I find the types to be near
P. subacida, but a richer golden-yellow and apparently more
fragile.
75. Poria sulphurella (Peck) Sacc. Syll. Fung. 9: 190. 1891
Polyporus sulphurellus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 42

123. 1889.
Described as follows from specimens collected by Peck in Sep-
tember on dead poplar bark in the Catskill Mountains
" Resupinate, effused, very thin, following the inequalities of
the matrix; subiculum and margin downy, white; pores very

short, minute, rotund, very pale-yellow, often with a slight sal-
mon tint, the dissepiments obtuse."
171
172 Mycologia
The types are well preserved at Albany, and Overholts has

found the spores to be cylindric or allantoid, hyaline, 3-5 X 1-2 fi ;
cystidia none.
76. Porta leucolomea (Lev.) Cooke, Grevillea 14: 112. 1886
Polypoms leucolomeus Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat. III. 5: 140. 1846.

Described as follows from specimens collected by Menand at
New York City, probably on red cedar

" Pileo tenui resupinato undique adnato, margine albo tomen-
toso sterili, poris mediis superficialibus angulatis ore lacerato-
dentatis ochraceo-fulvis.
'"Chapeau large de 2 a 4 centimetres, membraneux, adherent
par tons ses points. Cette espece se distinguera facilement a ses
pores, qui sont d'un jaune fauve, ainsi que par sa marge blanche,
tomenteuse et sterile."
This species was not found at Kew, and my notes made at

Paris contain no mention of The description is inadequate
it.
without a look at the type. Compare Poria subinearnata,
77. Poria vitellina (Schw.) Cooke, Grevillea 14: no. 1886
Boletus vitellinus Sehw. Schr. Nat. Ges. Leipzig 1 : 100. 1822.

Described as follows from specimens collected by Schweinitz
on dead wood in North Carolina
"Subexpansa molliuscula, margine byssino, poris magnis ele-

vatis opacioribus.
" Rarus fungus in fissuris lignorum, maxime putridorum, ni-
dulat. Color pulcherrime vitellinus, post exsiccationem remanet,
Pori molles."
Several different plants have been determined as this species

by Morgan, Ellis, and others, but I have seen none so named that
appear to match the very fragmentary types at Kew. If the
species were white, I should place it near Poria incerta.
78. Poria aurantiopallens (Berk. & Curt.) Cooke, Grevillea

14: 112. 1886
Polyporus aurantiopallens Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 1 :

53. 1872.
Described as follows from specimens collected on pine in South
Carolina
" Suborbicularis,margine elevato obtuso cinctus poris parvis. ;
''About an inch wide; margin obtuse raised; pores %<> inch

wide. Allied apparently to P. bombycimis."
The type at Kew is 1.2 cm. in diameter and 1-2 mm. thick;
margin elevated, whitish-pubescent ; tubes pale-orange-yellow
context firm.
79. Poria tegillaris Berk. Grevillea 15: 25. 1886
Described as follows from specimens in Berkeley's herbarium

collected on dead wood in Carolina :
" Effusa, indeterminate, tenuissima, flavo-fuscescens, substrato

obsoleto ;
poris aequalibus, rotundatis, minimis, dissepimentis
tenuibus.
" Reduced to a mere porous stratum following the inequalities
of the wood."
Little idea can be gained of this species by seeing the type, and
it is a pity that Cooke published Berkeley's name.
80. Poria chrysobapha (Berk. & Curt.) Cooke, Grevillea

14: 113. 1886
Polyporus chrysobaphus Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 1 :

53. 1872.
Described as follows from specimens collected by Peters in
Alabama
" Totus resupinatus, immarginatus, aureo-olivaceus poris

;
elongatis obliquis ;
sporis ferrugineis. No. 6342. Alabama.
Peters.
" Entirely resupinate without any distinct margin ; of a golden
yellow, inclining to olive; pores elongated, oblique, %6 inch wide;
spores ferruginous."
The type at Kew is so very poor, being a mere fragment 2X1

cm., that it is difficult to get a true idea of the plant from it ; but
the olive-yellow tubes and ferruginous spores should be quite
characteristic. Compare a specimen from Ohio so determined by
Morgan.
174 Mycologia
81. Poria flavipora Berk. & Curt. Grevillea 15: 25. 1886
Described as follows from specimens collected on dead wood

in Venezuela by Fendler.
" Effusa, indeterminata, tenuis, alutaceo, v. ochraceo-favida,

margine radiante, tenuiore, albido ;
poris inaequalibu's, minimis,
angulatis, confluentibusque, dissepimentis tenuibus, acutis."
Types have been examined at Kew and also in the Garden

herbarium.
82. Poria ochracea sp. nov.
Effused for many centimeters, continuous so far as the sub-

stratum will allow, inseparable, 1 mm. thick margin wide and ;
conspicuous in young stages, thin, appressed, membranous, to-

mentose, pallid, becoming much reduced in age context pallid, ;
not apparent in age hymenium somewhat uneven, appearing in

;
patches on the subiculum and becoming continuous, not glisten-

ing, ochraceous when fresh, isabelline in dried specimens tubes ;
large, firm, angular, very regular, thin-walled, entire, 1 mm. long,

2-3 to a mm.; spores smooth, pip-shaped, hyaline, 4.5 2 fi; no X
cystidia observed.
Type collected on a decayed fallen oak limb in mixed woods at
Crabbottom, Virginia, 3,000 ft. elevation, July 17-21, 1904, W.

A. Murrill 183.
83. Poria flavida sp. nov.
Effused for several centimeters, continuous, inseparable, 1-3

mm. thick margin conspicuous in young stages, very thin, ap-
;
pressed, membranous, yellow, more or less disappearing with

age; context thin, pallid, soon inconspicuous; hymenium arising
in patches, becoming almost continuous, rather uneven, not glis-
tening, a fine yellow when fresh, discolored-isabelline in dried
specimens tubes very large, angular, irregular, about 1 to a mm.,
;
the edges very thin, entire to lacerate, soft, fragile, and col-
lapsing; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, uniguttulate, copious,
5 X 3-5/^; cystidia not observed.
Type collected on decayed pieces of pine timber at Pointe a

la Hache, Louisiana, in 1886, A. B. Langlois 54. Another
packet collected by Langlois at the same place January 17, 1886,
contains golden-yellow mycelium which grew, in sawdust in pine
woods. This may belong to the same fungus, but one can not be
certain of it.
84. Poria Calkinsii sp. nov.
Effused for a few or several centimeters, becoming continuous,

1-2 mm. thick margin conspicuous, appressed, tomentose, isa-
;
belline in dried specimens ; context a distinct isabelline mem-

brane hymenium first appearing at the center of circular patches
;
of subiculum, becoming continuous, even, glistening, isabelline in

dried specimens tubes firm, angular, regular, 1-2 mm. long, 4
;
to a mm., edges at first rather thick and entire, becoming thin

and lacerate spores broadly ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, rounded
;
at the ends,, uniguttulate, 4 X 2.5 /a.
Type collected on fallen corticatedhardwood branches in

Florida, W. W. Calkins 521. What appears to be the same spe-
cies was collected by Ellis on dead maple limbs at Newfield, New
Jersey, in October, 1874,
85. Poria Parksii sp. nov.
Entire plant pale-yellow when fresh, becoming distinctly fla-

vous on drying; effused for a few centimeters, continuous, sep-
arable, thin margin conspicuous, tomentose, more or less
;
membranous context like the margin hymenium becoming con-

;
;
tinuous, rather even, not glistening ; tubes short, small, thin-

walled, with entire to lacerate edges, the mouths circular at first,
becoming angular and longer than broad ;

spores copious, smooth,
hyaline, subglobose, uniguttulate, 4 ft ;
cystidia none.
The type of this unusually attractive, bright-yellow species

was collected beneath leaves on roots of tan-bark oak in a dense
oak forest at the Boys' Outing Farm, Saratoga, California, Janu-
ary 13, 192 1, Harold E. Parks 965. Said by Mr. Parks to have
been collected at the same place in February, 1919, and. sent to the
University of California. Growing in this way under a heavy
deposit of leaves, the specimens I have seen may be abnormally
developed.
86. Poria subradiculosa sp. nov.
Effused for several centimeters, becoming continuous, insep-

arable,2-4 mm. thick margin very broad and conspicuous in
;
young stages, thin, appressed, membranous, white to orange-

176 Mycologia
yellow, connected with long, branching, rhizomorphic

often
strands context membranous, white or yellowish, varying in
;
thickness hymenium appearing in patches, becoming continuous

;
and somewhat abnormally vesiculose, uneven, not glistening,

bright-orange-yellow when fresh tubes large, irregular, angular,
;
1-3 mm. long, 1-2 to a mm., edges thin, collapsing and becoming
lacerate with age; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, copious, about
5 X2.5/1.
Type collected on decayed pine bark and leaves at Biloxi, Mis-

sissippi, September 6, 1904, Mrs. F. S. Earlc 40.
What apears to be a form of the same thing was collected on
the under side of pine chips at Auburn, Alabama, January, 1896,
by L. M. Underwood. The mycelium was yellow when fresh,
widely creeping, the smaller strands whitish ; subiculum cottony-

flocculent, yellowish, forming at first irregular, thin- walled tubes
without the development of any further context ; mature tubes

irregularly labyrinthiform, deep-golden-yellow, 1-2 to* a mm.,
edges entire, soft when fresh. The spores are ellipsoid, tapering
obliquely at one end, smooth, hyaline, copious, 6-7 X 3-4 ', no
cystidia seen. The mature tubes look quite different from those
in Airs. Earle's specimens, which latter are rather vesiculose and
abnormal.
This species differs from Poria subacida in its bright-orange-
yellow color, larger tubes, broad margin, and conspicuous rhizo-

morphic strands. One would naturally think of Poria xantha
Pers. in this connection ; but South Carolina specimens so named
sent to Upsala by Berkeley are only the yellow form of Poria
medullapanis. The description of Poria vitcllina seems to fit the
plant fairly well, but Schweinitz' types are very distinct. Under-
wood determined his specimens as Poria chrysoloma Fries, a
species confined to Europe so far as I know.
87. Poria flavilutea sp. nov.
Effused for several centimeters, continuous, inseparable, about

1 mm. thick margin at first conspicuous, byssoid, thin, appressed,
;
white, becoming inconspicuous with age; context white, scarcely

apparent in age; hymenium even, regular, scarcely glistening,
flavo-luteous in dried specimens ; tubes angular, quite regular ex-
cept when varied by obliquity, thin-walled, entire, I mm. long, 4

to a mm.; spores ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 5 X 3-5^ 5 110 cystidia
observed.
Type collected on much-decayed fallen branches and moss-

covered roots at Rio Piedras, Porto Rico, November 19, 1911,
/. R. Johnston 07.
88. Poria jalapensis sp. nov.
Effused for many centimeters, continuous, inseparable, 1-2

mm. thick ;
tomentose, white, inconspicuous in age
margin slight,
context white, conspicuous and punky in places hymenium mostly ;
uneven, nodulose or following the inequalities of the substratum,

not glistening, distinctly ochraceous in dried specimens tubes ;
angular, very regular, firm, rather thin-walled, 1 mm. long, 4 to a

mm., the edges produced into short, sharp teeth ;
spores ellipsoid,
smooth, hyaline, 5 X 3/^; no cystidia observed.
Type collected on a decayed hardwood trunk in a moist virgin

forest at Jalapa, Mexico, December 12-20, 1909, W. A. & Edna
L. Murrill 252.
89. Daedalea sulphurella Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus.

44: 133- 1 891
Described as follows from specimens collected by Peck on

much-decayed wood at Salamanca, New York, in September
"Resupinate, effused or nodulose, pale sulphur yellow; pores

short, labyrinthiform, the dissepiments often lacerated and irpici-
f orm in the dry plant ;
spores subglobose or broadly elliptical,
.0002 in. long.
"
Mostly very irregular or nodulose, following the irregularities
of the wood and encrusting mosses. It is of a beautiful pale yel-
low color when fresh, but it changes to a dull pallid hue when
dry."
The type at Albany is very poor, consisting mainly of a few

coarse teeth that suggest litle. Overholts finds the spores to be
ellipsoid or globose, hyaline, 5-6 X 4-j5 andf says that the
mature fragments seem more like an Irpcx than a Daedalea.
Fresh specimens would be highly desirable.
178 Mycologia
Other Yellow Species
Poria calcea Fries, var. sulphured. Romell so determined

specimens collected by me on a white pine log in Maine, August
28, 1905, which were distinctly lemon-yellow when fresh. I.
have not studied this species very carefully, as the specimens are
apt to be sterile.
Porta cremeicolor Murrill. Very pale yellow. See Mycologia
12 : 85. 1920.
Poria fatiscens (Berk. & Rav.) Cooke. Sulphur-yellow to
chrome-yellow, at least in herbarium specimens. See Mycologia
11 : 238. 1919.
Poria heteromorpha Murrill. Distinctly ochraceous, becoming
fulvous with age. See Mycologia 12 : 92. 1920.
Poria incerta (Pers.) Murrill. The herbarium specimens of
this common, variable species are often pale-yellowish. See
Mycologia 12 : 78. 1920.
Poria medullapanis (Jacq.) Pers. Often a beautiful egg-yel-
low or chrome-yellow, especially on the margin of young plants
hence the names P. pulchellus and P. holoxantha assigned to
American material. See Mycologia 12 : 48. 1920.
Poria myceliosa Peck. Tubes pale-yellow. See Mycologia 12:
301. 1920.
Poria radiculosa (Peck) Sacc. Orange-yellow. See My-
cologia 12 : 301. 1920.
Poria semitincta (Peck) Cooke. Tubes usually pale-yellow.
See Mycologia 12 : 300. 1920.
Poria subacida (Peck) Sacc. Usually pale-yellow when fresh,
becoming much deeper yellow in the dried condition. Orange
tints are sometimes present. See Mycologia 12 :
79. 1920.
Poria subsulphurca (Ellis & Ev.) Murrill. Pale-yellow. See
Mycologia 11 : 242. 1919.
Poria xantholoma (Schw.) Cooke. Margin described as ele-
gantly luteous, tubes pallid. See Mycologia 11 : 234. 1919.
Xanthoporia Andersoni (Ellis & Ev.) Murrill. Tubes at first
whitish, soon colored yellow by the abundant spores.

SMUTS AND RUSTS OF NORTHERN UTAH
AND SOUTHERN IDAHO
George L. Zundel
The fungi listed in the following paper were secured from two
principal sources. In the first place the author collected a num-
ber of smuts and rusts while on his vacation during August, 1920.
The next source of material was the herbarium of Dr. C. N.
Jensen, formerly plant pathologist of the Utah Experiment Sta-
tion at Logan, Utah. This material was secured from the biology
department of the Brigham Young College at Logan, Utah.
Besides the above two sources of material, miscellaneous collec-
tions that have been sent to the author have also been included.
In some instances these miscellaneous collections are outside of
Northern Utah or Southern Idaho. Where no credit is given it
is the author's own collection.
The papers on the Smuts and Rusts of Utah by Prof. O. A.

Garrett have been consulted in the preparation of this paper.
The author found that in Box Elder County, Utah, Ustilago
bromivora was attacking Bromus tectorum in epiphytotic form.
As a boy the author botanized in this section of the State with-
out seeing this smut. In August, 1920, however, he found hun-

dreds of acres infected with this smut with an average infection
of from 98 per cent to 99 per cent.
SMUTS
Tilletia as peri folia El. & Ev. ; Jour. Myc. 3: 55. 1887
On Sporobohis asperifola (Ness. & Mey.) Thurb. At corner of 3d North

Street and 2d East Street, Logan, Cache County, Utah, August 3, 1920
(98 per cent infection) ; a quarter mile north of Oregon Short Line Railroad
depot, Logan,Cache County, Utah, August 4, 1920 (98 per cent infection) ;
West of Logan, Cache County, Utah, on Oregon Short Line Railroad, August
4, 1920 (85 per cent infection) near Utah-Idaho Central Railroad, Five
;
Points, Weber County, Utah, August 14, 1920 (98 per cent infection) one ;
mile south of Brigham City, Box Elder County, Utah, August 16, 1920 (75
per cent infection) Perry, Box Elder County, Utah. August 18, 1920 (infec-
;
tion only a trace).
170
180 Mycologia
Tilletia foetans (B. & C.) Trel. Par. Fungi, Wise. 35. 1884
On Triticum sp. (cultivated wheat) ; Beaver, Beaver County, Utah,

August 21, 1918 (H. A. Christiansen) ;
Monticella, San Juan County, Utah,
September 19 18 (C. O. Stott) ;
Kanab, Kane County, Utah, August 19 18
(Hugh Hurst) ; Cedar City, Iron County, Utah, September 19 18 (Alma
Esplin) ;
Aberdeen, Bingham County, Idaho, September 8, 1918.
Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) Wint. ;

Rab, Kryp. Fl. 1: no. 1881
On Triticum sp. (cultivated wheat), Loa, Wayne County, Utah, Septem-

ber, 1918 (A. E. Smith) ; North Logan, Cache County, Utah, August 5, 1920;
American Falls, Power County, Idaho, September 9, 1918; Rockland, Power
County, Idaho, September 9, 1918; Winchester, Lewis County, Idaho, August
28, 1918.
Ustilago bromivora (Tul.) Fisch. de Waldh. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.

401 : 252. 1867
On Bromus marginatus Nees., Mountain south of canyon road, Logan,

Cache County, Utah, August 10, 1912 (C. N. Jensen, No. 238).
On Bromus Utah Agricultural College Campus, Logan, Cache
tectorum L.,
County, Utah (85 per cent infection; Zundel & Richards) August 3, 1920;
Utah Agricultural College Campus, main entrance, Logan, Cache County,
Utah, August 3, 1920 (75 per cent infection) mouth of Logan Canyon, ;
Cache County, Utah, August 4, 1920 (20 per cent infection) one mile up ;
Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah, August 4, 1920 (90 per cent infection) ;
North Logan, Cache County, LT tah, August 5, 1920 (4 per cent infection) ;
Logan Canyon at Birch Glen, Cache County, Utah, August 7, 1920 (50 per
cent infection) Logan Canyon at Rick's Spring, Cache County, Utah.
;
August 7, 1920 (50 per cent infection*) Ideal Beach on Bear Lake, Rich ;
County, Utah, August 7 and 8, 1920 (3 per cent infection) West of ;
Newton, Cache County, Utah, August 11, 1920' (30 per cent infection);
Clarkston, Cache County, Utah, August 11, 1920 (15 per cent infection);
Wandamere Park, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County, Utah, August 13, 1920
(90 per cent infection) University of Utah Campus, Salt Lake City, Salt
;
Lake County, Utah, August 13, 1920 (98 per cent infection) Lagoon Resort, ;
Farmington, Davis County, Utah, August 14, 1920 (8 per cent infection) ;
Five Points, Weber County, Utah (less than 1 per cent infection) Reservoir ;
Hill, Brigham City, Box Elder County, Utah, August 16, 1920 (80 per cent
to 99 per cent infection) South on Utah Idaho Central Railroad, Brigham

;
City, Box Elder County, Utah, August 16, 1920 (85 per cent infection) ; Box
Elder Creek, North of Brigham City, Box Elder County, Utah, August 17,
1920 (95 per cent infection); Perry, Box Elder County, Utah, August . 18,
1920 (8 per cent infection) ; Fish Haven, Bear Lake County, Idaho, August-
8, 1920 (2 per cent to 99 per cent infection) ;
Tyhee, Bannock County, Idaho,
August 19, 1920 (trace W. Fremont Street,
of infection) ;
1014 Pocatello,
Bannock County, Idaho, August 20, 1920 (15 per cent infection); Hills East
of Pocatello, Bannock County, Idaho, August 20, 1920 (10 per cent infection).
Zundel : Smuts and Rusts of Utah and Idaho 181
Ustilago hordei (Pers.) Kel. & Swing., Ann. Rep. Kans. Agr. Exp.
Sta. 2: 268. 1890
On Hordeum sp. cult., Beaver, Beaver County, Utah (Christiansen).
Ustilago lorentziana Thum. Flora 63 : 30. 1880
On Hordeum jubatum L. Logan, Cache County, Utah, August 5, 1912

(Jensen No. 220) ;
Beaver, Beaver County, Utah, August, 19 17 (Christian-
sen) Logan, Cache County, Utah, August 3, 1920 (90 per cent infection)
; ;
Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah, August 7, 1920 (5 per cent infection) ;
Ideal Beach near South end of Bear Lake, Rich County, Utah, August 8,
1920 (30 per cent infection). Bloomington, Bear Lake County, Idaho, August
;
8, 1920 (8 per cent infection) Tyhee, Bannock County, Idaho, August 19,
;
1920 (trace of infection) East Halliday Street, Pocatello, Bannock County,

;
Idaho, August 20, 1920 (3 per cent infection) ; near subway, O. S. L. R. R.,
Pocatello, Bannock County, Idaho (25 per cent infection).
Ustilago longissima (Snow.) Tul. Ann. Sci. Nat. 111, 7: 76. 1847
On leaves of Glycera grandis Wats.— Banks of Logan River, West of

Logan, Cache County, Utah, August 17, 19 12 (Jensen No. 251).
Ustilago macrospora Desmaz. PI. Crypt. II. 1727. 1850.
On Elymus canadensis L., Oregon Short Line Railroad West

leaves of of
Logan, Cache County, Utah, August 17, 1912 (Jensen No. 250).
Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rostr. Overs. K: Danske Vid. Selsk. Forh.
1890: 15 Mch, 1890

On Triiicum sp. (cultivated wheat) Greenville, Cache County, Utah, June
17, 19 18; Beaver, Beaver County, Utah, August, 19 18 (Christiansen).
RUSTS
Aecidium abundans Pk. Bot. Gaz. 3: 34. 1878
On Symphoricarpus sp. — Mountains South of Canyon Road, Logan, Cache

County, Utah, August 10, 1912 (Jensen No. 237).
Aecidium phalaris Pk.

On Phalaris leucophylla, Torr. Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah, June
22, 1912 (Jensen No. 209).
Gymnosporangium nelsoni Arth. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 28: 665. 1901
I. On leaves of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Dry Canyon, Cache County,

Utah, August 2, 19 12 (Jensen No. 277) ;
Logan Canyon, Cache County, L tah, T
August 4, 1920.
Melamspora confluens (Pers.) Jack. Brook. Bot. Gard. Mem. 1: 210. 1918
II. On Salix sp. — Banks Logan River, West of Logan, Cache County,
of
Utah, August 15, 1912 (Jensen No. .246); Logan Canyon, Cache County,
Utah, August 7, 1920.
182 Mycologia
Phragmidium affine Syd. Ann. Myc. 2: 29. 1904

I. On Potentilla gracilis Dougl. Logan Nursery, Logan, Cache County.
Utah, June 24, 1912 (Col. Leo Merrill; Jensen No. 212).
Phragmidium imitans, Arth., N. A. Flora 7: 165. 1912

III. On Rubus americana (Pers.) Wint. — Forks of Logan Canyon, Cache
County, Utah, August 17, 1912 (Coll. Zundel ;
Jensen No. 248).
IT, III. On Rubus strigosus Michx. Forks Logan Canyon, Cache County,
Utah, August 17, 1912 (coll. Zundel; Jensen No. 249); Logan Canyon, Cache
County, Utah, August 7, 1920.
Phragmidium nontivagum Arth. Torr. 9: 128. 1898

I, II. On Rosa sp. Dry Canyon, Cache County, Utah, August 2, 19 12
(Jensen No. 224) ;
Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah, August 7, 1920.
Polythalis thalictri (Cler.) Arth. Result. Sci. Cong. Bot. Vienne 341. 1906
On Thalictrum sp. Logan Canyon at Birch Glen, Cache County, Utah,
August 7, 1920.
Puccinia absinthii (Hedw. f.) DC. Fl. Fr. 6: 56. 1815

II. On Artemesia bigelovia Gray, Providence Bench near Dry Canyon,
Cache County, Utah, August 2, 1912 (Jensen No. 225).
II, III. On Artemisia tridenta Nutt, Providence Bench, near planing
mill, Cache County, Utah, August 2, 19 12 (Jensen No. 226). Forks of
Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah, August 19, 19 12, Tony Grove, Logan
Canyon, Cache County, Utah, August 8, 1920.
Puccinia balsamiorrhizae Pk. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 11 : 49. 1884
On Balsamorrhisa sagittata (Pursh.) Nutt, Logan Canyon, Cache County,

Utah, August 4, 1920.
Puccinia comandrae Pk. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 11 :

49. 1884
III. On Commandra pallida DC. Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah,

June 22, 1912 (Jensen No. 211).
Puccinia caricis (Sebum.) Schrot. Krypt. Fl. Schles. 3: 327. 1889
II. On Carex aquatica Wahl. Fish Hatchery West of Logan, Cache

County, Utah, August 13, 19 12 (Jensen No. 235).
Puccinia clematidis (DC.) Lagerh. Tromso Mus. Aarsh. 17: 47. 1895
I. On Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt, Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah,
August 7, 1920.
Puccinia intermixta Pk. Bot. Gaz. 4: 231. 1879
On Iva axillaris Pursh. Perry, Box Elder County, Utah, August 18, 1920.
(Det. H. S. Jackson.)
Puccinia jonesii Pk. Bot. Gaz. 6: 226. 1881.
I. On Leptotaenia multifida Nutt. Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah,

May 16, 1912 (Jensen No. 207) and III. June 22, 1912 (Jensen No. 208).
Zundel : Smuts and Rusts of Utah and Idaho 183
Puccinia malvacearum Bert. Gray's Hist, de Chile 8: 43. 1852
On cultivated Althea > Logan, Cache County, Utah, June 27, 19 12 (Jensen
No. 221).
On Malva rotundifolia L. Logan, Cache County, Utah, June 25, 19 12
(Jensen No. 214).
Puccinia pologoni-amphibii Pers. Syn. Fung. 227. 1801
On Polygonum hartwrightii Gray. West of Logan, Cache County, Utah,

August 17, 1912 (Jensen No. 242). Det. J. C. Arthur.
Puccinia procera Diet. Erythea 1 : 249. 1893
II, III. On Elymus sp. Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah, August 7,
1920.
Puccinia taraxaci (Reb.) Plowr. Brit. Ured. & Ustil. 186. 1889
II. On Taraxacum officinale L. Logan, Cache County, Utah, July 2,
1912 (Jensen No. 218).
Puccinia veratri Duby, Bot. Gall. 2: 890. 1830
I. On Epilobium adenocaulon Hausskn. West of Logan, Cache County,

Utah, August 17, 19 12 (Jensen No. 240).
Uromyces eriogoni El. & Hark. Bull. Calif. Acad. 1 : 29. 1884
II, III. On Eryogonum sp. Foothills, Logan, Cache County, Utah, August
10, 1912 (Jensen No. 236;.
Uromyces glycyrrhizae (Rab.) Magn. Ber. der. Deutsch. Bot. Gesell.

8: 383. 1890
On Glycyrrhiza lepidota Nutt. Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah, June

22, 1912 (Jensen No. 215) ;
Clarkston, Cache County, Utah, August 12, 1920.
Uromyces hedysari-obscuri (DC.) Wint. Rabenh. Krypt. Fl. 1: 152. 1884
I, II. On Hedysarum pabulare A. Nels. Providence Bench, Cache County,

Utah, August 2, 1912 (Jensen No. 223).
Uromyces proeminens (DC.) Pas. Fl. Franc. 2: 235. 1805; Rabenh.

Krypt. Fl. Europ. 1795. 1874
On Euphorbia dentate Michx. Perry, Box Elder County, Utah, August
18, 1920 (Det. H. S. Jackson).
Urophyxis sanguinea (Pk.) Arth. N. Am. Fl. 7: 155. 1907

On Berberis aquifolium Pursh. Logan Canyon at Birch Glen, Cache
County, Utah, August 7, 1920.
Department of Plant Pathology,

State College of Washington,
Pullman, Wash.
NEW OR NOTEWORTHY GEOGLOSSACEAE
ELIAS J. DURAND
Since the publication of the writer's monograph of the Geo-

glossaceae of North America, in 1908, numerous' specimens have
been collected, or have been received from correspondents in
various parts of the country, which have thrown additional light

on certain little known forms. Authentic specimens of several
species previously known only by description have also become
available, which have, in one or two instances, materially modified
the views expressed in the monograph, or have cleared up cer-
tain points at that time doubtful. The most valuable collection
examined is one of 45 numbers, made by Mr. W. H. Long, in
Maryland and Virginia, in 1910.
Geoglossum intermedium Durand

Virginia: Great Falls and Cherrydale, Sept., 1910, W. H. Long
nos. 2236, 2251 and 2269 (D).
The three collections by Mr. Long agree well with the two pre-
vious ones from New York and Ontario, and abundantly prove
the validity of the species.
Geoglossum pumilum Winter, Grev. 15:91. 1886
Ascomata very small, 0.5-2 cm. high, slender, black ;

ascigerous
portion distinct from the stem, clavate-elliptic to oblong-spherical,
1.5-3 mm
l 011-
1-2 ^ mm
thick when dry, rounded above; stem
-
very slender, brownish black, squamulose, especially above, 0.5

mm. thick when dry. Asci clavate, stout, 185-200 20-25 /x. X
Spores 8, fascicled in the ascus, clavate-cylindric, tapering each
way from above the middle, 15-septate, 104-125 X6/t (majority
110-115/x), deeply colored. Paraphyses longer than the asci,
pale brown above, nearly hyaline below, the distal end stout,
clavate, rather remotely septate, usually nearly straight but some-
times strongly curved, inclined to be constricted at the septa.
8-12 fi thick.
184
Durand : New or Noteworthy Geoglossaceae 185
On soil, Cherrydale, Va., 17 Sept., 1910, W. H. Long no. 2248

(D) ;
Bermuda, Nov.-Dec, 1912, Britton, Brown and Seaver no.
1364 (NY).
This interesting addition to the geoglossaceous flora of North
America was first described by Winter from Brazil. It is one of
the few known species with 15-septate spores. It is closely allied
to G. pygmaeum Ger., from which it differs in its shorter spores,
and especially in its more robust, longer, remotely septate para-

physes. I have not seen Winter's type, so that the identification
depends upon the description only. Only two plants from each
of the above mentioned collections have been seen.
Microglossum longisporum Durand

On the ground, Cherrydale, Va., 10 Sept., 1910, W. H.
Long (D).
This agrees in all respects with the previous collections from
New York, North Carolina and Michigan.
Mitrula muscicola E. Henn.
On wet moss close to the water's edge, Lake Agnes, Alberta,

11 Aug., 1915, Durand n. 10413.
The following notes were made from the fresh material:
Ascomata 1— 1.5 cm. cinnamon-brown with

high, entirely pale
a tint of tan ; smooth, 0.5-1 mm. thick as-
stem slender, terete, ;
cigerous portion abruptly distinct from the stem from which it

is slightly free below, hemispherical to oblong-ovate in shape,
even, or irregularly furrowed, or, in extreme eases, cerebriform,

2-3 mm. wide and high, slightly darker than the stem.
This species is doubtfully distinct from M. gracilis Karst., pre-
viuosly reported from Labrador and Newfoundland, and more

recently found in quantity in Colorado by Seaver. I searched for
moss-inhabiting Mitrulas carefully but in vain at various points
along the Alaskan coast as far north as Skagway.
Trichoglossum confusum Durand n. sp.
T. Rehmianum (P. Henn.) Durand, Ann. Myc. 6: 439. f. 93,

168. 1908.
186 Mycologia
Ascomata cm. alta clavula obovata

solitaria, exsiccata 1.5-2.5 ;
stipes teres, 1-2 cm. longa, 1— 1.5 mm. crassa, hirsuta cystidia ;
acicularia ascos parve superantia. Asci clavati, apice rotundati,

175X12/*; sporidia 8, multiseriata, cylindraeeo-clavata, fuligi-
nea, primum 3- demum 7-septata, 55-73X4-5/* (plurima 60-
68 ft-)-; paraphyses pallide bruhneae, sursum leniter incrassatae,

rectae vel curvatae.
Ad terram, Blowing Rock, N. Car., 1901, Durand n. 1934.
In the Monograph, p. 439, this collection was referred with

some hesitation to Geoglossum Rehmianum P. Henn., a Brazilian
species of which no authentic specimens had been seen, so that
the determination was on the basis of description only. More re-
cently, however, through the courtesy of Dr. G. Lindau, the

writer has been able to examine a portion of the original type of
G. Rehmianum from St. Catharina, Brazil (Ule n. 1564), and
thus to settle its relationship to the Carolinian plant. In the
Brazilian plant the spores are nearly cylindrical, are narrowed
toward the lower end only, and measure 78-103 X 5 /* (the ma-
jority 90-95/*), instead of 60-65/* as indicated in the original
description. The paraphyses are brownish above, and somewhat

thickened and curved as in the other members of the genus. The
plant from North Carolina is different, the spores being shorter,
55—73 /* (majority 60-68/*), and distinctly clavate and narrowed

both above and below the middle.
A careful study and comparison of authentic specimens has
led to the conclusion that G. Rehmianum P. Henn. is specifically
identical with Trichoglossum Walteri (Berk.) Durand, a species

originally described from Australia, but known to occur in ten of
the eastern United States. The plant from Carolina represents

an undescribed species differing from T. Farlowi in having the
spores 7-septate at maturity.
To those who would regard T. confusum as a 7-septate form
of T. Farlowi it may be stated that examination of more than
forty collections of the latter from twelve states has failed to dis-
close a single 7-septate spore. In T. confusum the majority are
7-septate, those with a lesser number being plainly immature.
Durand : New or Noteworthy Geoglossaceae 187
Trichoglossum hirsutum f. Braziliense P. Henn.
In the original description of T. hirsutum f. variabile (Mono-

graph, p. 438) its possible identity with the forma Braziliense P.
Henn., of which no specimens had been seen, was suggested.
Subsequent examination of a portion of the type of the latter
from Goyaz, Brazil (Ule n. 2027), preserved at Berlin, shows the

spores to be regularly 15-septate, 138-160 /x, long, tapering each
way from above the middle, instead of 12-14-septate as stated in

the original description. It is, therefore, typical T. hirsutum,
quite different from forma variabile.
Trichoglossum Wrightii Durand
Trichoglossum hirsutum forma Wrightii Durand, Ann. Myc. 6

438. /• 83, 174. 1908.
Ascomata clavate, black, velvety, with the numerous, black

cysditia, variable in size ;
ascigerous portion irregular, occupying
about Ys the total length. Asci clavate-cylindric, 250-265 20- X
25 fx. Cystidia black, acute, projecting only slightly beyond the
hymenium. Spores 8, fasciculate, 105-145 7 brown, clavate, X
broadest above the middle, mostly 8-9-septate, rarely 5-, 6-, or
7-septate, stout. Paraphyses cylindric, septate, pale brown above,
only slightly thickened and strongly curved.
Cuba: Wright (H).

Bermuda: Brown, Britton and Seaver, no. 1404 (D).
In the Monograph this species was described as a form of T.
hirsutum, from two Cuban specimens in the herbarium of Har-
vard University. A third collection, from Bermuda, has con-
vinced me of the correctness of the opinion previously expressed,
that it would prove to be a distinct species. The spores resemble
those of T. velutipes, but there are eight in each ascus.
University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minn.

Manuscripts should be submitted before the middle of the month preceding the
Dr. R. A. Jehle, formerly extension plant pathologist for the

North Carolina State College of Agriculture, has accepted a sim-
ilar position with the College of Agriculture of the University of
Maryland, succeeding Prof. C. E. Temple, who has become pro-
fessor of plant pathology in the University of Maryland.
Mr. M. A. Carleton, formerly in charge of the Office of Cereal

Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture, and
recently plant pathologist for the United States Grain Corpora-
tion, is now employed as plant pathologist for the United Fruit
Company, with headquarters at Bocas del Toro, Panama.
Mr. R. W. Goss, formerly assistant pathologist in cereal dis-

ease investigations, Bureau of Plant Industry, with headquarters
at Madison, Wisconsin, has become assistant plant pathologist at
the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station, where he will
take up the study of the potato Fusarmm problems of that region.
Dr. O. F. Burger, formerly pathologist at the California Agri-

cultural Experiment Station, Riverside, and recently engaged in
the investigation of fruit and truck crop diseases in the United

States Bureau of Plant Industry, has become head pathologist
at the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville. He
will give special attention to the study of transportation diseases
of truck and citrus crops.
188
Miss Wakefield, the well-known mycologist of Kew Gardens,

England, arrived in New York on March 10, after spending the
winter collecting in the British West Indies. On March 19, she
left for a tour through parts of the eastern United States, and
sailed for England on May 14. Her chief interest at the Garden
was the large collection of polypores from the American tropics.
Nodule bacteria of leguminous plants form the subject of an

article by Lohnis and Hansen in the Journal of Agricultural Re-
search for January 3, 1921. Bacillus radicicola and B. radio-
bactcr are the species chiefly discussed, the latter being easily
distinguished from the former by its brown growth on potato.
A descriptive list of Brazilian gill-fungi, by J. Rick, appeared

in Broteria 18: 48-63. 1920. Of the 106 species treated, a num-
ber are proposed as new in various genera, but the author feels
that many of the new ones are identical with European species
Sclcrotinia minor is the cause of a decay in lettuce, celery, and

other crops, according to Ivan C. Jagger, who published an ac-
count of this new fungus in the Journal of Agricultural Research
for November 15, 1920. The species is known from Massachu-
setts, New York, Pennsylvania, and Florida.
A specimen of Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) P. Karst. has

recently been received from George L. Zundel, who collected it
March 9, 192 1, on birch, at Arden, Stevens County, Washington.

Although reported by Harkness as occurring on oak in California,
this is the first time I have seen this species from the Pacific coast.
A list of the fungi of the Malay Peninsula, compiled by J. F.

Chipp, appeared in the Gardens Bulletin, Straits Settlements for
January, 192 1. The list is prefaced by remarks on our knowl-
edge of Malayan fungi and the preservation of fungous speci-
mens in the tropics. Following it is a bibliography, and an index
to fungi found on the Malay Peninsula and to their hosts.
190 Mycologia
The way in which smut infects sugar-cane was described by

Dastur Annals of Botany for July, 1920.
in the It occurs only
in young buds and not through the cut ends of setts. The spo-
ridia on germinating penetrate the young, thin-walled scale hairs,
and within two months a bud thus infected may produce a spore-
bearing shoot. Diseased sets will, of course, grow into diseased
shoots when planted.
The mildness of the winter season around Fayetteville, Ar-

kansas, has brought forth some unseasonable growths both
among the seed- and the spore-bearing plants. may be of
It in-
terest to note that Plutcus cervinus Fr., a common mushroom of

this region, usually found from May until October, was collected
on February 8. A number of good-sized, fresh specimens were
obtained, some of the pilei measuring 10 centimeters in diameter.
The spores appeared normal in size, shape, and color. —H. R.
Rosen.
Cranberry diseases and their control are discussed in a popular

way by C. L. Shear in Farmers' Bulletin 1081 of the United
States Department of Agriculture. Of the dozen or more dis-
eases included, " early-rot," caused by Guignardia Vaccinii Shear,

heads the list for destructiveness. Spraying with Bordeaux mix-
ture will control' most of these diseases, while large losses due
to smothering can be avoided by proper methods and conditions
of picking, storing, and handling the fruit.
Notes on the Thelephoraceae of North Carolina, by W. C.

Coker, in the Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society for
February, 1921, comprise 51 pages of descriptive matter and 22
handsome plates made from photographs and drawings. Aleuro-
discus macrodens is described as new. This paper, although deal-
ing only with Carolina species, is an excellent introduction to the
family for students in any part of the country.
Some observations on the life-history of Nectria galligena

Bres., by Dorothy M. Cayley, appeared in the Annals of Botany
for January, 192 1. This fungus will complete its life-history on

media containing starch or a derivative of starch with 1 per cent
glycerin. Besides the three known forms of spores, the author
discovers a fourth form, a two-celled multinucleate spore. No
conclusive evidence was found of the occurrence of pycnidia in
the. life-history of this species.
Fomes geotropus, a large polypore found frequently at the base

of living trunks of various trees in the Gulf states and many
parts of tropical America, causing serious decay, has often been
confused with Fomes ulmarius, which it greatly resembles. Hav-
ing studied the two species carefully in the field, I must consider
them of different origin and distribution so far as the present era
of the earth's history is concerned. Let those who regard them
identical explain why F. ulmar'ms is common on elm trees in Eng-
land, for example, and never found on similar trees in the United
States north of the Gulf region.
The Torrey Bulletin for January, 192 1, contains two impor-

tant articles on fungi ; the first by H. E. Thomas on " The rela-
tion of the health of the host and other factors to infection of
Apium graveolens by Septoria Apii" and the second by Prof.

Arthur on " New species of Uredineae." The latter contains de-
scriptions of two new genera, Lipospora Arthur and Tclcuto-

spora Arthur & Bisby ; 5 new species, Pnccinia pacifica Blasdale,
P . irrequisita Jackson, P. additicia Jackson & Holway, Uromyces

coordinatus Arthur, Ravenelia havanensis Arthur, and Lipospora
tucsonensis Arthur ; and a large number of new combinations.
An imperial bureau of mycology, with Mr. E. J. Butler as

director, has been established at Kew Gardens, England, for the
encouragement and co-ordination of work on the diseases of
plants caused -by fungi in the British Overseas Dominions and
Colonies. One of its functions will be to lend out to workers
without good library facilities original papers on mycology and
192 Mycologia
plant pathology. For this purpose reprints, pamphlets, and bul-

letins are more suitable than bound volumes of periodical publi-
cations, and as these are often not available for purchase, Mr.
Butler would be grateful to authors who have pamphlets or re-
prints to spare, if they would present one or two copies so that
their work may be readily brought to the notice of isolated work-
ers in the outlying parts of the British Empire.
A very beautifully illustrated paper by F. R. Jones and C.

Drechsler on crown-wart of alfalfa, caused by Urophlyctis Al-
falfae, appeared in the Journal of Agricultural Research for No-
vember 15, 1920. This disease has been found to have its origin
in the infection of very young buds, the foliar elements of which

develop into abnormalities not involving the mature structures of
root or stem. Infection appears to take place only early in the
spring, becoming easily discoverable in the latter part of March
or in early April in northern California. The abundant develop-
ment of the disease in the regions where now occurs is appar-
it
ently associated with excessive moisture during the period when

infection is taking place. Any measures which can be taken to
reduce the moisture near the surface of the soil at this time should
reduce the disease.
Fusarium oxysporum nicotianae is the name proposed by John-

son in the Journal of Agricultural Research for January 3, 192 1,
for a wilt disease of tobacco found in Maryland and Ohio. The
conditions favoring infection with the tobacco-wilt organism are
heavy soil infestation, wounded host tissue, a relatively high soil
0 0
temperature (28 to 31 C), and a susceptible variety. The
White Burley is most susceptible, and the Havana Seed and
Cuban varities are among the most resistant. Where the disease
threatens to become serious, growers are advised not to grow
tobacco on the infested soils and to avoid the danger of infested
seed beds. The most hopeful means of control appears to lie in
the development of strains resistant to the disease within the

various susceptible varieties.
An underground gasteromycete, apparently a species of Hys-

terangium, was brought to me about the middle of February by
Mr. L. Robba, who collected it with a trained truffle dog under
an oak tree near White Plains, New York. The soil was not
frozen hard, because of the mild weather and a layer of two or
three inches of leaves, but the tiny " pufTballs " were frozen and
made very poor specimens when dried. The spores were rather
rough, ovoid, and distinctly umber-brown under a microscope.
Mr. Robba naturally thought they were truffles, but he did not
notice any odor and he recalled that his dog was not particularly
" interested " in the find, only scratching a little to mark the spot
and then walking away. The plants were unearthed by scraping
off the covering of leaves and digging about two inches into the
soil. There must have been some odor present, otherwise the dog
would not have been attracted.
What we need here in the East is an army of enthusiasts like
Mr. Parks, who would take long journeys with rake and hoe and
explore for underground " pufTballs." A
few trained truffle dogs
would also be invaluable. This is a matter for mycological and
botanical clubs to consider. The autumn is the best season for
such work.
Mr. H. E. Parks, of San Jose, California, has been collecting

a great many underground fungi during the past few years, and
I have asked him to prepare a brief account of his recent work
for Mycologia. During the season of 1917-1918, he reported a
number of specimens from the Santa Cruz Mountains generically
determined, as well as the following species : Gautieria morchelli-
formis, buried two inches in an old road-bed ; Genoa Harknessii,
on the surface of clay soil under pines ; Genoa Gardnerii, under
deep leaf-humus ; Pseudobaldamia magnata, buried deep in wet
soil in jungle; Tuber candidum, in loose soil under oak; Elasino-
myces russuloidcs, under deep leaf-humus ; and Geopora Hark-
nessii, on the surface of clay soil under pines.
In January of the present year, he collected under a single iso-
lated oak (Q. agrifolia), in an area about ten feet square, 7

genera and 11 species of hypogaeous fungi. The genera were:
194 Mycologia
Melanogaster, Hysterangium, Elasmomyces, Hydnangium, Hy-

menogaster, Genea, and Tuber. The determined species were
E. russuloides, G. Gardnerii, and T. calif ornicum.
In February, Mr. Parks sent me specimens of the following
boletes : Ceriomyces flamporus, C. tomentipes, C. viscidus, C.
communis, C. subtomentosus, and Suillellus Eastwoodiae. In the
same package was a new Poria, which I have named in his honor.
LITERATURE
Adams, J. F. Gametophytic development of blister rusts. Bot.
Gaz. 71 :
I3I-I37- /• J ~4- 15 F 1921.
Adams, J. F. Observations on the infection of Crataegus by
Gymnosporangium. Mycologia 13: 45-49. /. 1-4. 1921.
Adams, J. F., & Russell, A. M. Rhisopus infection of corn on
the germinator. Phytopathology 10: 535-543. /. 1-6. D 1920.
Arthur, J. C. Aecidiaceae (cont.). N. Am. Fl. 7- 337-404. 31
D 1920.
Arthur, J. C. Aecidiaceae (cont.). N. Am. Fl. 7: 405-480. 8
F 1921.
Arthur, J. C. New species of Uredineae —XII. Bull. Torrey
Club 47: 465-480. 20 O 1920.
18 new species and several new combinations.
Arthur, J. C. Nineteen years of culture work. Mycologia 13 :
12-23. 192 1.
Bailey, I. W. Some relations between ants and fungi. Ecology
1 : 174-189. pi. 5-7. Jl 1920.
Barss, H. P. Bean blight and bean mosaic. Oregon Crop Pest &
Hort. Rep. 3 : 192-196. /. 56-59. 10 Ja 1921.
Barss, H. P. Cylindrosporium leaf -spot of prune and cherry.
Oregon Crop Pest & Hort. Rep. 3: 156-158. /. 42, 43. 10 Ja
192 1.
Bessey, E. A. Guide to the literature for the identification of
fungi —a preliminary outline for students and others. Ann.
Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 21 : 287-316. Jl 1920.
Bessey, E. A. The effect of parasitism upon the parasite —

study in phylogeny. Ann. Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 21 : 317-
320. Jl 1920.
Blakeslee, A. F. Mutation in Mucors. Jour. Heredity 11 : 278-
284. /. 26-28. 5 F 1 92 1.
195
196 Mycologia
Burt, E. A. The Thelephoraceae of North America —XII. Ann.

Mo. Bot. Gard. 7 : 81-248. pi. 2-6 & f.
1-48. 8 D 1920.
Includes 10 new species in Stereum.
Chardon, C. E. A list of the pyrenomycetes of Porto Rico col-

lected by H. H. Whetzel and E. W. Olive. Mycologia 12 : 316-
321. 1920.
Coons, G. H. The Michigan plant disease survey for 1918. Ann.
Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 21 : 331-343. pi. 15. Jl 1920.
Davis, W. H. Mammoth clover rust. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 26

249-258. /. 84-90. 1919.
Dickson, B. T. Sclerotinia wilt of greenhouse tomatoes. Phyto-
pathology 10: 500, 501. /. 2. 1920.
Dickson, B. T. Stem-end rot of greenhouse tomatoes. Phyto-
pathology 10: 498-500. /. I. 1920.
Diehl, W. W. The fungi of the Wilkes expedition. Mycologia
13 : 38-41- I9 21 -
Contains list of 31 species, with localities.
Durrell, L. W. A preliminary study of the purple leaf sheath

spot of corn. Phytopathology 10: 487-495. /. 1-6. 1920.
Earle, F. S. El mosaico de la cafia o matizado. El estado actual
de la epidermis. Puerto Rico Dept. Agric. y Trab. Circ. 22 :
1-0. Ap 1920.
Edson, H. A. Vascular discoloration of Irish potato tubers. Jour.
Agric. Res. 20: 277-294. 15 N 1920.
Ellen, Sister M. The germination of the spores of Conocephalum
conicum. Am. Jour. Bot. 7: 458-464. pi. 34, 35. 12 Ja 1921.
Folsom, D. Potato mosaic. Maine Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 292 :
157-184. /. 28-30. Au 1920.

Higgins, B. B. Morphology and life history of some Ascomy-
cetes with special reference to the presence and function of
spermatia. Am. Jour. Bot. 7: 435-444. pi. 30 & f. 1, 2. 12 Ja
1 921.
Hotson, J. W. Collar-rot of apple trees in the Yakima Valley.
Phytopathology 10: 465-486. /. 1-15. 1920.

House, H. D. Notes on fungi, VI. N. Y. State Mus. Bull. 219,
220: 233-246. /. 1-3. 1920.
Includes Mycena Atkinsoni sp. now
Howard, W. L. & Home, W. T. Brown rot of apricots. Calif.
Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 326: 73-99. /. 1-5. Ja 1921.

Jagger, I. C. Sclerotinia minor n. sp., the cause of a decay of let-
tuces, celery, and other crops. Jour. Agric. Res. 20: 331-333.
pi. 59 & f. 1. 15 N 1920.
Johnson, J. Fusarium wilt of tobacco. Jour. Agric. Res. 20
515-536. pi 63-67. 3 Ja 192 1.
Jones, F. R. & Drechsler, C. Crownwart of alfalfa caused by
Urophlyctis Alfalfac. Jour. Agric. Rec. 20 : 295-323. pi. 47-56.
15 N 1920.
Jones, L. R., Walker, J. C. & Tisdale, W. B. Fusarium resistant
cabbage. Agric. Exper. Sta. Univ. Wis. Res. Bull. 48: 1-34.
f. 1-10, N 1920.
Kudo, R. Studies on Myxosporidia. 111. Biol. Monog. 5. no. 3,
4: 1-265. pi. 1-25 & f. 1, 2. 31 D 1920.

A synopsis of genera and species of Myxosporidia.
Lee, H. A., & Serrano, F. B. Banana wilt in the Philippines.

Philipp. Agric. Rev. 13 : 128, 129. 1920.
Caused by Fusarium.
Lee, H. A., & Serrano, F. B. Banana wilt in the Philippines.
Phytopathology 10: 504, 505. 1920.
Lee, H. A., & Yates, H. S. The distribution of pink disease.
Philipp. Agric. Rev. 13: 115, 116. 1920.
Caused by Corticium salmonicolor B. & Br. On Citrus.
Levine, M. Studies on plant cancers — II. The behavior of

crown gall on the rubber plant (Ficus clastica). Mycologia
13 : 1-11. pi. 1, 2. 1 921.
Lloyd, C. G. Mycological notes 64: 985-1029. /. 1748-1859 & 3

portraits. S 1920.
Includes translation of article by C. Torrend : The Polyporaceae of Brazil.
Lbhnis, F., & Hansen, R. Nodule bacteria of leguminous plants.
Jour. Agric. Res. 20: 543-556. pi. 68, 69. 3 Ja 1921.

Mackie, W. W., & Briggs, F. N. Fungicidal dusts for control of
smut. Science II 52: 540, 541. 3 D 1920.
McKay, M. B. Western yellow tomato blight. Oregon Crop Pest
& Hort. Rep. 3 : 174-178. /. 50. 10 Ja 192 1.
McLarty, H. R. A suspected mosaic disease of sweet clover.
Phytopathology 10: 501-503. /. 3. 1920.
198 Mycologia
McMurran, S. M., & Demaree, J. B. Diseases of southern pecans.

U. S. Dept. Agric. Bull 1129: 3-22. /. 1-23. S 1920.
Murrill, W. A. A new bolete from Porto Rico, Gyroporus Earlei
sp. nov. Mycologia 13: 60, 61. 1921.
Murrill, W. A. The fruit-disease survey. Mycologia 13 : 50-53.
pi. 3. 1921.
Murrill, W. A. The fungi of Blacksburg, Virginia. Mycologia
12 322-328.
: 1920.
Includes new i species, Pluteus praerugosus.
Odell, W. S. A rare fungus new to Canada. Can. Field Nat. 34

10-13. /. 1-6. 1920.
Overholts, L. 0. Some New Hampshire fungi. Mycologia 13 :
24-37. I9 21 -
Contains a list of 195 species.
Pammel, L. H. The relation of native grasses to Pucinia grami-
nis in the region of Iowa, western Illinois, Wisconsin, southern
Minnesota, and eastern South Dakota. Iowa Acad. Sci. 26

163-192. /. 41-51. 1919.
Peltier, G. L. Influence of temperature and humidity on the
growth of Pseudomonas Citri and its host plants and on infec-
tion and development of the disease. Jour. Agric. Res. 20
447-506. 15 D 1920.
Reddick, D. A fourth Phytophthora disease of tomato. Phyto-
pathology 10 : 528-534. D 1920.
Reinking, 0. A. Higher Basidiomycetes from the Philippines
and their hosts — III. Philipp. Jour. Sci. 16: 527-537. My
1920.
Roberts, J. W. Clitocybe sudorifica as a poisonous mushroom.
Mycologia 13: 42-44. 1921.
Shear, C. L. Cranberry diseases and their control. U. S, Dept.
Agric. Farmers Bull. 1081 : 1-22. /. 1-12. D 1920.
Shunk, I. V., & Wolf, F. A. Further studies on bacterial blight
of soybean. Phytopathology 11 : 18-24. /. I. Ja 1921.
Stevens, F. L. New or noteworthy Porto Rican fungi. Bot.
Gaz. 70 : 399-402. /. 1-4. 24 N 1920.
Stone, R. E. Deadly poisonous mushrooms. Can. Field Natur.
34: 74-78. /. 1-4. Ap 1920.
Stork, H. E. Biology, morphology, and cytoplasmic structure of

Al euro discus. Am. Jour. Bot. 7*. 445-457. pi. 31-33. 12 Ja
192 1.
Tanaka, T. New Japanese fungi. Notes and translations —IX.
Mycologia 12 : 329-333. 1920.
Thomas, H. E. The relation of the health of the host and other
factors to infection of Apium graveolens by Septoria Apii.
Bull. Torrey Club 49: 1-29. 1921.
Waksman, S. A. Studies in the metabolism of Actinomycetes
III. Nitrogen metabolism. Jour. Bact. 5 : 1-30. Ja 1920.
Waksman, S. A., & Joffe, J. S. Studies in the metabolism of
Actinomycetes — IV. Changes in reaction as a result of the
growth of Actinomycetes upon culture media. Jour. Bact. 5
31-48. Ja 1920.
Winslow, C.-E. A., and others. The families and genera of the
Bacteria. Jour. Bact. 5 : 191-229. My 1920.
Wolden, B. 0. The moss and lichen flora of Western Emmet
County (Iowa). Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 26: 258-267. 1919.
BOTANICAL GARDEN

No. 24. The Niduiariaceae of North America, by V. S. White.
Nos. 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 49, 52, 56, 60, 65, 69, 70 and 74. The Polyporaceae
No. 90. Studies in North American Peronosporales— I. The Genus Albugo
by Guy West Wilson.
No. 95. Studies in North American Peronosporales— II. Phytbphthoreae and
Rhysotheceae, by Guy West W ilson.
T

No. no. Additional Philippine Polyporaceae, by W. A. Murrill.
No. ill. Boleti from Western North Carolina, by W. A. Murrill.
No. 117. Studies in North American Peronosporales — IV. Host Index, by
G.W.Wilson.
No. 122. Notes on North American Hypocreales — -II. Nectria Peziza, by

F. J. Seaver.
Guy West Wilson.
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MYCOLOGIA
IN CONTINUATION OP THE JOURNAL OP MYCOLOGY
Pounded by W. A. Kcllcrman, J. B. Ellis,and B. M. Everhart in 1885
EDITOR
Vol. XIII— JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1921— Nos. 4-5
OCT -8 1921 ^
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
JOSEPHC. ARTHUR FRANKLIN S. EARLE LARS ROMELL
GUCOMO BRESADOLA ROBERT A. HARPER CORNELIUS X. SHEAR
FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS THOMAS H. MACBRIDE TYOZABURO" TANAKA
JOHN DE ARNESS NARCISSE PATOUILLARD

LANCASTER, PA.
CONTENTS
Massachusetts species of Helvella
P. J. Anuerson & Marguerite G. Ickis
Memoranda and index of cultures of Uredineae, 1899- 201

1917 . . .
J. C. Arthur 230
Notes and hrief articles . . . . ... . . .
-.
263
Index to American Mycological Literature . . . . 272
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MYCOLOGIA
Vol, XIII JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1921 Nos 4-5
MASSACHUSETTS SPECIES OF H
P. J. Anderson and Marguerite G. Ic:
(With Plates ii and 12)
INTRODUCTION
Helvetia is a small genus containing less than fifty species,

only a small part of which occur in any one locality. They are
not so common in New England but that the fungus hunter ex-
periences a thrill of pleasure on finding one and the day is con-
sidered eminently successful if he has picked up more than two
or three species. In view of the small number of known species
he anticipates no great difficulty or labor in identifying his col-
lections, but soon finds himself confronted with these discourag-

ing conditions : ( I ) there is no one place where the descriptions
of the known American species are brought together, (2) there
is not even a list of the species which occur in America later than
that of Underwood (1896) and he gives no keys, descriptions,
or figures, (3) the heterogeneous lists scattered through Sac-
cardo's Sylloge Fungorum include many species which have been
removed from the genus, many others known to be synonyms ;
many of them unsatisfactory

the descriptions are very brief and
even to one quite familiar with the Latin tongue, (4) there is
marked confusion in regard both to the delimitation of the genus
and more especially of the species, (5) the literature is scattered,
contradictory, and much of it not readily accessible, (6) lists
other than those of Saccardo are only local, (7) exsiccati speci-
[Mycologia for May (13: 129-199) was issued June 25, 1921]
201
202 Mycologia
mens are of little value in identification because most of the

specific characters are lost in the process of drying.
There is real need of a comprehensive monograph of all the

North American forms. The writers have neither time nor
means at present to treat the subject so broadly, but as a con-
tribution toward the accomplishment of such a work they have

made a study of the species which occur in their state, the re-
sults of which are set forth in this paper. They have, however,
included not only the species which they and others have col-
lected in Massachusetts, but also have added in the key and de-
scriptions all other species which have been reported from the
northeastern states, in order that the paper might be more widely
useful and also because species which occur in neighboring states
may be looked for in Massachusetts, although they have never
been reported.
Species of Helvella are separated from each other largely on
the bases of the shape, configuration, size, and color of the stripe
and pileus. The spores, asci, paraphyses, and internal structure
of ascomata of all the species which occur here are so nearly
identical that microscopic examination of dried specimens is use-
less. Also, when a plant is dried, especially if pressed, it loses
its shape and original size and the colors almost always change.
The most valuable contribution one can make to the understand-
ing of the species of the genus is not by making numerous col-
lections which are filed away to receive later worthless descrip-
tions of what they look like in the dried state and measurements
of spores, etc., which are all alike. Much more valuable are care-
ful notes, descriptions, photographs and drawings of fresh plants.
Commenting on dried specimens,
the unsatisfactory nature of
Bresadola has well remarked that " he alone acquires a correct
knowledge of these species who is able to spend the green season
of the year in regions where they grow abundantly and to make
comparisons between them " (Fung. Trident, p. 64. Translated).
In making notes on the collections, one should describe colors
by well-known color standard charts ;
popular descriptions of
colors and shades of colors are subject to rather wide ranges of
interpretation. Colored plates such as those of Boudier are espe-
cially useful.
Anderson & Ickis: Massachusetts Species of Helvella 203
The distinct species which occur here are comparatively few

but the names which have been applied to them are numerous,
confusing, and discouraging. In the present paper the writers
have attempted (i) to determine according to the international
rules of nomenclature what are the correct names for the species
which occur here, (2) to indicate which other names are syn-
onyms and which names apply to species which are no longer
considered as belonging to this genus, (3) to present a key by
which any specimen can be quickly placed in its proper species,
(4) to bring together in one place the original descriptions of
all of our species (or Fries' description if described before 1823),.
(5) to give for each species a full but concise English descrip-
tion, based on study of fresh specimens and study of all avail-
able literature, (6) to publish photographs of all species of which
fresh specimens from which to make them have been obtained.
In addition to our own collections and exsiccati in the herba-
rium of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, the herbaria of
Harvard University, Boston Mycological Club, New York Botan-
ical Garden, and New York State Museum at Albany have been
examined. 1 All the literature bearing on the genus, both Euro-

pean and American, has been carefully read.
Literature of the Genus
Linnaeus has commonly been cited as authority for the genus

name Helvella. He first used it in its present form in the second
edition of Species Plantarum (1763). In the ninth edition of
his Genera Plantarum, however, Gleditsch (1753) is cited as the
authority for the genus name. Gleditsch, however, in his Meth-
odus Fungorum, called it Elvcla and included under it various
species which we now place in the Helvellales and Pezizales,
Jew's ear fungus and many other foreign species, using the
polynomial system of nomenclature. This use of the name to
1 The writers are greatly indebted to Dr. R. Thaxter, of Harvard University,
Dr. F. J. Seaver, of the New York Botanical Garden, Miss Jennie F. Conant,
of the Boston Mycological Club, and to Dr. H. D. House, New York State
Botanist, for the privilege of examining the herbaria under their care, and
for many other courtesies and assistance. Dr. Seaver also kindly read the
manuscript.
204 Mycologia
include a large part of the Discomycetes and various other forms

was usual "before the time of Linnaeus and not uncommon for
many years after him. In the first editions of Flora Suecica
(1745), Genera Plantarum (1737), and Species Plantarum
(1753) Linnaeus spelled the name Elvela. In the second edi-
tion of Flora Suecica (1755), he used Elvella. He offers no
explanation of why he twice changed the spelling of the name
nor from what source he originally took it. Phillips offers this
rather unsatisfactory explanation of its origin, that it was a
Latin word used by Cicero to denote some kind of fungus. The
etymology of the word is uncertain. All three methods of spell-
ing it have been used by various writers but the majority since
the beginning of the last century, including Persoon and Fries
have used Helvetia. Seaver, in a recent article has returned to
the original spelling Elvela. In the present paper the orthog-
raphy of Fries is followed.
At most, we owe nothing but the name to Linnaeus ; he con-
tributed nothing to our knowledge of the species included. He
united all of them under the specific name Mitra (except EL
Pineti, which is not a Helvetia at all as understood bymodern
mycologists). One secures more information in regard to the
species of the genus from the works of previous writers than
from Linnaeus. Thus Michelius in 1729 had already grouped
the species of Helvetia in much the same sense as we now know
them in the section Fungoiclea fungiformia of his genus Fun-
goides. Each of the nine species in this section is briefly described
and three of them are well illustrated. Even before the time of
Michelius one finds some good descriptions by Rajus (1704),
Porta (1592), Clusius (1583), and others. These fungi seem
to have been subjects of considerable interest to the older botan-
ists and hence were frequently described and figured. But in
this early literature one finds them not under the genus name
Helvetia, but under Boletus, Phallus, Fungoides, Morchella, Bo-
leto-lichen, etc.
During the period between the appearance of Linnaeus' Species

Plantarum and the publication of Fries' Systema Mycologicum,
knowledge of the genus was greatly advanced by the works of
Anderson & Ickis : Massachusetts Species of Helvella 205
Schaeffer, Afzelius, Persoon, Scopoli, Bulliard, Sowerby, .and

others who made smaller contributions. But the multiplicity of
publications did not result in a harmonious system of nomen-
clature. The changing and interchanging names during this
of
period is very confusing. An examination of the synonymy
which is appended under some of the older species such as H.
crisp'a and H. lacunosa gives one some idea of the state of the
nomenclature at that time.
Fries, in the second volume of his Systema Mycologicum,

treated the genus fully and very clearly, and his work furnishes
an excellent basis for our present taxonomy of it. In reading
this book one is surprised to find how few taxonomic changes
have been made in the last century. To be sure some of the
species have been transferred to Gyromitra, which he later
(1846) split off from Helvella, and a few others are now be-
lieved to be among closer relations in the Pezizales, but most of
his species are still in the genus Helvella and bear the same
names which he used for them. Also, no small part of the
species which have been described since then could be easily
referred to species which he described.

Since his time a number of species have been described from
various parts of the world by various authors. European species
have been well monographed by Rehm, Massee, Gillet, Phillips,
et al., excellent colored plates published by Boudier, Cooke, and

others. But on turning to the American literature of the genus
we find very little of value. A few new species have been de-
scribed by Peck and Clements — some few of which are really
new, others probably merely variations of old species. Under-

wood published in 1896 a list of all species which had been re-
ported from North America. A few local lists, sometimes ac-

companied by descriptions and figures, such as those of Hone
(1904) and Burt (1899), complete the sum of American liter-
ature on the genus.

Turning now to the literature which deals with collections of
Helvella within the state of Massachusetts we find that the full
extent of our information is based on the inclusion of names of

a few species in published local lists of fungi. The first of these
206 Mycologia
lists is Hitchcock's Catalogue of Plants Growing without Cul-

tivation in the Vicinity of Amherst College published in 1829.
In this list one finds (p. 61) three species of Helvetia: H. albida
Bull., H. esculenta Pers., and H. mitraf L. 2 The second one of
these species is now Gyromitra esculenta Fr. and need not be
considered here. The other two are somewhat difficult to place
exactly. There is a H. albida Pers. (=H. elastica Fr.) and a
H. albida Schaeff. (=H. crispa Fr.), but there seems to be no
H. albida Bull. His third species is still more indefinite in view
of the fact that Linnaeus included all the species of Helvella
under the name H. Mitra. Hitchcock's list then adds little or
nothing to our knowledge of what species of Helvella occurred
in the state at that time. Charles L. Andrews presented a paper
before the Boston Society of Natural History in 1856 on the
fleshy fungi of Massachusetts. He included descriptions of 36
species but no Helvellae were mentioned. During the same year
C. J. Sprague read a paper before the society, " Contributions
to New England Mycology," and a second paper under the

same title two years later. In his first paper he included 350
species of fungi, most, but not all, of which were collected about
Boston. He mentions in this paper Helvella {Peziza) macropus
Pers. and Helvella lacunosa Afz., the latter however having been
collected in Maine. In his second paper he increased the number
of reported fungi to 678. Helvella crispa Scop, and H. Mona-
chella Fr. are in the second paper and one judges from the con-
text that they were collected within the state. In i860 Sprague
gave up his study of fungi and turned over his unworked ma-
terial to C. C. Frost who, in 1869, presented a list, " Further
Enumeration of New England Fungi," of 262 species not men-

tioned in Sprague's The only Helvella mentioned is H.
lists.
ephippium Lev. which may or may not have been collected within
the state. In 1875, Tuckerman and Frost's" " Catalogue of Plants
Growing without Cultivation within Thirty Miles of Amherst
College " appeared. In the list of fungi, Frost included four
species of Helvella: H. crispa Fr., H. elastica Bull., H. lacunosa
2 The same list is repeated in his Report on the Geology, Botany and
Zoology of Massachusetts (1833) and in his Catalogues of the Animals and
Plants of Massachusetts (1835).
Afz., and H. ephippium Lev. It has been customary for my-

cological writers to speak of Frost's collections as being from
Massachusetts. Frost, however, did not live in Massachusetts
and most of his collections were made near his home in Brattle-
boro, Vt. In the first and second volumes of the bulletins of
the Bussey Institute 1 875-1 900, Farlow published two long lists
of fungi found in the vicinity of Boston. In these lists however,

no species of Helvella were mentioned unless we wish to con-
sider Peziza macropus Pers. as a Helvella. Underwood, in his

"
paper " On the Distribution of the North American Helvellales
adds nothing to the above list except the interesting fact that he
himself had collected' H. elastica in this state. In the Peabody
Museum at Salem, Massachusetts, there are a large number of
water-color drawings of fungi by George E. Morris of Waltham,
Mass. The locality of collection is indicated under each drawing.
The species of Helvella which he illustrated from collections in
were: H. crispa, H. ephippium, H. lacunosa, H. M011-

this state
achella,H. macropus, and H. macropus var. brevis Pk. The

last named variety was described by Peck (Bui. Tor. Club 29:
74) from specimens sent to him by Morris.
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
Helvella Fr. Sys. Myc. 2: 13. 1823
Boleto-lichen Jus. Mem. Ac. Sc. Paris. 1728, p. 268.

Fungoides, Sect. Fungoidea fungiformia Mich. N. PI. Gen. p.
204. 1729.
Elvela L. Gen. PI. (Ed. I), p. 327. 1737.
Elvela L. Sp. pi. (Ed. I), p. 1180. 1753.
Elvela Gled. (pars). Meth. fung., p. 36. 1753.
Elvella L. Fl. suec. (Ed. II), p. 456. 1755.
Boletus Batt. (pars). Fung. arim. hist., p. 23. 1759.
Helvella L. Sp. pi. (Ed. II), p. 1649. J 7^3-
Phallus Scop. (pars). Fl. Carn. 2: 473. 1772.
Leptopodia Boud. Bui. Soc. Myc. Fr. 1: 99. 1885.
Fries' description of the genus. Receptaculum pileatum, cen-
tro sufrultum, deflexum, subinflatum, sinuosum, subtus concavum
sterile, supra margineque hymenio tectum. Hymenium laeve,
208 Mycologia
persistens. Asci fixi. — Stipes

constanter praesens, cum centro
receptaculi contiguus, cavus medulla floccosa farctus. Pileus
1.
adultus mitraeformis, compressus, lobatus, siccus, subtus pru-

inosus. Substantia eeraceo-membranacea.
Plants large, usually several centimeters high, stipitate and
upright. Pileus thin, deflexed, attached at the center, concave
below ; of irregular shapes, lobed, irregularly undulate, mitri-.
form, compressed, saddle-shaped, etc. not typically cup-shaped ;
or closed when young without gyrose elevations on the upper

;
surface; margin free or attached to the stipe on opposite sides

or at several points of a waxy membranaceous or waxy-fleshy
;
consistency upper surface covered by the hymenium, glabrous

;
lower surface sterile, glabrous, pruinose, tomentose or villose,

sometimes rugulose or venose. Hypotheci'um and excipulum of
densely interwoven hyphae passing outwardly into a pseudo-
parenchymatous cortex of larger cells. Stipe slender or stout
straight or irregularly undulate smooth, lacunose or with deep
;
longitudinal furrows separated by narrow costae, frequently en-

tire stipe composed of costae united by their inner edges, outer
edges of costae usually irregularly anastomosing solid, stuffed ;
or hollow glabrous, pruinose, tomentose or villose.

;
Asci long
cylindrical or narrowly clavate, with 8 spores in a single row.
Spores hyaline, continuous, ellipsoidal, smooth, 15-20 9-1 2/x, X
in our species, with a large prominent central oil globule. Para-
physes slender, straight, septate, sometimes branching, enlarging
upward to 2-3 times the diameter of the base, hyaline or tinged
with brown.
Solitary or gregarious, subfleshy fungi, without distinctive taste
or odor, autumnal, in the damp woods on the ground or wet
rotten stumps or logs. Most of them are said to be edible.
The genus as originally delimited by Fries (1823) falls natur-
ally into three sections, as follows
Stipe longitudinally sulcate-costate (fluted). Helvella proper

Stipe smooth, or at most somewhat lacunose or irregular.
Small plants with slender stipes. Leptopodia Boud.
Large plants with thick stipes. Gyromitra Fries
The first section is the oldest and best known and is typified
by the common species H. crispa and H. lacunosa. These species
have never been referred to any other genus since the time of
Fries.
The second section includes H. elastica, H. atra, H. ephippium
and H. adhaerens. It includes the species on the doubtful line
between Helvella and Macropodia. Boudier (1885) separated

these species from Helvella and established the genus Lepto-
podia with H. elastica as the type.
The third section includes H. csculenta, H. infula, and other
species which are now commonly referred to the genus Gyro-
mitra. Their characters tend toward those of Morchella. Fries
considered H. esculent a so distinct from the other species that
he made it the basis of a separate genus Gyromitra which he
characterized thus :
" Discus bullato-in flatus, costis clevatis gyro-
sus" (Sum. veg. Scan. 346. 1846). He left H. infula, how-

ever, in the genus Helvella. This species seems more closely re-
lated to H. esculcnta than to the other Helvellae, and Rehm has
therefore removed it also to Gyromitra. Seaver considers it
identical with G. esculcnta and unites the two under the name
Elvela infula SchaefT. Pending further study of fresh material
in the field, the writers have not considered this or other species
of Gyomitra in this paper. G. brunnca Und. is the only other

species of that genus which they have found in Massachusetts.
They hope to discuss Gyromitra in a future paper.
Key to Species of Helvella in the Northeastern States

I. Stipe longitudinally sulcate-costate (fluted).
1. Plants light-colored (white, cream-colored to
light-buff, or with bright-yellow hymenial

surface), margin upturned, usually free. H. crispa.
1. Plants some shade of gray, brown or black.
2. Pileus venose below with prominent branch-
ing veins radiating from the stipe. H. Queletiana.
2. Pileus not prominently venose below.
3. Pileus more or less saddle-shaped, com-
pressed, firm, margin permanently ad-
nate with the stipe. H. lacitnosa
3. Pileus irregularly agariciform (only
rarely saddle-shaped), less firm, mar-
gin usually found free. H. palustris.
3. Pileus cup-shaped (pezizoid), stipe and

lower surface of plieus black velvety. H. nigra
II. Stipe smooth ; somewhat lacunose at times but never sulcate-costate.
1. Margin of pileus always free.
2. Pileus more or less cup-shaped (margin up-
turned), lower surface and stipe villose

with brown moniliform hairs.
3. Spores blunt-ellipsoid, 15—18//, long. H. ephippium.
3. Spores ellipsoid-fusiform, 18-25,11 long. Macropodia macropus
210 Mycologia
2. Pileus not cup-shaped, stipe white or very

light-colored, not villose. H. elastica.
i. Margin of pileus adnate with stipe.
2. Entire plant whitish or smoky-white (may
become brown in age or in drying). H. adhaerens.
2. Smoke-gray to fuscous-black, stipe very
dark. H. atra.
2. Pileus brown, stipe white. Larger than the
two preceding species. H. Monachella ( ?)
I. Helvella crispa Fr. Sys. Myc. 2: 14. 1823
Elvella pallida SchaefT. Fung. 3: t. 282. 1770.

Phallus crispus Scop. Fl. Carn. 2: 475. 1772.
Phallus lobatus Batsch. Elenchus fung. p. 129. 1783.
H. lacunosa var. pallida Afz. Kongl. Vet.-Akad. nya Hancll.
4: 303- 1783.
H. alba Berg. Phyt. 1. t 145.
H. nivea Schrad. Journ. Bot. 2: 66.
H. mitra var. alba Bull. Champ, p. 298. 1786.
H. mitra var. fulva Bull. Champ, p. 298. t. 466. 1789.
H. mitra Sow. Col. Fig. Brit. Fung. t. jo. 1797.
H. leucophaea Pers. Obs. Myc. 2: 19. 1799.
H. leucophaea Tratt. Ess. Schw., p. 163. 1809.
Fries description. Pileo deflexo lobato liberato crispo pallido,
stipite fistuloso costato-lacunoso.
Solitaria, magna, 3-5 unc.primo obtutu glabra. Stipes
alta,
niveus exsiccatione flavescens,deorsum ventricosus,
validus,
totus sulcato-costatus lacunosusque, costis planis fistulosis, unde
stipes dissectus e tubulis pluribus discretis componitur. Pileus
deflexus, inflatus lobatus, margine primo stipiti adnato, mox
libero undulato laciniato-contorto & crispato.
Pileus drooping, lobed, wrinkled and contorted
irregularly
above, margin at adnate to the stipe but soon free,
first slightly
extreme margin curled upward in all of our specimens, fragile

and easily splitting, white, cream color, light-buff or yellow, 1.5-7
cm. in diameter, glabrous, smooth or sometimes rugulose be-
neath. Stipe stout, glabrous or pruinose, white or colored like
pileus, ventricose toward the base and attenuate upward, longi-
tudinally sulcate-costate, lacunose by the irregular anastomosing
of the outer margins of the costae, whole stipe apparently formed
by the edgewise anastomosing of flat plates enclosing tubes in
the center and furrows on the surface, 2-10 cm. tall, .8-2 cm.
diam. Asci cylindrical, 250-300 15-18/x. X

Spores ellipsoidal,
smooth, hyaline, with large central oil drop, 16-19 9-12^. X
Paraphyses straight, slender, enlarging upward, hyaline, slightly
longer than the asci. (PL 11, fig. J.)
Plants usually solitary, in dense wet woods, especially along

streams, on the ground, leaf-mold, or sometimes decayed logs
or stumps. Common in autumn.
The pilei of all the specimens which the writers have collected
about Amherst are cream-color, light-buff, or warm-buff. Plants
exhibiting shades of pink or red are said to be common in
Europe. On the basis of color Fries (1. c.) enumerates three
forms; (a) alba, pallescens, (b) incarnata, (c) lutescens. Sim-
ilarly Massee (1895) gives:
"Forma alba. Pileus whitish..
Forma Grevillei. Under surface of pileus reddish ; stem white.
Forma incarnata. Pileus and stem flesh color.
Forma fulva. Pileus yellowish to tawny."
In the exsiccati the stipes become light-buff or warm-buff but the

hymenial surface becomes much darker, cinnamon, bay, ochra-
ceous-tawny or ochraceous-buff in specimens we have compared
with Ridgway's Color Standards.
The size of the plants is an extremely variable character ; a
condition which is true of all the species of Helvella which we
have studied. Our specimens have usually been small, rarely
exceeding 4-5 cm. in height, and we have frequently found
diminutive forms less than 1.5 cm. high. Hone (1904) describes
the Minnesota specimens as up to 10 cm. in height and the stipe
up to 5 cm. in diameter. In the Harvard herbarium there are

specimens which measure up to 8 cm. tall ; in the fresh condition
they must have been fully as large as those from Minnesota.

Most of the specimens which one finds have the pileus entirely
free on the margin. We do not find the costae hollow in our
small specimens as described by Fries and others.
Massachusetts Collections: Boston 1858 (Sprague) ; Wal-
tham, Oct. 1901 (Morris) ;
Roslindale, Oct.. 1901 (W. R. Hud-
son), Bost. Myc. Herb.; Williamstown, Sept. 1901 (Farlow), in
Harv. Herb.; Amherst, Sept. and Oct. 1919 and 1920 (Ickis &
Anderson) M. A. C. Herb. 2643, 2 7 I 5» 2 7Z 2 2822. Frost's col- ,
212 Mycologia
lections are not listed here or later because of the uncertainty of
the locality. The number of exsiccati in the various herbaria

indicate that this species is common throughout the eastern states.
2. Helvella lacunosa Fr. Sys. Myc. 2: 15. 1823
Boletus leucophacus Batt. Arim. hist., p. 25. 1755.

Elvela Mitra Schaeff. Fung. t. 134. 1763.
Elvela monacella Schaeff. Fung. t. 162. Index, p. 106. 1763.
Helvella lacunosa Afz. Kong. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 4: 303. 1783.
H. sulcata Afz. Kongl. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 4: 305. 1783.
H. sulcata Willd. Fungi, berolin., p. 398. 1787.
H. sulcata Fr. Sys. Myc. 2: 15. 1823.
H. sulcata Afz. var. cincrea Bres. Fung. Trid., p. 41. 1881.
H. sulcata Afz. var. minor Clem. Bot. Sur. Nebr. 4: 8. 1896.
Fries' description. H. lacunosa, pileo inflato lobato cinereo-

nigro, lobis deflexis adnatis, stipite fistuloso costato-lacunoso.
Ab antecedente (H. crispa), pro cujus varietate facile sumi
posset, differet pileo magis regulari, 2-4-lobo, vix laciniato, lobis
serius liberatis & praecipue colore. Statura plerumqu.e minor,
subinde tamen aeque procera occur rit s. Helvella mitra g. pra-
tensis Alb. & Schwein. consp. p. 298. Quamvis igitur charac-
teres acuti desint, in natura constans etiam in cibariis vilior.
;
H. sulcata, pileo deflexo lobato adnato, stipite farcto costis

aequalibus sulcat. Solitaria, raro gregaria, tota glabra, certe a
priori diversa. Stipes farctus, 2 unc. longus, 4-5 lin. crassus,
teres, sursum attenuatus, sulcis longitudinalibus profundis ex-
artus, costis tenuibus solodis, nec lacunoso-fistulosis ut in prae-
cedentibus. Pileus deflexus aequaliter 2-3-lobus, compressus,
laevis, exsiccatus obscurior, latere interiori stipiti adnatus.
Pileus lobed, saddle-shaped, compressed or irregular, lobes de-
flexed and adnate with the stipe, firm, varying in color from
smoke-gray to almost black, 1.5-5 cm - broad, glabrous, smooth,
or lower surface rugulose. Stipe even or attenuate upward, or
downward, sometimes smoke-gray, sulcate-costate,
ventricose,
with the costae sometimes anastomosing by their outer margins,
sometimes free throughout the extent of the stipe, costae solid
in our specimens but said to be sometimes hollow, stipe formed
as in H. crispa, 1.5-10 cm. in height by 0.5-2 cm. in diameter.
Asci cylindrical, 250-350 15-20/x. X
Spores ellipsoidal, hyaline,
smooth, with large central oil drop and some very much smaller
ones, 15-19 X 10-12/A. Paraphyses slender, septate, enlarging
upward, hyaline or brown tinted. (PL 11, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.)
Solitary or gregarious, on the ground, or frequently on wet,

rotten logs and stumps in the woods. Not uncommon in autumn.
This species varies greatly in size, shape, and color with the
locality and conditions of development. Such variations have
resulted in the establishment of a number of species and vari-
eties, as indicated by the synonyms listed above, but the lack of
good constant specific characters and the occurrence of inter-
grading specimens indicate that they might better be considered
merely as variable forms of this rather broad species. The
writers have followed Rehm (1896), Massee (1895), and others
in uniting H. sulcata Afz. with this species. Fries considers
them as separate species and places in H. sulcata the forms with
stuffed stipes and solid costae which do not anastomose, while
in H. lacunosa he places those with hollow stipes and hollow
costae which sometimes anastomose. Later writers have also
found that the latter is the larger species, e.g., Boudier (1905)
gives the height of H. lacunosa as 5-12 cm. and that of H.
sulcata as 3-7 cm., also adding that the stipe of H. sulcata is
not ventricose at the base and the spores are a little smaller.
Specimens collected about Amherst have rarely been over 5-6
cm. in height, the costae are solid and the stipes not hollow. They
agree, therefore, more nearly with the descriptions of H. sulcata.
But in the anastomosing of the costae they resemble H. lacunosa

Fr. In view of the pronounced tendency to variation in stature
which is exhibited by various species of Helvella, size, unless
very extreme, would hardly seem to be a safe specific character.
As for the distinction based on the solid or hollow condition
of the costae, we have previously noted that both conditions
seem to exist in H. crispa but no writer has attempted to split
the latter into two species on this basis. In our specimens in-
terior tubes have been found only where the furrows on the
surface have been converted into tubes by the anastomosing of
the outer edges of the costae.
Our specimens have uniformly had smoke-gray stipes and
smoke-gray to fuscous pilei, which become darker as they be-
come older or dry out. Fries lists under H. lacunosa a form
major with white stipe and form minor with blackish stipe. Also
214 Mycologia
under H. sulcata, he has form fusca with black pileus, brown

stipe becoming ash-gray on drying and form cinerea which is
entirely ash-gray. Boudier describes H. lacunosa as having the

pileus black both above and below and the stipe somewhat lighter,
while in H. sulcata it is blackish or cinereous with a paler stipe.

Willdenow mentions a variety of H. sulcata which is entirely
white. One concludes after reading the descriptions of the

various authors that the shade of color is extremely variable but
it is agreed by all that it can be readily distinguished from H.
crispa by its sombre hues. Also in this species we do not find
the margin curled upward as in H. crispa, and in our collections
the pileus has never been found entirely free from the costae.
Massachusetts Collections: Sprague (1856), Frost (1875), and

Underwood (1896) have included this species in their lists of
New England fungi but the localities from which they were col-
lected are uncertain. Waltham, Aug. 1898 (Morris), Bost. Myc.

Herb.; Wareham, Sept. 1912 (E. C. Ellis) Bost. Myc. Herb.;
Holbrook, Aug. 1899. (Alice L. Grinnell) Bost. Myc. Herb.;
Manchester, Sept. 1898 (N. D. Elliott) Bost. Myc. Herb.; S.
Acton, July 1918. N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.; Aug. 1907 (G. Ellis,
E. Morris) N. Y. Bot. Gard. Herb.; Boston, July 1909 (Mor-

ris) ;
Amherst, Oct. 1920 (Ickis & Anderson) M. A. C. Herb.
It appears to be a common species in this state.
3. Helvella palustris Pk. Ann. Rpt. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.

Hist. 33: 31. pi. 12, f. 16-18. 1880
Peck's original description. Pileus irregular, at first blackish

and slightly adnate, then grayish brown or mouse-colored and
free, rugose beneath; stem equal, slender, sulcate-costate, col-
ored like the pileus, the costae thin, subacute; asci cylindrical;
spores' broadly elliptical, .00064 i n to .0008 in. long, .0005 in.
-
broad, containing a single large nucleus paraphyses thickened ;
above, brown.
Plant 1 in. to 2 in. high, pileus 6 lines to 12 lines broad, stem

about 2 lines thick. Among mosses and liverworts in swamps.
Manlius. Aug.
This speciesis related to H. sulcata, from which it differs in
its more slender and darker colored stem, its less firm and more
Anderson & Ickis : Massachusetts Species of Helvella 215
free pileus and its darker colored paraphyses. In the dried speci-
mens the upper surface of the pileus has assumed a blackish
color, but the lower surface has retained very nearly its normal
hue. The dark colored slender stem readily separates this species
from all others with costate or lacunose-costate stems.
We have found but a single specimen of this species. The
entire plant was gray, the slender stipe 5 cm. high by 3 mm. thick
and beautifully fluted with prominent veins which did not anas-
tomose. The was entirely
pileus free, not firm, almost smooth
beneath. Spores measured 14-18 X J-iOix and could not be dis-
tinguished from those of other Helvellae. In order to clear up

doubts about this species we studied carefully the specimens in
Peck's herbarium at Albany. Six specimens were found but they
were in imperfect condition. The place of collection was Manlius
Center but no date was given (a frequent omission in the Peck
herbarium) and it was of course impossible to say whether it
was the type material. In the dried state the pilei were about
2 cm. in diam. and black, the stipe 4 cm. high X 3 mm. diam.,
sulcate costate, bistre or a little lighter upward, pileus attached
in some but mostly free, finely wrinkled below. Whether or not
the differences are sufficient to warrant the separation of this
form from H. lacunosa as a distinct species is a question which
can be answered only by study of more abundant fresh material.
It is also very similar to H. Queletiana. In the absence of more
abundant material for investigation we have considered it as a
distinct species.
Massachusetts Collections: Pelham, Sept. 1917 (Anderson).
4. Helvella Queletiana Sacc. & Trav. Syll. Fung. 19: 850.

1910
H. vcnosa Quel, (nec Schw.) Quel. esp. Myc. fr. 10th suppl., p.
672. 1 881.
H. plebophora Sacc. (nec Pat.) Syll. 8: 20. 1889.

Quelefs original description. Stipe court, plein, a la fin creux,
lacuneux, cannele, pruineux, gris ou bistre. Mitre bilobee, com-
primee puis reflechie et festonnee, veinee reticulee, gris clair. Hy-
menium glabre, brun bistre. Spore ellipsoide (O mm 016-18),
ocellee.
216 Mycologia
Ete. — Dans les forets de la plaine. II me parait distinct du

sulcata auquel je favais reuni comme variete. (PL VIII, fig.
i'so
Late in the autumn during three successive years the writers
have collected plants which they have referred to this species
along the marshy wooded banks of a small sluggish stream on
Mt. Toby near Sunderland. They grow from mossy rotten logs
and limbs which are partly submerged in the stream, moss-cov-
ered rocks, muck, or leaf-mold but always very close to the
water. Frequently specimens were found completely submerged.
Because we were never fully satisfied as to the identity of these
plants, very full notes were always recorded. The following de-
scription is condensed from notes on some fifty fresh specimens
collected during the three years : .
Pileus not saddle-shaped or compressed (except occasionally

in young and somewhat agariciform, ir-
stages), usually convex
regularly undulating on the upper surface, thin and weak, easily
splitting back from the wavy margin, drooping and sometimes
adnate to the costae, but most often found with margins entirely
free, 1-3 cm. broad, usually fuscous above, but occasionally
lighter (to smoke-gray of Ridgway), lower surface concolorous
with the stipe. The costae from the stipe continue outward on
the lower surface of the pileus as prominent radiating and
branching veins disappearing toward the margin (See fig. 7).
Stipe even or frequently attenuate downward, glabrous, smoke-
gray or sometimes lighter (to almost white), 2-4 cm. high by
4-7 mm. in diam., sulcate-costate, the costae narrow and high,
only rarely anastomosing, entire stipe composed of these solid
plate-like costae united by their inner edges. Asci 200-300 X
16-20/A, cylindrical,with 8 uniseriate spores. Spores ellipsoidal,
hyaline, smooth, with large central oil drop, 14-18 10-12/x. X
Paraphyses of the same height or a little longer than the asci,
septate, slender, gradually enlarging upward to 5—6ft. (PI, 11,
figs. 6, 7.)
The microscopic characters of the species are not distinctive

but in the very prominent veins which spread over the lower
surface of the free pileus it is very distinct from any other species
which we have found here.
The plants seem very much like H. palustris of Peck both in
form and in habit and were at first referred there, but Peck does
not describe that species as having a venose inferior surface and

it seems hardly probable that so prominent a character as this
should escape the attention of so keen an observer. Examina-

tion of Peck's specimens ofH. palustris (in imperfect condition,
to be sure) show this character. H. palustris is also
failed to
a more slender species and is said to have a darker stipe. Both

Quelet and Saccardo find H. Queletiana very closely related to
H. sulcata (= H. lacunosa) and we were at first inclined to re-
gard it as a synonym, but we have found the two species growing
only a few feet apart and as seen in the field they appear very
distinct. This venose lower surface is also possessed by H. fusca
Gill, and H. subcostata Cke. All three agree also in the rather
free pileus and sulcate stipe. Study of a wide range of material
might show that they were not all distinct.
Massachusetts Collections: Sunderland, Sept. 191 7 (Ander-

son). Oct. 1919. (Anderson), Oct. 1920. (Ickis & Anderson)
M. A. C. Herb. 2283, 2816, 2823. Apparently a rare species,
no other collections having been recorded from this state and
very few from elsewhere.
5. Helvella nigra Peck, Bui. Tor. Club 26: 70. 1899
Peck's description. Pileus irregular, eupular, 1.5-2 cm. broad,

externally velvety with short few-celled blackish brown or black
septate hairs, hymenium even, black; stem 1.5-2 cm. long, solid,
deeply sulcate and lacunosely pitted, velvety, black asci 8-spored, ;
150— 200/X long, 12-15^ broad; spores elliptic, 15-20/x long, 10-12/x
broad ;
usually containing a single large shining nucleus.
Ashes of an old camp fire, Mt. Katadin, Me., Sept., F. L.
Harvey.
This species is externally black and everywhere clothed with
short thick black hairs except on the hymenium, but the inner
substance is white. It is peculiar in having a cup-shaped though
wavy and irregular ascomate or pileus. It is possible that this
may become reflexed or deflexed with age, but I have seen no
such specimens. The stem is rather long and conspicuously sul-
cate and lacunose and on this account I have referred the species
to the genus Helvella rather than to Acetabularia. The hymen-
ium is sometimes suffused with a white pruinosity.
218 Mycologia
No collections of this species have been reported from Massa-

chusette and we can add nothing to the above description. The
length and furrowing of the stipe seem to us to be hardly suffi-
cient basis for calling this plant a Helvella, since neither of these
characters is lacking in the Pezizales where the cup-like upright

pileus would seem to place the species in the genus Acetabula.
6. Helvella ephippium Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat. II. 16: 240. pi. 15,
fig. 7. 1841
Leveille's original description. Gregaria, villosa, cinerea

1
pileo 2-3-lobo, deflexo, libero; stipite cylindrico, laevi, farcto.
Hab. circa Parisios, ad terrain in graminosis. Aestate.
Pileus firm, smooth, rather tough and membranaceous, at first
pezizoid, then becoming saddle-shaped by the elevation of two

opposite sides and the depression of the intervening margins,
1-3 cm. broad, margin always free from the stipe, smoke brown
or bistre above, cinereous and scurfy villose below with tufts of
converging, closely septate, moniliform, brown hairs increasing
to 12-15/x in thickness at their apices. Stipe slender, attenuate
upward, scurfy-villose lower surface of pileus, stuffed,
like the
terete, tough, elastic, cinereous, 1-3.3cm high by 2-5 mm. diam.
-
at the base. Asci 200-300 X 14-18/x. Spores hyaline, smooth,

ellipsoidal, with large central oil drop, 14-18 X 10-12/*. Para-
physes slender, septate, enlarged upward, brown-tinted. (PI. 12,
figs. 18-20.)
Gregarious, on the ground in grassy places and thin woods.

Common in late summer and autumn.
Our specimens have been very dark gray, some of them fus-
cous-black. The pezizoid character is very prominent and
although the older ones are frequently saddle-shaped, they be-
come so in the manner described above and not because the
lobes are reflexed from the first as in H. atra. We find with
Leveille however that the shape is not very constant. Many of
the stipes were partly buried and in all cases a round ball of
earth adheres to the base of the stipe, making it appear at first
bulbose. The hairs on the lower surface are longer and the
scurfy-villose character more prominent than in H. atra,, giving
the plant an almost shaggy appearance. The spores are described
1 A long note follows this brief diagnosis in the original.
/
by Leveille as round but we find them much the same as in other
species of the genus except perhaps that they are a little smaller
(14-16/x long in our specimens).
In this species we have a connecting link between the Hel-
vellae and the Pezizales. One who sees only the younger cupu-
lar ascomata is inclined to place it among the latter but in more
mature stages the helvelloid character appears.
Massachusetts Collections. Sunderland, Sept., 191 9 (Ander-
son & G. W. Martin) M. A. C. Herb. 2644; Leverett, Oct., 1920
(Ickis). There are specimens under this name in the Harvard
herbarium, collected by Mrs. Sanger at Manchester, Mass., in
Aug. 1906, but they could hardly be H. ephippium as we know

it, since they are much larger, have lacunose stipes, and the
margins of the pilei are adnate.
In Peck's herbarium there are two packets of this species from
Mass., one from G. E. Morris, of Waltham, and the other from
Miss Hallowell, but no localities or dates are given.
7. Helvella elastica Fr. Sys. Myc. 2: 21. 1823
Boleto-lichen vulgaris Jus. Mem. Ac. Sc. Paris 1728, p. 268.

Elvela fuliginosa SchaefT. Fung. t. 320. Index, p. 113. 1770.
H. elastica Bull. Champ, fr. p. 299. t. 242. 1785.
H. Mitra Bolt. Hist, fung." t. 95. 1789.
H. albida Pers. Syn. Meth. fung. p. 616. 1801.
H. gracilis Pk. N. Y. Sta. Mus. Nat. Hist. Rpt. 24 (for 1870) :
94- 1872.
Leptopodia elastica Boud. Bui. Soc. Myc. Fr. 1: 99. 1885.
Elvella albella Quel. Bui. ass'n. fr. Adv. Sci. 1895: 621. t. 6, f. 6.
Leptopodia albella (Quel.) Boud. Ic. Myc. 4: 123. 1910.

Helvella capucinoides Pk. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 157: 27. 1912.
(Rpt. State Bot. for 1911.)
Fries' description. Pileo libero laevi inflato, demun acute lo-

bato, stipite elongato tenui attenuato pruinoso.
3-4 unc. alta, elastica, pellucens. Stipes junior farc-
Gracilis,
tus, dein fistulosus, basi incrassatus, saepe irregulariter lacuno-
sus. Pileus unciam vix attingens, 2-3-lobus, subinde orbicularis
leviter plicatus.
Pileus smooth or undulate, firm, deflexed and rolled backward,
220 Mycologia
saddle-shaped or irregularly 2-3-lobed, usually tilted so much so —

in some cases that it is almost vertical and the reflexed lobes en-
circle the stipe —
margin even or wavy and free from the stipe,
upper surface light-drab, smoke-gray or yellow but often found
darker, through various shades of gray-brown or fuliginous,
1-3.5 cm. broad, lower surface white, pruinose to tomentose,
usually areolate. Stipe slender, smooth and terete or frequently
somewhat uneven and undulating, compressed at places or lacu-
nose but never sulcate-costate, attenuate upward, pruinose to to-
mentose, 3-10 cm. high by 4-8 mm. diam. at the base, pure-white,
sometimes darker toward the base and exhibiting there the same
colors as the pileus, stuffed or finally hollow. Asci 200-300 X
12-18/A. Spores ellipsoidal, smooth, hyaline, 17-20 1 0—12/*, X
with large central oil drop. Paraphyses slender, septate, clavate,
hyaline. (PI. 12, figs. 8-15.)
On the ground and sometimes on wet rotten logs in the woods.

Common in autumn.
The shape of the pileus is extremely variable. It only rarely
appears to be set squarely on the top of the stipe but in our
specimens has almost always been tilted at various angles as in-
dicated by our photographs. If tilted to nearly the vertical posi-
tion, the reflexed margins roll closely about the top of the stipe.
Sometimes longitudinal lacunae on opposite sides extend clear

through the stipe, the fissure thus formed making the stipe appear
double for a part of its length (fig. 8). The stipe is always
slender ; we have never found one that was as much as 1 cm. in
diameter; it is difficult for us to believe that they become 1 inch
thick in Minn, as described by Miss Hone. H. albella Quel. (=
Leptopodia albella of Boudier) is separated on the basis of a
darker colored pileus. In view of the well-known variations in
the shade of the pileus such a character would hardly seem suffi-
cient for separating a species. In his supplement to Vol. II of

the Systema Mycologicum, Fries states that he has seen many
varieties of colors, snow-white, brown, etc.
Peck describes his new species H. gracilis as having the upper

surface of the pileus pale-yellow, but in all other respects his
description agrees Cook (Mycogr.
with that of H. elastica.
1 (I): 91 and fig*. 162) after examining the specimens of H.
gracilis which Peck sent to him says Size and habit that of H.
:
elastica, wholly ochraceous. Sporidia 18-20 X I2ft. It is appar-

ently only different in color from the usual condition of H. elas-
tica, of which it is probably only a variety." His figure shows

the plant wholly ochraceous, but was made from dried speci-
it
mens and we frequently find exsiccati specimens of H. elastica

entirely of that color. In a short key to the N. Y. species of
Helvella (Rpt. 31: 59. 1879.) Peck separates H. gracilis from
H. elastica on the basis of its glabrous stipe. But Cooke finds
his specimens of H. gracilis with pruinose stipes. In the N. Y.

State Herb, at Albany the writers had opportunity to study nu-
merous collections of this species by Peck but it was impossible
to determine whether any of them were type specimens since
Peck seems rarely to have marked his type specimens as such and
also quite commonly omitted the date of collection. In the dried
state nothing could be found to distinguish them from H. elas-
tica. Under the lens the stipes were plainly pruinose to tomen-
tose. The stipe and lower surface are light-ochraceous-buff,
warm-buff or pinkish-buff ; the upper surface varies from cin-
namon-buff or clay-color to cinnamon-rufous and chestnut-

brown. A drawing by Peck along with these specimens shows the
upper surface of the pileus cream-buff. The form with the
brown pileus is less frequent but not uncommon in this state.
In Farlow's herbarium at Harvard there are a number of excel-
lent specimens which Dr. Farlow collected at Williamstown and
sent to Boudier who identified them as Leptopodia albella.
Through some confusion of names they are labelled H. albipes,
a species which probably does not occur in America and even in
the dried condition could hardly be mistaken for H. elastica.
Careful examination failed to show any distinction between the

Williamstown specimens and other specimens which are in the
Harvard and other herbaria under H. elastica.

Peck describes the color of the upper surface of the pileus of
his new species H. capucinoides as smoky-ochraceous, becoming
brown or ochraceous brown with age; the spores 20-28 X 12-

16. A large number of the type specimens of 'this species at Albany
were studied. The pileus was bistre to snuff-brown in color.
The plants in all respects seem to agree with the exsiccati of H.
elastica which we have seen in various other herbaria. The
222 Mycologia
spores measured 18-20X10-12/* and were in every way like
those of H. elastica. Exsiccati specimens of H. elastica com-

pared with Ridgway's color standard plates, are light-ochraceous-
buff, warm-buff, ochraceous-tawny or ochraceous-buff on the

stipe and under surface of the pileus. The upper surface varies
widely, ochraceous-tawny, russet, Mars-brown, Rood's-brown,
sepia to fuscous-black. It seems probable that the shade which
the specimen finally assumes might be largely influenced by its
condition when collected and especially by the rapidity and con-

ditions under which it was dried.
A variety having the lower surface of the pileus and the stipe
fuscous but otherwise like H. elastica has been reported from
Vermont by Burt (1899) as H. elastica var. fusca Bull. (Champ.
Fr. pi. 242, fig. D) . Fig. D of Bulliard's plate 242, however,
does not show the lower surfaces of pileus and stipe to be differ-
ent in color from other plants figured on the same plate and we
are at a loss to locate the authority for the variety. We have not
seen specimens of it in Massachusetts.
Massachusetts Collections: Frost included this species in his

list of fungi within thirty miles of Amherst College but no lo-
cality was mentioned. Underwood also writes that he collected

it in this state. Manchester, Sept. 1890 (Sturgis) in Harv.
Herb.; Williamstown, Sept. 1901 (Farlow) in Harv. Herb;
Prides Crossing, Sept. 1901 (J. F. Conant), Bost. Myc. Herb;
Amherst and Sunderland, Sept. and Oct. 1919 and 1920, (Ander-
son & Ickis) M. A. C. Herb. 2716, 2732, 2813. Probably as
common as any species of Helvella in New England.
8. Helvella adhaerens Peck. N. Y. State Mus. Bui. 54: 956.

pi. 50, figs,. 11-15. (Rpt. of Botanist for 1901.) 1902
Peck's original description. Pileus thin, irregular, deflexed,

whitish or smoky
becoming brownish with age or in dry-
white,
ing, the lower margin attached to the stem, even and whitish be-
neath stem slender, even, solid, pruniosely downy, smoky white
;
or brownish, the upper part concealed by the deflexed pileus and

smaller than the lower exposed part asci cylindric, 8-spored ;
spores elliptic, often uninucleate, .0007-0008 of an inch long,

.0005 broad; paraphyses filiform, hyaline, thickened or subclavate
at the top.
Ground in woods. Bolton and Hague. August and Septem-

ber. Related to H. elastica, from which it is easily distinguished
by having the deflexed margin of the pileus attached to the stem.

When young and fresh the whole plant is whitish or dingy white,
but it us apt to become brownish with age or in drying.
In 1879 Peck (Rpt. 31: 59) stated that he sometimes found
the margin of the pileus adnate to the stem in H. elastica. In
the present description he states that H. adhacrens differs from
H. elastica in that the pileus margin of the former is adnate. The
two statements in conjunction indicate that he had now decided
that those plants of H. elastica "m which the margins were at-
tached should be placed in a separate and new species which he

now describes.
Four different collections of H. adhaerens in the Peck herba-
rium at Albany were examined. Apparently two species have
been confused there, one a tall species which looks very similar
to H. elastica except for the adnate pileus and a slightly darker
color ; the other a smaller, very dark form with densely hairy
stipe which has every character of H. atra. From Peck's de-
scription it seems likely that the first is the true H. adhaerens,.
There is no record of the occurrence of this species in Massa-
chusetts and we can add nothing to Peck's description.
9. Helvella atra Fr. Sys. Myc. 2: 19. 1823
H. atra Oed. Fl. Dan. Fasc. 9: 7. 1770.

H. nigricans Pers. Obs. myc. 1: 72. 1796.
Leptopodia atra (Konig) Boud. Hist. et. Class. Disc, p. 37.
1907.
Fries' description. Fuligineo-nigra, pileo deflexo utrinque ad-

presso libero, subtus laevi, stipite farcto furfuraceo-villoso.
Solitaria, minor, H. infulae analoga. Stipes 1-2 unc. longus,
1-2 lin. crassus, teretiusculus, laevis 1. irregulariter lacunosus,
nigricans, basi subolivaceo-cinerascens. Pileus iam ab initio de-
flexus, nec pezizoideus uti sequ., compressus, biloboemarginatus,
Yz unc. 1. parum ultra latus, laevis, demum leviter repandus, sub-
tus & exsiccatus cinerascens.
Pileus firm, smooth, reflexed, compressed-saddle-shaped, with
the opposite drooping margins at first (in all our specimens) ad-
nate with the stipe, 1-2.5 cm broad, smoke-gray to fuliginous
-
224 Mycologia
above and below, lower surface smooth and velvety or scurfy-

villose. Stipe smooth and terete or unevenly undulate or flat-
tened or with some lacunae, especially toward the base but never
sulcate-costate, attenuate upward, fuscous to fuscous-black but
gray at the extreme base, villose like the lower surface of the
pileus, stuffed, 2-5 cm. high and 2-7 mm. thick at the base. Asci
200-300 X 15-18/*, cylindrical. Spores smooth, hyaline, ellip-
soidal, with one large and a number of much smaller oil drops,
15-20 X 9-1 2fi. Paraphyses slender, septate, enlarging upward to
S-gfx, hyaline to yellow-brown-tinted. (PL 12, figs. 16-17.)
Gregarious on the ground and on wet rotten logs in the woods

in autumn.
We have found this species but once in this state and since
this is the only recorded collection from New England, we judge
that the species is rare with us. Five specimens were found
growing on a very wet rotten maple log, in the edge of a swamp
in October. In all of our specimens the margins of the pileus
are adnate with the stipe but Fries and Rehm describe the pileus
as free. Bresadola, Boudier, Massee and others find that it is
sometimes adnate. In the face of such conflicting statements it
seems best to describe it as sometimes adnate. In other respects

our specimens agree very closely with the descriptions of Fries
and Rehm. There is also some variation in the color of the upper
surface of the pileus ; Fries describes it as fuliginous, Rehm as
smoke brown, Massee as sooty-black or black with a purple shade
becoming dingy-gray, Gillet presents a figure in which it is gray-
ish-white, etc. The pilei of our specimens were smoke-gray to
deep-mouse-gray while the stipes were fuscous to fuscous-black,
much darker than the pilei but gray at the extreme base. Rehm
finds a close relationship between this species and H. pezizoides
and H. ephippium but if our specimens are typical, it is very
easily distinguished from. the two latter species by the regularly
saddle-shaped pileus, deflexed and compressed, adnate and not at
all pezizoid. The main points of resemblance are the dark color
and the villose stipe and under surface of the pileus. The adnate
margins distinguish it from all the forms of H. elastica. It also
differs in the color of the stipe from all of them (except H.

elastica var. fusca) and in the villose character of the lower sur-
face and stipe. The very dark color of the stipe distinguishes it
from H. adhaerens.
Massachusetts Collections: Sunderland, Oct. 1920 (Ickis
& Anderson) M. A. C. Herb. 2825. Apparently rare.
10. Helvella Monachella Fr. Sys. Myc. 2: 18. 1823
Morchella monacella Port. Hist. X, c. 70. 1592.

Fungoidea fungiformia 6. Mich. N. PI. Gen. p. 204. 1729.
Boletus albus Batt. Fun. Agr. ari. Hist. p. 24, t. 2, f. H. 1759.
Phallus monacella Scop. Fl. Carn. 2: 476. 1772.
Elvela spadicea Schaeff. Fung. 4: index p. 112. t. 283. 1770.
Helvela grandis Cum. Act. Ac. Taurin, t. 2. 1805.
Fries' description. Pileo deflexo lobato adnato laevi subspa-

diceo, stipite cavo laevi glabro albo.
Antecedenti proxima, sed notis allatis & vegetatione vernali bene
distincta. Stipes 1-2 unc. longus, sursum attenuatus, ^2 unc. vix
crassus, primo teres dein subcompressus versus basin lacuna no-
;
tatus. Pileus demun crispus et undulatus, colore varius, badius,

spadiceus, violaceous, nigrescens, etc.
Pileus irregularly lobed, undulate, deflexed and adnate to the
stipe, 3-6 cm. broad, pale-brown, chestnut-brown or darker to
violaceous or blackish above, much lighter below. Stipe terete or
somewhat compressed, smooth, hollow, somewhat swollen below,
attenuate upward, minutely pubescent but becoming glabrous,
2-5 cm. high, cm. thick, white. Asci cylindrical. Spores ellip-
1
smooth, with large central oil drop, 16-18

soidal, hyaline, io/x. X
Paraphyses slender, septate, enlarging upward, brown at the tips.
Solitary in woods on the ground in spring.
The writers have not seen a fresh plant of this species ; the
above description being taken from those of Fries, Rehm, Massee/
Gillet, and others. It appears to be a rare plant in America, hav-
ing been reported only from New England and California. It is
said to be common in Italy but even the European literature is
scanty and based on very few collections. Rehm has well said
that the species is in need of further investigation ; it is doubly
true of American collections. Fries finds that it is very closely
related to H. Infula (Gyromitra) and on comparing
, his descrip-
tions of the two species, one wonders what the important mor-
phological differences are. It differs from all our other Helvel-
226 Mycologia
lae and at the same time agrees with our Gyromitrae in its vernal
habit. Its size, color and stout stipe also indicate a relationship
to Gyromitra. The spores as described by Rehm are like those of

Helvetia rather than Gyromitra. In the few herbarium specimens
which we have found and examined microscopically the spores
were biguttulate and we are inclined to believe that the specimens
were incorrectly referred to this species. We have included a
consideration of this species in this paper, even though based on
very scanty data in the hope that mycologists might be induced to
look more carefully for it and settle the question as to its iden-
tity. *
4
/
Massachusetts Collections: Sprague (1858) included this
species in his second list of New England fungi and indicates by

the context that it was collected in the vicinity of Boston. Morris
(1918) has doubtfully attached this name to a drawing of a
species which he collected at Ellis in Sept. 191 3. If it was H.
Monachella, it differed from the European plant in its autumnal
occurrence.
11. Macropodia macropus (Pers.) Fckl. Sym. Myc. p. 331.

1871
Helvetia macropus Karst. Myc. fenn. 1: 37. 1871. (For full
synonymy, see Rehm, Rabh. Krypt. Fl. Bd. I, Abt. 3* 985.

1896.)
Pileus at first globose and closed, then opening to expose the

grayish-brown hymenial surface, which is at first cup-shaped,
then saucer-shaped, 1-3 cm. broad, smooth above, coriaceous,
fragile. Stipe cylindrical, 1-4 cm. high, 1-3 mm. in diameter, hol-
low, attenuate upward, frequently somewhat lacunose. The stipe
and lower surface of the pileus are gray, scurfy-villose, with tufts
of closely septate moniliform clavate hairs, 10-12^ thick at their
apices. Asci cylindrical, 300-350/x X 14-16/x. Spores ellipsoid-
fusiform, hyaline, smooth or sometimes rough, mostly with a
large central oil drop, 18-^25 X 10-^12/a. Paraphyses slender,
septate, enlarging upward to 8/x, yellowish.
This is not a true Helvetia but is included in this paper be-

cause frequently called a Helvetia (following Karsten), and be-
cause it is commonly found in Massachusetts. The early closed
condition of the ascoma and its more permanent cup-shape place

it among the Pezizales rather than among the Helvellales. Phil-
lips (1893) finds however that the cups sometimes become ex-
panded or even reflexed. In this condition it would be more
easily taken for a Helvella. The above description is taken
largely from Rehm. Massee describes the plants as somewhat
larger, 2-5 cm. broad and 3-7 cm. high ; also he finds the spores
28-33 X 11-13/x. Boudier (Icon. Myc. 4: 126) finds that it
sometimes grows 10 cm. high, never reflexed, the spores having

usually 3 oil drops, 24-29 X 11-12^, fusiform. Among the
Massachusetts Helvellae it is most closely related to H. ephip-
pium, from which species it is probably most easily separated by
its larger ellipsoid-fusiform spores.
Peck (Bui. Tor. Club 29: 74. 1902) described Helvella ma-
cropus v. brevis from some small specimens which were sent to
him from this state by Morris. Stipe 8-16 mm. long and pileus
8-16 mm. broad, hymenial surface black or nearly so. These
differences seem hardly sufficient basis for the separation of a
variety. The writers studied the type specimens at Albany as
well as another collection sent to Peck by Simon Davis from
Mass. The specimens were very similar to our exsiccati of H.
ephippium, but the spores are distinctly fusiform, minutely tu-
berculate and measure 18-25 X 10-12/x, corresponding in every
respect with those of Macropodia macropus.
Massachusetts Agricultural College,
Amherst, Mass.
Literature Cited
(Exclusive of references fully cited in the text)

Afzelius, Adam. Svamp-Slagtet Helvella. Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens
(nya) handlingar 4: 303-310- i7 s 3-
Andrews, C. L. Contributions to the mycology of Massachusetts. Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 5: 321-323. 1856.
Battarra, A. J. Antonius. Fungorum agri ariminensis historia 23-25, pi.
3- I7S9-
Boudier, Emile. Icones mycologicae 2: pi. 225—240, 4: 118— 126. 1905— 1910.
Bulliard, Pierre. Histoire des Champignons de la France. 1 791-1798.
Burt, E. A. A list of Vermont Helvelleae, with descriptive notes. Rhodora
1 : 61-63. 1899.
Cooke, M. C. Mycography seu icones fungorum 1 : 87-94, 198-200. 1879.
Cooke, M. C, Synopsis of the Discomycetous fungi of the U. S. Bui. Buf.
Soc. Nat. Sci. 2: 286. 1873.
228 Mycologia
Farlow, W. G. List of fungi found in the vicinity of Boston. Bui. Buss

Inst, i: 430-439. Second paper 2: 224-248.
1876.
Fries, Elias. Systema mycologicum 2: 13-22. 1823.
Flies, Elias. Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae 346. 1846.
Frost, C. C. Fungi, in Tuckerman and Frost's Catalogue of plants growing
without cultivation within thirty miles of Amherst College 89. 1875.
Frost, C. C. Further enumeration of New England fungi. Proc. Bost. Soc
Nat. Hist. 12 : 77-81. 1869.
Gleditsch, Joh. Gottlieb. Methodus fungorum 36. 1753.
Hone, Daisy S. Minnesota Helvellineae. Minn. Bot. Stud. 3: 309-321.
1904.
de Jussieu, Antoine. Description d'un champignon qui peut etre nomme
Champignon-Lichen. Mem. de l'Ac. Sci. Paris for 1728: .268.
Massee, George. British fungus-flora 4: 458-468. 1895.
Micheli, Petrus Antonius. Nova plantarum genera 204, pi. 86. 1729.
Persoon, C. H. Synopsis methodica fungorum 614-618. 1801.
Phillips, William. A manual of British Discomycetes 9-19. 1893. (Ed. II).
[Vol. 61 of International Scientific Series.]
Rehm, H. Aseomyceten in Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora, Band I, Abt.
3: 1179-1189. 1896.
Ridgway, Robert. Color Standards and Color Nomenclature. 1912.
Saccardo, P. A. Sylloge fungorum 8: 17-29, 11 : 39I-39 2 ,
J4 : 740-741, 16:
697, 18: 3-5, 22: 599-600. 1 889-1913.
Schaeffer, Jacob Christian. Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa
Ratisbonam nascuntur icones. 1762-70.
Scopoli, Johann Anton. Flora Carniolica 2: 473-476. 1772.
Sowerby, James. Colored figures of English fungi or mushrooms. 3 vols.
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Sprague, C. J. Contributions to New England Mycology. Proc. Bost. Soc.

Nat. Hist. 5: 325. 1856. Second paper 6: 315. 1858. .
Underwood, L. M. On the distribution of the North American Helvellales.
Minn. Bot. Stud. 1: 489-491. 1896.
Index to Species
(Synonyms and excluded species in italics)
acaulis = Rhizina undulata elastica, 7
adhaerens, 8 elastica (Leptopodia) , 7
alba, 1 elastica v. fusca, 7
albella, 7 ephippium, 6
albella (Leptopodia) , 7 esculenta = Gyromitra esculenta
albida, 1, 7 fuliginosa, 7
albus {Boletus), 10 gigas = Gyromitra gigas

atra, 9 gracilis, 7
atra (Leptopodia) , 9 grandis, 10

costata = Gyromitra costata hispida, 1
crispa, 1 infula — Gyromitra infula

crispus (Phallus), 1 lacunosa, 2
Mycologia Vol. 13, Pl. ii
Species of Helvella
Mycologia Vol, 13, Pl, 12
Species of Helvella
lacunosa v. pallida, i Monachella, 10

leucophaea, i nigra, 5
leucophaeus {Boletus) , 2 nigricans, 9

macropus, 1 nivea, 1
macropus (Macropodia), 11 palustris, 3
macropus (Aleuria) 11 , plebophora, 4

macropus (Lachnea), 11 Queletiana, 4
macropus (Peziza), 11 spadicea, 10
macropus (Sarcoscypha) , 11 sphaerospora = Gyromitra sphaero-

macropus v. brevis, 11 spora
mitra, 1, 2, 7 stipitata (Peziza), 11
mitra v. a/fra, 1 sublicia (Peziza), 11
mitra v. fulva, 1 sulcata, 2

monacella, 2, 10 venosa, 4
monacella (Morchella), 10 villosa (Octospora) , 11
monacella (Phallus), 10 vulgaris (Boleto-lichen) , 7
Plate 1
Fig. 1. crispa.y. 1.
Figs. 2-5. //. lacunosa. X 1.
Figs. 6-7. J/. QueletianaX 2.
Plate 12
Figs. 8-15. elastica.X 2/3.

Figs. 16-17. atra.X 1.
Figs. 18-20. ephippium.X 2.

MEMORANDA AND INDEX OF CULTURES
OF UREDINEAE, 1899-1917
1
J. C. Arthur
The cultures of the rusts, which were conducted under the

auspices of the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment
Station, and extended over a period of nineteen years, had a small
beginning. For the first three years only such time was given
to the work as the writer could spare from his duties as head
of the Botanical Department of the Station and as Professor of
Vegetable Physiology and Pathology in Purdue University. In
most of the following years an assistant was especially employed
during two or so months each spring, who had entire charge of
the testing of spore viability, sowing of the spores, and care of
the inoculated plants, the chief part of the culture work being
done during May and June. The position was held by fourteen
individuals, selected with the needs of the work especially in
view, and ranging from a junior high school student to univer-
sity instructors, w ho
T
without exception showed superior ability
in conducting the work. Financial support was provided by a

grant from the Botanical Society of America in 1903, 1906 and
1907, and by cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture in 1904 and 1905. In the
other years was supplied by the Purdue University Agricul-
it
tural Experiment Station, and from 1908 onward the work was
made a part of the rust project under the Adams fund.
During the progress of the work the writer, usually accom-
panied by an associate, made many shorter or longer excursions
for securing data and material. These field observations were
directed toward detecting the juxtaposition of spore-forms that
might be supposed to have genetic connection, as well as toward
securing suitable culture material. The fruitfulness of this
method is apparent from the fact that during the extended study
1 Contribution from the Botanical Department of the Purdue University
Agricultural Experiment Station.
230
Arthur: Cultures of Uredineae, 1899-1917 231
of heteroecious species only three times was a discovery of al-

ternate hosts effected thatwas not the outcome of a previous
field observation. In two of these cases, that of Uromyces acu-
minatus (more properly U. Steironematis, see page 76,* Jour. Myc.
12: 25), and Puccinia Ceanothi (see page 196,* Mycologia 4: 27)
sowings were made on all available hosts in the greenhouse, re-
corded as bearing aecia, and in the case of P. fraxinata (P. peri-
dermiospora, see page 8,* Bot. Gazette 29: 275), a morphological
similarity was detected between aesciospores and urediniospores,
leading to successful cultures.
Beginning with the immediate vicinity of Lafayette, Indiana,
the range of observations was extended to various parts of the
state, and in the ninth year of the work, 1907, to other states.
This year a trip was made to the foothills of Colorado, which
was repeated in 1908, 191 1 and 1916, observations being made
from Boulder to Trinidad, and once westward to Ouray and
Durango. Between 1908 and 1916 trips were made northward
to Wisconsin and Michigan, eastward to Maine and Pennsyl-
vania, to South Carolina, Alabama and Mississippi in the south,
and to Texas, New Mexico and Arizona in the southwest. So
far as possible places were selected where there were local col-
lectors, or where records showed that species requiring investi-
gation had at some time been secured. The chief collecting
grounds of Ellis in New Jersey, Ravenel in North and South

Carolina, Atkinson and Underwood in Alabama, and Kellerman
in Kansas were visited, and the collecting grounds of Schweinitz
at Salem, North Carolina, and Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, would
have been visited, if opportunity had favored. In this way many
obscure names in the literature were connected with living ma-
terial on which fresh and more extended studies, often including
cultures, could be carried out. By this method the attention
given to the genus Gymnosporangium was made to expand our
limited knowledge of a few species into an understanding of the
life history of some two dozen species and of their alternate hosts.
The effectiveness of the work with Gymnosporangium was
greatly enhanced by the special interest in it taken by my asso-
* For explanation of these page numbers see p. 246 at beginning of the index.
232 Mycologia
ciate, Dr. F. D. Kern, who for ten years took part in the cul-
ture work. The grass and sedge rusts were, however, the ones
that received the most extended and prolonged attention.
To carry on the work more than 2140 collections with resting
spores were available, together with over 250 collections with
spores not requiring a resting period. Tests of all of these, and
of some many times repeated, showed that not all were viable,
at least at the time tested, and therefore not serviceable. This
material was provided in part by those directly connected with
the work, and to a considerable extent by more than 85 botanical
correspondents, many of whom contributed most generously in
material and field observations year 'after year. Altogether
about 3750 sowings, that is, attempts at cultures were made, of
which about one in seven resulted in successful infection of the
host. These tests were almost wholly made in a greenhouse, al-
though a few were conducted in the open field when small plants
suitable for placing in pots were not available.
It is difficult to say just how many species have been grown

through some part of their life cycle during the nineteen-year
period, owing to the constant shifting of accepted names as

knowledge regarding them accumulated. Probably the list in-
cludes about one hundred species, as they are now rated, or nearly
twice as many as they would at first have been listed, and of

this number about eight were heteroecious to one autoecious. Of
the heteroecious species some twenty were verifications of com-
binations previously established, mostly by European investiga-
tors, while about sixty-five provided alternate hosts for species

whose life cycle was before unknown, most of these being grass
and sedge forms not known outside of North America.

When viewing the present location of the New York Botanical
Garden many years ago, it then being a rolling meadow without

buildings of any kind, my companion, Professor L. M. Under-
wood, remarked that some day I might be called upon to supply
the rust portion for the projected North American Flora, and
added that if I did so he had no doubt that I would greatly
reduce the number of species. The culture studies have enabled

me to do this, but not quite in the way Professor Underwood
Arthur: Cultures of Uredineae, i 899-191 7 233
and others at that time had in mind. In many cases the first re-
sults have been to increase the number of species. Thus Puc-

cinia alternans and P. obliterate, were described as new species as
result of cultures, but as the studies proceeded were reduced to
synonyms of the long recognized P. Agropyri, together with
Aecidium Aquilegiae, A. Clematidis, Puccinia tomipara, P. Pan-
iculariae, and some others. But on the whole, as the cultures
have largely dealt with heteroecious species, there has been a re-
duction in names as the alternate forms were brought together,

and sometimes by the recognition as races of forms that were
once thought distinct species.
The nomenclature of the reports has been made as conserva-
tive as possible, in order to give them reasonable uniformity.

The new generic names proposed by the writer in 1906 at the
Vienna Congress scarcely find an echo in them, while on the other
hand the terminology for spore-forms, brought out in 1905, was
put into use in the second report following, and proved highly
serviceable.
In the various reports of the cultures, and as a result of them,
the following thirteen specific names were transferred to other
genera: Aecidium magnatum Arth. and A. Silphii Sydow to Ur-

omyces, Aecidium Ceanothi Peck, A. Impatientis Schw., A. Ja-
mesianum Peck, A. macrosporum Peck, A. monoicum Peck, A.
Pammelii Trel., A. Phrymae Halst., A. pustulata Curt., A. Sam-
buci Schw. to Puccinia, and Puccinia tumidipes Peck and P.
V ernoniae Berk. & Curt, to Bullaria.
Also as the result of the cultures the following sixteen species
were described as new : Gymnosporangium corniculans Kern, G.
exterum Arth. & Kern, G. trachysorum Kern, and on the author-
ity of the writer Puccinia albiperidia, P. alternans, P., Caricis-
Asteris, P. Caricis-Erigerontis, P. C aricis-S olidaginis , P. Eato-
niae, P. Koeleriae, P. obliterata, P. patruelis, P. universalis, Uro-
myces effusus, U. Solidagini-Caricis, and U. Steironematis, but
as the result of further studies most of these were subsequently
buried in synonymy.
234 Mycologia
Corrections
In making corrections the consecutive page numbers used are

those explained below at the beginning of the index, while the
original pages are given in parentheses. A few of the correc-
tions are typographical errors, or slips of the pen, but many are
necessitated by information variously acquired after the reports
were written and printed. Evident and inconsequential errors
are not included. To save space the following abbreviations are
used in the parentheses: B.G. for Botanical Gazette, J.M. for
Journal of Mycology, and My. for Mycologia, and are followed
by the original volume and page number.
Pages 5, 9 (B.G. 29: 272, 276), under 7 and 3 respectively, for "Ameri-
cana Lagh." and " Americana," read Andropogonis Schw. and Andropogonis,
respectively, and for " Andropogi Schw." and " Andropogi," read Ellisiana
Thiim. and Ellisiana, respectively.
Pages 7, 9, 22, 28 (B.G. 29: 274, 276; 35: 16, 22), for " K. & S.," read E.
& K.
Pages 8, 31, 51, 60, 67, 75, 76, 77, 78, 83, 103, 106, 114, 127, 146, 156, 160,
164, 174 (B.G. 29: 275; J.M. 10: 9; 11: 57, 66; 12: 16, 24, 25, 26, 27; 13:
192; 14: 14, 17, 25; My. 1: 236, 255; 2: 221, 225, 229, 239), for the species
of Spartina, given as " cynosuroides " or " cynosuroides Willd.," read Michaux-
iana or Michauxiana Hitchc. The two species of grass were for a time con-
fused and one name used for both.
Pages 11, 65, 77, 86, 94 (J.M. 8: 52; 12: 14, 26; 13: 196, 204), for a
species of Carex, for " tetanica " and " tetanica Schk.," read blanda . and
blanda Dewey, respectively
Pages 17, 45, 49, 50, 60 (B.G. 35: 11; J.M. 11: 51, 55, 56, 66), for the
species of Lepidium, given as " apetalum " and " apetalum Willd.," read den-
siflorum and densiflorum Schrad., respectively.
Page 26 (B.G. 35: 20), the Aecidium mentioned under 5. P. amphigena
was subsequently found notto be A. Smilacis Schw.
Pages 41, 42 (J.M. 10: 19, 20). The supposed infection in 1903 of Bromus
ciliatus by the application of aeciospores from Dirca pahistris was the most
serious error that occurred in the nineteen years of culture work. The grass
used for the culture was undoubtedly infected before the sowing was made,
as explained on pages 56 and 57 of the report following. The combination of
aecia and telia under thename " Puccinia hydnoidea," was unwarranted. The
Aecidium hydnoideum was under close observation during the. whole culture
period, and there were a score of attempts to find the alternate host, but even
to the present writing no progress has been made.
Pages 49, 50 (J M. 11 55, 56), under no. 4, for the species of Sophia from
:
Nebraska, given as " incisa (Engelm.) Greene," read intermedia Rydb.

Pages 49, 60, 68, 77 (J.M. 11 55, 66; 12: 17, 26), for the species of Sophia
:
from Indiana used in the cultures, given as "incisa" and "incisa (Engelm.)
Greene," read brachycarpa and brachycarpa Rydb.
Pages 51, 60, 67, 77, 103, 114, 127, 146, 160, 174, (J.M. 11: 57, 66; 12: 16,
26; 14: 14, 25; My. 1: 236, 255; 2: 225, 239), after Puccinia fraxinata, for
" Schw.," read Link.
Page 62, first line of reprint, for " 1," read 12.
Page 64 (J.M. 12: 13), under no. 6, for "Schw.," read Desmaz.
Pages 66, 77 (J.M. 12: 15, 26), under no. 7, for specific name " aquat-ilis "
and " aquatilis Wahl.," read nebraskensis and nebraskensis Dewey. On page
66 the comparison of the large, thick-walled urediniospores (common on this
host, the form being known as Puccinia Garrettii Arth.) to the amphispores
of P. Caricis-stictae was an error. It may be pointed out here that the same
mistake regarding name of the host also occurs in Sydow, Uredineen 21 15,
Barth. Fungi Columb. 2351 and 3838. Carex nebraskensis is a very common
sedge about Denver and Boulder, Colo., while C. aquatilis is rare or possibly
absent.
Pages 85, 92, 94 (J.M. 13: 195, 202, 204), under Lactuca, for " virosa,"
read scariola.
'
Pages 93, 95, 107, 114, 130, 146, 195, 201 (J.M. 13: 203, 205; 14: 18, 25;
My. 1: 239, 255; 4: 26, 32), under Gymnosporangium, for " Nelsoni Arth.,"
read juvenescens Kern, and also delete the last sentence under no. 19 on page
107 (J.M. 14: 18). Gymnosporangium Nelsoni and
G. juvenescens were for
a time confused. Both produce aecia on Amelanchier and Sorbus, but the
former gives rise to woody galls, often very small, while the latter is foliicol-
ous.
Page 96, first line of the reprint for " 1907," read 1908.
Pages 100, 180 (J.M. 14: 11; My. 4: 11), under Puccinia, for " montanen-
sis Ellis," read Agropyri Ellis & Ev., as pointed out on page 263 (My. 8: 139).
Pages 109, 115 (J.M. 14: 20, 26), under no. 2, for " Cryptandri Ellis &
Barth.," read substerilis Ellis & Ev., and for " Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.)
A. Gray," read Stipa viridula Trin.
Pages 112, 115 (J.M. 14: 23, 26), under no. 6, for " mutabilis Ellis &
Gall.," read Blasdalei Diet. & Holw., for " reticulatum Fraser," read Brande-
gei S. Wats., and for " recurvatum Rydb.," read cernuum Roth.
Page 123 (My. 1 232), under no. 11, for " Aster arenarioides D.
: C. Eaton,"
read Erigeron arenarioides A. Gray.
Pages 129, 130, 146 (My. 1 238, 239, 255), the small form of Gymnospor-
:
angium on Juniperus virginiana, which gave rise to pyenia and aecia on Cra-
taegus punctata, should have been referred to G. floriforme Thaxter.
Page 133 (My. 1: 242), delete the entire paragraph beginning "The aecia
of this species," etc., except the first sentence.
Page 147 (My. 1: 256), under no. 8, for " glomerata," read mexicana (L.).
Page 173 (My. 2: 238), under no. 1, change the reading thus: Teliospores
on Carex lanuginosa Michx., sown on Onagra biennis (L.) Scop., and on C.
trichocarpa Muhl. sown on Gaura biennis L.
Pages 178, 180 (My. 4: 9, 11), 19th and 6th line from bottom respectively,
for " Douglasii," read spartioides.
Pages 180, 189, 197, 200, 231 (My. 4: 11, 20, 28, 31; 7: 72), as a
species of Senecio, for " lugens " or " lugens A. Gray," read spartioides or
spartioides T. & G., respectively.
236 Mycologia
Pages 197, 202 (My. 4: 28, 33), under no. 2, the material in hand from
Isle au Haut, Me., was Puc. qundriporula (P. Grossulariae) , but the results of
infection were obtained from stray spores of Uromyces perigynius, as ex-
plained at page 235 (My. 7: 76) in the report of cultures for 1912.
Pages 256, 265 (My. 8: 132, 141), under no. 4, for " Agropyri E. & Ev.
(P. alternans Artli )," read Cockerelliana Bethel. This distinctive species
was not recognized, and had not been named until long after the cultures
were made.
Pages 257, 265, (My. 8: 133, 141), under no. 5, for " Anchusa officinalis,"
read Lycopsis arvensis.

Pages 261, 263, 265 (My. 8: 137, 139, 141), under no. 3, for " montanen-
sis Ellis " and " montanensis," read apocrypta Ellis & Tracy and apocrypta,
respectively. On page 262 three species are confused. Puccinia apocrypta is
not a synonym of P. Agropyri. The characters given for P. apocrypta are

those of the true P. montanensis , for which the type is the collection cited.
Pages 274, 275 (My. 9: 302, 303), under no. 2, for " B. & C." read Schw.
Summary of Cultures
In order to give a clearer perspective of the work, and to

make the data more readily available, the following tabulation is
given of the heteroecious species that were successfully grown on

alternate hosts. Autoecious species, and heteroecious species
grown from urediniospores or amphispores only, have not been
included. The years, are those in which successful cultures were
carried out. Only such synonymy is given as will account for
the names used at different times in the reports. The page num-
bers are those explained below at the beginning of the index.
Pages in broad faced type indicate the host from which spores
were taken for culture, while pages in common type indicate the
host on which the culture was successfully established.
Year Rust Telial host Aecial host
1904 Puc. Sorghi Schw. Zea Mays 59, 68 Oxalis corniculata (0.
1905 cymosa) 59, 68
1909 Flic.Ceanothi (E. & K.) Andropogon Hallii 168 Ceanothus americana
Arth. 168
1912 Puc. Ellisiana TInim. Andropogon sp. 230 Kz'o/a cucullata 230
U. Nuttallii 230
1899 Puc. Andropogonn 4» dropogon scoparius Penistemon hirsutus (P.

1903 Schw. (P. americana 5. 6, 186
33, 87, pubescens) 5, 6, 33, 87,
1906 Laserh.) A . virginicus 186 t86
1910 P. alpinus 186
1903 Puc. pustv.lata (Curt.') Andropogon fmeatus 39, Comandra umbellata 39,
1905 Arth. 67, 186 67, 186
1910 A. scoparius 39
1904 Puc. Pammelii (Tre!.) Panicum virgatum Euphorbia corollata 50,

1905 Arth. (P. Panici 50, 67, 105 67
1907 Diet.) it. marginata 105
1901 Puc. poculiformis Agropyron pseudor-epens Berberis vulgaris 12, 51,

1904 (Jacq.) Wettst. (P. 162 68, 88, 105, 162, 187,
1905 graminis Pers.) A. re pens 51 270
1906 A. Smithii 270
1907 .4. tenerum 51, 105, 187
1909 Agrostis alba 68, 88, 187

1910 Arena sativa 105
1916 Cinna arundinacea 12
Elymus canadensis 51,
88, 270
Hordeum vulgar e 88
^V/'j h«'om Ion gi folium
162, 187
Sporobolus cryptandrus
270
Triticum aestivum (T.
vulgar e) 88, 102
1917 Puc. Majanthae Phalaris arundinacea 7m versicolor 278

(Schnm.) Arth. 278
1904 Puc. Stipae Arth. Koeleria cristata 189 Aêr ericoides 58, 188
1910 57â comata 231 A. multiflorus 58, 188
1912 S. spartea 58, 188 .4. Novae- Angliae 58,
188
Grindelia squarrosa 188
Culierrezia Sarothrae
231
Senecio spartioides 189,
231
Solidago canadensis 188
238 Mycologia
1917 Fuc. Sporoboli Arth. Sporobolus heterolepis Allium cernuum 280

280 A. Nuttallii. 280
Lilium umbellatum 280
1899 Puc. verbenicola (E. & Sporobolus longifolius 7, Verbena stricta 7, 22

1902 K.) Arth. (P. Vilfae 22, 50, 67 F. urticifolia 22, 50, 67
1904 Arth. & Holw.)
1905
1902 Puc. subnileyis Diet. Distichlis spicata 25, 49, Abronia fragrans 273
1904 68, 87, 104, 126, 160, Atriplex hastata 126,
1905 188, 208, 259, 273, 278 160, 208
1906 Bursa Burs a- pastor is 68,
1907 104
1908 Cheno podium album 25,
1909 87, 104, 126, 160, 188,
1910 208, 259, 278
1911 Cleome spinosa 49, 208
1915 Erysimum asperum 49,
1916 68
1917 Lepidium densijlorum
(L. apetalum) 49
Z,. virginicum 49, 68
Polygonum aviculare 273
Sarcobatus vermiculatus
87, 126
Sophia brachvcarpa 49,
68
1908 Puc. Muhlenbergiae Muhlenbergia gracillima Callirhoe involucrata

1909 Arth. & Holw. (P. 271 142, 161, 187
1910 tosta Arth.) M. mexicana 142 Malvastrum coccineitm
1914 M. racemosa (M. glom- 271, 272
1916 erata) 161,187 Sphaeralcea digitata 241
Schedonnardus panicu- 5". incana 240
latus 272 5. Zo&ato 241
Sporobolus asperifolius
240, 241
1902 Puc. amphigena Diet. Calamovilfa longifolia Smilax herbacea 26

1903 26, 33, 67, 104, 160, 5. hispida 26, 33, 67,
190.5 187 104, 160, 187
1907
1909
1910
191 r Puc. monoica (Peck) Koeleria cristata 234 Arabis sp. 213, 234
1912 Arth. Trisetum majus 213
T. subspicatum 213, 234
1904 Puc. Rhamni (Pers.) A grout is sp. 271 Rhamnus alnifolia 187
1910 Wettst. (P. coronata Avena sativa 52 P. caroliniana 52
1916 Cord a) Calamagrostis canaden- P. cathartica 52
sis 187 P. lanceolata 52
P. Purshiana 271
1899 Puc. fraxinata (Link) Spartina Michauxiana Fraxinus lanceolata (F.

1904 Arth. (P. peridermi- (not 5. cynosuroides) viridis) 8, 51, 67, 103,
1905 ospora Arth.) 8, 51, 67, 103, 160 127, 160
1907 S. polystachya 127
1908 5. stricta 127
1909
1915 Puc. Distichlidis E. & E. Spartina Michauxiana Stcironema ciliatum 261,

1916 (P. Kelseyi Syd.) 261, 271 271
1905 Puc. Seymnuriana Arth. Spartina cynosuroides Apocynum cannabinum

1908 259 258
1910 5. Michauxiana (not Asclepias syriaca 259
5.
1915 cynosuroides) 75, 127, Cephalanthus Occident-
188, 258 alls 75, 127, 188
1902 Puc. Jamesiana (Peck) Bouteloua curtipendula Asclepias incarnata 24

1910 Arth. (P. Bartholo- (Atheropogon curti- A. syriaca 24, 188
maei Diet.) pendulus) 24, 188
1899 Puc. Phragmitis Phragmites communis Rumex crispus 2, 104,

1907 (Sch urn.) Korn. (P. Phragmites) 2, 160, 208
1909 104, 160, 208 R. obtusifolius 2
1911
1902 Puc. simillima Arth. Phragmites communis Anemone canadensis 26,

1907 (P. Phragmites) 26, 104
104
1899 Puc. Windsor iae Scliw. Tridens jlavus (Triodia Ptelea trifoliata 6, 22, 50,
1902 cuprea, Trie us pis ses- 260
1904 lerioides) 6, 22, 50,
19 1 260
1903 Puc. Eatoniae Arth. Eatonia pennsylvanica Ranunculus abortivus 40

40
1908 Puc. Koeleriae Arth. Koeleria cristata 138 Mahonia Aquifolium

138
1916 Puc. LiatHdis (E. & A.) Koeleria cristata 273 Laciniaria punctata 273
Bethel
1910 Puc. Crandallii Pam. & Festuca confinis 196 Symphoricarpos race-
Hume mosus 196
1915 Puc. Cocker elliana Festuca Thurberi 256 Thalictrum dioicum 256
Bethel
1908 Puc. Asperifolii (Pers.) Secale cereale 128, 257 Lycopsis arvensis 128,
I9I S Wettst. 257
1915 Puc. apocrypta Ellis & Agropyron tenerum 262 Hydro phyllum capi-
Tracy Elymus virginicus 262 tatum 262
240 Mycologia
Year Rust Teiial host Aecial host
1904 Puc. Clematidis (DC.) Agropyron biflorum 140 Anemone cylindrica 232
1906 Lagerh. (P. Agropyri .4. pseudorepens 105 Aquilegia canadensis
1907 E. &. E. P. lomipara
f
A. Smithii 232 140, 161
1908 Trel., P. cinerea Arth. A. sp. 161 Clematis DrummonJii
1909 P. alternans Arth., P. Bromus purgans 87, 127 242
1911 obliterate Arth.) B. ciliatus 56 C. ligusticifolia 232
1912 B. Porteri 139 C. virginiana 56, 87, 105,
1914 Elymus canadensis 232 127
E. virginicus 242 Oxygr aphis Cymbalaria
Puccinellia airoides 137, (Ranunculus Cymba-
208 laria) 137, 208
Thalictrum alpinum 161
T. dioicum 139
Viorna. Scottii 105
1902 Puc. Impalientis Elymus canadensis 162 Impatiens aurea 25, 33,
190.3 (Schw.) Arth. E. striatus 161, 162 51, 161, 162
1904 E. virginicus 25, 33, 51,
1909 162
1907 Puc. obtecta Peck Scirpus americanus 109 Bidens connata 109
P. frondosa 109
1899 Pmc. angustata Peck Scirpus atrovirens 6, 12, Lycopus americanus 6,

1901 52, 86, 103, 186, 230 12, 52, 86, 103, 186,
1904 5. cyperinus 125, 208 208, 230
1906 I,, uniflorus (L. cow-
1907 munis) 125
1908
1910
1911
1912
1915 Puc. Eriophori Thiirn. Eriophorum viridicari- Senecio aureus 255

natum 255
1905 Puc. canaliculata Cy perus esculentus 74 Xanthium '
' canadense
(Schw.) Lagerh. 74
1905 Puc. Eleocharidis Arth. Eleocharis palustris Eupatorium- perfoliatum

1906 74, 87, 124 74. 87, 124
1908
1908 Puc. macrospora (Peck) Car ex comosa 134 Smilax hispida 134
Arth.
1901 Puc. Grossulariae Car ex arctata 226, 254 Ribes aureum 53

1903 (Pers.) Lagerh. (P. C. blanda 65, 86 P. Cynosbati 12, 33, 53,
1904 albiperidia Arth.), C. crinita 53, 86, 102, 86, 102, 182, 225, 226,
1905 226 237. 254
1906 C. flexuosa (C. tenuis) P. gracile 65, 86
1907 182, 226, 254 P. rotundifolium 53, 86
1910 C. gracillima 33, j>3 P. uva-crispa 33, 53
"1912 C. pallescens 182 ,
1913 C. pubescens 12, 225

19 1 C. squarrosa 86
C. sp. 237
1901 Puc. Caricis (Schum.) Carex aristata 158, 186 Urtica gracilis 11, 22, 66,
1902 Schroet. C. nebraskensis 66 103, 158, 186
1905 C. riparia 22, 103
1907 C. stipata 66, 103
1000 C. striclci 11, 22, 186
1910
IG I A Puc. min utis sima Arth. Carex filifortnis 245 Decodon verticillatus 245
1907 Puc. universalis Arth. Carex filifolia 270 Artemisia dracuncu-

1909 C. stenophvlla no, 159, loides no, 159, 185
1910 185 A. gnaphalodes 270
1916
- •
1907 Puc. Phrymae (ITalst.) Carex longirostris in Phryma lepiostachya 11

Arth.
_ -
1901 Puc. Aster um (Schvv.) Carex festiva 159, 185 Ai/er adscendens 159,
1902 Kern (P. extensicola C. festucacea 13, 22, 52 185
1904 Plow., P. Caricis-As- C. foenea 13, 14, 21 A. cordifolitis 14, 102
190.5 teris Arth., P. Caricis- C. Jamesii 27 A. paniculatus 13, 14,
1907 Erigerontis Arth., P. C. retrorsa 228 21, 102, 228
1908 Caricis-Solidaginis C. rosea 102 Erigeron annuus 13, 22,
1909 Arth., P. Dulichii C. scoparia 184, 228, 229 52
1910 Syd.) C. sparganioides 66, 124 £. philadelphicus 22
1912 C. stipata 27 Eitthamia graminifolia
1913 C. sp. 102 184, 229
1914 C. vulpinoidea 238, 240 Leptilon canadense 22
IQ1K Z) ulich iut)i arundi- Solidago caesia 27
naceum 240, 254 5. canadensis 27, 66,
124, 238, 240, 254
5. glaberrima 238
5. mollis 238
5. rigida 27
5. rugosa 238
5. serotina 27
5. ulmifolia 27
1902 Puc. Peckii (DeT.) Carex lanuginosa 52, 66, Gaura biennis 158
1904 Kellerm. 85, 158, 184, 208 Meriolix serrulata
1905 C. stipata 20, 124 184
1906 C. trichocarpa 20, 21, 52, Onagra biennis
1908 85, 158, 184 (Oenothera biennis)
1909 20, 21, 52, 66, 85, 124,
1910 158, 184, 208
1911
1906 Puc. patruelis Arth. Carex pratensis 136 Agoseris glauca 136
1908 (P. Opizii Arth. not C. siccata 185 Lactuca canadensis
1910 Bubak) C. sp. 85 85, 185
L. .sa/»'a 85, 185
Z. virosa 85
242 Mycoiôgia
Year Rust leiial nost Aecial host
1901 Puc. Sambuci (Schw.) Carex Frankii 85 Sambucus canadensis 14,

1902 Arth. (P. Atkinsoni- C. lupulina 65 21, 52, 65, 85, 124
1904 ana Diet., P. Bolley- C. lurida 21, 124
1905 ana Sacc.) C. trichocarpa 14, 21, 5 2
1906
1908
1904 Puc. Poly goni-amphibii Polygonum emersum 53, Geranium maculatum

1905 Pers. 69, 53 53. 69
1910 Puc. argentata (Schultz) Impatiens aurea 189 Adoxa Moschatellina 189
Wint.
1909 Urom. Andropogonis Andropogon virginicus Viola cucullata 163

Tracy 163
1902 Urom. seditiosus Kern Aristida basivamea 279 Plantago aristata 279
1917 (U. A.ristidae Auth. A. oligantha 23 P. lanceolata 279
not E. & E.) P. Rugelii 23
1916 Urom. Sporoboli E. & E. Sporobolus virginae- Allium stellatum 274

florus 274
1915 Urom. Hordei Tracy Hordeum pus ilium 263 Notkoscordium striatum
263
1911 Urom. Peckianus Farl. Distichlis spicata 209 Atriplex hastata 209
1905 Urom. Polemonii (Peck) Spartina Michauxiana Collomia linearis 236

1907 Barth. (U. acumina- 76, 106, 164, 198, 236, Polemonium reptans 198
1909 tus Arth., U. Spar- 282 Polygonatum biflorv.m
1910 tinae Farl., U. Steir- 282
1912 onematis Arth., U. P. commutatum 282
1917 magnatus Arth.) Steironerna ciliatum 76,
106, 164
5. lanceolatum 164
Fagêm stellata282
1906 Urom. Scirpi (Capt.) Scirpus fluviatilis 89, Cicuta maculata 89, 106,
1907 Burr. 106, 128, 242 128
1908 S^ra cicutaefolium 242
1914
1903 Urom. perigynius Halst. Carex deflexa 190 Asfer ericoides 190
1910 (U. S olid agin i- C. intumescens 190, 234 .4. paniculatus 190, 234
1912 Caricis Arth.) C. sparganioides 279 A. Tweedyi 242
1914 C. tribuloides 242 Rudbeckia laciniata 279
1917 C. varia 37 Solidago caesia 37
5. canadensis 37, 234
5. flexicaulis 37
5. serotina 37
5. rugosa 190
Yg3T Rust Telial host Aecial host
TQIO Urom. J unci (Desm.) Juncus balticus 191, 236 Ambrosia artemisiae-
1912 Tul. folia 191
A. psilostachya 191
A. trijida 191
Caiduus Flodmanii 191,
236
1906 Urom. Silphii fSyd.) Juncus tenuis 92, 106 Silphium perfoliatum 92,
1907 Arth. 106
1908 Urom. houstoniatus Sisyrinchium gram- Houstonia caerulea 129

fSchw.) Sheldon ineum 129
I908 Gym. Libocedri (P. Libocedrus decurrens Amelanchier vulgaris 211

I9II Henn.) Kern 143- 211 Crataegus cerronis 211
C. Pringlei 143
C. tomentosa 211
1907 Gym. inconspicuum Juniperus utahensis Amelanchier erecta 113

I9II Kern 113. 211 -4. vulgaris 211
1909 Gym. exiguum Kern Juniperus virginiana Crataegus Pringlei 169

169
IOO8 Gvra. Davisii Kern Juniperus sibirica 132, 4rowm arbutifolia 194
I9IO 194 A. nigra 132, 194
I9O6 Gym. juvenescens Kern Juniperus scopulorum Amelanchier canadensis

1907 93, 107, 130 93. 107
1908 J. virginiana 195 .4. em:/a 107, 130, 195
I9IO A. intermedia (A.
Botryapium) 107
Sorb us americana 93,
107, 130
I9II Gym. Kernianum Bethel Juniperus utahensis 216 Amelanchier vulgaris 216
1909 \Gym. trachysorum Kern Juniperus virginiana Crataegus cerronis 172

172 C. coccinea 172
C punctata 172
1908 Gym. Botryapites Chamaecyparis thyoides Amelanchier canadensis

1914 (Schw.) Kern 131, 242, 243 242, 243
A. intermedia 131
1907 Gym. nidus-avis Thax. Juniperus virginiana Amelanchier erecta 210

1909 108, 129, 165, 194, A. vulgaris 194, 242
1910 210, 242 Crataegus Pringlei 165
1911 Cydonia vulgaris 194
1914 Malus coronaria 129,
210
M. Malus 108, 129
M. ioensis 165
244 Mycologia
1907 Gym. clavipes C. & P. Juniperus sibirica Amelanchier erecta

1908 I07 l(t£ IOJ 10*7 i6a 103
1909 J. virginiana 130 A. intermedia 107

1910 Crataegus punctata 164
C. tomentosa 193
C. sp. 130
1908 Gym. corniitum (Pers.) Juniperus sibirica Sorbus americana 131,

1909 Arth. 131 "•«-'a> 104.
"•O-'-j »yf
1910 •5. aucuparia 165
1908 Gym. exterum Arth. & Juniperus virginiana Porteranthus stipulatus

Kern 144, 166 144, 166
1911 Gym. juniperinum (L.) Juniperus sibirica 211 Sorbus americana 211
Mart. (G. tremel-
loides Hartig)
1911 Gym. gracilens (Peck) Juniperus monosperma Philadelphus coronarius

1912 Kern & Bethel 217 217, 237
•
J", utahensis 237 P. Keteleerii 237
1911 Gym. eji'usum Kern Juniperus virginiana Aronia arbutifolia 217

217
1907 Gym. clavariaeforme Juniperus sibirica 108, Amelanchier erecta 130,

1908 (Jacq.) DC.' 130, 194, 210, 238 194, 210
1910 A. intermedia 108
1911 Crataegus cerronis 238
1913 C. punctata 194
1914 Gym. Ellisii (Berk.) Chamaecy paris thyoides Myrica cerifera 246
Karl. 246
I007 Gym. Betheli Kern Juniperus sco pulorum Crataegus cerronis

1908 112, 113, I3I» 165, 165. 195
1909 195. 237 C. coccinea 112
1910 C. cor data 113
1912 C. Pringlci 237
C. punctata 112
C. sp. 131
Sorbus americana 112,
113, 131
1906 Gym. globosum Farl. Juniperus virginiana Crataegus coccinea 164

1907 90, 107, 130, 164 C. Pringlei 90, 130
1908 Mains coronaria 90
1909 M. Malus (Pyrns
Malus) 107
Sorbus americana 90
191 Gym. Nelsoni Arth. Juniperus scopulorum Amelanchier canadensis

1912 237 237
J. utahensis 215 A. vulgaris 215
1909 Gym. corniculans Kern Juniperus horizontalis A melanchier canadensis

170 170
A. erecta 170
1908 Gym. floriforme Thax. Juniperus virginiana Crataegus coccinea 166

1909 I2Q, l66 C. punctata 129
1905 Gym. Juniperi- Juniperus virginiana Malus coronaria 90, 129

1906 virginianae Schw. 64, 90, 106, 129, 193 M. Malus {Pyrus
1907 Malus) 64, 106, 129,
1908 193
1910
1905 Tranz. punctata (Pers.) Prunus pumila 89 Hepatica acutiloba

1906 Arth. (Puc. Pruni- P. serotina 71, 89 71, 89
spinosae Pers.)
1903 Mel. Medusae Thiim. Populus deltoides 35, 46, Larix decidua 35, 46, 47,
1904 64 64
1905 P. tremuloides 47, 133 L. laricina 46, 64, 133
1908
1910 Me\. albertensis Arth. Populus tremuloides Pseudotsuga mucronata

1911 198, 212 198, 212
1904 Mel. Bigelowii Thiim. Salix amygdaloides 54 Larix decidua 54, 84

1906 Salix sp. 84
1910 MeVsis abictina (A. & Ledum groenlandicum PiCtfa mariana 195
S.) Arth. 195
1910 MeVella elatina (A. & Cerastium oreophilum .4&fe5 lasiocar pa 212
S.) Arth.' 212
1909 Calyp. columnaris (A. & V actinium pennsyl- Abies Fraseri 166
S.) Korn. vanicum 166
1906 Cron. Quercus (Broncl.) Quercus Pkellos 238 Pinus virginiana 84, 195
1910 Schroet. Q. rubra 195, 238 P. /a^rfa 238
1913 Q. velutina 84
1910 Coleos. Vernoniae B. & Vernonia crinita 198 Pinus palustris 239
1911 C. V. fasciculata 239, 243 P. taeda 198, 211, 239,
1913 V. giganlea 211 243
1914
246 Mycologia
Index
A consecutive paging of the reports has been adopted in order

to simplify the index. It corresponds to the original paging as
follows
Pages 1-9 (Botanical Gazette 29: 268-276)

" 10-15 (Journal of Mycology 8: 51-56).
" 16-29 (Botanical Gazette 35: 10-23).
79-95 (Journal of Mycology 13: 189-205).
" 1 16-147 (Mycologia 1: 225-256).
" 148-175 (Mycologia 2: 213-240).
" 176-202 (Mycologia 4: 7-33).
" 203-219 (Mycologia 4: 49-65).
" 220-248 (Mycologia 7: 61-89).
" 249-265 (Mycologia 8: 125-141).
" 266-284 (Mycologia 9: 294-312).
" 285-296 (Mycologia 13: 12-23).
" 2 79S 2 9 (Mycologia 13: 230-262).
Names in italics are synonyms.

Numbers in broad-faced type indicate successful cultures.
Numbers in square brackets refer to pages (1) where the com-
mon name is used for the species instead of the Latin name, or
(2) where the name occurs but is not the species intended and
not asynonym (e.g., Anchusa officinalis for Lycopsis arvensis),
or (3)where the name does not occur but some other name not
a synonym (the error being due to wrong identification, e.g.,
Gymnosporangium Nelsoni used for G. juvenescens, or to com-
mon but erroneous usage, e.g., Spartina cynosuroides for S\
Michauxiana) .
Fungus Index
Aecidium abundans (Puc. Crandal- monoicum (Puc. monoica) 213
lii) 197 Napaeae (Puc. Muhlenbergiae)
albiperidium (Puc. Grossulariae) 142
12, 15 Nesaeae (Puc. minutissima) 245
alliicolum (Urom. Sporoboli) 273, obesum (Puc. Seyniouriana) 258,
265
Asterum (Puc. extensicola) 13, 15 occidentale (Puc. Agropyri) 57
Berberidis (Puc. poculiformis) 15 Oxalidis (Puc. Sorghi) 59
Blasdaleanum (Gym. Libocedri) Pammelii (Puc. Pammelii) 50
i43 Peckii (Puc. Peckii) 19
Calystegiae (Puc. Convolvuli) 9 Pentstemonis (Puc. Andropogonis)
Ceanothi (Puc. Ceanothi) 168 5, 9
Cephalanthi (Puc. Seyniouriana) Phrymae (Puc. Phrymae) 11
75 Polemonii (Urom. acuminatus)

Clematidis or Clematitis (Puc. 198
Agropyri) 57 Pteleae (Puc. Windsoriae) 6, 9, 22
compositarum Silphii (Urom. Sil- punctatum (Puc. Pruni-spinosae)
phii) 92 70
cornutum (Gym. cornutum) 132 pustulatum (Puc. pustulata) 39
Dracunculi (Puc. universalis) 110 Ranunculi (Puc. Eatoniae) 40
elatinum (Melampsorella elatina) rubellum (Puc. Phragmitis) 3, 9
212 Sambuci (Puc. Sambuci) 14, 15,
erigeronatum (Puc. extensicola) 20

13, 15 sanguinolentum (Puc. Polygoni-
Euphorbiae (Urom. Euphorbiae) 9, amphibii) 32, 53, 69
1 5 sclerothecioides (Puc. Stipae) 189
Fraxini (Puc. fraxinata) 8, 9 Silphii (Urom. Silphii) 92
fumariaceum (Puc. subnitens) 278 Solidaginis (Puc. extensicola) 27
hepaticatum (Puc. Pruni-spinosae) Urticae (Puc. Caricis) 3, 9, 15
7i verbenicola (Puc. verbenicola) 7,
houstoniatum (Urom. houstoniat- 9, 22
us) 128 Bullaria tumidipes 260
Hydrophylli (Puc. apocrypta) 262, Vernoniae 274
265 Caeoma erigeronatum (Puc. exten-
hynoideum 41 sicola) 13
Impatientis (Puc. Impatientis) 24 miniata (Phrag. speciosum) 4, 9
7HJ?V (Puc. Majanthae) 253 occidentale (Melampsora alberten-
Jamesianum (Puc. Jamesiana) 24 sis) 199
leucospermum (Urom. Lespedezae- Ulmariae (Triphragmium Ulmari-
procumbentis) 36 ae) 9
Liatridis (Puc. Liatridis) 273 Calyptospora columnaris 166, 175
Lycopi (Puc. angustata) 6, 9, 15 Coleosporium Campanulae 46
macrosporum (Puc. macrospora) Vernoniae 198, 202, 211, 219, 239,
135 243, 248
magnatum (Urom. magnatus) 282 Cronartium Quercus 84, 94, 195, 202.
malvicola (Puc. Muhlenbergiae) 239, 248
272 Gymnoconia interstitialis 207
248 Mycologia
Gymnosporangium Betheli 112, 115, Medusae 35, 42, 46, 60, 64, 77,
131, 147, 165, 174, 194, 201, 237, 133, i47
247 paradoxa (M. Bigelowii) 55
biseptatum (G. Botryapites) 131 Melampsorella elatina 212, 219
Botryapites 131, 147, 242, 248 Melampsoropsis abietina 195, 202
clavariaeforme 108, 115, 130, 146, Nigredo Polemonii 282
193, 201, 210, 218, 238, 247 Peridermium carneum (Coleos. Ver-
clavipes 107, 115, 130, 146, 164, noniae) 198, 211, 239, 243
174, 193, 201 Cerebrum (Cronart. Quercus) 84,
corniculans 170, 171, 175 195
cornutum 131, 147, 165, 174, 194, fusiforme (Cronart. Quercus) 238,
201 248
Davisii 132, 147, 151, 194, 201 Phragmidium speciosum 4, 9, 23, 28,
durum (G. Nelsoni) 215, 219, 237, 47, 60, 106, 114
247 Puccinia Absinthii 134, 147, 190, 201
effusum 216, 219 Agropyri [100], 104, 114, 232,
Ellisii 245, 248 241, 247, 252, [256], [265], 276,
exiguum 169, 175 292, 293
exterum 144, 147, 166, 175 albiperidia (P. Grossulariae) 12,
floriforme [129], [146], 166, 174 15, 33, 42, 52, 6i, 65, 77, 86, 94,
globosum 90, 95, 107, 114, 130, 146, 102, 113, 184, 226, 227, 237, 246,
164, 174 290
gracilens 217, 219, 237, 247 alternans (P. Agropyri) 139, 147,
inconspicuum 113, 115, 211, 218 [256], [265], 293
juniperinum 211, 219 americana (error for P. Andro-
Juniperi-virginianae 64, 77, 90, 95.. pogonis) [5], [9]
106, 114, 129, 146, 193, 201 amphigena 26, 29, 33, 42, 67, 77,
juvenescens [93], [95], [107], 104, 114, 160, 173, 187, 200, 250
[114], [130], [146], [i95L Andropogonis [5], [9], 33, 42, 87,
[201], 216 94, 186, 200
Kernianum 216, 219 angustata 6, 9, 12, 15, 52, 61, 86,
Libocedri 143, 147, 211, 219 94, 103, 114, 125, 146, 186, 200,
macropus (G. Juniperi-virginianae) 208, 218, 229, 247
65 .
Anthoxanthi 180
Nelsoni [93], [95], [107], [114], apocrypta (partly error for P. mon-
[130], [146], [195], [201], tanensis) [261], 262, [263],
215, 219, 237, 247 [265]
Nidus-avis 108, 115, 165, 174, 194, argentata 189, 201
201, 210, 218, 242, 248 Arundinariae 100
speciosum (G. gracilens) 217 Asperifolii 127, 146, 257, 265
trachysorum 172, 175 Asteris 123
tremelloides (G. juniperinum) Asterum 288
132, 211, 219 Atkins oniana (P. Sambuci) 11, 20,
Lecythea macrosora (Mel. Bigelowii) 21
55 Bartholomaei (P. Jamesiana) 24

Melampsora albertensis 198, 202, Blasdalei [112], [115]
212, 219 Bolleyana (P. Sambuci) 14, 15,
Bigelowii 54, 61, 84, 94 20, 21, 52

Lini 91, 95 canaliculata 74, 78
caricina n, 293 Jamesiana 24, 28, 188, 200

Caricis 3, 9, 11, 15, 22, 28, 66, 77, Koeleriae 138, 147
103, 113, 158, 173, 186, 200, 293 Kuhniae 74, 78, 124, 145
Caricis- Asteris (P. extensicola) lateripes 69, 78, 294
13, 15, 21, 28, 102, 113, 159, Liatridis 273, 275, 292
173, x 85, 197, !99, 228, 246, 287 Lithospermi 197, 202
Caricis-Erigerontis (P. extensi- ludibunda 46
cola) 12, 1 s, 21, 28, 52, 61, 287 Lygodesmiae 212, 219
Caricis-Solidaginis (P. extensi- macrospora 135, 147
cola) 27, 29, 66, 77, 124, 146, Majanthae 277, 284
184, 199, 228, 246, 287 McClatchieana 223
Caricis-strictae 66 minutissima 245, 248
caulicola 36, 42 monoica 215, 219, 234, 247
Ceanothi 168, 175 montanensis (partly error for P.
Chloridis 18 apocrypta) [iot], [180], [261],

cinerea (P. Agropyri) 137, 147, 262, [263], [265]
208, 218, 292, 293 Muhlenbergiae 17, 142, 147, 161,
Clematidis 293 174, 187, 200, 241, 247, 271, 275
Cockerelliana [256], [265] mutabilis [112], [115]
Convolvuli 3, 9 nigrescens (P. caulicola) 37
Crandallii 64, 100, 196, 202 nodosa 244, 248
Cryptandri [109], [115], 223, 280 obliterata (P. Agropyri) 141, 147,
Distichlidis 154, 180, 260, 265, 271, 160, 174, 293
275, 291 obtecta 109, 115

Dulichii (P. extensicola) 121, 240, Opizii (P. patruelis) 84, 94, 185,
246, 254, 264 200
Eatoniae 40, 42, 295 Pammelii 50, 60, 67, 77, 105, 114
Eleocharidis 17, 74, 78, 87, 94, 124, Panici (P. Pammelii) 50
146 Paniculariae (P. Agropyri) 18
Ellisiana- 99, 122, 155, 178, 230, patruelis 136, 147
247 Peckii 11, 19, 28, 52, 61, 66, 77,
emaculata 11, 18, 32, 63, 82, 100, 85, 94, 124, 145, 157, 173, 184,
121, 224, 251, 276 199, 208, 218
Eriophori 255, 265 peridermiospora (P. fraxinata) 8,
exitiosa (P. transformans) 73 9
extensicola 229, 238, 239, 246, 254, perminuta (P. Impatientis) 178
264, 288, 289 Phragmitis 2, 9, 104, 114, 160, 174,
fraxinata 51, 60, 67, 77, 103, 114, 208, 218
127, 146, 160, 174 Phrymae III, 115
graminis (P. poculiformis) 295, 296 poculiformis 12, 15, 51, 61, 68, 77,
Grindeliae 72, 78 88, 94, 105, 114, 122, 162, 174,
Grossulariae 182, 199, 225, 246, 187, 200, 270, 275
254, 265, 290 Podophylli 59, 61
Helianthi 23, 28, 34, 42, 47, 60, Polygoni-amphibii 18, 31, 53, 61,
69, 78, 287 69, 78, 82
hydnoidea (error) 41, 42, 57 Pruni-spinosae (Tranzschelia punc-
Impatientis 25, 29, 33, 42, 51, 60, tata) 70, 78, 89, 94
161, 174, 292 purpurea 18
Isiacae 294 pustulata 40, 42. 67, 77, 186, 200
250 Mycologia
quadriporula (P. Grossulariae) 197, verbenicola [7], [9], 22, 28, 50,
202, 235, 246 60, 67, 77
quadriporula (error for Urom. peri- Vernoniae 274, 275
gynius) [197], [202], 235 vexans 32, 109, 115, 122
Rhamni 52, 61, 187, 200, 252, 271, Vilfae (P. verbenicola) 7, 9, 22
275 virgata 99, 154, 179
Ribesii-Caricis (P. Grossulariae) vulpinoidis (P. extensicola) r2o,
228 238, 246, 288
rubigo-vera 11, 128, 154, 291, 293 Windsoriae 6, 9, 22, 28, 50, 60,
Ruelliae 294 259, 265
Salviae-lanceolatae (P. caulicola) Xanthii 71, 78, 88, 94
37 Pucciniastrum Hydrangeae 277
Sambuci 21, 28, 52, 65, 77, 85, 94, Roestelia Betheli (Gym. Betheli) 113
124, 146 cornuta (Gym. cornutum) 118, 150
Schedonnardi (P. Muhlenbergiae) Harknessianoides (Gym. inconspi-
17, 82, 100, 122, 179, 207, 271, cuum) 113
275 hyalina (Gym. hyalinum") 150
Seymouriana 75, 78, 127, 146, 188, penicillata (Gym. jumperinum)
200, 249, 258, 265 118, 132
Silphii 72, 78, 88, 94 Tranzschelia punctata (Puc. Pruni-
simillima 26, 29, 104, 114, 251 spinosae) 139
Solidaginis 73, 78 Tremella juniperina (Gym. juniper-
Sorghi 59, 61, 68, 78 inum) 132
Sporoboli 18, 279, 284 Triphragmium Ulmariae 4, 9
splendens 244, 248 Uredo Oxytropi (Urom. AstragaTi)
Stipae 18, 57, 59, 61, 188, 200, 231, 192
247 rubigo-vera (Puc. Agropyri) 19,
striatula (P. Majanthae) 154 28
subnitens 25, 29, 48, 60, 67, 77, 87, Uromyces acuminatus 31, 75, 78, 83,
94, 104, 114, 125, 146, 160, 173, 106, 114, 156, 198, 202, 236,
187, 200, 208, 209, 218, 259, 265, 247, 283
272, 275, 278, 284, 289, 293, 294 Andropogonis 123, 163, 174
substerilis 75, 78, [109], [115L Archerianus 253
154, 163, 174 Aristidae (U. seditiosus) 23, 28
Sydowiana (P. verbenicola) 7 Astragali 192, 201
tenuistipes 102 Caricis (Puc. Caricis-strictae) 66
tomipara (P. Agropyri) [41 F, 56, effusus 83, 93
61, 87, 94. I2 7, M6, 233, 293 elegans 244, 248
tosta (P. Muhlenbergiae) 32, 63, Eleocharidis 83, 181
179, 206, 240, 247 Euphorbiae 3, 9, 10, 15, 18, 28, 287
transformans 73, 78, 88, 94 graminioola 64, 123, 155, 181, 269
triticina (P. Agropyri) 276, 292, Halstedii 17
293 Hordei 263, 265
tumidipes 260, 265 houstoniatus 128, 146
uniporula (P. Grossulariae) 226, Junci 17, 64, 93, iot, t 55, T91,
227, 254, 265 201, 235, 247

universalis no, 115, 159, 173, 185, Lespedezae-procumbentis 36, 42
200, 270, 275 magnatus 283, 284
Medicaginis 193, 201, 210, 218 242, 247, 253

Murrilli (U. houstoniattis) 128 seditiosus 278, 284
Orobi 101 Silphii 92, 93, 95, 106, 114
Peckianus 181, 209, 218, 289 Solidagini-Caricis (U. perigynius)
perigynius 38, 190, [197], 201, 38, 42
234, 242, 247, 279, 284, 288, 293 Spartinae 164, 174, 181, 283
Phaseoli 36, 42 Sporoboli 17, 182, 225, 273, 275,
Polemonii 282, 291 280
Rhyncosporae 101, 224 Steironematis 283
Scirpi 89, 94, 106, 114, 128, 146, uniporulus 183, 291
Host Index
Abies alba 167 cernuum [112], [115], 280, 284
balsamea 17, 167, 277 Nuttallii 280, 284
concolor 167, 277 recurvatum [112], [115]
Fraseri 166, 167, 175 reticulatum [112], [115] 225, 274
lasiocarpa 212, 219 stellatum 273, 275, 278, 280
magnifica 167 Althaea rosea 81, 82, 123, 155, 161,
nobilis 167 187
Abronia fragrans 155, 273, 275, 278 Ambrosia artemisiaefolia 63, 76, 92,
umbellata 121, 223 236
Actaea alba 46, 51, 81, 82, 99, 122, psilostachya 192, 235, 236, 247
154, 162, 178, 223 trifida 6, 11, 25, 32, 45, 65, 71, 81,
rubra 81 82, 92, 101, 120, 121, 122, 134,
Adelia acuminata 51, 67 153, 154, 168, 180, 191, 236, 247
ligustrina 51, 127 Amelanchier Botryapium 65, 107, 133
segregata 51, 127 canadensis 93, 95, 101, 107, 108,
Adoxa moschatellina 189, 201 109, 113, 114, 143, 165, 169, 170,
Aesculus glabra 18, 63, 81, 98, 99, 171, 175. 217, 237, 242, 243, 247,
100, 101, 155, 180, 181, 206, 207, 248
224 erecta 107, 113, 114, 115, 130, 132,
Agoseris glauca 136, 147, 159 146, 157, 164, 165, 170, 171, 174,
Agropyron biflorum 140, 142, 147 175, 194, 195, 201, 207, 210, 211,
caninum 142 2l6, 217, 2l8
glaucum 276 intermedia 107, 108, 114, 115. 131,
pseudorepens 105, 114, 162, 174 147, 171
repens 51, 61, 101, 163 sp. 90
Smithii 232, 247, 270, 275, 276 vulgaris 133, 194, 201, 211, 215,
sp. 105, 160, 174 216, 217, 218, 219, 242, 248
tenerum 51, 61, 105, 114, 163, 187, Amorpha fruticosa 121, 179, 1S1
200, 262, 265 nana 168, 179, 180, 182
Agrostis alba 68, 77, 88, 94, 163, 187, Amsonia salicifolia 243, 258
200 Amygdalis communis 70
hyemalis 178 persica 71, 89
perennans 178 Anchusa officinalis [257], [265]
sp. 271, 275 Andropogon furcatus 6, 39, 42, 67,
Allium Brandegei [112], [115] 77, 186, 200
canadense 274, 280 . glomeratus 123, 155
252 Mycologta
Hallii 168, 169, 175 dracunculoides 99, no, in, 115,

scoparius 5, 6, 33, 39, 42, 87, 94, 121, 134, 147, 154, 159, 173, 185,
99, 122, 155, 178, 186, 200 190, 200, 201, 269
sp. 186, 230, 247 dracunculus no, in
virginicus 163, 174, 186, 200 frigida in
Anemone canadensis 17, 19, 26, 29, gnaphalodes 270, 275
64, 104, 114, 252 kansana 11
coronaria 70 longifolia 159
cylindrica 26, 232, 247, 251, 252, ludoviciana 190
256, 276 serrata 99
pennsylvanica 32 sp. 190, 201
ranunculoides 71 Arundinaria macrosperma' 100
virginiana 17, 26, 81, 104, 122 Asclepias incarnata 24, 28, 45
Anemonella thalictroides 81, 82, 98, pulchra 258
178 syriaca 24, 28, 188, 200, 258, 259,
Anthoxanthum odoratum 180 - • 265
Apios Apios (A. tuberosa) 46, 81, 82, verticillata 225
123, 179, 181, 225 Asclepiodora decumbens 24

Apocynum cannabinum 17, 24, 32, Asprella Hystrix 262
101, 122, 153, 178, 179, 180, 181, Aster adscendens 159, 173, 185, 199
182, 197, 224, 258, 265 arenarioides [123]
hypericifolium 258 cordifolius 11, 13, 14, 58, 102, 113
Aquile'gia caerulea 101, 141, 232 Drummondii 32, 58, 66, 121, 123,
canadensis 64, 140, 147, 178, 242, 124, 153, 178, 190, 238, 240, 242
256 ericoides 32, 58, 59, 61, 75, 154,
elegantula 141 188, 190, 200, 201, 231
flavescens 141, 232, 242 lateriflorus 279
formosa 141 multiflorus 57, 58, 59, 61, 75, 123,
sp. 252 153, 154, 188, 200, 231
truncata 141 Novae-Angliae 58, 59, 61, 75, 188,
Arabis Drummondii 214 200, 231
Holboellii 120, 154, 159, 179, 180, paniculatus 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20,
189 21, 28, 32, 58, 66, 100, 102, in,

retrofracta 215 113, 120, 121, 123, 124, 153, 179,
sp. 99, 101, 213, 214, 219, 234, 247 182, 184, 190, 197, 201, 202, 224,
Aragallus Lamberti 192, 201 228, 229, 234, 235, 238, 240, 242,
Arisaema triphyllum 91 243, 246, 247, 254
Aristida basiramea 279, 284 prenanthoides 20, 32
oligantha 23, 28 sericeus 58
ramosissima 279 Shortii 19
Arnica sp. 155, 179, 180, 182, 189, Tripoli 229
191, 196 Tweedyi 153, 159, 185, 240, 242,
Aronia arbutifolia 108, 157, 194, 201, 247
217, 219, 242 Astragalus canadensis 182
nigra 93, 130, 132, i47» l6 S, 194, carolinianus 192, 201
201 sulphurescens 192, 201
rotundifolia 133 Atheropogon curtipendulus 24, 28,
Artemisia canadensis 111 109, 115, I22 >

I 88, 200
Atriplex confertifolia 206 undulatus 154, 158, 168

hastata 126, 146, 160, 173, 208, 209, Carex aquatilis (error for C. nebras-
218, 289 kensis) [66], [77]
Avena sativa 52, 61, 88, 105, 114, 163 arctata 178, 226, 246, 254, 265
Baptisia bracteata 225 aristata 158, 173, 186, 200
leucantha 110 Backii 153, 269
tinctoria 45, 142, 155, 168 blanda (see tetanica)
Berberis Aquifolium 138 Bonplandii minor 153
rep ens 138 brunnescens 197
vulgaris 12, 51, 61, 68, 77, 88, 94, cephalophora 3
105, 114, 122, 138, 162, 174, l80, comosa 119, 134, 136, 147
I87, 200, 270, 27I, 275
crinita 53, 61, 86, 94, 102, 113, 226,
Berula angustifolia 89
246
Bidens connata 109, 115
deflexa 190, 191, 201
frondosa 17, 101, 109, no, 115
Douglasii 99
Boehmeria cylindrica 153, 158, 162,
durifolia 255, 269
168, 179, 186, 197
extensa 229
Boltonia asteroides 18, 32, 81, 99,
festiva 159, 173, 185, 199
121, 179, 181, 189, 269, 270
festucacea 13, 21, 28, 52, 61
Bouteloua curtipendula (see Atherop-
filifolia 270, 275
ogon) 24, 32
filiformis 245, 248
racemosa 109, 122
foeneia 13, 14, 21, 28
Brauneria purpurea 18
Frankii 85, 94
Brodiaea pauciflora 244, 248
Bromus ciliatus 11,-19, 4 J > 4 2
Goodenovii 197, 202, 235
> 56, 57,
276 gracillima 33, 38, 39, 4 2 , 53, 61, 183
61,
Porteri 139, 140, 147 gravida 32, 46, 81, 99, 121
Pumpellianus 139, 140 intumescens 190, 191, 201, 234,
purgans 57, 87, 94, 127, 146 247

Richardsoni 140 Jamesii 27, 29, 66, 255
Bursa bursa-pastoris 68, 77, 87, 100, lanuginosa 37, 38, 39, 52, 61, 66,
104, 114, 209 77, 85, 94, 157, 173, 184, 199,
Cacalia reniformis 81, 120, 121, 123 208, 218

Calamagrostis canadensis 154, 187, longirostris ill, 112, 115
200 lupulina 65, 77, 85

Calamovilfa longifolia 26, 29, 33, 42, lurida 11, 21, 28, 85, 124, 146
67, 77, 104, 114, 160, 173, 187, maritima 221

200, 250 nebraskensis (under C. aquatilis)
Callirhoe digitata 223, 224, 240, 241 [66], [77]

involucrata 32, 81, 82, 83, 120, 123, pallescens 182, 183, 199
142, 147, 154, 155, 161, 174, 187, pennsylvanica 32, 45, 63, 81, 98,
200, 207, 224, 240, 241 120, 176, 178

Callistephus hortensis 123 praecox 158
Campanula americana 46 pratensis 136, 137, 147
Campsis radicans 73 pubescens 12, 38, 39, 183, 225, 226,
Capnoides montanum 277, 278 246, 254
Cardamine bulbosa 100, 126 retrorsa 228, 246
Carduus Flodmanii 180, 191, 192, riparia 22, 28, 103, 113
201, 236, 247 rosea 102, 113
254 Mycologia
scoparia 184, 191, 199, 228, 229, Chionanthus virginica 51

246 Chrysopsis villosus 231
siccata 154, 185, 200 Chloris elegans 253
sparganioides 66, 77, 124, 146, 279, verticillata 18
284 Chrysopogon avenaceus 99, 154, 179

sp. 85, 94, 102, 121, 208, 237 Chrysothamnus nauseolus 73
squarrosa 86, 94 Cicuta maculata 32, 53, 89, 90, 94
stellulata 178 106, 1 14, 128, 146, 242
stenophylla no, ill, 115, 134, 159, Cimicifuga americana 51
173, 185, 200, 270 racemosa 51
stipata 20, 27, 28, 29, 66, 77, 103, Cineraria palustris 255
113, 124, 145 Cinna arundinacea 12, 163
stricta 3, n, 22, 28, 66, 186, 200 Clematis Douglasii 57, 232, 242
tenella 153, 178 Drummondii 57, 241, 242, 247, 276
tenuis 153, 182, 183, 199, 226, 246, Flammula 276, 292
254, 265 "Fremontii 56, 57
tetanica (error for blanda) n, 65, lasiantha 57
77, 86, 94 ligusticifolia 57, 105, 232, 233, 247

tribuloides 242, 247 252, 256, 276, 292
trichocarpa 11, 14, 19, 20, 21, 28, Scottii 51, 56, 57
52, 61, 85, 94, 158, 173, 184, 199 viorna 56, 57
trisperma 178 virginiana 51, 56, 57, 61, 87, 94
varia 37, 38, 39, 4 2 » C102], [191] 105, 114, 127, 146, 180, 232, 233
virescens 38, 39 242, 276, 292
vulpinoidea 120, 238, 240, 246 vitalba 104, 276
Cassia chamaecrista 17, 18, 32, 64, 76, Cleome serrulata 49, 50
81, 83, 99, ioo, 101, 155, 168, 180, spinosa 32, 49, 60, 208, 209, 218
181, 225 Cleomella parviflora 50
Caulophyllum thalictroides 82, 99, Collomia linearis 236, 247
122, 162, 178 Comandra pallida 39
Ceanothus americanus 17, 32, 81, 82, umbellata 39, 42, 67, 77, 123, 186
99, 142, 154, 155, 168, 175 200
ovatus 168 Convallaria majalis 180, 278
Cephalanthus occidentalis 75, 78, 127, Convolvulus sepium 3, 5
146, 188, 200, 258 Corydalis aurea 160, 187, 225
Cerastium oreophilum 212, 219 glaaca 160
Chamaecyparis thyoides 131, 147, montana 209
242, 245, 248 sempervirens 160, 188
Cheiranthus Menziesii 213 Crataegus aph folia 172
Chelone glabra 120, 154, 155, 178, cerronis 157, 165, 172, 174, 175
223, 224 195, 201, 211, 216, 219, 238, 24J
Chenopodium album 25, 29, 49, 50, coccinea 65, 112, 115, 157, 164, 166
60, 87, 94, 104, 114, 126, 146, 160, 172, 174, 175
173, 187, 188, 200, 208, 209, 218, cordata 113, 115, 173
253, 259, 265, 278, 284, 293 flavo-carius 173
glaucum 50 Marsliallii 172
hybridum 126 Phaenopyrum 173
leptophyllum 2^, 50 Pringlei 90, 93, 95, 130, 143, 146
Arthur: Cultures of Uredineae, 1899-1917 25o
147, 165, 169, 174, 175, 237, 247 28, 45, 52, 61, 102, in, 153, 182
punctata 106, 112, 115, 129, 130, 225, 234
144, 146, 157, 164, 172, 174, 175, arenarioides [123]
194, 201, 237 philadelphicus 22, 28
sp. 107, ii3, 130, 131, 146, 147, 157, Eriocoma cuspidata 101
170 Eriophorum angustifolium 255
tomentosa 108, 193, 194, 201, 211, polystachyon 256
217, 219 tenellum 256
Cydonia vulgaris 157, 194, 195, 201,
virginicum 256
210
viridicarinatum 255, 256, 265
Cyperus esculentus 74, 78
Erysimum asperum 49, 6o, 68, 77
Dactylis glomerata 19
Euonymus obovatus 17, 46, 54
Dalea laxifiora 122, 142
Eupatorium perfoliatum 11, 18, 32
Dasystoma flava 123
74, 78, 87, 94, 124, 146
Decodon verticillatus 101, 121, 123,
serotinum 154, 181
126, 245, 248
Euphorbia arkansana coloradensis 10
Delphinium formosum 179
Geyeri 232
commutata 36, 182, 276
scape-sum 168, 180 corollata 50, 60, 67, 77, 105, 224
tricorne 100, 122, 180 251, 269, 276, 277
Dirca palustris 41, 42, 56, 57, 81, 82,

cyparissias 192, 193, 224
86, 101, 122, 154, 162, 178, 179, dentata, 19, 28
180, 181, 223, 224, 259 humistrata 18, 19, 28

Distichlis spicata 25, 29, 48, 49, 60, Ipecacuanhae 277
67, 77, 87, 94, 104, 114, 125, 146, maculata 4, 10, 11
160, 173, 181, 187, 200, 206, 208, marginata 18, 19, 105, 114
209, 218, 259, 265, 272, 275, 278, nutans 4, 10, 11, 18, 19, 28
284, 289, 293 robusta 267
Dodecatheon Meadia 64 Euthamia graminifolia 184, 199, 229
Doellingeria umbellata 184, 224 234, 242, 243, 246
Dulichium arundinaceum 121, 240, Evolvulus pilosus 197, 202
246, 254, 264 Falcata comosa 64, 81, 99, 100
Draba caroliniana 100 Festuca confinis 64, 100, 196, 202
Eatonia pennsylvanica 40, 42 Thurberi 256, 265
Eleagnus angustifolia 180, 182 Forestiera porulosa 51
argentea 224, 232, 252, 269, 270 Fraxinus lanceolata (F. viridis) [8]
Eleocharis palustris 17, 74, 78, 83, 87, 51, 60, 67, 77, 103, 114, 127, 146
94, 124, 146, 181 160, 174, 180
Elephantopus carolinianus 198, 243 Gaura biennis 158, [173], 184
Elymus brachystachys 100 Geranium carolinianum 82
canadensis 32, 45, 51, 61, 88, 94, maculatum 13, 19, 22, 32, 53, 61
162, 163, 174, 180, 232, 247, 270, 69, 78, 81

275, 276 palustre 82
condensatus 100, 262 pratense 82
striatus 161, 162, 174 pusillum 69, 81, 82
virginicus 25, 29, 33, 42, 51, 60, 162, Robertianum 69, 81
174, 241, 247, 262, 265, 276, 292 Gillenia stipulacea 117, 144, 145, i6(
Erigeron annuus 11, 13, 14, 19, 21, 27, Glaux maritima 89, 90
256 Mycologia
Grindelia squarrosa 122, 154, 155, 179, Hypoxis erecta 99, 101
188, 189, 191, 196, 200, 231 Ilex opaca 100
Gutierrezia Sarothrae 64, 72, 73, 78, Impatiens aurea 11, 14, 17, 18, 19 25,
231, 247 29, 2,2, 33, 42/51, 56, 60, 161, 162,
Helianthus angustifolius 224 174, 180, 189, 201
annuus 34, 42, 48, 60, 69, 78, 287 Ipomoea pandurata 5, 122, 162, 239
decapetalus 48 Iris versicolor 17, 92, 99, 102, 121,
divaricatus 48, 60 197, 223, 253, 277, 278, 282, 284
grosse-serratus 17, 23, 28, 34, 47, Isopyrum biternatum 18, 37, 81. 82,
48, 60, 69, 78 122, 178, 180

hirsutus 48, 60 Iva frutescens 122, 126, 134, 153
Kellermani 48, 60 Juncus balticus ioi, 155, 191, 192, 201,
laetiflorus 47, 48, 60 235, 247
Maximiliani 18, 23, 28, 34, 48 dichotomus 93
mollis 34, 42, 47, 48, 60 effusus 64, 82, 83
occidentalis 48, 60 tenuis 17, 92, 93, 95, 106, 114
orygalis 48 Juniperus communis 133
rigidus 34 horizontalis 151, 170, 171, 175
scaberrimus 48, 60 monosperma 217, 219
strumosus 17, 23, 34, 48, 60 scopulorum 93, 95, 107, 112, 114,
tomentosus 34, 48, 60 ii5, 130, 131, 146, 147, 165, 174,
tuberosus 34, 48 194, 201, 237, 247
Heliotropium curassavicum 154 sibirica 107, 108, 115, 130, 131, 132,
Hepatica acuta 11 146, 147, 150, 151, 164, 165, 174,
acutiloba 71, 78, 89, 94 193, 194, 201, 210, 211, 218, 219,
Hibiscus militaris 45, 123, 142, 155, 238, 248
187, 223, 241 utahensis 113, 115, 211, 215, 216,
Moscheutos 81, 82, 100, 142 218, 219, 237, 247
Hippurus vulgaris 89 virginiana 64-, 77, 90, 95, 106, 107,
Holcus lanatus 252 108, 114, 115, 129, 130, 144, 145,
Homalocenchrus virginicus 17 146, 147, 157, 164, 165, 166, 169,
Hordeum jubatum 19, 154, 252 171, 173, 174, 175, 193, 194, 195,
nodosum [264] 201, 210, 216, 218, 219, 242, 247
pusillum 263, 264, 265 Koeleria cristata 137, 139, M7, 189,
vulgare 88, 94, 163 200, 213, 234, 247, 273, 275, 292
Houstonia caerulea 92, 128, 129, 146, Kuhnia eupatorioides 74, 78, 124, 145
277, 279 Hitchockii 124, 145
purpurea 82, 83, 92, 99 Kuhnistera purpurea 17
Hydrangea arborescens 277 Laciniaria Langloisii 243
Hydrocotyle australis 253 punctata 120, 154, 155, 178, 179,
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum 17, 18, 211, 230, 243, 273, 275
31, 64, 66 pycnostachya 81
capitatum 99, 179, 180, 196, 198, scariosa 17, 18, 155, 181, 189, 198,
207, 232, 262, 265 211, 236

Fendleri 223, 232 spicata 99, 100, 101, 121, 154, 155,
virginicum 99, 100, 101, 121, 122, 178, 179, 181
J S4> 155, 162, 168, 179, 181, 189, Lactuca canadensis 18, 32, 81, 82, 85,
223 92, 94, 99, 185, 200

Hymenoclea monogyna 244, 248 sativa 84, 85, 94, 154, 185, 200
scariola (partly under L. virosa) Lygodesmia juncea 212, 219

[85], [92], [94], 182 Lysimachia quadrifolia 76, 83, 100,
Larix decidua (L. europaea) 17, 35, 106, 121, 164, 178, 179
42, 46, 47, 54, 55, 60, 61, 64, 84, terrestris 76, 83, 178, 181, 182, 191,
94 197
laricina (L. americana) 46, 55, 60, thyrsiflora 76
64, 77, 9i, 133, i47, 198, 212 Macrocalyx Nyctelea 46, 81, 82, 121,
Lyallii 54, 55 180, 197
Lathyrus decapetalus 10 Mahonia Aquifolium 123, 138, 147,
palustris 101, 182 180
Ledum groenlandicum 195, 202 Maianthemum canadense 278, 280, 282
Lepachys pinnata 99, 100 Malus coronaria 90, 95, 107, 129, 146,
Lepargyraea canadensis 153, 154, 155, I 57, I 9S, 2I o, 217, 218
168, 179, 180, 181, 182, 224, 252 ioensis 164, 165, 174
Lepidium apetalum [17], [45], [49], Malus 64, 65, 77, 106, 107, 108, 114,
[50,] [60] 115, 129, 130, 131, 146, 157, 166,
densiflorum [17], [45], [49], [50], 193, 201, 217
[60] Malvastrum coccineum 206, 225, 241,
virginicum 49, 60, 68, 77, 209 271, 272, 275
Leptilon canadense 19, 22, 28 Medicago sativa 182, 193, 201, 210,
Lespedeza capitata 36, 42 218
Leucocrinum sp. 251 Menyanthes trifoliata 101
Liatris punctata 273 Meriolix serrulata 178, 184, 199, 208

Libocedrus decurrens 143, 147, 211, Mertensia virginica 100, 155
219 sp. 101
Ligularia sibirica 255 Mimulus ringens 45. 154, 155, 162,
Ligustrum ovalifolium 51 179, 181
vulgare 51, 67, 127 Monolepis Nuttalliana 126, 187, 188,
Lilium elegans 279 208

umbellatum 279, 280, 284 Muhlenbergia diffusa 82
Linum Lewisii 91, 95 glomerata [142], [147], 161, 174
usitatissimum 91, 95 gracilis 187
Lithospermum angustifolium 154, 155, gracillima 271, 275
230 mexicana 45, 142, [147]
arvense 154 Porteri [240]
canescens 154, 168, 179, 180 racemosa 17, 45, 187, 200
officinalis 224 tenuiflora 100
Lobelia syphilitica 46 Myosotis palustris 81, 83, 100, 154,
Lonicera japonica 64 162, 168
Lycium pallidum 260, 265 Myrica cerifera 100, 134, 178, 179,
vulgare 260, 265 180, 197, 246, 248
Lycopsis arvensis (partly under An- Napaea dioica 6, 17, 25, 32, 63, 81,
chusa officinalis) 128, 146, 154, 82, 83, 87, 98, 99, 100, 101, 121,
[257], [265] 122, 123, 161, 168, 187, 241

Lycopus americanus 6, 12, 52, 61, 87, Naumburgia thyrsiflora 76
94, 103, 114, 125, 146, 186, 200, Notholcus lanatus 252
208, 218, 230, 247 Nothoscordium bivalve (TV. striatum)
communis 125, 146 263, 264, 265
258 Mycologia
Oenanthe aquatica 90 Phragmites communis (P. Phrag-

californica 90 mites) 2, 26, 29, 104, 114, 160,
Onagra biennis (Oenothera biennis) 174, 208, 218, 251, 294
6, 11, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 28, 32, Phryma leptostachya 99, ill, 115,
52, 61, 66, 77, 85, 86, 94, 124, 145, 178
153, 158, 173, 184, 185, 199, 208, Physalis heterophylla 32
218, 234 pubescens 225
pallida 207 sp. 180
Onosmodium hispidissimum 180 Physalodes Physalodes 17, 32
occidentale 179, 232 Picea canadensis 17, 277
Orchis spectabilis 178 mariana 195, 202
Ornithogalum bivalve 263 Pinus palustris 239, 248
umbellatum 263 rigida 46
Oryzopsis cuspidata 101 taeda 198, 202, 211, 219, 238, 239,
Oxalis Bowiei 68 243, 248
corniculata 68 virginiana 84, 94, 195, 202
cymosa 17, 18, 32, 59> 61, 68, 78 Pisum sativum 182
Ortigiesi 68 Plantago aristata 24, 279, 284
violacea 46 eriopoda 24
Oxygraphis Cymbalaria 137, 147, 208, lanceolata 23, 279, 284
218 Purshii 24
Oxypolis rigidus 89, 106 Rugelii 23, 28, 279
Oxytropis Lamberti 192 virginica 23, 24
Panicularia americana 18 Poa compressa 19
Panicum capillare 11, 18, 32, 63, 82. longiligula 101
100, 121, 224, 251, 276 Podophyllum peltatum 59, 61
virgatum 50, 60, 64, 67, 77, 105, Polemonium reptans 32, 45, 64, 65,
114, 123, 155, 181, 224, 269 76, 81, 82, 99, 101, 122, 156, 162,
Parthenium integrifolium 82, 92 179, 181, 197, 198, 202, 261
Pastinaca sativa 89 Polygala Senega 45, 75, 76, 81, 82,
Pentstemon alpinus 186, 200 83, 99, 101, 154, 155, 162, 181,
barbatus 186 182

hirsutus (P. pubescens) 5, 6, 32, 33, Polygonatum biflorum 154, 278, 282,
39, 42, 67, 87, 94, 122, 123, 186, 284

200 commutatum 180, 278, 282, 284
Petalostemon purpureus 154, 155, 168, Polygonum amphibium 82
179, 180, 181 aviculare 268, 273, 275
Phacelia bipinnatifida 101, 122, 154, emersum 18, 31, 53, 61, 69, 78
155 pennsylvanicum 18
heterophylla 179, 232 scandens 81
tanacetifolia 223 virginianum 18
Phalaris arundinacea 180, 278, 284 Polymnia canadensis 82, 92, 101
Phaseolus diversifolius 36 Populus angulata 36

Philadelphia coronarius 216, 217, angustifolia 36
219, 237, 247 balsamifera 36
Keteleerii 237, 247 canadensis 36
Phleum pratense 122 deltoides 17, 35, 36, 42, 46, 60, 64,
Phlox divaricata 17, 81, 181, 198 77
subulata 81 grandidentata 36
Medusae 36 212, 225, 237, 246, 254, 265, 269,

monilifera 36 270
tremuloides 36, 47, 60, 133, 147, floridum 19, 20, 22, 33, 53, 103, 197,
198, 202, 212, 219 254

trichocarpa 36 gracile 12, 17, 19, 22, 65, 77, 86,
Porteranthus stipulates 117, 120, 144, 94
145, i47, i57, 166, 175 Grossularia 42
Prunus americana 71 longiflorum 254
Cerasus 71 rotundifolium 53, 61, 66, 86, 94
divaricata 70 rubrum 53, 65, 86, 103, 133
pumila 89, 94 Uva-crispa 20, 22, 33, 42, 53, 61, 65
serotina 71, 78, 89, 94 Roripa sinuata 40, 50
spinosa 70, 71 Rosa arkansana 47, 60, 106
virginiana 71 Carolina 47, 60
Pseudotsuga mucronata 198, 199, 202, humilis 23, 28, 47, 60
212, 219 lucida 47
Psoralea Onobrychis 18, 64, 76, 81, nitida 47, 60
99, ioo, 101, 122, 162, 168 pratincola 106, 1 14

Ptelea trifoliata 6, 8, 22, 28, 50, 60, sp. 4
260, 265 Rubus allegheniensis 207
Pticcinellia airoides 137, 147, 208, 218 Rudbeckia laciniata 63, 64, 65, 76, 81,
Pulicaria dysenterica 101, 155, 156 82, 92, 120, 121, 142, 153, 178,
Pulsatilla hirsutissima 26 181, 182, 197, 277, 279, 284
Pyrus communis 113, 131, 157, 194, triloba 63, 64, 178, 179, 180
217 Ruellia ciliosa 69, 70, 78, 294
japonica 93 strepens 69, 70, 78, 224, 294
Quamasia hyacinthina 18 Rumex crispus 2, 104, 114, 160, 174
Quercus alba 84 208, 218
Phellos 239, 248 obtusifolius 2
rubra 195, 202, 238, 239, 248 Rynchospora alba jor
velutina 84, 94 Salix amygdaloides 54, 56, 61
Ranunculus abortivus 40, 42, 215, 295 Bigelowii 54, 55
acris 252 brachystac^ys 55
bulbosus 2^2 discolor i"
cymbal aria 137, 292 herbacea 56
recurvatus 101 longifolia 5
sceleratus 251, 252 repens 56
septentrionalis 26, 98, 155 sp. 84, 94
Rhamnus alnifolia 180, 187, 200 Salsola Tragus 49, 50
caroliniana 52, 61 Salvia lanceolata 36, 42
cathartica 52, 61, 180, 252 Sambucus canadensis 14, 19, 21, 22,
lanceolata 52, 61 28, 32, 52, 65, 77, 85, 94, 124, 146,
Purshiana 252, 271, 275 158, 159
Ribes aureum 17, 22, 32, 33, 37, 53, Sarcobatus vermiculatus 874 104,
61, 65 126, 146, 208
Cynosbati 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 22, 32, Schedonnardus paniculatus 17, 100,
33, 37, 38, 42, 53, 61, 86, 94, 99, 122, 179, 207, 271, 275
102, in, 113, 133, I7 8 ,
J 82, 199, Scirpus americanus 109, 115
260 Mycologia
atrovirens 6, 12, 52, 61, 86, 94, 103, 98, 99, 101, 102, 110, in, 124,
114, 125, 186, 200, 229, 247 146, 153, 178, 182, 184, 188, 190,
cyperinus 125, 146, 208, 218 200, 224, 229, 231, 234, 238, 240,
Eriophorum 230 242, 243, 246, 247, 254, 264, 279
fluviatilis 89, 90, 94, 106, 114, 128, flexicaulis 37, 42
146, 242, 247, 253 glaberrima 238, 246

maritimus 90 lanceolata 184
microcarpus 223, 230 missouriensis 238
rubrotinctus 223, 230 mollis 231, 238, 246
sylvaticus 223, 230 nemoralis 184, 190
Scolochloa festucacea 252 rigida 18, 27, 29, 32, 38, 179
Secale cereale 88, 127, 146, [257], rugosa 184, 190, 201, 238, 242, 246
265 serotina 11, 20, 21, 27, 29, 37, 38,
Senecio aureus 255, 256, 265 42
cacaliaefolius 255 trinervata 73, 78
Douglasii (error for S. spartioides) ulmifolia 27, 29, 46
ductoris 256 Sophia incisa (error for S. brachy-
lugens (error for S. spartioides) carpa) [49], [60], [68], [77]
obovatus 17, 18, 32, 81, 82, 92, 99, incisa (error for S. intermedia)
IOI, 120, 121, 24O [49], [50]
palustre 255 Sorbus americana 90, 93, 95, 100,
spartioides [178], [180], [189], 107, 112, 113, 114, 115, 130, 131,
[197], [200], [231], 247 132, 146, 147, 157, 165, 166, 174,
Sidalcea oregana 155, 179, 191, 207 194, 201, 211, 219
sp. 161 Aria 133
Sieglingia seslerioides 6 aucuparia 133, 165, 174, 211, 217
Silphium integrifolium 72, 78, 82, 88, hybrida 133
92, 94 torminalis 133
laciniatum 93 Spartina cynosuroides (partly for S.
perfoliatum 32, 38, 65, 72, 82, 83, Michauxiana) [8], [31], [51],
88, 92, 93, 94, 95, 101, 106, 109, [60], [67], [75], [76], [77], [78],
114, 236 [83], [103], [106], [114], [127],
terebinthinaceum 82, 88, 92, 94 [146], [156], [160], [164], [174L
Sium cicutaefolium 90, 242, 247, 253 [181], 258, 265
latifolium 89 gracilis 154
Sisyrinchium gramineum (S. gramin- Michauxiana (partly under S. cyno-
oides) 128, 129, 146 suroides) [8], [31], [51], [60],

Sitanion elymoides 262 [67], [75], [76], [77], [78], [83],
longifolium 162, 163, 174, 187, 200 [103], [106], [114], [127}, [146],
Smilacina stellata 99, 282 [156], [160], [164], [i74], 181,
Smilax herbacea 26, 29, 81 188, 198, 200, 202, 236, 247, 258,
hispida 26, 29, 33, 42, 67, 77, 100, 261, 265, 271, 275, 281, 283, 284
104, 114, iai, 122, 127, 134, 135, patens 181
147, 160, 173, 187, 200, 251 polystachya 127, 146
rotundifolia 134, 135 stricta 127, 146
Solidago caesia 27, 29, 38, 42, 178 sp. 180

canadensis 11, 14, 19, 20, 27, 29, 32, Sphaeralcea incana 223, 240, 247
37, 38, 39, 42, 45, 66, 73, 77, 78, lobata 223, 224, 241, 247
Spiraea lob at a 5 purpurascens 154

stipulata 145 sparsiflorum 139, 140
Sporobolus asperifolius 63, 179, 206, venulosum 140
240, 247 Tissa canadensis 180, 181, 188, 190,
cryptandrus (partly error for Stipa 209
viridula) [109], [115], 223, 270, Tithymalis arkansanus coloradensis
275, 280 154
heterolepis 18, 279, 284 Tridens flavus (Tricuspis seslerioides
longifolius 7, 17, 22, 28, 50, 60, 67, Triodia cuprea) 6, 22, 28, 50, 60,
77, 225 259> 26 5

neglectus 32, 182, 274 Trifolium carolinianum 244, 248
vaginaeflorus 273, 275, 280 medium 193, 210
Stanleya pinnata 50 pratense 182, 193, 210
Steironema ciliatum 46, 63, 65, 66, 76, repens 193, 210
78, 83, 106, 114, 156, 157, 164, Trillium cernuum 180, 278
174, 181, 198. 236, 261, 265, 267, recurvatum 37, 81, 82, 98, 282
271, 275, 282, 283 Triosteum perfoliatum 81, 100, 101
lanceolatum 76, 83, 156., 157, 164, Tripsacum dactyloides 18
174, 236, 282 Trisetum majus 180, 213, 219

Stenolobium molle 73 subspicatum 213, 214, 219, 234, 247
stans 73, 78, 88, 94 Triticum vulgare 19, 28, 88, 94, 162,
Stipa comata 75, 231, 247 163, 174, 276
spartea 18, 57, 61, 163, 188, 200 Troximon glaucum 136
viridula (partly under Sporobolus Tsuga canadensis 91, 277
cryptandrus) 75, 78, [109], [115], Ulmaria rubra 5
154, 163, "^74, 213 Urtica gracilis 11, 19, 22, 28, 52, 63,
sp. 188, 200 66, 77, 103, 109, H3, 134, 158,
Strophostyles helvola 36, 42 I 59> : 73, x 86, 197, 200, 269, 270
Stylophorum diphyllum 17 Uvularia grandiflora 179, 180, 278,
Symphoricarpos oreophilus 197 280, 282
parviflorus 168 perfoliata 45
pauciflorus 45, 153, 154, 179 Vaccinium pennsylvanicum 166, 175
racemosus 17, 18, 32, 45, 63, 98, 99, Vitis-idaea 167
100, 101, 122, 154, 155, 179, 180, Vagnera racemosa 278, 282
181, 189, 196, 202 stellata 180, 225, 278, 280, 281,
Syringa vulgaris 51 282, 284
Taraxacum Taraxacum 13 Verbena stricta 7, 17, 22, 28
Tecoma mollis 73 urticifolia 18, 22, 28, 50, 60, 67, 77,
radicans 73 122
stans 73 Vernonia arkansana 121
Thalictrum alpinum 154, \6i t 174, crinita 198, 202
232 fasiculata 239, 243, 248
dioicum 64, 76, 81, 82, 99, 122, 127, gigantea 211, 219
139, 140, 147, 154, 161, 168, 178, sp. 274, 275
233, 242, 256, 265 Viola cucullata 11, 32, 37, 81, 99, 100,
Fendleri 140, 223, 232, 242, 256 101, 120, 123, 155, 163, 174, 230,
occidentale 140 247
polygamum 101, 122, 179 Nuttallii 230, 247
262 Mycologia
papilionacea 63., 76 Xanthium canadense 11, 14, 17, 18,
pubescens 82 19, 22, 32, 46, 71, 74, 78, 236

primulaefolia 164, 230 sp. 88, 94
septentrionalis 180 Xanthoxylum americanum 18, 32, 50.
sororia 154 63, 100, 142, 168, 179, 206, 207,
striata 98, 99, 231 225
Viorna Douglasii 180 Zea Mays 18, [59], 61, 68, 69, 78
Scottii 105, 114
Purdue University.
Lafayette, Indiana,
Professor F. S. Earle spent the summer months at his home in
western Cuba, but expects to return to Porto Rico in September.
Dr. H. E. Thomas has resigned his position at Cornell Uni-

versity to accept one with Professor Kern at Pennsylvania State
College.
Dr. F. J. Seaver accompanied Dr. Britton to Trinidad last
February and returned with a splendid collection of fungi, in
which the parasitic forms especially are well represented.
Mr. Rush P. Marshall, formerly Pathological Inspector, Office

of Investigations in Forest Pathology, has been engaged to work
on the potato wart disease for the Federal Horticultural Board.
Dr. Alfred H. W. Povah has resigned as assistant professor of

Forest Botany and Pathology in the New York State College of
Forestry to accept the position of associate professor of Plant
Pathology and associate pathologist at the Alabama Polytechnic
Institute, Auburn, Alabama.
Mr. Paul V. Siggers has accepted the position of Pathologist

for the United Fruit Company and will be stationed at Changuin-
ola, Panama, investigating diseases of the cocoanut palm and
cacao. He was formerly Scientific Assistant for the Office of
Investigations in Forest Pathology.
Mr. E. J. Wortley has resigned his position as Director of

Agriculture in Bermuda to accept a similar one in Nyasaland.
Mr. E. A. McCallan, a native Bermudian and a graduate of the
Ontario Agricultural College, succeeds him as Director at the
Agricultural Station in Bermuda.
263
264 Mycologia
Professor A. de Jaczewski, of the Institut de Mycologie at

Petrograd, is on a visit to the United States after being cut off
from the outside world about six years. He called at the Garden
August ii, shortly after his arrival, and expects to spend two
months in various parts of the country.
John Macoun
Professor John Macoun, the distinguished Canadian natural-
ist, died July 18, 1920, at Sidney, British Columbia, at the ad-
vanced age of 89. He was born near Belfast, Ireland, and came
to Canada in 1850 with his mother and two brothers. After pre-
liminary scientific training in teaching, he was engaged for many
years in botanical and zoological explorations in western Canada
for the Canadian Government and at length became attached to
the Geological and Natural History Survey. His scientific work

covered a wide range, both in botany and zoology, and he was
ably assisted by his son, the late James M. Macoun. Many of
the plants collected by them are in the herbarium of the New
York Botanical Garden.
W. A. MuRRILL
At the request of naturalists generally throughout Canada, the

Ottawa Field-Naturalists' Club has decided to receive subscrip-
tions for a permanent memorial in honor of the late Professor
John Macoun, who died on July 18, 1920. Many of his friends
have thought that the memorial should take the form of a painted
portrait to be hung in the Victoria Memorial Museum. Such a
memorial has now been decided upon and the painting will be
made by Mr. Franklin Brownell, of Ottawa, the well-known por-
trait painter. The expenses in connection therewith will be
about $700. Subscriptions to this fund should be forwarded to
Mr. Arthur Gibson, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa, Canada.
Edward T. Harper
Dr. Edward T. Harper died at his home in Geneseo, Illinois,
January 14, 1921. He was born at Sabula, Iowa, September 28,

I 857; graduated from Oberlin College in 1881 and from the

Chicago Theological Seminary in 1887; took a Ph.D. degree in
Semitics at Leipzig in 1891 ; received the honorary degree of
D.D. at Iowa College in 1902 and Oberlin in 1908; and for nine-
teen years,from 1892 to 191 1, held the chair of Semitics and
Comparative Religion at the Chicago Theological Seminary.
From the time he retired because of ill health until shortly be-
fore his death, he was actively engaged in botanical studies, and
had always been an ardent lover of plants. His botanical col-
lections, which have been deposited in the Field Museum at
Chicago, include a very full series of superb photographs and

stereoscopic views of the fleshy fungi. Readers of Mycologia
will remember an article on Hypholoma contributed by him in
1918; while his handsomely illustrated papers on Pholiota,

Stropharia, and Hypholoma, published in the Transactions of
the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, 1912-1914, are well known
to all students of the gill-fungi. Dr. Harper's sustained activity
in mycology and his success in this field were due in part to the
sympathetic interest and help of his brother, Robert A. Harper,

Professor of Botany in Columbia University.
W. A. Murrill
A long list of Long Island fungi, prepared by Burnham and

Latham, appeared as a " second supplementary list " in Torreya
for January-February, 1921. Most of the species included be-
long to inconspicuous groups.
" The Fungal Diseases of the Common Larch," by W. E.

Hiley, contains over 200 pages, 23 plates, and 28 figures. The
work includes a discussion of the various larch diseases, a sum-
mary of the relations of the. larch to its diseases, and an extensive
bibliography.
Bacterial wilt of the castor bean forms the subject of a well-

illustrated paper by E. F. Smith and G. H. Godfrey published in
the Journal of Agricultural Research for May 16, 192 1. Dis-
eased plants were first received from Townsend, Georgia, where
266 Mycologia
the loss was sometimes as high as 30 per cent. The disease was
later found at many points in Florida and elsewhere. The causal
organism appeared to be Bacterium solanacearum, which attacks
a number of different plants.
" A
Handbook of British Lichens," by Annie Lorrain Smith,
containing 158 pages of text and 90 text figures, has just been
published by the British Museum. The object of the book is to
supply a portable guide to the determination of lichens in the
field. The 128 genera included are briefly described, while the
species are distinguished by keys only. There is an introduction
in which the morphology, ecology, etc., of lichens are discussed,
and a glossary of the chief terms employed.
" Insects Injurious to Deciduous Shade Trees and Their Con-

trol,"by Jacob Kotinsky, published as Farmers' Bulletin 1169 0 *
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, is of interest to mycologists
because of the close connection found to exist between insects
and fungi when it comes to the treatment of diseases. In the
gall-insects, which rarely affect the vitality of a tree, the con-
nection between insect and host is exceedingly close. In one

group the mother inserts an acid with the egg, but in all other
groups it is the growth of the larva that provides the stimulus,

the contact between the insect and the surrounding plant tissue
being very intimate.
Last January I secured, near Greenville, South Carolina, sev-

eral specimens which Dr. Burt, of the Missouri Botanical Garden,
identified as Tricholoma terreum. One of the specimens which
I kept in Greenville had been pierced by a pine needle. The
other specimens kept well for a week or more, seeming to have
the consistency of a Russula, but this pierced specimen rotted
where the needle pierced it. Instead of the smell being objection-
able it was sweet and would have made a good cologne odor. I
do not know whether the fungus produced this odor from the
pine needle or whether the needle caused the mushroom to give
the odor. The needle was of the long variety peculiar, I believe,
to the Piedmont section. E. D. Hallock

On July ii Mrs. John R. Delafield sent to the Garden, from

her lawn in Riverdale, an unusually large specimen of Grifola
gigantea, a polypore that grows in tufted form from buried roots,
stumps, and about the base of trees, the mycelium being parasitic
on the roots of oak and other deciduous trees in this region.
This particular specimen measured two feet across and one foot
in height and developed from a stump which had been cut off
close to the ground. was nearly white when young and fresh,
It
becoming grayish on developing and smoky-blackish on drying.

Another large fungus, Grifola Berkeleyi, similar in shape to
G. gigantea, occurs about oak trees in the eastern United States,
but may readily be distinguished by its creamy color and the lack
of blackish tints on drying.
Spike disease of sandalwood in India has been discussed by

several investigators in recent years. Some believe that it is
caused by ultra-microscopic organisms, and perhaps disseminated

by insects, while its spread from centers favors the infection
theory. Experiments at Komattiyur and Andiappanur gave re-
sults entirely opposed to the theory that spike is caused by an

unbalanced circulation of sap. Transmission of infection over
the long distances observed has not been explained, however.
Birds, insects, or flying foxes may act as carriers, but carriage
through other plants is considered more probable. Spike de-

velops more rapidly in some areas than in others, and is more
rapid in seedlings and saplings than in older trees. May to July
is the most favorable portion of the year for its extension. Spike
does not progress regularly from branch to branch. The pre-
ventive measures proposed include mainly isolation and destruc-
tion of the trees infected.
The North American species of Stereum were discussed by

E. A. Burt in the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden issued
in December, 1920. Seventy-seven species are recognized in this
difficult genus, while several are imperfectly known and many
now belong in Aleurodiscus, Thelephora, etc. The main divi-
sions of the genus are based on the presence or absence, or
268 Mycologia
attachment of the stipe, but these differences are not considered

sufficient to divide the genus. Five thickly crowded half-tone
plates add greatly to the value of this excellent paper of 160
pages of text and 48 text figures.
Species described as new in this paper are as follows : Stereum
caespitosum, Jamaica, Murrill; S. saxitas, Mexico, Murrill —also
Jamaica, Johnson; S. pub esc ens, Montana, Mrs. Fitch; S. coni-
cum, Cuba, Wright; S. patelliforme, Washington, Suksdorf—
also California and New Mexico ; 5. Earlei, Jamaica, Earle; S.
magnisporum, Jamaica, Murrill; S. spumeum, New York, Burn-
ham — also Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Louisiana, and Mexico
S. erumpens, District of Columbia, Shear— and known to occur
from Rhode Island to Alabama and west to Washington and
Oregon 5. sepium, Georgia, Humphrey and known to occur
; —
from Pennsylvania to Mexico and Colombia; S. heterosporum,
—
Mexico, Matthews and known on the Pacific coast as far north-
ward as Oregon and
; S. durum, Mexico, C. L. Smith.
In Bulletin 933 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, on

Black Walnut, by F. S. Baker, the following statement is made
regarding the diseases caused by fungi
Black walnut is moderately free from tree diseases and is as
resistant to injury as any of its associates. Red butt rot is found

in a small percentage of trees, mostly old trees of northern
growth, although it is very bad in parts of central Kentucky.
As a rule the rot extends only a short distance up the tree, and
" butting off " the lower 4 feet of a hollow tree will usually
3 or
remove most of this defect. The " doty " zone that surrounds
the advanced decomposition at the center is generally narrow ; it
is frequently possible, in fact, to saw boards within an inch of

an open hollow before any discoloration appears.
A white top rot is found, limited almost entirely to southern
logs, particularly from Oklahoma and Texas. Its presence is
indicated by punky knots and occasionally by conks on the upper

trunk. This rot extends a greater distance up and down the
trunk than the red butt rot and is a much greater detriment to
the logs, especially if they are to be used for sawing into lumber.
A large log with a defective center might be made to furnish a
large amount of first-class veneer, but could not to advantage be
sawed into lumber.
The relation of the health of the host and other factors to in-
fection of Apium graveolens by Septoria Apii is discussed at
length by H. E. Thomas in the Torrey Bulletin for January,
192 1. According to the author, "students of immunity and sus-
ceptibility have been slow to recognize any fundamental distinc-
tions in the relations of host and parasite in the great group of

organisms which cause disease in plants and animals, and yet the
concepts of saprophyte, semi-saprophyte, and obligate parasite
have been current at least since the time of DeBary. Under the
influence perhaps chiefly of Ehrlich's side chain theory of im-
munity, degrees of resistance have been regarded on the one hand
as inversely parallel to the virulence of the attacking organism,
and on the other hand as directly parallel to the vigor of the host.
In plant pathology this view has been particularly prominent in
the literature of the facultative parasites. With the development
of the science of immunity, the animal pathologist has gone so
far as to regard the interactions of host and parasite as specific
in each case. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the speci-
ficity in the relation of plant pathogens with their hosts must be

reckoned with. The saprophytic fungus may be able to live on
dead tissue from a wide range of plants, sometimes showing little
preference for any one of them. The semi-saprophyte may or

may not be more limited in its food range on dead material and
attacks from one to a considerable number of living plants with
varying degrees of virulence and with variable results to the
hosts. The obligate parasite is usually still more restricted in its
host range and is much more closely adapted to the living host,
having completely lost the ability to grow on dead tissue, even

that of its most common host. In the more highly specialized
forms the relation may become specific to such a degree that a
comparatively slight change in either host or fungus will com-
pletely change the virulence of the parasite or the effect on the
270 Mycologia
host. It is to be expected, after the long period of association

necessary for the close adaptation of fungus to host, that both
would be more or less similarly influenced by their environmental
conditions. I shall present data to show that the infection of
Apium graveolens by Septoria Apii is favored by conditions which
accelerate the growth of the host. The comparatively narrow
specialization of the Septoria on celery suggests a promising out-
look for experiments in breeding for resistance. More intensive
work in this direction is needed."
Is Amanita pantherina Edible or Poisonous?

It will interest mycologists to note that Dr. Raebiger 1 has ex-
perimented toxicologically with Amanita pantherina, a species
usually regarded with fear. Raebiger fed the plant raw to guinea
pigs, while rabbits, were given material, in part raw, in part
cooked. Two goats and two pigs were supplied with daily
rations of ten German pounds of parboiled material for a period
of six weeks. In the case of the pigs, other poisonous and sus-
picious species were included in the rations. In none of these
animals was it possible to observe any impairment of their health.
The author states further that he has for years gathered this
species for his own consumption without experiencing the slight-

est poisonous effects. He admitted no other species into his
messes of A. pantherina, and, before cooking, would remove the
cuticle of the pileus, the " cortex " of the stem, and then parboil,
throwing away the water.
We know that edibility for this species, after preliminary pre-
cautions such as Dr. Raebiger took, has been claimed by Michael, 2
who says that it is excellent, cooked, or as a pickle. Ford 3 re-
gards it as mildly poisonous. Inoko 4 and Boehm 5 have made

1 Raebiger, Dr., Zur Kenntnis der Gift und Nutzpllze. Berliner klin.
Wochenschrift, No. 38. 1919.

2 Michael, E., Fuehrer fuer Pilzfreunde. Ausgabe '
B,' Gruppe 76. 1918.
3 Ford, W. W., The Distribution of Poisons in the Amanitas. Jour, of
Pharm. and Exper. Therap., Vol. I, No. 2, p. Aug. 1909; and, A Clin-
277.
ical Study of Mushroom Intoxication. The Johns Hopkins Bull., XVIII, No.
l 93> PP- i 24 C14) and 129 (20). April, 1907.
4 Inoko, Y., Ueber die giftigen Bestandtheile und Wirkungen des Japan-
rather exhaustive chemico-toxicological examinations. Amanita

p anther in oides Murrill, a related species, " was eaten by two
persons with almost fatal results." 6
With several European forms, a Japanese form, with our own
more or less closely allied species {A. cothnrnata Atk., A. vela-
tipes Atk., and A. panther in oides Murrill), and with the um-
brinons form of A, muse aria entering into the complex all too
frequently called " A. pantherina," it would appear that results,
in a toxicological examination of this " species," are likely to
prove inconclusive unless considerable systematic acumen is per-
mitted to supervene.
L. C. C. Krieger
iscben Pantherschwammes. Mittheil. ,aus der Medic. Fac. der Kaiserl. Jap.
Univ., Tokio, Bd. I, No. 3, pp. 277-306. 1889; and No. 4, pp. 3 1 3—33 1 - 1890.
5 Boehm, R., Beitraege zur Kenntni9 der Hutpilze in Chemischer und toxi-
cologischer Beziehung .... II. Amanita pantherina. Archiv fuer exper.
Pathol, u. Pharmac. v. Naunyn u. Schmeideberg, XIX. 1885, p. 60 ; see also Be-
richte d. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., XIX. 1886. Refer, p. 34.
6 Murri M (
W. A., in Mycologia 10 289. Nov., 1918.
:
LITERATURE
Adams, J. F. Notes on plant diseases in Pennsylvania for 1916.
Ann. Rep. Pennsylvania State Coll. 1916-1917: 329-336. /.
2-12. 1919.
Adams, J. F. Observations on wheat scab in Pennsylvania and
its pathological histology. Phytopathology 11: 1 15-124. pi. 2,
3 & f. 1. Mr 1 92 1.
Arthur, J. C. Origin of potato rust. Science II. 53: 228, 229.
11 Mr 1921.
Barrett, J. T. Apricot fruit spots. Univ. Calif. Jour. Agric. 3
346-349. My 191 6. [Illust.]
Barss, H. P. Apple tree anthracnose. Rep. Board Hort. Ore-

gon 16: 127-130. 1921. [Illust.]
Blakeslee, A. F. A graft-infectious disease of Datura resembling

a vegetative mutation. Jour. Genet. 11: 17-36. pi. 2-6. 21
Ap 1921.
Bruner, S. C. Lista preliminar de las enfermedades de las
plantas de importancia economica pora Cuba. In Calvino, N.,

Informe de las anos 1918-1919 y 1919-1920 de la Estaceion
Experimental Agronomica 723-763. 1920. [Illust.]
Bryan, M. K. A bacterial budrot of cannas. Jour. Agric. Res.

2i: 143-152. pi. 31-38. 2 My 1921.
Caused by Bacterium Cannae, sp. nov.
Burgeff, H. Sexualitat und Parasitismus bei mucorineen. Ber.
Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 38: 318-327. /. 1. 12 Ja 1921.

Burger, 0. F. Variations in Colletotrichum glocosporioides.
Jour. Agric. Res. 20: 723-736. pi. 86, f t I, 2. 1 F 192 1.

Burger, 0. F., & Swain, A. F. Observations on a fungus enemy
of the Walnut Aplus in southern California. Jour. Econ.
Entom. 11: 278-288. pi. p. 1918.
Burkholder, W. H. The bacterial blight of the bean a systematic
:
disease. Phytopathology 11: 61-69. F 1921.
272
Chambers, W. H. Studies in the physiology of the fungi. XI.

Bacterial inhibition by metabolic products. Ann. Mo. Bot.
Gard. 7: 249-289. /. 1-11. N 1920.
Chardon Palacios, C. E. Un nuevo " smut " de Puerto Rico.
Revista Agric. Puerto Rico 64: 21-23. 30 Ap 1921. [Illust.]
Thecaphora pustnlata Clinton, sp. nov.
Coker, W. C. Notes on the Thelephoraceae of North Carolina.
Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 36: 146-196. pi. 14-35. 1921.
Includes i new species of Aleurodiscus.
Dunn, G. A. A comparative study of the two races of Rhizopus

nigricans. Physiol. Researches 2: 301-339. /. 1. Ap 1921.
Earle, F. S. The year's experience with sugar-cane mosaic or
yellow stripe disease. Jour. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico 3. no. 4:
3-33. O 1919.
Edgertpn, C. W., & Moreland, C. C. Eggplant blight. Louisiana
Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 178: 1-44. f.
1-18. Ja 1921.
Elliott, J. A. A mosaic of sweet and red clovers. Phytopa- •
thology 11: 146-148. /. 1. Mr 1921.

Enlows, E. M. A., & Rand, F. V. A lotus leaf-spot caused by
Alternaria Nelnmbii sp. nov. Phytopathology 11: 135-140. pi.
4 & f. 1. Mr 1921.
Etter, B. E. Field-cultures of wood-rotting fungi in agars. Phy-
topathology 11: 1 51-154. Mr 192 1.
Fawcett, H. S. Citrus diseases of Florida and Cuba compared
with those of California. Calif. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 262:
153-210. /. 1-24. 1915.

Fawcett, H. S. Fighting a fungus, Pythiacystis citrophthora, in
the Citrus orchards. Univ. Calif. Jour. Agric. 3: 339-343, 356.
/. i-j. My 19 1 6.
Fink, B. Notes on the powdery mildews of Ohio. Ohio Jour.

Sci. 21: 211-216. Ap 1921.
Fries, R. E. Die Myxomyceten der Juan Fernandez-Inseln. Nat.
Hist. Juan Fernandez & Easter Isl. 2: 55-58. 1920.
Gardner, M. W., & Kendrick, J. B. Bacterial spot of tomato.
Jour. Agric. Res. 21: 123-156. pi. 24-28. 15 Ap 1921.
Gardner, M. W., & Kendrick, J. B. Tomato bacterial spot and
seed disinfection. Bull. Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. 251:
1— 15. /. 1-10. F 1921.
274 Mycologia
Gilbert, W. W. Cotton diseases and their control. U. S. Dept.
Agric. Bull. 1 187: 3-32. /. 1-18. Mr 1921.

Godfrey, G. H., & Harvey, R. B. Motion pictures of zoospore
production in Phytophthora. Phytopathology 11: 145, 146. pi.
6. Mr 1921.
Haenseler, C. M. The effect of salt proportions and concentra-
tion on the growth of Aspergillus niger. Am. Jour. Bot. 8:
147-163. f.
1-6. 192 1.
Harter, L. L. Amylase of Rhizopus Tritici, with a considera-
tion of its secretion and action. Jour. Agric. Res. 20: 761-
786. 15 F 1921.
Hurd, A. M. Seed-coat injury and viability of seeds of wheat
and barley as factors in susceptibility to molds and fungicides.
Jour. Agric. Res. 21: 99-122. pi. 13-23. 15 Ap 1921.
Jagger, I. C. A transmissible mosaic disease of lettuce. •
Jour.
Agric. Res. 20: 737-740. pi. 87. 15 F 1921.
Jagger, I. C. Bacterial leafspot disease of celery. Jour. Agric.
Res. 21 185-188. pi. 46, 47.
: 2 My 1921.
Caused by Pseudomonas Apii, sp. nov.
Kauffman, C. H. Isoachyla, a new genus of the Saprolegniaceae.
Am. Jour. Bot. 8: 231-237. pi. 13, 14. 1921.

Includes /. toruloides, sp. nov., from Michigan.
Korstian, C. F., Hartley, C, Watts, L. F., & Hahn, G. G. A
chlorosis of conifers corrected by spraying with ferrous sul-
phate. Jour. Agric. Res. 21: 153-171. f. 1-4. 2 My 1921.
Lee, H. A. The increase in resistance to citrus canker with the
advance in maturity of Citrus trees. Phytopathology 11 :

70-
73. F 192 1.
Lehman, S. G. Soft rot of pepper fruits. Phytopathology n:
85-87. F 192 1.
Lendner, A. Un Champignon parisite sur une Lauracee du genre
Ocotea. Bull. Soc. Bot. Geneve II. 12: 122-128. /, 1, 2. 31
Ja 1 921.
Cryptobasidium, gen. nov., from Costa Rica.
Levin, L, & Levine, M. Malignancy of the crown-gall and its
analogy to animal cancer. Jour. Cancer Res. 5* 243-260. /.
7-75. 1920.
Massey, L. M. Experimental data on losses due to crown-canker
of rose. Phytopathology 11: 125-134. Mr 1921.
Matz, J. Infection and nature of the yellow stripe disease of

cane (mosaic, mottling, etc.). Jour. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico 3.
no. 4 : 65-82. /. 1— 11. O 1919.

Matz, J. Observaciones en la gomosis de la cana en Puerto Rico.
Revista Agric. Puerto Rico 64: 33-39. 30 Ap 1921. [Illust.]
McLean, F. T. A study of the structure of the stomata of two

species of Citrus in relation to citrus canker. Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club 48 : 101-106. /. I. 1921.
McLean, F. T., & Lee, H. A. The resistance to citrus canker of
Citrus nobilis and a suggestion as to the production of resistant

varieties in other Citrus species. Phytopathology 11 : 1 09-1 14.
/. 1. Mr 192 1.
Miles, L. E. Leaf spots of the elm. Bot. Gaz. 71: 161-196. pi.
8-10. 17 Mr 1 921.
Includes 2 new species, of Gloeosporium.

Morse, W. J. The transference of potato late blight by insects.
Phytopathology 11 : 94-96. F 1921.
Murrill, W. A. A double mushroom. Mycologia 13: 119-122.
f. 1-3. 1921.
Agaricus campester.
Murrill, W. A. Two species of Fuscoporia. Mycologia 13: 119.
1921.
2 new combinations.
Murrill, W. A. The genus Tinctoporia. Mycologia 13: 122,
123.
Includes 2 new combinations.
Pritchard, F. J., & Porte, W. S. Collar-rot of tomato. Jour.
Agric. Res. 21: 179-184. pi. 41-45. 2 My 1921.
Includes Verticillium Ly coper sic'x, sp. now
Puttemans, A. Gloeosporium Bombacis, n. sp. Bull. Soc. Path.
Veg. 7: 74, 75- 1 S 1920.
Puttemans, A. Sur l'Oidium du Chene au Bresil. Bull. Soc.

Path. Veg. 7 : 37-40. 1 Je 1920.
Rathbun, A. E. Methods of direct inoculation with damping-off
fungi. Phytopathology 11 : 80-84. /. I-J. F 1921.
Reinking, 0. A. Higher Basidiomycetes from the Philippines
and their hosts. IV. Philipp. Jour. Sci. 17: 363-374. O
1920.
276 Mycologia
Rosen, H. R. Further observations on a bacterial root and stalk

rot of field corn. Phytopathology n :
74-79. /. 1—4. F 1921.
Rosen, H. R. The behavior of telia of Puccinia gramiuis in the
south. Mycologia 13: m-113. 192 1.
Rudolph, B. A., & Franklin, H. J. Studies of cranberries during
storage. Fungi studies Massachusetts Agric. Exper. Sta.
Bull. 198: 88-92. /. 1 , 2. S 1920.
Saccardo, P. A. Mycetes Boreali-Americani a cl. Doct. J. R.
Weir (Spokane, Washington) an. MCMXIX communicati.
Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. II. 27: 75-88. D 1920.
Includes 30 new species.
Scofield, C. S. Cotton rootrot in the San Antonio rotations.
Jour. Agric. Res. 21 : 1 17-125. 2 My 1921.

Shunk, I. V. Notes on the flagellation of the nodule bacteria of
Leguminosae. Jour. Bact. 6: 239-246. pi. 1. 1921.
Smith, E. F., & McKenney, R. E. B. A dangerous tobacco dis-
ease appears in the United States. U. S. Dept. Agric. Dept.

Circ. 174: 1-6. Ap 1921. »
Snell, W. H. The relation of the moisture content of wood to
its decay, with special reference to the spraying of log piles.

Pulp and Paper Mag. 19: 531-533. /. 1, 2. 19 My 1921.
Speare, A. T. Massospora cicadina Peck. Mycologia 13: 72-
82. pi. 5, 6. 1 92 1.
A fungous parasite of the periodical cicada.

Stevenson, J. A. Enfermedades del citro en Puerto Rico. Rev.
Agric. Puerto Rico 4. no. 3: 34-46; no. 4: 25-36; no. 5: 22-
27. 1920.
Stevenson, J. A. Enfermedades del citro en Puerto Rico. Re-
6
vista Agric. Puerto Rico 4 : 9-19. Je 1920.
Corrected reprint.
Sydow, H. & P. Novae fungorum species XVI. Ann. Mycol.
18: 155-160. Ap 1921.
Includes new American species in Septobasidium (i), Uromyces (i),
Aecidium (1), Catacauma (1), and Taphrina (1).
Taubenhaus, J. J. A study of the black and the yellow molds of

ear corn. Bull. Texas Agric. Exper. Sta. 270 : 3-38. /. 1^-10.
O 1920.
Taubenhaus, J. J., & Mally, F. W. Pink root disease of onions
and its control in Texas. Texas Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 273
1-42. /. 1-3. Ja 1 921.
Thorn, C, & Church, M. B. Aspergillus flavus, A. Oryzae, and
associated species. Am. Jour. Bot. 8: 103-126. /. 1. 1921.
Thomas, R. C. Botrytis rot and wilt of tomato. Bull. Ohio
Agric. Exper. Sta. 6: 59-62. Ap 1921. [Illust.]
Thurston, H. W., Jr. A note on the corrosive sublimate treat-

ment for the control of Rhizoctonia. Phytopathology 11 : 150-
151. Mr 1921.
Wakefield, E. M. Mosaic diseases of plants. West Indian Bull.
18: 197-206. [192 1.]

Walker, J. C. Onion smudge. Jour. Agric. Res. 20: 685-721.
pi. 80-85 & f-
1-10. 1 F 1 92 1.
Walker, J. C. Rust of onion followed by a secondary parasite.
Phytopathology 11: 87-90. /. 1, 2. F 192 1.
Weir, J. R. Thelephora terrestris, T. fimbr'iata, and T. caryo-
phyllea on forest tree seedlings. Phytopathology 11: 141-144.
pi, 5. Mr 1921.
Weston, W. H. •
Another conidial Sclerospora of Philippine
maize. Jour. Agric. Res. 20: 669-684. pi. 76-79. 1 F 1921.
Williams, C. B. Report on the Froghopper blight of sugar-cane
in Trinidad. Mem. Dept. Agric. Trinidad and Tobago 1 : I-
170. pi. 1-11 & f. 1-32. Ja 192 1.
Considers also " The root disease of sugar cane " caused by fungi.
Winston, J. R. Tear-stain of Citrus fruits. U. S. Dept. Agric.
Bull. 924: 1-12. pi. 26 Ja 1921.

1, 2.
Zillig, H. Unsere heutigen Kenntnisse von der Verbreitung des

Antherenbrandes (Ustilago violacea (Pers.) Fuckel). Ann.
Mycol. 18: 136-153. Ap 1 92 1.
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MYCOLOGIA
IN CONTINUATION OP THE JOURNAL OP MYCOLOGY
Founded by W. A. Kellerman, J. B. Ellis, and B. M. Everhart in 1885
EDITOR
Vol. XIII^NOVEMBERn92fi^S4 j$ o
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
HOWARD J. BANKER BRUCE FINK FRED J. SE AVER
FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS THOMAS H. MACBRIDE TYOZABURO TANAKA

LANCASTER. PA.
CONTENTS
VAOB
A Contribution to Our Knowledge of the Pyrenomycetes
of Porto Rico. ........ . C. E. Chardon . .
279
California Hypogaeous Fungi —Tuberaceae. H. E.Parks 301
The Heteroecism of Puccinia montanensis, P. Koeleriae,
and P. apocrypta. E. B. Mains 315
New Japanese Fungi. Notes and Translations —X.
T.Tanaka 323
Some of the Ways of the Slime-mould. T. H. MacBride 3 29
Notes and Brief Articles . . . .
335
Index to American Mycological Literature 3 51
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MYCOLOGIA
Vol. XIII NOVEMBER, 1921 No. 6
A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE

OF THE PYRENOMYCETES OF
PORTO RICO 1
Carlos E. Chardon
(With Plates 13-15, and Text Figures 1-4)
The study of the fungous flora of Porto Rico has received in

recent years considerable attention from American mycologists.
-Their enthusiasm has been stimulated by the extensive collections
made by Stevens, Fink, Whetzel and Olive, and has led to the
publication of a series of papers which give us some conception of
the richness of the mycological flora of the island. These studies
are of importance, since they represent the first attempt on the
part of American mycologists to gain a clearer knowledge of the
fungi of the West Indies. A fairly complete account of the
Uredinales has been presented in the publications of Arthur (2, 3)
and Whetzel and Olive (22). but our knowledge of the pyreno-
mycetes is still far from perfect in spite of the numerous papers
which have appeared dealing with the members of this group.
Klotzch and Sintenis seem, to have been the first botanists to

collect these fungi on the island and a list of their collections has
appeared in literature (18, 26). Heller, in 1900, collected in
quantity members of the group and distributed them in his Plants
of Porto Rico. His specimens were studied by Earle, who pub-

lished on them two papers (7, 8), which were the first contribu-
tions of importance. A number of years followed in which no
1 Also presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell Uni-
versity as a major thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science.
[Mycologia for July-September (13: 201-277) was issued October 8, 1921]
279
280 Mycologta
further progress was made, but in 191 3 a very active phase of the
work was by Stevens and has steadily progressed up to
initiated
the present time. During 191 3-1 5 Stevens made extensive col-
lections of fungi and accumulated a large amount of material
which is deposited at the herbarium of the University of Illinois.
He has studied his collection in collaboration with some of his

students, and they have published a number of papers on the
pyrenomycetes '(16, 21, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35) in which a
great number of new species have been described. Whetzel and
Olive spent the spring of 1916 in the island collecting rusts and
other parasitic fungi. A few of the pyrenomycetes of their col-
have been described by Fitzpatrick (13, 14) and Seaver
lections
(25), and recently a list of all. of them was published by the

writer (6). A third extensive collection, consisting chiefly of
lichens and ascomycetes, was made by Fink in the winter of
191 5-16, but nothing has been published on it, excepting a pre-
liminary note by him (12). However, a set of his collections has-
been sent to the writer, and a further study of them will certainly
disclose a number of interesting forms. The pathologists at the
Insular Experiment Station at Rio Piedras, P. R., have given a
generous part of their time to the collection of fungi and their
specimens are deposited at the Station Herbarium. A number of
their pyrenomycetes have been sent to Seaver for identification.
Stevenson's "Check List of Porto Rican Fungi" (36), which

is a compilation of all the species previously reported and widely
scattered in literature, appeared in 19 18. It constitutes a starting
point for the study of the fungous flora of the island. This paper
is rapidly going out of date, however, and the necessity for its
revision is felt.
The writer, having become interested in the study of the pyreno-

mycetes, spent the summer of 1920 in the island collecting inten-
sively on this group. Also the collections of Whetzel and Olive,
Stevens, Fink and those of the Insular Experiment Station have
been available to him. A close study of these has brought out a
sufficient number of interesting facts to warrant the publication
of this paper. It represents an attempt toward a more complete
understanding of the insular forms of the group.
Chardon : Pyrenomycetes of Porto Rico 281
The writer wishes especially to acknowledge his obligation to

Doctor F. J. Seaver and Doctor W. A. Murrill of the New York
Botanical Garden for their courtesy and kindness during two brief
visits there; to Mr. E. D. Colon, Director of the Insular Experi-
ment Station, and to Mr. J. Matz and Mr. B. Lopez, of the Plant
Pathology staff, for their cooperation in connection with this
work; to Doctor B. Fink, of Miami University, for having gen-
erously sent a set of his collections to the writer ; to Doctor F. L.
Stevens, of Illinois University, and Doctor C. R. Orton, of Penn-
sylvania State College, for courteous advice in correspondence.
Thanks are due also to Doctor C. Ferdinandsen and Doctor C.
Christendsen, of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark ; to
Doctor L. Romell, of the Royal Museum at Stockholm, Sweden,
and to Doctor C. Spegazzini, of LaPlata, Argentine, for having
supplied the writer with portions of type materials for examina-
tion in connection with this work. Finally, an expression of ap-
preciation is due to Professor H. H. Whetzel, of the Department
of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, for placing at the writer's
disposal all of his collections, and to Professor H. M. Fitzpatrick,
of the same department, under whose supervision the work has

been conducted, for valuable suggestions and cooperation, and for
the revision and correction of the manuscript. Thanks are also>
due to Mr. W. R. Fisher for the care taken in the preparation of.
the photographs which illustrate this paper.
PERISPORIALES
MlCROTH YRIACEAE
Lembosia Lev.
This genus founded by Leveille (19) was based on four species :
Lembosia tenella, L. 'macula, L. Drymidis and L. DendrochilL

Theissen (37) in his recent monograph considers L. tenella as the
type of the genus and creates a number of additional genera, re-
taining in the old genus Lembosia only those forms having a super-
ficial mycelium and paraphyses. He has reduced to synonymy
two Porto Rican species described by Earle (7, 8). It is in the
sense of Theissen that the genus is considered here.
282 Mycologia
The affinities of the genus are not well understood. Saccardo

(23), Lindau (20) and Ellis and Everhart (9) have placed it in
the Hysteriaceae, while Spegazzini (27) included it in the Hemi-

hysteriaceae. Gaillard (15) first threw light on its real affinities.
He shows that the formation of perithecia takes place very much

as in Asterina and suggests that the genus be incorporated in the
Microthyriaceae. Theissen and Sydow (40) definitely include it
under that family.

Key to Porto Rican Species
A. Colonies inconspicuous; spores small, 8-1 1 /* long. L. microspora

B. Colonies very conspicuous, spores larger.
1. Spores 28-35 A6 long. L. melastomatum
2. Spores 16-20 fi long.
a. Hyphopodia present; on Coccoloba. L. tenella
b. Hyphopodia absent on Agave. ; L. Dendrochili
Lembosia microspora sp. nov.

Colonies inconspicuous mycelium very sparse, widely effused,
;
hyphae septate at regular intervals, brown, 3-4 /x in diam., occa-

sionally branched and anastomosing; hyphopodia absent; asco-
mata epiphyllous, scattered, black, very rarely confluent, linear,
straight or more often curved, ends obtuse, 250-750 x 100-180 fx,
in rare cases exceeding 1 mm. in length; asci ellipsoidal to sub-
globose, 8-spored, 19-23 x 10-13 //,; spores inordinate, rather un-
equally septate, hyaline, becoming dark brown at maturity, 8-1 1 x
4-5 fx; paraphyses inconspicuous (figs. 1-3).
Differs from all other known species of Lembosia in the small
size of the spores. Another prominent feature is the inconspic-
uous character of the colonies due to the very scant development

of mycelium.
Material examined:
On Ocotea leucoxylon (Sw.) Mez. (with an undetermined
microthyriaceous form on the under surface of the leaf). Cor-
nell University Explorations of Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive),
No. 621, Maricao, Mar. 16, 1916 (type).
Lembosia melastomatum Mont., PI. Cellul. Cent. VII 373. :
Lembosia diffusa Winter Hedwigia 24: 30. 1885.

The Porto Rican collections of this form have all been reported
as L. diffusa. The spore measurements given by different au-

thorities vary. Ours, 26-33 x ii- t 4 seem to agree with those
of Arnaud (1) (figs. 4-6).
Material examined:
On Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. Porto Rican fungi (Fink), No.
587, Rio Piedras, Dec. 2, 191 5; Cornell University Explorations
of Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), No. 665, Maricao, Mar. 23,
1916.
Lembosia tenella Leveille, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill (Bot.) 3: 58.

1845.
Lembosia Coccolobae Earle, N. Y. Bot. Gard. Bui. 3: 301, 302.
1903.
Theissen (37) has examined a portion of Earle's type and says
" Nach dem Blatt zu urteilen, ist die Matrix genau derselbe wie
die Nicaragua-Exemplar von Lembosia tenella; der Pilz ist der-
selbe, die Art also synosym mit der von uns adoptierten Form
von tenella" (figs. 7-8).
The species seems to be of common occurrence. It is unique in
being able to withstand the most xerophytic conditions. The
spores measure 15-21 x 6-7 /x.
Material examined:
On Coccoloba uvifera (L.) Jacq. Plants of Porto Rico (Hel-
ler), No. 6375, Santurce, Jan. 7, 1903 {type) ; Cornell University
Explorations of Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), Nos. 522, 523,
Mayaguez, Mar. 3, 1916; id. id. (Chardon), No. 836, Ponce,
Sept. 6, 1920.
Lembosia Dendrochili Leveille, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill (Bot.) 3:

59- i845.
Lembosia Agaves Earle, Muhlenbergia 1 : 15. 1900.
A characteristic species on account of its numerous black spots,
which are slightly elevated. Earle's material is not fully matured,
and he gives the spore measurements as 14-16 x 6-7 fx. Ferdi-
nandsen and Winge (11) examined ripe material from Trinidad
284 Mycologia
and found the spores to measure 17-20 x 7-9 fx. The material
collected by the writer does not show spores, but it is undoubtedly
this species. Thiessen considers Earle's species to be identical
with L. Dendrochili.
Material examined:
On Agave sp. Plants of Porto Rico (Heller), No. 4429, Cabo
Rojo, Jan. 29, 1900 (type) ; Cornell University Explorations of
Porto Rico (Chardon), No. 837, Penuelas, July 20, 1920.
HYPOCREALES
The system of Seaver (24) will be followed in this order.
Nectriaceae
Hyponectria Phaseoli Stevens, Bot. Gaz. 70: 401. 1920.

Phyllachora Phaseoli P. Henn, in Chardon Mycol. 12 : 320.
1920.
The collection of this fungus previously reported by the writer
as Phyllachora agrees perfectly with the description of Stevens's
species.
Material examined :
On Phaseolus adenanthus Meyer. Cornell University Explora-

tions of Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), No. 659, Tamana River,
Apr. 7, 1916.
Creonectria ochroleuca (Schw.) Seaver, Mycol. 1 : 190. 1909.

? Creonectria grammicospora (Ferd. & Wge.) Seaver, in Char-
don Mycol. 12 :
319. 1920.
This species resembles Creonectria Bainii (Massee) Seaver in
perithecial, ascus and spore characters; it differs in that the peri-
thecia are flesh colored when young. The color soon changes to
light yellow, and then it becomes impossible to tell the two arjart.
Creonectria grammicospora (F. & W.) Seaver is probably identi-
cal with Creo. ochroleuca, or represents a variety of it, but definite
action in regard to this point can not be taken until the type
materials of both species have been examined.
Material examined:
On dead bark and twigs. Porto Rican Fungi (Fink), No. 1 135,
Mayaguez, Dec. 21, 1915; Cornell University Explorations of
Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), Maricao, Mar. 23, 1916, deposited
in Chardon herbarium as No, 742; id. id. (Chardon), No. 888,
Penuelas, July 20, 1920.
Creonectria rubicarpa (Cooke) Seaver, Mycol. 1 : 187. 1909.

Nectria rubicarpa Cooke, Grevillea 7: 50. 1878.
The material examined, although scant, seems to agree with this
species except in one character : the arrangement of the perithecia
in cespitose clusters is not pronounced. Most of them are gre-
garious. The spores measure 10. 5-12 x 5-6 fx.
Material ex am ined :
On a log. Porto Rican Fungi (Fink), No. 215, Rio Piedras,

Jan. 18, 1916; Cornell University Explorations of Porto Rico
(Chardon), No. 889, Mayaguez, July 14, 1920.
Ophionectria portoricensis sp. nov.

Perithecia densely gregarious, cylindrical to subcorneal, slightly
tapering above, 500-800 /a high, 250 il in lateral diameter, scarlet,
covered irregularly with a mealy substance which gives a warty
appearance, naked toward the apex, possessing a distinct ostiolum,
15 [a in diam. asci subcylindrical, tapering above and below, 217-
;
274 x 22.5-28 Li, 8-spored, the ascus wall evanescent; spores fili-
form, curved, slightly tapering toward each end, contents hyaline
and granular, 13-27 septate, 153-221 x 6-7.5 paraphyses in-
distinct.
A very distinct and characteristic species on account of the un-

usually large spores and asci (fig. 10).
Material examined :
On a log. Cornell University Explorations of Porto Rico

(Whetzel & Olive), Mayaguez, Mar. 13, 1916, deposited in Cornell
University Department of Plant Pathology herbarium as No.
1 1 129 (type).
286 Mycologia
Hypocreaceae
Podostroma orbiculare sp. nov.
Stromata stipitate or substipitate, orbicular, convex, yellowish
brown, white and woody within, 4-6 mm. in diam., 2-3.5 mm.
high, the surface minutely rugulose from the slightly protruding
ostiola; stem exceeding 2 mm. in diam. perithecia
stout, short, not ;
entirely immersed in the stroma, 120-180 ^ in diam.; asci cylin-

drical, 50-60 x 4 becoming 16-spored at maturity; spores sub-
/J,,
globose, hyaline, 2.5 x 3^; paraphyses present (fig. 11).

This beautiful species is unique in having a woody stroma in-
stead of the fleshy or subfleshy stroma common to this and other
allied genera. It is placed in Podostroma rather than in Hypocrea,
since the stroma is stipitate.
Material examined:
On a decaying log. Porto Rican Fungi (Fink), No. 239,
Mayaguez, Dec. 17, 191 5 (type).
Stilbocrea hypocreoides (Kalch. & Cooke) Seaver, Mycol. 2:

62. 1910.
? Stilbocrea intermedia Ferd. & Wge., Bot. Tidsk. 29 : 12. 1908.
This species is very closely related to S. intermedia, from which
it can, in fact, hardly be distinguished. Seaver (24) separates the
two forms on the basis of spore measurements, but the difference
'is so slight as to raise the question whether the two may not be
identical.
Material examined:
On bark and decaying wood. Herbarium Insular Experiment
Station (Stevenson), No. 2390, Rio Piedras, Nov. 29, 1914; Cor-
nell University Explorations of Porto Rico (Chardon), No. 1237,
Mayaguez, July 14, 1920.
Dothichloe Atk.
This genus comprises a few forms parasitic on grasses. It was

erected by Atkinson (4, 5) to include those species of Hypocrella
possessing a dothideaceous stroma like Dothichloe atramentosa
(B. & C.) Atk.
The systematic position of the genus is not definitely established.

It is included in the Hypocreales by Seaver (24) as a synonym
of Balansia. Since Seaver does not discuss any of the species of
Dothichloe under Balansia, there appears to be no justification for
this. Dothichloe is distinct from Balansia in not possessing a
pseudosclerotium made up of a mixture of host and fungous tissue.
Theissen and Sydow (39) exclude the genus from the Dothideales
and regard it as identical with Ophiodothis. Stevens in his
" Fungi Which Cause Plant Disease " assigns it a definite place in
the Hypocreales, placing it next to Balansia. The writer has ex-
amined a set of prepared slides made from the type specimen of
Hyp ocr ea atr anient osa B. & C. which are deposited in the Atkin-
son herbarium at Cornell University. The stroma is evidently
dothideaceous and no evidence of a perithecial wall is present.
However, in their filiform spores and in certain other minor char-
show marked resemblance with those of Balansia,
acters the species
Epichloc and Hypocrella, and thus a relationship with the Hypo-
creaceae is strongly suggested.
Key to Porto Rican Species
A. Stromata distinct, subglobose, located below the nodes of the host.

D. subnodosa
B. Stromata broadly effused.
1. Stromata completely encircling the culms. D. Aristidae
2. Stromata borne on the leaf and occupying only one side.
D. atramentosa
Dothichloe subnodosa sp. nov.

Balansia subnodosa Atk., in mss.
Dothichloe nigricans (Speg.) Seaver, in Stevenson, Jour. Dept.
Agr. Porto Rico 2: 151. 1918.
Stromata subglobose, slightly flattened, located just beneath the
nodes on the culms of the host, partially or in rare cases entirely
surrounding the host, black, brown or yellowish within, not united
with the host elements, 1-3 mm. in diam., with the surface rugulose
from the papillate ostiola; locules immersed, flask-shaped, 125-
150 x 150-200 /jl; asci narrowly cylindrical, tipped with a globose
"cap cell," 150-180 x 3-4.5 n, 8-spored spores filiform, nearly as ;
long as the asci, approximately 1 fx broad, fragmenting at maturity

paraphyses present (fig. 14).
288 Mycologia
This fungus is clearly different from Epichloe ? nigricans Speg.,

which has stromata 5-10 mm. long. Atkinson worked with one
of Stevens's collections of this form and labeled it in his herbarium
Fig. 1. Dothichloe subnodosa sp. nov. Cross section of a stroma showing

the sharp definition between the host and fungous tissue. (Outlined with a cam-
era lucida ; X 50)
as " Balansia subnodosa sp. nov." He apparently, however, never

published it. The writer feels that the species should be trans-
ferred to Dothichloe on account of the absence of the intimate
fusion of fungous and host tissue, pseudosclerotium, characteristic
of Balansia.
Material examined:
On Ichnanthus pollens Munro. Cornell University Explora-
tions of Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), No. 690, Mayaguez, Mar.
6, 1916 (type); id. id. (Whetzel & Olive), No. 689, Mayaguez,
Mar. 2, 1916; id. id. (Whetzel & Olive), No. 692, Maricao, Mar.
22, 1916; id. id. (Whetzel & Olive), No. 691, El Yunque, Apr. 22,
1916.
Dothichloe Aristidae Atk., Bui. Torr. Bot. Club 21 : 224. 1894.

Characteristic in that the stroma completely surrounds the culms
of the host, as in Epichloe. However, the stromata are black and
carbonaceous (fig. 13).
Material examined:
On Aristida portoricensis Pilger. Cornell University Explora-
tions of Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), No. 695, Mayaguez,
Mar. 7, 1916.
Dothichloe atramentosa (B. & C.) Atk., Jour. Mycol. n : 260.
1905.
Hypocrea atramentosa B. & C, Jour. Linn. Soc. 10 :
377. 1869.
Stromata 5-15 mm. long, black, carbonaceous, occupying only
one side of the leaf. Very distinct from the preceding species
(fig. 12).
Material examined:
On Andropogon leucostachys H. B. K. Herbarium University
of Illinois, Porto Rican Fungi (Stevens), No. 821 1, Las Marias,
July 10, 1915.
On Chloris petraea Sw. Cornell University Explorations of
Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), Nos. 694, 694a, Boqueron, Mar.
11, 1916.
DOTHIDEALES
The system of Theissen and Sydow (39) will be followed here
in its entirety.
DOTHIDEACEAE
Dothidina peribebuyensis (Speg.) comb, no v.
Phyllachora peribebuyensis Speg., Fung. Guar. 1 :
274. 1883.
Auerszvaldia Miconiae P. Henn., Hedwigia 43 :
253. 1904.
Bagnisiopsis peribebuyensis (Speg.) Th. & Syd., Ann. Mycol.
13:292. 1915.
Dothidina Miconiae (P. Henn.) Th. & Syd., Ann. Mycol. 13:
298. 1915.
A comparison of the type material of Phyllachora peribebuy-
ensis Speg. (Balansa — Plantes du Paraguay No. 3854) and of that
Auerswaldia Miconiae P. Henn. (Ule —Appendix Mycotheca Bra-
siliensis No. 27) has shown them to be the same fungus. Theissen
and Sydow seem to have overlooked this fact and have proposed
new combinations for each, placing them under different genera.

The fungus is by no means a Phyllachora. Garman (16) identi-
fied the specimens collected by Stevens as P. peribebuyensis, but
admitted that the species might possibly fall under Bagnisiopsis.
Working with material from Colombia, H. and P. Sydow (41)
also made the mistake of referring the fungus to P. peribebuyen-
290 Mycologia
sis. They observed, however, that the spores at maturity turn to

a light brown color, which suggested to them the genus Auers-
waldia. Finally Seaver determined the specimens collected by
Whetzel and Olive as Auerswaldia Miconiae and the writer (6)
published them under that name (fig, 19).
The fungus falls under Dothidina in the treatment of Theissen
and Sydow on account of the presence of paraphyses. The spores
measure 14-18 x 6-7 fi.
Material examined:
On Heterotrichum cymosum (Wendl.) Urban. Herbarium
University of Illinois, Porto Rican Fungi (Stevens), No. 5206,
San Sebastian, Nov. 13, 1913; Cornell University Explorations of
Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), No. 643, El Yunque, Apr. 12,
1916.
On Miconia laevigata (L.) DC. Herbarium University of Illi-
nois, Porto Rican Fungi (Stevens), No. 435, El Gigante, Dec. 15,
I9I3-
On Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. Herbarium Insular Experi-
ment Station (Stevenson), No. 5362, Espinosa, Mar. 27, 1917.
On Miconia Sintenisii Cogn, Herbarium University of Illinois,
Porto Rican Fungi (Stevens), No. 6656, Santa Ana, Dec. 31, 191 3.
On Miconia sp. Herbarium Insular Experiment Station (Ste-
venson), No. 742, Maricao, Mar. 14, 1913; Cornell University
Explorations of Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), Nos. 696, 697,
Maricao, Mar. 22 and 15, 1916, respectively.
On Tetrazygia clacagnoides (Sw.) DC. Cornell University

Explorations of Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), No. 636, Barcelo-
neta, Apr. 8, 1916.
Phyllachoraceae
Trabutia Bucidae sp. nov.
Spots not exceeding the stromata; stromata numerous, hypo-
phyllous, crowded in irregular areas 5-10 mm. in diam., individual
stromata black, shining, approximately circular, often confluent,
.5-1.5 mm. in diam., subcuticular; locules globose to oblong, 200-
300 x 150-200 ^ covered by a well-developed stroma which often
extends far beyond them ; asci very indistinct, clavate cylindrical,

8-spored, 50-64 x 17-24 spores inordinate, continuous, pale
yellow, globose to ellipsoidal, 9-12 x 7-8 paraphyses present,
profuse (fig. 22).
Fig. 2. Trabutia Bucidae sp. nov. Cross section of a leaf of Bucida bu-
ceras showing a locule covered above with a subcuticular stroma. (Outlined
with a camera lucida ; X 125).
Material examined :
On Bucida buceras L. Cornell University Explorations of

Porto Rico (Chardon), No. 905, Coamo, Aug. 21, 1921 {type).
Trabutia Guazumae sp. nov.
? Phyllachora Guazumae P. Henn., Hedwigia 48: 7. 1908.

Stromata epiphyllous, numerous, black, shining, irregular or
occasionally circular, distinctly convex to subcorneal, 1-2 mm. in
diam., in rare cases 3-4 mm., surrounded by a discolored zone of
dead host tissue .5 mm. across locules many, globose, 200-300 fx;
in diam. covered with a well-developed stroma, asci subcylindrical,

;
63-78 x 13-19 [jl; the ascus wall indistinct, spores uniseriate or

biseriate in the main body of the ascus, cylindrical, hyaline, con-
tinuous, contents uniform when young, becoming distinctly 2-
guttulate at maturity; paraphyses present (fig. 20).
Fig. 3. Trabutia Guazumae sp. nov. Cross section of a leaf of Guazuma

ulmifolia showing plurilocular stroma. The stroma is apparently subcuticular.
(Outlined with a camera lucida; X 125).
This form is probably cospecific with Phyllachora Guazumae

described by Hennings from Brazil. Unfortunately, he worked
with immature material and his description is very incomplete, the
spores not being mentioned. In the system of Theissen and
292 Mycologia
Sydow the Porto Rican material falls in the genus Trabutia on

account of the subcuticular stroma.
Material examined:
On Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. Cornell University Explorations
of Porto Rico (Chardon), No. 895, Penuelas, Aug. 11, 1920
(type) ; id. id. (Chardon), No. 921, Penuelas, July 28, 1920.
Trabutia conica sp. nov.

Stromata epiphyllous, numerous, shining, black, approximately
circular, conical and protruding considerably above the surface of
the host, 1-2 mm. in diam., subcuticular (?), surrounded by a
slightly discolored zone 1 mm. across, the single ostiolum distinct
at the apex of the conical stroma; locule single, 300-700 [x in
diameter, at first bearing a thick layer of filiform, hyaline conidia,
3-4 x 1 developing the asci asci narrowly ellipsoidal, 8-
fx, later ;
spored, 67-81 x 19-23 /x, the ascus wall indistinct, spores biseriate
to inordinate, globose, hyaline, continuous, 10 /x in diam.; para-
physes present (fig. 21).
ceo.
Fig. 4. Trabutia conica sp. nov. Cross section of a leaf of Drepanocarpus

lunatus showing a locule, the subcuticular stroma, asci and ascospores. (Out-
lined with a camera lucida ; X 125).
Material examined:
On Drepanocarpus lunatus (L. f.) G. Meyer. Cornell Univer-
sity Explorations of Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), No. 658,
Mayaguez, Mar. 26, 1916 (type) ; id. id. (Whetzel & Olive), No.
634, Martin Pena, Apr. 10, 1916.
Phyllachora canafistulae Stevens & Dalbey, Bot. Gaz. 68 :

55.
1919.
The description of this fungus by Stevens and Dalbey was based
on a single collection made at Mayaguez on Cassia fistula. The

writer was fortunate in securing abundant material of the species
and, moreover, collecting it on a new host, Cassia grandis. Phylla-
chora Cassiae P. Henn. reported from Brazil is very distinct from
the Porto Rican species in possessing smaller, unilocular stromata
and slightly larger spores. The two collections reported by Ste-
venson (36) as P. Cassiae are here referred to P. canafistulae
(fig- 23).
Material examined:
On Cassia fistula L. Herbarium Insular Experiment Station
(Stevenson), No. 3564, Rio Piedras, Dec. 14, 1915; Cornell Uni-
versity Explorations of Porto Rico (Chardon), No. 924, Penuelas,
July 30, 1920; id. id. (Chardon), No. 926, Penuelas, July 18, 1920.
On Cassia grandis L. Cornell University Explorations of

Porto Rico (Chardon), No. 900, Penuelas, July 18, 1920; id. id.
(Chardon), No. 916, Penuelas, July 24, 1920.
Phyllachora Serjaniicola sp. nov.

Spots amphigenous, slightly exceeding the stromata, irregular;
stromata small, black, shining, 1-4 mm. in diam., visible on both
sides of the leaf, occupying the mesophyll, surrounded by a narrow
zone of dead host tissue, plurilocular locules globose to irregular,
;
180-300 /x in diam.; asci cylindrical, 8-spored, 63-75 x 12-18 fx\

spores uniseriate or else biseriate at the apex, ellipsoidal, hyaline,
continuous, 10-13 x 6-8 ^; paraphyses present (fig. 18).
The species differs from Phyllachora duplex Rehm in having
smaller spores and much smaller stromata. A portion of Rehm's
type was sent by Doctor L. Romell for examination.
Material examined:
On Serjania polyphylla Radlk. Cornell University Explora-
tions of Porto Rico (Chardon), No. 923, Penuelas, July 27, 1920
(type) ; id. id. (Chardon), No. 896, Penuelas, Aug. 11, 1920.
Phyllachora Whetzelii sp. nov.
Spots amphigenous, slightly exceeding the stromata, circular in

outline; stromata small, purple-black, dull, circular, 1-1.5 mm. in
diam., occupying the mesophyll of the leaf very conspicuous on ;
294 Mycologia
the upper surface, slightly less so on the lower; locules globose,

2-4 in each stroma, 150-250 ^ across; asci cylindrical, 87-109 x
8-10.5 /*> 8-spored; spores uniseriate, ellipsoidal, hyaline to yel-
lowish green, continuous, 11. 5-13 x 3-4 //,; paraphyses very abun-
dant (fig. 24).
This species possesses some of the characters of Phyllachora

biareolata Speg., but, through the courtesy of Doctor C. Spegaz-
zini, it has been possible to examine a portion of the type material
of that species, and our form has been found to be very different
in stromatal characters.
Material examined:
On Eugenia sp. Cornell University Explorations of Porto Rico
(Whetzel & Olive), No. 571, Barceloneta, Apr. 6, 1916 (type).
SPHAERIALES
SORDARIACEAE
Only one species belonging to this group of dung-inhabiting
forms has been reported from the island. The group is probably
well represented, but has apparently been neglected by all col-
lectors. The writer has been fortunate in seeing two collections

in excellent condition. Both of them have been identified with the
aid of Griffiths's monograph (17).
Sordaria humana (Fuckel) Awd., Abhand. naturf. Gess. Halle

13:85. 1873.
Spores obovate, 15-19 x 21-23 p. According to Griffiths, the
shape of the spores is the only character which serves to distin-

guish this species from S. fimicola, the spores of the latter being
ellipsoidal.
Material examined:
On human dung. Cornell University Explorations of Porto
Rico (Whetzel & Olive), Maricao, Mar. 16, 1896, deposited in
Chardon herbarium as No. 1351.
Pleurage arachnoidea (Niessl.) D. Griff., Mem. Torr. Bot.

Club 11 : 73. 1 901.
Spores 7-9 x 1 7-19.5 /x, with a very long primary appendage

which curves and overlaps the spore below.
Material examined:
On cow dung. Porto Rican Fungi (Fink), IX^tfî, Maya-
L
'
guez Dec 3 I9IS

'
'
'
-
JAN 2 6 1922 .
Sphaeriaceae
Herpotrichia albidostoma (Schw.) Sacc, Syll. rs^g/^^jS^^^^
1 891,
There have been thus far only four collections of Herpotrichia
made from the island : two of them collected by Stevenson and

two by the Stevenson (37) refers one of his collections
writer.
to H. albidostoma and the other to H. diffusa. All four collections
have been examined by the writer and it has become evident that
they belong to a single species. This conclusion was reached after
measuring accurately 100 spores from each specimen and plotting
curves which coincide. A wide range in spore lengths, 26 to 40 /x,
was observed. The specimens agree with material collected by

Langlois in Louisiana and distributed (Ellis & Everh., Fungi
Columbiani, No. 1035) under the name of Herpotrichia diffusa
var. rhodomphala. The Porto Rican material, however, is re-
ferred here to H. albidostoma, the type of which has been exam-

ined at the New York Botanical Garden.
Material examined:
On shells and debris of Cocos nucifera L. Herbarium Insular
Experiment Station (Stevenson), No. 2626, Espinosa, Mar. 6,
1915; Cornell University Explorations of Porto Rico (Chardon),

No. 1230, Mayaguez, July 14, 1920.
On decaying wood. Herbarium Insular Experiment Station
(Stevenson), No. 5586, Rio Piedras, July 4, 1916; Cornell Uni-
versity Explorations of Porto Rico (Chardon), No. 959, Coamo,
Aug. 26, 1920.
Xylariaceae
Hypoxylon annulatum (Schw.) Mont., S3 11. Crypt.: 213.
This very common species resembles a Rosellinia, since the peri-
thecia are sometimes free. Individual perithecia are large, black
and bear the papilliform ostiolum at the center of a small disk
(% is)-
296 Mycologia
Material examined:
On dead wood. Herbarium Insular Experiment Station (Ste-
venson), No. 2989, Palo Seco, Apr. 24, 1915; Cornell University
Explorations of Porto Rico (Whetzel & Olive), No. 764, Maricao,
Mar. 13, 1916; (Chardon), Nos. 953, 963, Coamo, Aug. 23,
id. id.
1920; id. id. (Chardon), No. 961, Coamo, Aug. 26, 1920.
Nummularia cincta Ferd. & Wge., Bot. Tidsk. 29: 15. 1909.
This form might be confused easily with N. Bulliardi in that the
stroma is erumpent and pushes the bark to the sides. It differs
in that the stroma lacks marked punctulations and is not so char-

acteristically convex (fig. 17).
Material examined :
On dead and decaying wood. Herbarium Insular Experiment

Station (Stevenson), No. 3464, Rio Piedras, Dec. 12, 1913; id. id.
(Johnston & Stevenson), No. 1253, Martin Pena, Jan. 25, 1914;
Porto Rican Fungi (Fink), No. 691, Rio Grande, Dec. 7, 1915;
Cornell University Explorations of Porto Rico (Chardon), No.
977, Penuelas, July 21, 1920.

The material examined was compared with a fragment of the
type kindly supplied by Doctor Ferdinandsen.
Nummularia punctulata (B. & R.) Sacc, Syll. Fung. 1 :

399.
1882.
This is a very common and characteristic species on account of
its smooth and polished stromata. The stroma is broadly effused,
3-10 cm. or more in length and projects but slightly above the
bark. Most of the collections are sterile (fig. 16).
Material examined:
On dead wood. New York Botanical Garden, Explorations of
Porto Rico (Schafer), No. 3687, Sierra de Naguabo, Aug. 10-15,
1914; Herbarium University of Illinois, Porto Rioan Fungi
(Stevens), No. 112, Dos Bocas, July 8, 1915; Porto Rican Fungi
(Fink), No. 974, Mayaguez, Dec. 18, 1915; id. id. (Fink), No.
1785, Aibonito, Jan. 3, 1915; Cornell University Explorations of
Porto Rico (Chardon), No. 976, Penuelas, July 28, 1920; id. id.
(Chardon), No. 979, Penuelas, Aug. 7, 1920.
Nummularia repanda (Fries) Nitsch. Pyren. Germ: 57. 1867.

Very similar in habit to N. discreta, but with ellipsoidal spores,
11-13.5x4.5-6.5^.
Material examined :
On Herbarium Insular Experiment Station (John-

dead wood.
ston), No. 676, El Yunque, Dec. 12, 1912; Cornell University
Explorations of Porto Rico (Chardon), No. 981, Coamo, Aug. 27,
1920.
Department of Plant Pathology,
Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York.
Literature Cited
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1-51. 1918.
2. Arthur, J. C. Uredinales of Porto Rico based on collections by F. L.
Stevens. Mycol. 7: 168-196, 227-255, 315-332. 1915. id. 8: 16-33.
191 6.
3. Arthur, J. C. Uredinales of Porto Rico based on collections by H. H.
Whetzel and E. W. Olive. Mycol. 9: 55-104. 1917.
4. Atkinson, G. F. Steps toward a revision of the linosporous species of

North American graminicolous Hypocreaceae. Bui. Torr. Bot. Club
21 : 222-22$. 1894.
5. Atkinson, G. F. The genera Balansia and Dothichloe in the United States
with a consideration of their economic importance. Jour. Mycol 11:
pis. 81-88. 1845.
6. Chardon, C. E. A list of the Pyrenomycetes of Porto Rico collected by H.
H. Whetzel and E. W. Olive. Mycol. 12: 316-321. 1920.
7. Earie, F. S. Some fungi from Porto Rico. Muhlenbergia z: 10-23. 1900.

8. Earle, F. S. Mycological Notes. II. Bui. N, Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 289-312.
1913-
9. Ellis, J. B., and B. M. Everhart. The North American Pyrenomycetes.
1892.
10. Ferdinandsen, C, and 0. Winge. Fungi from the Danish West Indies
collected by C. Raunkiaer. Bot. Tidsk. 29: 1-25. pis. 1—2. 1909.
11. Ferdinandsen, C, and 0. Winge. Fungi from Professor Warming's ex-
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1910.
12. Fink, B. The distribution of fungi in Porto Rico. Mycol. 10: 58-61.
1918.
298 Mycologia
13. Fitzpatrick, H. M. Rostronitschkia, a new genus of Pyrenomycetes.

Mycol. 11: 163-167. 1919.
14. Fitzpatrick, H. M. Monograph of the Coryneliaceae. Mycol. 12: 206-
267. pis. 12—18. 1920.
15. Gaillard, M. A. Note sur le genre Lembosia. Bui. Soc. Myc. France 9:
122-123. 1893.
16. Garman, P. Some Porto Rican parasitic fungi. Mycol. 7: 333-340. pi.
171, fig. 1. 1915.

17. Griffiths, D. The North American Sordariaceae. Mem. Torr. Bot. Club
11: 1-134. pis. i-ig. 1901.
18. Klotzsch, J. Schwanecke collection of fungi. Linnaea 25: 364-366.
1852.
19. Leveille, M. J. H. Champignons exotiques. Ann. Sci. Nat. Ill (Bot.) 3:
38-71. 1845.
20. Lindau, G. Hysteriineae in Engler und Prantl " Die Naturliche Pflan-
zenfamilien " Teil I. abt. 1: 265-278. 1897.
21. Miles, L. E. Some new Porto Rican fungi. Trans. Illinois Acad. Sci.
10: 249-255. 1917.

22. Olive, E. W., and H. H. Whetzel. Endophyllum-like rusts of Porto
Rico. Amer. Jour. Bot. t: 44-52. pis. 1-3. 1917.
23. Saccardo, P. A. Sylloge Fungoxum 1. 1882.
24. Seaver, F. J. Hypocreales. North Amer. Flora 3: 1-56. 191 o.
25. Seaver, F. J. Notes on North American Hypocreales IV. Aschersonia

and Hypocrella. Mycol. 12: 93-98. pi. 6. 1920.
26. Sintenis, P. Pilsen auf der insel Portorico 1 884-1 887 gesammelten.
Engler Bot. Jahr. 17: 489-501. 1893.
27. Spegazzini, C. Fungi Guaraniti 1: 132. 1883.
28. Stevens, F. L. The genus Meliola in Porto Rico. Illinois Biol. Monog.
2: 475-553- pis. 1-5- 1916.
29. Stevens, F. L. Porto Rican fungi, old and new. Trans. Illinois Acad.
Sci. 10: 162-218. 19 1 7.
30. Stevens, F. L. Some meliocolous parasites and commensals from Porto

Rico. Bot. Gaz. 65: 227-249. pis. 5-6, 5 figs. 19 18.
31. Stevens, F. L. Dothidiaceous and other Porto Rican fungi. Bot. Gaz.
69: 248-257. 13-14. 1920.
32. Stevens, F. L. New or noteworthy Porto Rican fungi. Bot. Gaz. 70:
399-402. 4 figs. 1920.
33. Stevens, F. L., and N. Dalbey. New or noteworthy Porto Rican fungi.
Mycol. 11: 4-9. pis. 2-3. 1 91 9.
34. Stevens, F. L., and N. Dalbey. Some Phyllachoras from Porto Rico.
Bot. Gaz. 68: 54-59. pis. 6-8. 1919.
35. Stevens, F. L., and N. Dalbey. A parasite of the tree fern (Cyathea).
Bot. Gaz. 68: 222-225. pis. 15-16. 19 19.
36. Stevenson, J. A. A check list of Porto Rican fungi and a host index.
Jour. Dept. Agr. P. R. 2: 125-264. 19 18.
37. Theissen, F. Lembosia-Studien. Ann. Mycol. 11: 425-467. pi. 20. 1913.
38. Theissen, F., und N. Sydow. Dothideazeen-Studien. Ann. Mycol. 12:
176-194. 1914.
39. Theissen, F., und H. Sydow. Die Dothideales. Ann. Mycol. 13: 149-746.
pis. 1-6. 19 1 5.
40. Theissen, F., und H. Sydow. Synoptische Tafeln. Ann. Mycol. 15: 389-
491. 1917-
41. Sydow, H. et P. Contribution a l'etude des champignons parasites de la
Colombie in Fuhrmann, O et E. Mayor. Voyage d'exploration scien-

tifique on Colombie. Mem. Soc. Neuch. Sci. Nat. 5: 435. 1913-
Plate 13
Fig. 1. Lembosia microspora sp. nov. Group of ascomata ; notice there

is no evidence of a superficial mycelium. X 11.
Fig. 2. L. microspora. Two mature asci ; notice the small size of the
ascospores when compared with those of the other two species. X 300.
Fig. 3. L. microspora. Portion of a leaf of Ocotea leucoxylon showing
groups of ascomata. X 87 1 1.
Fig. 4. Lembosia melastomatum Mont. Colonies on a fragment of a leaf

of Miconia prasina. X 8/1 1.
Fig. 5. L. melastomatum. Group of ascomata on the same leaf; notice

the profuse development of aerial mycelium. X 11.
Fig. 6. L. melastomatum. A mature ascus. X 300.

Fig. 7. Lembosia tenella Lev. Group of ascomata on a leaf of Cocco-
loba uvifera. X 11.
Fig. 8. L. tenella. An ascus with immature ascospores to the left and

two mature ascospores to the right. X 300.
Fig. 9. L. tenella. Portion of a leaf of Coccoloba uvifera showing
characteristic colonies. X 8/1 1.
Plate 14
'
Fig. 10. Ophionectria portoricensis sp. nov. A group of perithecia.

X 3.
Fig. 11. Podostroma orbiculare sp. nov. Two stromata ; the one to the
left is shown side view and shows the stipitate character. X 3/2.
Fig. 12. Dothichloe atramentosa (B. & C.) Atk. Characteristic stromata
on leaves of Chloris petraea. X 8/1 1.
Fig. 13. Dothichloe Aristidae Atk. Culms of Aristida portoricensis with

stromata completely encircling them. X 8/1 1.
Fig. 14. Dothichloe subnodosa sp. nov. Stromata on culms of Ichnan-

thus p all ens ; notice the location of the stromata just beneath the nodes. X
8/11.
Fig. 15. Hypoxylon annulatum (Schw.) Mont. Perithecia. X 6.
Fig. 16. Nummularia punctulata (Bi. & R.) Sacc. Stromata

dead on
wood showing effused character; notice also the smooth polished surface of
the stroma. X 8/1 1.
Fig. 17. Nummularia cincta Ferd. & Wge. Stromata on dead wood
showing characteristic erumpent habit. X 8/1 1.
300 Mycologia
Plate 15
Fig. 18. Phyllachora Serjaniicola sp. nov. Stromata on leaves of Ser-

jania polyphylla. X 8/1 1.
Fig. 19. Dothidina peribebuyensis (Speg.) Chardon. Stromata on por-

tion of a leaf of Miconia sp. X 8/1 1.
Fig. 20. Trabutia Guazumae sp. nov. Fragment of a leaf of Guazuma

ulmifolia covered with numerous stromata. X 8/1 1.
Fig. 2,t. Trabutia conica sp. nov. Characteristic stromata on leaves of

Drepanocarpus lunatus. X 8/1 1.
Fig. 22. Trabutia Bucidae sp. nov. Leaf of Bucida buceras with stro-
mata ; notice the stromata have a tendency to crowd themselves in colonies.
X 8/11.
Fig. 23. Phyllachora canafistulae Stevens & Dalby. Stromata on leaves
of Cassia grandis. X 8/1 1.
Fig. 24. Phyllachora Whetzelii sp. nov. Leaves of Eugenia sp. with
stromata; notice the circular shape of the stromata. X 8/1 1.
Lemeosia
Hypocreales and Sphaeriales

DOTHI DEALES
CALIFORNIA HYPOGAEOUS FUNGI—
TUBERACEAE
Harold E. Parks
The hypogaeous fungi of America form a large, important and

little known group. Practically nothing is known of the range of
species or their distribution, their edibility or their life histories.
Their occurrence in most cases has been noted rather by accident
than through any careful or systematic search for them. In Cali-
fornia there has been some definite attempt at extensive collection
and study of the many different species.
The work was pioneered by Dr. H. W. Harkness. His work

was left incomplete, however, at the time of his death and subse-
quently much of it was lost. It was successful in demonstrating
the great variety and extent of the group. The work was then
taken up by Dr. W. A. Setchell and Prof. N. L. Gardner, of the
University of California, at Berkeley. The only literature avail-
able as a guide to the Californian species is the paper of Dr. Hark-

ness, which is,unfortunately, not easily procured. The work is of
little value in many ways, as the descriptions have been abbrevi-
ated. Dr. Helen M. Gilkey has made a careful " Revision of the
Tuberales of California," which is an excellent account of asco-
mycetous forms. Drs. Zeller and Dodge have also recently pub-
lished some accounts of the various Hymenogastrales in which are
included numerous Californian species.
All of the recent publications will in time have to be revised
more or less to include numerous additional species and allow of
a modification of the published species. Aside from the paper of
Dr. Harkness, there is no literature published which would be of
service to the collector in the field. As in the case of the writer,
the collectors ' must go at the work more or less blindly until ex-
perience has been gained. With all due allowances for seasonal
differences, it is hoped that the following account will be of value
to other collectors.
301
302 Mycologia
The collection of the hypogaeous fungi of the Santa Cruz

Mountains, of California, is based upon a deliberate, carefully
planned and systematic search. The writer has now the experi-
ence of six seasons' intensive exploration of the mountains ad-
jacent to San Jose. It is a deliberate search that few would per-
sist in season after season over the same ground, yet it becomes
a most fascinating game at which to play.
The work begins with the coming of the fall rains and con-
tinues all through the winter months and up to the beginning of
summer, when the ground becomes too dry for any fungus growths.
If the ground is thoroughly covered, it frequently means the
crawling into wet thickets on hands and knees and includes all the
brambles, briars, poison oak and wood ticks that go along with
such experiences. Sometimes the rewards from a mycological
standpoint are well worth the effort. The most productive season
comes in warm spring months if there has been a fair amount of
rain. In some seasons there is little to be found owing to drought.
Even if a goodly amount of rain has fallen and a sudden, pro-
tracted hot spell follows, the fungi will quickly disappear.
Calif ornian Tuberaceae have been considered in the past to con-
tain no aromatic species. Many of the species are easily detected
in the soil by their conspicuous color, but some are rather difficult
to find for the same reason. None were supposed to closely re-
semble the so-called " queen truffles " of Europe. A few resemble
closely the white European species. Many are very small and a
few attain to some size. Many are of no economic value, while
some are large enough and abundant enough to be used for food.
Some have a fine nutty flavor, others are apt to be a bit disagree-
able. A small black Tuber has been found differing widely from
any previous species found here and which developed a very
strong odor. This last species was found in a spot in which I
have collected different specimens every year for the last five
seasons. Differing from all other previously collected forms, it
turns alcohol to a deep purple color.

The methods of collecting the Tuberales and the Hymenogas-
trales are the same. The two groups are found frequently grow-
Parks : California Hypogaeous Fungi 303
ing intermingled and sometimes are difficult of determination.

The latter group forms a most important portion of the hypogaei.
They are often large fructifications and are frequently produced
in large numbers, and, above all, are strongly aromatic. These
aromatic species provide a large amount of food for the rodents,
the woodrats (Ncotoma) being especially active in the search for
them and leaving many signs of their work. The study of these
signs is of value to the truffle hunter.
Many of the Tuberales appear to be without a conspicuous
mycelium, but the Hymenogastrales are usually associated with
an abundant white mycelial growth. The exposure of this my-
celium will often quickly lead to the desired plants. One or two
species of the Hymenogastrales are affected by parasites which
leave masses of golden spores under the leaves. The presence of
these spores serves as a guide to other species which are frequently
associated with the host plants. Excavations made by the rodents
for the different species, together with the many fragments left
among the leaves, serve as an additional guide. Sometimes on

warm, quiet days certain odors may be traced directly to certain
species. In the end, however, instinct and experience in selecting
favorable locations serve to secure the many different species, and
then very often the plants appear in unexpected places where ex-
perience shows they should not appear.
Adjacent to San Jose there are ideally wooded hills of mixed
oaks both in dense forest and in open scattered groups, and in
other places not too far away there are fine forests of conifers and
other trees which give the greatest variety of country and timber
to work over. This district has been the scene of operations for
the last six years. And even when one knows the ground thor-
oughly it is surprising how little of it may be covered on a day of
good collecting. Frequently two or three hours will be spent in
working over the ground under a single large oak, and on several
occasions an entire afternoon has been spent in one place. The
collector may pass rapidly from one place to another, as experience
shows the ground to be barren, but though a place is barren one
day, it may within a week or so be producing an abundance of
fungi.
304 Mycologia
At Guadaloupe Mines there is a spot where the ground is moist

yet warm, beneath a cluster of live oaks, which every season may
be depended upon to supply numerous species over a long season.
As an illustration of succession of fungi that may be found and
the necessity for a constant going over the same ground, my collec-
tions for this season will be of value. In November, Hysteran-

gium species ;
January, Gautieria species ;
February, Genea species
March, Tuber species, and April, Tuber species and Hydnobolites
species. All these were more or less abundant and occurred within
an area of less than one hundred square feet. In other seasons
this same spot has yielded many other species. In another location
where intensive search was made two seasons ago with success the
same ground was recently gone over with great care and tubers
collected that are probably the most important yet found in the
United States. At Saratoga under a single tree that produced a

number of species two seasons ago there was collected in February
of this year on a single day nine genera and fourteen species.
The equipment of the truffle hunter is important. I use a wheel
on many trips, as the roads are excellent and the stops are very
frequent in some places. It is easily hidden in the brush when I
leave the roadways and take to the high hills, and it makes accessi-
ble places otherwise out of one's reach. To the wheel is strapped
a small combination rake and hoe with a four-foot handle. This
implement is very useful in climbing, raking and digging and fur-
nishes good protection in a snake country, as I well know. A
short-handled hoe useful for work in thick brush, a trowel, knife,
tweezers, lens, kodak, plenty of newspapers and a large number of
small pasteboard cartridge boxes obtained at a shooting gallery.
These small boxes are very useful in handling the many small
specimens or single individual specimens, while large collections
are wrapped in the paper. Lunch and thermos bottle complete the
outfit, and all are packed compactly in the large canvas bags used
by newsboys. These bags ride comfortably with a large load
evenly distributed over the shoulders.
In the earlier parts of the season the edges of the forests and
the small groups of trees are usually the best places for operations,
although frequently the dense forest will yield good specimens.
Late in the season the best places are to be found deep in the
forest, where the ground retains more moisture. When the col-
lector finds a favorable place for operations the rake comes into
use and a small area is raked free of leaves and humus. Watch
must be kept in the leaves for certain species of Hymenogaster
and of Melanogaster are to be expected and occur frequently.
These are dark-colored species and are easily missed. Other
species will appear entirely exposed on the surface of the earth
and some will be just beneath the surface and out of sight. Ex-
cavation may be continued to a depth of a foot, at which depth
most species will cease to be found. Care should be taken at all
stages, especially near the surface, to avoid injury to specimens,
but they will often be injured in spite of it, and many of the dark-
colored species will require very careful search and sifting of the
soil. The rewards are more often blistered hands and an aching
back than truffles, but there are also some intensely exciting
moments.
Any account of the underground fungi of the state of California
must of necessity be very incomplete, as a large number of the
species have not as yet been determined. The large collections
already listed are being continually added to with additional species
and variations of the older ones. The variations alone are adding
many difficulties to the work of final determination. One benefit
has accrued in the many collections, and that is the large number
of immature specimens which will provide valuable material for
life history studies. Wliere there has heretofore been a very defi-
nite, lack of such material, it has seemed at times more readily

secured than the mature forms.
Genea compacta Hk. originally collected in Marin County, Cali-
fornia. Rare. Ascocarps minute, 5-7 mm., reddish brown, glo-
bose with oval opening at apex protected by mass of long inter-
mingled dark-colored hairs which arise in clusters and spread fan-
like from a series of pyramidal projections arranged at regular
intervals around the edge of the apical openings. Minutely and

sharply verrucose. Mycelial attachment inconspicuous. Found
singly and in large numbers in the vicinity of Alma, spring of
1919. In clay at a depth of over six inches and in light soil among
306 Mycologia
rocks in thick madrone forest at a depth of two inches. Not

easily detected, owing to the color, which resembles the dead dry
madrone leaves. Harkness describes the plant as minute, up to
one centimeter. Dr. Gilkey describes it as 7-10 cm., which is, I
think, an error in printing. Very few tubers reach this size. It
is noticeable that the hairs protecting the apical opening to the

simple cavity disappear as the plant matures and the opening is
enlarged. The same arrangement is seen in another Gene a re-

cently collected.
Gcnea arenaria Hk. described from a single collection made by
Harkness. Collected subsequently by Prof. Gardner in the vicinity
of Berkeley and appearing occasionally among other species in the
collections made in the Santa Cruz Mountains. Not abundant, but
widely scattered. Habitat favored is the moist clay soil well under
large live oaks, plants appearing singly and among other species on
the surface of the soil, but well covered with leaves. Ascocarps
light brown, very irregularly folded, sharply verrucose ; cavities
are very complex owing to the folding of the tissue. Plants attain
a size of 2-3 cm. in favorable seasons. Very difficult to see in the
ground, as the color often blends with the debris on the surface
where it appears. Care is necessary in collecting to avoid damage
to specimens growing close to the surface of the soil. A faint
brown mycelium is evident around the base of the plant, but is
very much localized.
Genoa Harknessii is widely distributed and very common early

in the season. Ascocarps small, black and more or less simple and
globose to occasional specimens very complexly folded. Sharply
verrucose to the touch, appearing in groups on the surface of the
soil well under leaves, under all kinds of shrubs, abundant in old
trails and roads overgrown with Baccharis sp. Plants are often
missed or damaged unless care is taken to avoid the soil surface
with the excavating implement. It has been found here on the
surface of the ground without leafy covering, on the edge of a
hard-beaten road under madrones. Also found in leafy humus
under Arctostaphylos sp.
This species has a very distinguishing feature in its earlier stages
in the presence of a white floccose mycelial covering, enveloping

the entire plant, and with hyphal threads penetrating the chambers.
It is not to be seen in old specimens and very quickly disappears

after the plants are taken from the ground. Whether this is a
parasite is yet to be determined, but the mycelium of the species

is scant and dark colored. I find, however, nearly all plants have
this covering, while it is not to be seen in other species so far
collected.
Genea Gardnerii appears rarely among the specimens of G.

Harknessii, but usually somewhat later in the season. It is so
close in resemblance to the former species that it is difficult to
determine offhand. It is black, verrucose and more complexly

folded. It appears on the surface of the ground, but well covered
with leaves and in places similar to the preceding form.
Genea cerebriformis is collected over wide areas throughout a
very long season. It appears in all kinds of soil, but more abun-
dantly in clay soil under oaks. Over one hundred have been col-
lected in the month of January in wet clay soil and in the same
ground again in April. Plants are minute, usually under one
centimeter, but some of nearly 2.5 cm. have been recently found.
The plants are white, rarely simple and globose, but more often a
formless mass of complex chambers. Usually found below the
surface to a depth of one to three inches, but are rather con-
spicuous in spite of the very small size. Recent specimens were
found to have a very strong odor and to depart radically in size
from the description.

Hydnotrya ellipsospora is described from a single collection
made in 1909 at Pacific Grove by Prof. N. L. Gardner. It was
again reported in March, 191 7, when several plants appeared in
collections made here. From these the original descriptions were
verified. The type of this species is very small, but subsequent
collections over four seasons have proven that the type is not rep-
resentative of the size of the species. It appears in all localities
under numerous trees and in various ways. The fresh plants are
a very delicate purple color with a delicate " peach bloom " on the
surface. This color very rapidly fades and in two or three days
is gone, the plants becoming a dull brown. It is frequently found
in soft, moist earth at a depth of several inches, but the plants are
small. They are often very complexly folded, with very large
308 Mycologia
empty cavities.The flesh is very much like certain forms of

Peziza. At Alma under pines there were collected a dozen plants
in the month of March in very wet ground. These plants were
all partly exposed at the surface of the ground and without any
leafy covering. The plants in this collection were all over five
centimeters in size and one measured nine centimeters in its largest
diameter. At Saratoga the species was found under a great depth
of humus and again proved to be of very large size, 7 cm., and
still later in the season it was found at Guadaloupe Mines in open
rocky ground under oaks. While numerous smaller plants fully
matured have been found, these large plants seem to be very com-
mon, in so far as this rather rare species may be called common.
I think, from my experience, that the plant is widely distributed
and abundant in moist years and is rare only for lack of those to
collect it. This is large enough and abundant enough to be of
value for food purposes, although it is not aromatic.

Tuber calif ornicum is widely distributed and in some seasons
very abundant, especially under oaks in moist clay soil. It is to
be found on the surface of the soil or just below the surface.

Many specimens are to be had by raking over the leaves of solitary
oaks or on the edges of oak forests. Frequently the species attains
a size of four or five centimeters, which is rather larger than
described. It is white and very conspicuous, globose or roughly
lobed, frequently irregular in shape and is sometimes deeply
cracked in developing. The gleba is at first white, but later ap-
pears to be brown. This effect is seen as the spores arrive at

maturity, when it appears to be filled with tiny grains of pepper.
Its maturity is detected without the aid of a lens. Although this
species is edible, it is a trifle astringent to the taste. Aside from

this it has no particular flavor. One of the difficulties in collecting
this plant for food is the fact that small slugs attack it in its early
stages and riddle the gleba, leaving in the end only the peridium
as an empty shell. Nematodes and larvae of a tiny black fly also
infest the plants once they are opened by the slugs. At Alma
I have found dozens of the small immature plants in very wet soil
early in the season, but later, when they should have reached
maturity, not one plant could be seen. Spore dispersal is secured
•by means of the slugs.
Tuber candidum is the most commonly collected and widely dis-
tributed truffle in this State. It is particularly abundant in some

seasons in wet clay soil at the Guadaloupe Mines, generally under,
the live oaks, but frequently under other trees. It appears late in
the winter and continues into the late spring or early summer.
April and May seem to produce the greatest amount of mature
plants. In places where it is collected in abundance one year it
seems to be three or four seasons before it occurs in any large

amounts again. The ascocarps are very smooth, pale brown or
with a slightly pinkish color, or sometimes, when young, of a dark
gray. It is variable as to color and shape. Generally globose or
with two or three large, lobes, it is sometimes found with deep
furrows traversing the surface; occasionally it
*
is cracked to a
depth of several millimeters. The peridium is thick, the gleba is
at first white, turning to a pale purple color and finally a rich
brown, with a tinge of yellow as it reaches maturity, and the

yellow spores fill the tissue. The asci may be seen for a long time
during the development of the ascocarp, but the spores are slow to
mature. In the middle of March I examined a certain piece of
ground and found it barren. Two weeks later I collected a pint
of mature specimens in it, and repeated two weeks later with some
very large specimens. At the next visit, two weeks later, nothing
was to be seen but a few empty peridia left by the slugs.
Plants are rarely on the surface of the soil, but are just beneath
and down to a depth of several inches, and are easily raked up,
but care must be used to avoid damaging them or missing them
altogether if they are not abundant. Usually they are rather con-
spicuous if reddish brown, but if very pale or dull gray they are
hard to find. Frequently single plants appear over wide areas,
but generally they are in considerable numbers in a small area.
They frequently are found in clusters of three or four plants,
appearing to arise directly from the spores without any great
mycelial growth.
The mycelial growth seems to be very scant and the plants show
no basal point of attachment. Many specimens show where loose,
fine hyphae traverse the surface of the ascocarp, but these disap-
pear when the plants are removed from the ground. The dis-
310 Mycologia
persion of the spore is secured by the slugs that infest the plants
and also by the rodents that sometimes use them for food. The
plants have no odor, but are rather nutty of flavor and are abun-
dant enough to be useful for food. Specimens this year have
measured over three centimeters, which is larger than described
for the species.
It has been found abundantly in one vineyard near the Guada-
loupe Mines, and at Alma I found some fine large plants among
the grass roots in a pasture adjacent to live oaks.
Tuber tignarium, or what has passed for that species, as col-
lected in this district is perhaps the most interesting form so far

collected. Described originally as Terfeziopsis lignaria by Dr.
Harkness, the collector, it has been recently placed in the genus
Tuber by Dr. Gilkey on a very careful study of the original collec-
tion. In its general appearance it is very close to T. candidwm.

The plants found here differ somewhat from the description of
the type, although they have the typical spores with the recurved
spines. During the past season it has proven more abundant than
T. candidum and is to be found over a wide area and over a long
season.
Considering its previous appearance in but one collection its
occurrence here is of exceptional interest. In the spring of 19 17

a small dark brown tuber, always immature, appeared in collections
made all through this district. Plants occurred in all kinds of
ground and under many trees, but generally in association with the
oaks. Plants are uniformly a dark brown with areas of a lighter
color where the venae externae open to the surface. The plants
appeared in abundance on the warm upper slopes of the hills,
where the growth is more open and the soil moist and light.
Plants are found close to the surface, but usually down to a depth
of three or four inches.
A long drought occurred and tubers of all kinds were very
scarce until the winter of 191 8-19. This drought was broken by
a prolonged storm early in September of 191 8. Over twelve
inches of rain fell in three days at the Guadaloupe Mines. Fol-
lowing this rain there came a warm, humid spell lasting over
a month, which was ideal for the growth of fungi. On the
Parks: California Hypogaeous Fungi 311
27th of September, in an old road well covered with leaves, I col-
lected about a dozen small brown tubers fully matured and grow-
ing closely together on the surface of the ground. These were
typical specimens of Tuber lignarkim on the appearance of the
spores. The same conditions repeated to some extent in Novem-
ber, 1920, and mature tubers were again collected in the same place.
These tubers had fully matured since the rains ceased on the 12th
of the month.
In February of the present year the same brown tubers began to
appear under the oaks, and in March they were to be found every-
where on the warm upper hillsides, and in April they reached the
greatest abundance and maturity. Many of these plants reached
a size well over 2 cm. They are very rough in appearance, gen-
erally globose or very much lobed, occasionally flattened with the
venae externae converging at the apex. The peridium appears to
be rough without being verrucose; the tissue of the gleba is at first
white, then becoming a faint purple, and finally brown as the

mature spores appear all through the tissue. It is very much like
T. candidum in taste and is without odor. There is very little sign

of any mycelium and no point of attachment visible. Plants ex-
amined in the ground show only a few fine threads traversing the
surface of the plant. Frequent clusters of four plants are found

together, apparently arising from spores in the same ascus. In
cases like this there is a development of one plant at the expense
of the others, it seemingly absorbing its food from the surrounding
moist ground, so that one will hardly grow at all, the next but
little, the third less than average, while the one may be considerably
above the average.
Geopora Harknessii occurs regularly in the winter and early
spring in some abundance usually under the pines all through the
mountains. I have found it rarely under the oaks. Globose or
irregular in shape, roughly folded tissue, with a very dark brown
tomentose peridium and reaching a size of 4-5 centimeters if con-
ditions are favorable. The plants are not easily seen under the
wet leaves owing to the color. Frequently found on the surface
of the ground, but well covered with the pine needles, but very
often is to be collected in clay soil fully exposed at the surface.
312 Mycologia
Hydnotryopsis Setchellii is one of the rarest forms found. It
was described from one of the Harkness collections and not re-
ported again until found with other rare forms at Guadaloupe.

The plants are small and of a clay color with a white gleba.
Found in wet clay soil at a depth of three inches. Material col-
lected here was sufficient to verify all details of the descriptions
which were made from long-preserved material. There have been

some additional collections and one that would indicate that the
species attains a size of over three centimeters,
Delastria rosea has been collected twice, once in an earthy pocket
among rock ledges under laurel and once this last season under
pines. It is a small inconspicuous plant tinged with red and re-
sembles very much one of the small rosy-colored Hymenogasters.
It is, in spite of its color, a very rare and difficult plant to collect.
The last collection was made in a bed of purple mycelium which
was producing a large amount of a species of Elaphomyces. To
be expected under all kinds of trees.
Hydnobolites calif omicus occurs in abundance apparently under
all kinds of trees and begins to develop very early in the winter
and remains up till the first of June. Very slow in maturing and
quickly riddled by the slugs. It appears in a vein of coarse white
mycelium, to which it is attached by a long, thick rhizomorph,
which breaks away very easily. The point of the attachment is
easily seen, however. It is a dirty white, compactly developed

globose or irregular ascocarp without a thick protecting peridium
as in the various species of Tuber. The venae externae open in
numerous places to the surface and are very conspicuous in the
young plants. It becomes dry and gristly in age, turning to a
light brown color.
Several large plants collected late in the season possessed a very

strong musty odor without being in any way decayed. These were
found in a bed of mycelium about two inches below the surface
of the soil under oaks. As the plants matured they pushed farther
toward the surface and finally were severed from the mycelium
altogether as they reached the surface of the soil, where they were
covered very slightly with dry leaves.
Pseudobalsamia magnata occurs early in the season in wet clay
Parks: California Hypogaeous Fungi 313
soil under oaks and pines, usually at a depth of one or two inches,
in close association with a conspicuous mycelium, and usually with
a large number of plants in close relation, although not seen in
clusters. Although the plants are, as a rule, less than two centi-
meters in size, they are conspicuous in color and easily seen.
Plants more or less globose or flattened at the apex where the
venae externae converge. The peridium is sharply verrucose,
somewhat variable in color, gleba white with large asci and spores
easily identified. Some plants collected in May and June of this
year appear to be this species, but were larger and of a very bright
orange color.
A variety of this species, var. nigra, has been collected rarely
and is little known. What has appeared to be this form appears
scattered and solitary on the surface of the ground under laurels.
A recent collection of what appeared to be this species, however,

gives asci and spores of a very distinct nature and is probably a
distinct species, although the general shape is typical of the species.
Pachyphloeus citrinius is not at all well known and the collec-

tions are all referred with some doubt. It has appeared twice dur-
ing the last season in ground that has been searched for the last
six years. Just under the surface of the soil under oaks and
Heteromeles sp. The surface of the plant is covered with minute
warts, is of a dark red color, with several folds near the base, a
definite mycelial attachment. Plants are globose and with a very
deep opening at the center of the apex where the venae externae
converge. The tissue of these plants was blood red.
Elaphomyces variegatus is found at various points pretty well
buried in the loose soil. It appears in a conspicuous bed of yellow

mycelium and is at maturity a large yellow plant very conspicuous
in appearance. It is found from January to June following the
moisture zones down the hillsides in dense forests. It develops
from two to ten inches deep in the soil and reaches a size of 3-4
centimeters, and is globose, roughly warted, with large cells filled
with a colorless tissue making up the gleba. The asci dissolve at
a very young stage. In maturity the gleba becomes a powdery

dark mass of spores resembling a form of Scleroderma.
Endogone macrocarpa occurs in many places as isolated plants,
314 Mycologia
but occasionally a considerable number will be found several inches

deep in the soil under an oak. The plants are dirty white or
tinged with a faint rosy color at first, globose, 1-2 cm. in size, and
when cut open have the appearance of being filled with grains of
sand. In one place I have watched for three seasons for a recur-
rence of hypogaei under an oak where this form was found in
considerable abundance in March, but nothing of any kind has
been found that would throw light upon the future development
of this species.
Department of Botany,
University of California,
Berkeley, California.
THE HETEROECISM OF PUCCINIA MONTA-
NENSIS, P. KOELERIAE, AND
P. APOCRYPTA
1
E. B. Mains
(With Text Figures 1-4)
Puccinia montanensis Ellis, P. Koclcriae Arth., and P. apocrypta

Ellis & Tracy belong to the group of grass rusts having long-
covered telia to which P. triticina Erikss. and P. sccalina Grove
(P. dispersa Erikss.) belong. In connection with the investigation
of the last-named rusts, which is being conducted by this laboratory
in cooperation with the Office of Cereal Investigations of the U. S.
Department of Agriculture, some attention has been given to a
study of the related rusts of this group as a part of the general

rust investigations of the laboratory, for the help which such a
study will afford in the solution of cereal rust problems. In con-
nection with this work considerable taxonomic study of the mate-
rial in the Arthur herbarium has been necessary, which has re-
sulted in a partial realignment of the rusts involved and has formed

the basis for the treatment of these as finally published in the
North American Flora. 2
Puccinia montanensis
Of the three rusts Puccinia montanensis is perhaps the most dis-

3
tinctive. It was described by Ellis from a collection upon Elymus
1 Contribution from the Botanical Department of the Purdue University
Agricultural Experiment Station. This work is in part a result of the studies
being conducted cooperatively between that Department and the Office of Ce-
real Investigation, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Read before the Mycological Section of the Botanical Society of America
at Chicago, 111., on Dec. 29, 1920.'
2 Arthur, J. C, & Fromme, F. D. Dicaeoma on Poaceae. North Ameri-

can Flora 7: 325, 330 and 332. 1920.
3 Ellis,
J. B. Descriptions of Some New Species of Fungi. Journ. Mycol.
1: 274. 1893.
315
316 Mycologia
condcnsatus made by Rev. F. D. Kelsey at Helena, Montana, July,

1 891. An examination of the type (Ellis & Ev., N. Am. Fungi
2892) shows that this rust is to be distinguished from the other
grass rusts having long-covered telia by the arrangement of the
uredinia and telia in lines, by the broad teliospores and the abun-
dant thin-walled paraphyses bordering the uredinia (fig. 1). In
Fig. 1. Teliospores, urediniospore and uredinial paraphysis front the type

specimen of P. montanensis (x 400).
4
191 5 Arthur sowed aeciospores from Hydrophyllum capitatum,
obtaining uredinia and telia upon Agropyron tenerum and uredinia
upon Elymus virginicus. This material was determined as Puc-
cinia montanensis, and on this basis the Hydrophyllaceous and
Boraginaceous aecia of the United States have been considered as
belonging to this species.
Aecial Relationship of Puccinia montanensis
In the spring of 1919 two collections of Puccinia montanensis,

one upon Elymus canadensis and the other upon Agropyron sp.,
made by H. S. Jackson at Boulder, Colo., Nov. 12, 1918, were

found to be viable. On the assumption that they should produce
aecia upon Boraginaceous or Hydrophyllaceous species, these col-
lections were sown on Myosotis palustris, Phacelia Purshii, Nyc-

telca Nyctelea, and Hydrophyllum sp. without obtaining infection.
Later in the same summer Mr. E. Bethel sent collections of a rust
on Agropyron tenerum, Agropyron Smithii and Hordeum jubatum
which he had collected with Dr. G. H. Coons at Mancos, Colo.
Accompanying this material was a collection of aecia on Berberis
Fendlcri, which he stated was so closely associated with the grass
rust as to suggest relationship. Such an association did not neces-

* Arthur, J. C. Cultures of Uredineae in 1915- Mycologia 8: i37~i39-
1915.
Mains : Heteroecism of Puccinia 317
sarily mean a connection between the two forms, as the grass rust
may have come from aecia upon a plant which had died down and
disappeared earlier in the season. Mr. Bethel remarked that the
situation was made the more difficult to explain by the absence of
Kocleria cristata, the grass host supposedly connected with the
Berberis aecia. On this account, and because of the insistence of
Dr. Coons that there must be some connection between the aecia
upon Berberis Fcndlcri and the associated grass rust, he sent the
material for culture and study. An examination of the material
showed that the rust on Berberis Fendleri was Aecidium Fendleri
Tracy & Earle, and that on the grasses was Puccinia montanensis.
As such a connection would add an entirely new aecial host in a
genus rather far removed from Hydrdphyllum, it became impor-

tant to establish or disprove this by cultures. The aeciospores,
proving viable, were sown and produced infection upon Hordeum
jubatum and Hystrix Hystrix. In the meantime Mr. Bethel made
a sowing in his garden at Denver, Colo., from a part of the same
collection of aecia and obtained infection upon Agropyron tencrum.
Mr. Bethel was kind enough to send some of this material to me
for study.
Further evidence of this connection was obtained from cultures
made in the spring of 1920. Four collections gave infection upon
Berberis Fendleri. Of these, three were from Mancos, Colo., on
Agropyron tencrum, A. Smithii and Agropyron sp., rusted grasses
associated with the Berberis Fendleri used in the aecial culture
mentioned above. The fourth culture was from telia obtained by
Mr. Bethel at Denver by sowing the above aecial material on
Agropyron tenerum. Ten other collections, eight from Colorado
and two from Indiana, were sown on Berberis Fendleri without
infection. In most of these cases the teliospores germinated
weakly, and this may account, in part at least, for the negative
results.
A careful comparison was made of the material obtained from

the above cultures with the type of P. montanensis. It was found
that all the material, shown by these cultures to be connected with
aecia on Berberis Fendleri, agreed closely with the type of P. mon-
tanensis. The uredinia are cinnamon-brown and are provided
318 Mycologia
with an abundance of thin-walled, peripheral paraphyses (fig. 2),

giving the sori a fringed appearance under the binocular. The
Fig. 2. Urediniospore, uredinial paraphyses and teliospores of P. mon-

tatiensis obtained from culture of Aecidium Fendleri on Hystrix Hystrix (X
400).
urediniospores are 19-26 by 21-34 fx and have brown walls and

8-10 scattered germ pores. The teliospores are broad, 18-34 by
35-64 fj,
(fig. 2), and have rather thick walls.
On the other hand, a comparison of the above material with that

resulting from the cultures with Hydro phy Hum aecia mentioned
above (Arthur 1. c. 4) showed points of marked difference. The
uredinia and telia connected with the Hydrophyllum aecia are scat-
tered or loosely grouped. The uredinia are yellow and without
paraphyses. The urediniospores are 13-21 by 19-25 fi and have
pale yellow or colorless walls with 6-8 scattered germ pores. The
teliospores are narrow, 13-23 by 32-48 /x, with thin walls except
for the apical thickening (fig. 3). On the basis of the above cul-
Fig. 3. Urediniospores and teliospores of P. apocrypta on Elymus vir-

ginicus obtained by culture with aeciospores from Hydrophyllum capitatum
( X 400).
tures, therefore, Berberis Fendleri must be considered as the only

proven aecial host of this rust. That other aecial hosts exist is a
possibility. The geographic distribution of P. montanensis, as
indicated by specimens in the herbarium, is British Columbia, Wis-
consin, Indiana, southward to New Mexico and southern Cali-
fornia, while Berberis Fcndleri is limited in its distribution to the
mountains of Colorado and New Mexico. Such a difference in
distribution, however, would be explained if this rust is not de-
pendent upon its aecial stage, but is able to overwinter in the
uredinial stage. Mr. Bethel has made observations in Colorado

which indicate that such an overwintering may occur there. It is
probable, however, that part of the negative results obtained by

culturing P. montancnsis on Berberis Fcndleri can be explained
only by the presence of races in this rust going to different aecial
hosts. From present information it is impossible to foretell what
these hosts may be. They may be other species of Berberis or
Mahonia or possibly species of some closely allied family. For
the present the most that can be said is that Puccinia montanensis,
in part at least, has Berberis Fcndleri as its aecial host.
Aecia of Puccinia montanensis
A study to determine the identity of the aecia on Berberis Fend-

teri obtained from the above-described cultures resulted in finding
that they agree with the type of Accidium Fcndleri Tracy & Earle.
This type also was collected at Mancos, Colo., and Mr. Bethel
assures me it was collected at the same place where the material
used in the above cultures was obtained. The culture material
and the type agree in having aeciospores 18-23 by 20-30 ft. As
aecia on Berberis Fcndleri and the closely related Mahonia Aqui-
folium have been considered as belonging to Puccinia Koeleriae
Arth., it became necessary to make a study of the latter rust in
comparison with P. montanensis.
Puccinia Koeleriae
Puccinia Koeleriae Arth. 5 (p. 247) was based on material result-

ing from cultures in which aecia were produced upon Mahonia
Aquifolium (Pursh.) Nutt. from teliospores on Koelcria cristata.
An examination of the type of this species which was collected by

E. Bethel at Ouray, Colo., Aug. 23, 1907, shows that it has scat-
5 Arthur, J. C. Cultures of Uredineae in 1908. Mycologia 1: 225-256.
1909.
320 Mycologia
tered uredinia and telia, uredinia with thick-walled (1.5-3 /*)>
peripheral paraphyses (fig. 4), and narrow teliospores, 15-21 by

45-55 /x. In these characters of the uredinia and telia, therefore,
Puccinia Koeleriae shows a number of important differences from
Fig. 4. Teliospores, urediniospore and uredinial paraphyses from the

type specimen of P. Koeleriae (X 400).
P. montanensis and must be considered as a distinct species, while

showing relationship in that both possess abundant paraphyses and
urediniospores with brown, thick walls and 8-10 scattered pores.
Puccinia apocrypta
A study was made of the rust used by Arthur (1. c. 4) in the
cultures of the Hydrophyllum aecia mentioned above, in order to
establish its identity. As the result of this study it was decided
that the rust in question probably was Puccinia apocrypta Ellis &
Tracy. This rust was described by Ellis & Tracy from material col-
6
lected by Tracy at Canon City, Colo., Aug., 1887, on "Asprella Hys-

trix" which host determination Arthur 7 (p. 138) has shown prob-
ably was an error for Sitanion elymoides. An examination of this
material shows that Puccinia apocrypta is very distinct from both
P. montanensis and P. Koeleriae, being distinguished by its smaller,
paler urediniospores having fewer germ pores and by the absence
of paraphyses in the uredinium. Still further cultural evidence of
the aecial relationship of this rust was obtained when, in June,
6 Ellis,
J. B., and Tracy, S. M. A Few New Fungi. Journ. Mycol. 6:
76-77. 1890.
7 Arthur, J. C. Cultures of Uredineae in 1915. Mycologia 8: 125-141.
1916.
1919, Mr. G; R. Hoerner sent a collection of aecia on Hydro-

phyllum obtained at Corvallis, Oregon. Aeciospores from this
collection were sown, obtaining infection upon Ely mas virginicus.
with a slight development on Elymus canadensis and Triticum

aestivum, both of the latter, however, proving not to be congenial
hosts. A study of the Elymus virginicus material showed that it
agreed with the other material of P. apocrypta.
Discussion
The foregoing work, while by no means settling the complete

aecial relationships of these rusts, has resulted in a realignment of
them, which, it is felt, is more in keeping with their morphology.

Puccinia montanensis, so long as it was considered as having its
aecia on Hydrophyllum, invited comparison with such species as

Puccinia bromina Erikss. on Bromus and P. secalina Grove (P.
dispersa) on rye, both of which have their aecia on the closely
allied family, Boraginaceae. From both of these species P. mon-
tanensis is distinguished, among other characters, by possessing
abundant paraphyses in the uredinium, these being practically lack-
ing in both P. bromina and P. secalina. Puccinia montanensis

with aecia on Bcrberis, however, invites comparison with other
species of rust with long-covered telia having aecia on species of
the Berberidaceae. Such species are Puccinia Koeleriae in North
America with aecia on Mahonia Aquifolium and Puccinia Arrhena-
theri in Europe with aecia on Berbcris vulgaris. Both the latter
rusts agree with Puccinia montanensis in possessing abundant para-

physes in the uredinium. In Puccinia apocrypta, on the other
hand, having Hydrophyllum for its aecial host, we have a rust
which with its lack of paraphyses, at least, agrees with P. bromina
and P. secalina. It is true that P. apocrypta differs from both of
the latter in its smaller urediniospores with lighter colored walls,
but similar differences can be found in the grass rusts among those
having species of Ranunculaceae for their aecial hosts.
It is difficult, of course, to say what other species may serve as
aecial hosts for the above rusts besides those shown by culture. It
would appear that Puccinia montanensis consists of several races,

one of which goes to Bcrberis Fcndlcri. It is not possible at the
322 Mycologia
present time to say what the aecial hosts of the other race or races
may be, but they are likely to be some other species of the Ber-
beridaceae or some closely allied family. Puccinia apocrypta pre-
sents a somewhat similar situation. As this rust, however, has
been cultured only by sowing aeciospores from Hydro phyllum on
grass hosts, no cultures having been successfully made by sowing
teliospores upon a series of Hydrophyllaceous and Boraginaceous
species, the aecial host range for this species can not be given with
certainty. It is probable, however, that besides Hydrophyllum
capitatum, which has been shown by culture to be an aecial host,
other species of Hydrophyllum and species of Phacelia and Nyc-
tclca will be found to belong here, possibly connected with different
races. Whether the Boraginaceous aecia of this country also be-
long here can only be settled definitely by cultures. > It seems prob-
able, however, that a part of these aecia will be found to be con-
nected with rusts identical with or very similar to Puccinia bromina
and Puccinia sccalina, and presumably will be found to have their
connections with Bromus and Agropyron rusts. Puccinia Koe-
Icriac offers but little information as to its host range, as its aecial
connection is founded on only one culture to Mahonia Aquifolium,

and it is likely that other Berberidaceous- species will be found to
serve as hosts. A thorough understanding of these species can be
reached only through the gradual accumulation of field evidence of
associations such as those obtained by Mr. Bethel and Dr. Coons
• and by cultures to determine both grass and aecial hosts of such
rusts. The presence or absence of races and their limitations
within the species and the limitations and relations of the species
to each other can be determined only by such methods.
To Prof. H. S. Jackson the writer is indebted for helpful sug-
gestions from his knowledge of western rusts. Dr. J. C. Arthur
especially has given many helpful suggestions, drawn from his
large acquaintanceship and work with this group. The writer also
is indebted to Mr. E. Bethel and Dr. G. H. Coons for their dis-
criminating field observations and for material.
Department of Botany,
Agricultural Experiment Station,
Lafayette, Indiana.
NEW JAPANESE FUNGI
NOTES AND TRANSLATIONS—
Tyozaburo Tanak\
Hypodermopsis Theae K. Hara sp. nov. in Chagyokai (Tea

7
Journal) 14 : 13-14. T. 8, vii, July, 1919. (Japanese.)
Caulicolous, spots orbicular or irregular, large, light reddish-
brown; perithecia superficial, scattered or gregarious, flat, orbicu-
lar, elliptical or oblong, simply elongated or slightly curved, black
or lacquer-black, later lacerate from the middle giving a somewhat
hoary appearance, usually veiled with epidermal tissue of the host,
400-700 fi broad, 130-150 fi high, length irregular, wall black,
parenchymatous, 40-50 ^ thick asci clavate, oblong-ovoid or short-
;
cylindrical, rounded at the apex, pedicellate at the base, 50-66 x

20-23 fi, paraphysate, octosporous paraphyses filiform, not forked,
;
equal to or slightly longer than the asci, 1— 1.5 p across; ascospores

oblong-ovoid, oblong or pyriform, both ends rounded, multi-
nucleate, 4-6-septate, hyaline, 18-23 x 6-7.5
Parasitic on the trunks and branches of Thea sinensis.
Type localities: Shidzuoka-ken- Hamana-gun Hikuma-mura,

Nov. 12, 1918 (K. Hara) ; Shidzuoka-ken Abe-gun Chiyoda-mura,
Dec. 6, 1918. (K. Hara.)
Spots occur on the woody part of the tea-plant as light reddish-
brown, round or irregular patches at least 5 cm. in diameter. Such
spots increase their size in various directions, often running to-
gether in large irregular patches entirely surrounding the branches.
Black perithecial bodies appear on the diseased spots as scattered
or crowded minute dots of 0.5 mm. to 1.0 mm. across. The in-
fected branches die out in a short time.

The Japanese name of the disease : Chaju no Kasshoku Azabyo.
(Brown spot of the tea-plant.)
Illustrations : One half-tone plate showing the diseased spot,
cross-section of a perithecium, asci (with a paraphysis) and asco-
spores. (Figs. 1, 5, 6 and 8.)
323
324 Mycologia
Stagnospora Theae K. Hara sp. nov. in Chagyokai (Tea Jour-

nal) 14 7 : 14-15. T. 8, vii, July, 1919. (Japanese.)
Pycnidia scattered, globose or depressed-globose, 100-150 p in
diam., wall parenchymatous, composed of dark brown polygonal
cells 4-8 ix in diam. ostiola even or warty, opening round,
;
15-20 /n across; pycnospores elongate-cylindrical or sub-clavate,

both ends rounded, 6-11-septate, hyaline, 18-35 x 4~5 f pedicels 1
5
of pycnospores short, arising from the base of pycnidial chamber,

4-6 x 2-2.5 H-
Saprophytic on the trunks of Thea sinensis.
Type locality: Shidzuoka-ken Iwara-gun Ejiri-cho, Nov. 24,
1918. (K. Hara.)
Illustrations : One half-tone plate showing diseased spots, section
of a pycnidium, pycnospores and pedicels (Figs. 13-16).
Leptosphaeria Hottai K. Hara sp. nov. in Chagyokai (Tea

9
Journal) 14 : 14-15. T. 8, ix, Sept., 1919. (Japanese.)
Leptosphaeria Hottai K. Hara nom, subnud. in Byochu-gai
Zasshi (Journal Plant Prot.) 64 : 37. T. 8, iv, April, 1918.
(Japanese.)
Spots orbicular or irregular, large, brown, with greasy luster,
later darker with minutely crowded dots of perithecia; perithecia
superficial, nearly always covered by epidermis, globose or de-
pressed-globose, 350-500 ix in diameter, wall carbonaceous, black,
thick, especially so at the place touching the host epidermis so as to
show more or less clipeus-form, ostiolate at the apex; opening of
ostiola round, 30-45 /x across ; asci clavate or cylindric, apex
round, base short pedicellate, 60-70 x 8-10 p, paraphysate, octo-
sporous paraphyses filiform, considerably longer than the asci,
;
usually simple, hyaline, 1— 1.5 p> across; ascospores biseriate or

obliquely tri-seriate, ellipsoid, oblong-ovoid or fusoid, at first uni-
cellular and 4-nucleate, later 3-septate with one-sided middle
septum, constricted, flavescent, 12-18 x 4.5-5.5 jx.
Parasitic on the trunks of Thea sinensis.
Type localities: Ejiri, Hikuma, Mitsuke and Takabe in Shi-

dzuoka Prefecture.
The shape and size of the ascospores resemble Leptosphaeria
Coniothyrium forma Theae, but the shape of the perithecia differ
greatly from this species, so a different name is given.

Japanese name: Kuroazabyo (black spot disease).
Tanaka New Japanese Fungi
: 325
This disease was at first discovered by Masazo Hotta at Aratama

district, Inasa-gun, Shidzuoka-ken, and reported in the Annual Re-
port of Shidzuoka-ken Agricultural Experiment Station (for the
fiscal year T. 5, 1916). Hara in the Byochu-gai Zasshi states that
the disease is serious in the vicinity of Hamamatsu and also occurs
in the Mie Prefecture.

Illustration : One half-tone text figure showing asci, paraphyses
and ascospores. (Fig. 6.)
Sillia Theae K. Hara sp. now in Chagyokai (Tea Journal)

14 9 : 15-16. T. 8, ix, Sept., 1919. (Japanese.)
Stromata scattered or gregarious, at first immersed, later erum-
pent, pillow-shaped or wart-like, sometimes confluent, afterwards
with rounded margin adhering to substratum, 0.8-5 m diam., mm -
surface orange-yellow or dirty-yellow, rugose with black perithecial

spots, inside orange-yellow, somewhat membranaceous in structure,
with imbedded perithecia perithecia globose or ovoid, dark-col-
;
ored, 300-350 x 180-300 fi, wall carbonaceous or parenchymatous,

dark-colored ostiola terminal, forming wart-like protrusions on
;
the surface of stroma, opening one, round, 80-100 p across; asci

cylindrical or clavate, apex rounded or somewhat mamelon-shaped,
base tapering to pedicel, 150-170 x 20-25 paraphysate, octo-
sporous paraphyses filiform, forked, longer than or equal to the
;
asci, 1-1.5 /x across; ascospores biseriate or irregularly tri-seriate,

fusoid, cylindrical or clavate, rounded at both ends, straight, bent
or curved, or more or less lunate, with numerous biseriate oil
globules, giving the appearance of a septum, 6-1 i-septate, con-
stricted or straight, hyaline, 35-44 x 8-9 fi, germinating at both
ends.
Parasitic on trunks and branches of The a sinensis.
Type locality Shidzuoka-ken Hamana-gun Hikuma-mura, No-
:
vember 11, 1918. (K. Hara.)

The affected area first appears on one side of branches or trunks
as a spot of dark pink or gray color, and by increasing its size it
entirely surrounds the bark, simultaneously spreading upwards and

downwards. The stroma then makes its appearance as dirty-
yellow or in some rare instances pinkish-yellow spots, raised from
the diseased surface like warts or a pillow-shaped elevation or
sometimes a button-shaped swelling of 0.8-8 mm. in diameter.
Perithecial bodies are formed on the stromata as elevated or flat

326 Mycologia
black spots round in shape. Such spots are solitary or run to-
gether to form warts of irregular outline. The dying out of the

diseased portion is rather slow, occurring two or three years after
the infection. The surrounding area of stromata often develops
a greenish color which looks attractive in comparison with pink
stromatic bodies.
Suggestions for control: (i) Diseased branches should be re-
moved and destroyed by fire; (2) infected areas on trunks should
be peeled off and disinfected with grafting wax or a similar sub-
stance; (3) to prevent the disease the woody part of the tree
should be washed with Bordeaux mixture.
Japanese name of the disease: Chaju no Samehada-byo (Shark-
skin disease of the tea-plant).
Illustration (Fig. 7, on p. 16) : One half-tone text figure show-
ing asci, paraphyses and ascospores (one germinating).
Ascochyta Theae K. Hara sp. nov. in Chagyokai (Tea Jour-

nal) 14 10 : 13-14. T. 8, x, October, 1919. (Japanese.)
Pycnidia punctiform, globose or depressed-globose, 80-120 /*,
wall membranaceous, consisting of dark-brown carbonaceous po-

lygonal cells 5-10 fx in diam. ostiola apical, even or papillate, open-
;
ing simple, 10-12 ^ across; pycnospores ellipsoid, cylindric or

subovoid, both ends rounded or truncate, uniseptate, dividing into
homogenous or slightly unequal locules, provided with a large oil
globule in each locule, not constricted at the septum, hyaline,
7~ 10 x 3-5-4-5 /*•
Parasitic on the leaves of Thea sinensis.
Type locality: Shid/Aioka-ken Abe-gun Okawa-mura, October

24, 1918. (K. Hara.)
Found occurring on tea leaves infected by Exobasidium reticn-
*
latum.
Illustration : One half-tone text figure showing pycnospores.
(Fig. 8, on p. 14.)
Valsa Theae K. Hara sp. nov. in Chagyokai (Tea Journal)

11
14 : 15-16. T. 8, xi, November, 1919. (Japanese.)
Stromata scattered, at first immersed, later erumpent, black,
punctiform to the naked eye, conical, apex projecting, black, typi-
cally Valsa-like; perithecia annular, 5-10 or more on one stroma,
Tanaka New Japanese Fungi
: 327
globose or depressed-globose, 260-350 /x broad, 130-170 li high,

wall fungoid-parenchymatous, black, 12-15 ^ in thickness; ostiola
separate but grouped, elongate, 30-300 /x long; asci clavate' or
cylindrical, rounded at the apex, narrowed into pedicel at the base,
25-30 x 4-5 fx, aparaphysate, octosporous ascospores distichous or ;
irregularly distichous, cylindrical, rounded or truncate at both

ends, usually curved in one direction, rarely straight, hyaline or
flavescent, 5-10 x 1.5-2 li.
Parasitic on weakened trunk of The a sinensis.
Type locality: Shidzuoka-ken Hamana-gun Hikuma-mura, De-

cember 12, 1918. (K. Hara.)
Illustration : One half-tone text figure showing cross-section of
a stroma with perithecia, asci and ascospores. (Fig. 9.)
Notes: There are two species of Valsa found on the tea-plant,
but it is still undetermined which causes the die-back of the trunk.
The other species not described here has no stroma, though it re-
sembles this species in other respects. The latter is left unnamed

until its characters are more fully studied.
Diatrype Theae K. Hara sp. nov. in Chagyokai (Tea Journal)

11
14 19. T. 8, xi, November, 1919.
: (Japanese.)
Stromata subepidermal, later erumpent, oblong or linear, 1-2
mm. long, 0.5-1 mm. wide, cross-section oblate-urceolate, slightly
rounded at the upper part, flat or somewhat concave at the base,
with a broad neck at the top, cinereous, more or less parenchyma-
tous perithecia deeply immersed in the stroma, globose or ovoid,
;
300-330 fx high, 100-170 jx in diam., wall parenchymatous, dark

colored, 15-30 /x thick, long ostiolate; ostiola penetrating the stro-
matic neck, opening round, 20-25 /x across asci clavate or obovoid, ;
apex usually narrowed, rarely swollen and rounded, base tapering

very much into a filiform pedicel, 20-40 x 6-8 li, aparaphysate,
octosporous ;
ascospores cylindrical or f usoid, rounded at both
ends, straight or curved, plane or nucleate at both ends, hyaline or
flavescent, 7-1 1 x 2-2.5
Saprophytic on the trunks of Thea sinensis.
Type locality : Shidzuoka-ken Abe-gun Okawa-mura, October
24, 1918. (K. Hara.)
Differs from Diatrype stigma (Hoffm.) Fr. in the shape of the
stromata^ also from D. Hochelagae E. & E. in the aparaphysate
asci. The former is found in the same village where the present
species was discovered.
328 Mycologia
Illustration : One half-tone text figure showing infected trunk,

cross-section of a stroma, asci and ascospores (Fig. 12).
Hendersonia Theae K. Hara sp. nov. Chagyokai (Tea Jour-

nal) 14 12 : 22-23. T. 8, December, 1919. (Japanese.)
Pycnidia globose or depressed-globose, 60-130 ^ in diam., im-
mersed, later slightly erumpent, pycnidial wall parenchymatous,
composed of angular cells of 4-7 jm in diam., apically ostiolate;
ostiola papillate or warty, with opening 11-15 /x across; pycno-
spores broad-ellipsoid or broad-fusoid, broadest near the middle,
narrowed toward both ends, at first hyaline, finally changing to
yellowish-brown, 3-septate, somewhat constricted, 7-10 x 4-5 ,u.
Parasitic on the leaves of Thea sinensis.

'
Type locality : Shidzuoka-ken Abe-gun Okawa-mura, October

24, 1918. (K. Hara.)
Foliicolous, appearing mostly at the leaf tips, on spots that in-
crease their area downward by degrees toward the leaf base with
definite but undulating border lines. The infected area is at first
dark brown, but later it changes color, becoming gray, and minute
spottings of fungus bodies appear somewhat sparsely on the sur-
face. The lower surface of the diseased area is light brown in
color.
Illustration : One half-tone text figure showing an infected leaf,

a section of a pycnidium and pycnospores. (Fig. 13, nos. 1, 2, 3.)
Since March, 1919, Kanesuke Hara has been publishing in
Chagyokai (Tea Journal) a series of papers dealing with the

diseases of the tea-plant, m which he describes a number of new
species of fungi. The translations given here and in the last num-
ber of New Japanese Fungi (Mycologia 12°: 330-332) cover
nearly all of those published in 1919; the rest of his new species
will be given in the subsequent numbers of this series.

Washington, D. C.
SOME OF THE WAYS OF THE SLIME-MOULD
Thomas H. Macbride
A recent volume by Professor D'Arcy W. Thompson, bearing

the terse title " Growth and Form," seems to me for the mycologist
very suggestive, and to that extent, at least, one of the most useful
among the books of later years. A paragraph from its pages
might form the text for the discussions of the present paper.
After developing at length and very clearly the various problems
of tension, particularly as determined by molecular attractions, in
liquids mass-tensions, surface-tension and their interactions, the
author applies to TEthalium, a common slime-mould, the same

principles applicable to so much water, assuming the myxomycete
to have the same specific gravity, and both liquids placed for ex-
periment under similar conditions. The paragraph, too long for
quoting here, is noteworthy for two reasons : in the first place it
presents, as is believed, the first citation of a slime-mould anywhere

or at any time in a court of physical research; and in the second
place, it is the first attempt, so far as I have noted, to refer the
phenomena especially characteristic of the organisms in question
to forces purely physical in nature i.e., to such as are familiar
to the laboratories of purely physical science.

In these days of refined and beautiful physical research chemical
and physical reactions are so interrelated that only the most accom-
plished expert in either or both fields may venture their mention,.,
not to say discussion. The present writer makes no pretension
but there are in the life history of the slime-moulds certain pecu-
liar facts, patent to ordinary observation, always worthy of study
and, as it would seem, deserving, for thorough apprehension, not
to say comprehension, all the help that physical science may afford.
Professor Thompson's argument is very helpful, and yet —as illus-
trating the way of the slime-mould — permit me to summon the

chief offender.
In 1876 Sachs in the one-time classic Physiology, discussing
329
330 Mycologia
protoplasm, refers to JEthalium and goes on to say :

" It may
happen that the substance creeps up the stems of plants a metre
high and moves in the form of thin threads becoming collected
above on large leaves as thick cakes the size of the hand. . . .
There remains no doubt whatever that we have here to do with a

structure which resembles in every detail the circulating protoplasm
in living plant cells, only its mass is relatively extraordinarily
large."
What we have to account for is the continuous stream that car-
ries on until" apparently the source of supply is exhausted, and
accumulates at considerable elevation masses to be weighed in
ounces, say, half a pound. It matters not that ascent was made a
meter high; a centimeter high would do just as well, as far as
that goes. I have photographed the same thing, eight feet above
its base of operations, seated in the crotch of a vigorous bur-oak
tree.
It is an old story. Men have been watching the phenomenon

for two hundred years. Linne saw the mucors, as he called them,
but was less a student. The greater man by far, the greatest
mycologist the world has known, devotes pages to our problem.
Fries says in Systema Mycologicum :
" Often have my eyes, not
without peculiar pleasure, watched the transition from weak be-

ginnings to the perfection of complete development. The celerity
in most of them is marvellous. At one time (for safe carriage)

I deposited the plasmodium of a Diachcea in my hat, and within
the space of one hour it had covered the greater part of it with its
elegant white net work."

It must not be supposed that the outer head of the great Swedish
student, no matter how brilliant the brain it covered, left the inner
surface of the hat any less free from what, for cytoplasm, printers
might term " objectionable matter," than would be the case did the
hat cover the best brushed and tended human capital to be found
in Chicago, and yet I have no doubt whatever of the accuracy of
the Friesian narrative.
Permit me to cite a more recent observation : On the shore of
an Iowa lake, not far from the water edge, I found one morning
in July, 1909, a plasmodium emerging from beneath a boulder and
Macbride: Ways of the Slime-Mould 331
beginning the ascent of the overhanging face. Over the boulder

I turned a tight, wooden box. In course of a few hours I found
on the summit of the boulder, eight or ten inches high, as fine an
TEthalium as anyone could wish to see. At the same time the
vertical box wall showed plenty of belated, ascending streams, no
doubt intended for a second JEthaliam somewhere within the over-
turned box.
I have cited this last example because it seems to me to afford
the simplest illustration we are likely to have, at least in the field,
of the problem with which biophysics has to deal. The Plasmo-

dium, i.e., the TEthalhtm of the physicist, in every case, we may
assume, the same, —a mass of naked protoplasm, made up of myriads
of minute, almost undifferentiated living cells, so associated as to
be undistinguishable, at least in life, — is to the physicist a fluid,
homogeneous, only slightly more dense than water, if at all ;

subject
to desiccation, but not at all aquatic, requiring for translative move-
ment, not a wet surface, not at all, —such perhaps in a measure pro-
hibitive, — but probably best an invisible film, such as the moist
atmosphere of summer might lend to any slightly cooler surface;
too dry, doubtless as a matter of course, unfavorable. Of course,
there can be no movement here as elsewhere, unless there is re-
sistance, some point d'appui ; so having considered the athlete, let

us now consider the Matterhorn of his ambition.
Of the three instances of accomplishment, the second, the Fries-
ian episode, may be now neglected as offering no special matters
of distinction if we are to overcome gravitation at all, the living
;
stem of the growing plant would seem to afford highway most

practicable, covered, we may suppose, with inequalities, points,
projections of every sort as it surely is. This seems really of
small advantage, if not a hindrance, to be surmounted ; the glaucous
glabrous shaft of Impatiens found in practice, useful for ascent as
any other.
Let us study, then, the lake-side case. Here the journey was
made around the blunt edge of an overhanging shelf ; the action
of gravity not only contrary to the general course of progress, but
also in part (vertically) athwart it, as if to pull the climber from
its hold. Nevertheless, as stated, and in abundant measure, the
332 Mycologia
journey was accomplished, no doubt on schedule time. Just why

this journey was made it is hard to say, in view of the patent fact
that for the Plasmodium many another was quite open; much
easier of accomplishment one would say, since other courses lay on
the level, or even, gravity now favoring, downward amid recesses
of rotting leaves and wood, whence the fountain welled. JEthalium
is surely not geotropic, nor hydrotropic, since it now moved from
these directions; neither was it heliotropic, nor even phototropic,
in its turning; the gloom of the overshadowing box affected not
the culmination of some overmastering push with which the move-
ment started. Thermotropism there may have been, but the heat
difference between the upper exposed portion of the boulder and
that buried slightly in the forest mould could hardly have been
great. In any case, light and warmth had been for days quite as
tempting as in the hour the movement started; the impulse must
have some other probably internal physiologic origin ; doubtless
some change molecular, since the outcome is maturity and fruit.
The biologist might go on to say that since the myxo is repro-

duced by spores distributed by air currents, or perchance the wind,
only such fruits as rise above the general, local level have superior
chances in the game of life ; success is with those that climb ; how
the climbing is accomplished the biologist does not say.
But here the physicist may help us much. He steps in to say
that every fluid drop or mass meets its environment by a skin, a
film in tension, surface-tension, and this in case of your plasmodic

stream holds fast sufficient to prevent gravity from pulling your
hardy climbers from the Matterhorn, even from the overhanging
shelf ; while some internal, molecular changes in the c}^toplasm
itself, doubtless of physiologic import as the biologist suggests,
sends the climber up and on to the fulfilment of physiologic
function.
But TEthalium furnishes a special case. Not every myxo is by
any means so rich either in material or equipment, but all aspire;
generally speaking, all, even the most minute, show strange ambi-
tion, strive to reach upward or outward, if but a little way toward
the open air. The behavior of Mthalium (most students say
Fuligo) is strange enough, but the fruiting performance of some
Macbride: Ways of the Slime-Mould 333
of the more delicate species is more wonderful, more marvelous

still.
The keen-eyed Swede, in what he could see with the lenses of a

hundred years ago, never ceased his expressions of wonder ;
they
are on every page: According to his theory, vegetation is always
a matter of expansion, fruiting of contraction. And so when the
Plasmodium of some Trichia, Craterium or Arcyria, oozing up
from its hidden nutritive base, began to spread before him in hun-
dreds of thread-like streams covering the whole upper surface of
some forest-shaded log or some bed of smouldering leaves, he was
charmed ; sat watching hour by hour, until over the whole field the
threads began to break; rallying points not distant far from one
another appearing along each filmy line, he was delighted ; con-
traction succeeded expansion and he was satisfied. But when he
returned perhaps on the following day to find that from every
point a tiny stem had arisen, each surmounted by a glistening
spherule large enough, unless perfectly erect, to bear the little stem
to earth, his admiration knew no bounds ; he said, " I find nothing
more wonderful in all the world of plants."

We of today, seeing so much better and knowing so much more
exactly the substance with which we have to deal, may, if we stop
to reflect, be no less surprised than was our old-time master. We,

far better than did he, know the nature of that thready stream,
and may be moved perhaps to greater wonder when it ascends and
stiffens several millimeters above the general level, and ends by
bearing a sphere upon the expanded summit.
I am free to confess that I watched the procedure long before
I learned its methods.
Any such mass of naked protoplasm as that we now discuss
shows to ordinary observation a differentiated ectosarc, in appear-
ance not very different from that which it incloses, but still dis-
tinct. This ectosarc, then, above occupies no doubt the field of
surface-tension. As the physicist has taught us surface- and mass-

tension are and remain in relative equilibrium as obedient to some
internal force, the currents of the plasmodium push their varied
way. But once in the physiologic history of the organism, the

tension equilibrium is at any point disturbed in favor of the mass,
334 Mycologia
the ectosarc at that point yields; the inner cytoplasm follows,

usually in direction normal to the basic surface, aided, of course,
now by relatively increased surface-tension pressure on each side.
As the ectosarc is thus carried up, it becomes, by desiccation per-
haps, steadily fixed, from below upward, in position as in form,
becomes indeed a capillary tubule closed entirely above by a film
of ever-diminishing thickness. Against this continues the mass-
pressure of the inner cytoplasm, spore-plasm it shall be, squeezed
by increasing surface-tension from below, helped now no doubt by
the capillarity of the hollow stem, until the upper remaining mem-
brane, stretched to extreme tenuity by uniform pressure, becomes
spherical in shape, and receives, so far as possible, all the cytoplasm
from below, ready for conversion into spores.

That we have hit upon the correct solution of our problem is, in
this case, further evidenced by the circumstance that sometimes the

surface-tension at the base begins to lessen before all the spore-
plasm has reached the summit and, equilibrium attained, part of
the more vital endosarc remains below, lodged in the hollow stem.
Here, with such success as may be, spore formation takes place as
in the camera above, and the discerning taxonomist then writes,
" stipe stuffed with spores, cells, capillitial threads, etc."
Such are some of the ways of the slime-mould, some of the
devices by which it uses earth's various forces and conditions.
The botanist tells us what he can see, viz., what his favorites can
do, and possibly why they do it;'the man of hydrostatics tells us

how, once started, they effect their wonders ; but of the molecular
energy which still, over and over again, sends flood to fructifica-
tion, and fruiting back again to flood, by constant, predetermined
ways and paths, we still say little ; that remains no doubt the gen-
eral resultant of all those multifarious actions, reactions, attrac-
tions and repellings, which everywhere condition the manifestation

of what we know and feel as life, and know and say no more.
State University of Iowa,
Iowa City, Iowa
Professor Arthur H. Graves, formerly of Yale University, has

been called to the Brooklyn Botanic Garden to take charge of the
Department of Public Instruction and to devote as much time as
possible to mycological work.
Mr. E. J. Butler, Director of the Imperial Bureau of Mycology

Kew, England, who has made a tour of parts of the United States
in the interest of pure mycology, visited the Garden on August 18
and sailed shortly afterward for England.
Dr. K. Miyabe, Professor of Botany in the Imperial University

at Sapporo, Japan, called at the Garden August 20 and 22 on his
return from the Conference of Cereal Diseases held at St. Paul,

Minnesota. He sailed from San Francisco September 17, having
been in the United States since the first of July.
Dr. E. A. Burt, of the Missouri Botanical Garden, visited the

Garden on August 16 to examine certain species of Clavaria in the
mycological herbarium. He had examined material of this genus

at Albany, Cambridge, and elsewhere, and returned to St. Louis
by way of New York and Philadelphia.
Mr. A. A. Pearson, Treasurer of the British Mycological So-

ciety, visited the Garden early in October before he sailed home to
England. He was much interested in our native fungous flora

and made several excursions into the woods to collect and study
the more conspicuous forms of fleshy and woody fungi.
Dr. G. R. Bisby has applied for leave of absence from the Mani-
toba Agricultural College at Winnipeg, beginning October, 1921,
to accept a position with the British Imperial Bureau of Mycology,
335
336 Mycologia
of which Dr. E. J. Butler is Director, with headquarters at Kew

Gardens, London. The address is 17 Kew Green, Kew, Surrey,
England.
A disease of English ivy caused by Bacterium Hederae has been

studied and described at Paris by Arnaud (Compt. Rend, for
1920). The symptoms are said to resemble those produced on
beans in America by Pseud onionas Phaseoli.
Isoachlya, a new genus of the Saprolegniaceae, was described by

Kauffman in the American Journal of Botany for May, 192 1.
Three species are included, /. toruloides Kauffm. & Coker being
new and the other two transferred from Achlya and Saprolegnia.
Professor Buller has recently sent me a reprint of his article,

entitled " Die Erzeugung und Befreiung der Sporen bei Coprinus
sterquilinus," which was published in the Jahrb. f . Wissensch. Bot.
in 191 5. It contains 30 pages of text and 2 handsome double
plates.
Mr. Weir finds that not only Thelcphora terrestris, but also T.
fimbriata and T. caryophyllca, are injurious to coniferous seedlings
in the Northwest, owing to their habit of growing up about them
and strangling them. See Phytopathology for March, 192 1.
Miss Bessie Etter has published in Phytopathology for March,

192 1, an article describing the equipment necessary for making
successful field cultures of various wood-rotting fungi. Corn-
meal agar and malt agar gave the best results for initial inocula-
tions.
Miss Wakefield, the mycologist at Kew, has recently published

a paper of 20 pages on the " Fungi of New Caledonia and the
Loyalty Islands." She was assisted by Mr. Massee on certain
groups and Mr. Cotton named the Clavarias. Eight new species
are described.
Plans for the summer field- meeting of cereal pathologists, July

19-22, at University Farm, St. Paul, Minnesota, included excur-
sions to grain fields, elevators and mills in the vicinity of Minne-
apolis and Fargo. A number of foreign plant pathologists were
in attendance.
Professor Massey, of Cornell University, has found by an ex-

periment covering a period of three years that crown canker,
Cylindrocladhim scoparium Morg., causes a loss in the case of
Ophelia roses grown under glass of about ten blossoms, or one
dollar, per plant. See Phytopathology for March, 1921.
Barlot has experimented with various chemicals for color reac-

tions to distinguish poisonous and non-poisonous species of Ama-
nita (Compt. Rend. 170 679-681.
: 1920). For example, he found
that three deadly species turned black when treated with drops of
fresh blood to which potassium ferrocyanide had been added.
A paper by Saccardo, entitled " Mycetes Boreali-Americani,"

which appeared in the Nnovo Giornalc Botanico Italiano for 1920,
includes notes on 98 species of fungi sent by Weir from the North-
west for determination. Thirty of these species were described
as new, most 'of them in the groups with which Saccardo was
familiar.
Investigations of Cronartium ribicola in 1920 by Pennington

and others brought out two very important points that species of :
Ribes are often killed by intensive outbreaks of the fungus in a
definite area, and that the aeciospores may be blown an indefinite
number of miles and cause new infections on Ribes. See Phyto-

pathology for April, 1921.
A glume blotch of wheat, caused by Septoria nodorum Berk.,

has been under observation for three seasons about Fayetteville,
Arkansas, and Mr. H. R. Rosen has now published an account of
it in Bulletin 175 of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion. He considers it next in importance to leaf rust as a disease
of wheat in Arkansas.
338 Mycologia
Povah has studied poplar canker, caused by Cytospora chryso-

sperma, in an area near Syracuse, New York, where the trees
were weakened by fire, and he finds that in this area 68 per cent,
of the poplars were infected and over 30 per cent, killed. Three
species of poplars were observed and subjected to inoculation ex-
periments. See Phytopathology for April, 192 1.
A
long illustrated paper on " Cultural Studies of Species of
Actinomyces " by S. A. Waksman, appeared in Soil Science for
August, 1919. This is a notable contribution to our knowledge of
soil organisms, the importance of which is being more and more
recognized. The paper contains a key to the species of Actino-
myces based chiefly on biochemical characters.
Mr. Paul C. Standley has called my by

attention to an article
Hans Schinz, entitled " Der Pilzmarkt der Stadt Zurich der Jahre
1918 und 1919 im Lichte der stadtischen Kontrolle," published in
Vierteljahr. Naturf. Gesell. Zurich, vol. 56, p. 530. The control

of mushroom markets must come in this country as soon as wild
mushrooms are offered for sale in any quantity.
A dangerous tobacco disease has appeared in the southern

United States, according to Smith and McKenney, apparently due
to Peronospora Hyoscyami, which was originally described by
DeBary from the black nightshade of Europe. This downy mil-
dew attacks the tobacco seedlings in the plant beds, causing great
havoc. In Florida, Bordeaux has proven more effective than in
Australia, but spraying experiments are still incomplete.
Entoloma albidum Murrill, a species originally described from

Stockbridge, Massachusetts, is reported by Dr. H. D. House as the
cause of violent illness when eaten by a family of five in Albany
late in August, 1921. Specimens were submitted to me for identi-
fication. Entoloma lividum, of Europe, is dangerously poisonous,
and American species of this genus are naturally under suspicion,
but few of them have been tested.
" The Fungi 4

of Our Common Nuts and Pits" is the title of an
interesting and important paper recently contributed by Dr. C. E.
Fairman Proceedings of the Rochester Academy of Science.
to the
Both saprophytic and parasitic fungi are included among the hun-
dred or more species listed. About thirty species and one genus
are described as new. The six plates are unfortunately rather
poor, but doubtless serve their purpose.
Silver-leaf disease, caused by Stereum purpureum, occurs on a

variety of trees and shrubs in England, the hyphae of the fungus
being always present in the stem and roots of plants that are at-
tacked, but never in the leaves. Infection takes place through

wounds. There is a false silver-leaf disease, apparently not due
to fungous attack, which must be carefully distinguished. See
Bintner in Kew Bull. Misc. for 1919.
I am sending under separate cover some specimens of Colostoma

Ravenelii which I collected on my farm near Conway, Kentucky.
The plants were growing in a clay bank along a wooded roadside
where the soil had been disturbed within a year or two. The farm
lies between the blue grass and the foothills. I had never seen a
Colostoma before and was wonderfully interested in the find. The
collection was made September 6, 1921. Bruce Fink.
A fine specimen of what appears to be the rare Stereum peta-

lodes Berk, has recentlycome in from Las Ninfas, Cuba, collected
there by Brother Hioram in midwinter. Professor Burt, to whom
a part of the specimen was sent, writes me " I presume it must be :
this species, as you determined. I have not seen the authentic

specimen of this species at Kew, but should I ever cross the water
again I have noted this specimen for comparison with the original."
The correspondence of Schweinitz and Torrey, the two domi-

nating figures in American botany during the early part of the
nineteenth century, has been collected and published by C. L.
Shear and N. E. Stevens as a memoir of the Torrey Botanical
Club, dated July 16, 192 1. There is also included a list of the
340 Mycologia
publications cited, prepared by Florence P. Smith, and biographical

notices of persons mentioned in the correspondence, contributed
by J. H. Barnhart.
A new leafrspot of the so-called Egyptian lotus caused by Alter-

naria Nelumbii is described and figured by Enlows and Rand in
Phytopathology for March, 192 1. It appears as very small,
smooth, reddish-brown flecks, which increase to a diameter of
5-10 mm. No perfect stage was discovered, but the conidial stage
appears to possess great longevity. This disease was first observed
by Rand in 191 3 at Kenilworth, D. C, and at the New York
Botanical Garden.
In Department Circular 177 of the U. S. Department of Agri-

culture, prepared by Martin and others, a method of treatment is
outlined for ornamental pines affected by blister-rust. It is
claimed that " infected ornamental pines can be saved by properly

cutting out the diseased parts, if the work is done in time. The
best results will be obtained in the spring, and success depends
upon finding and completely removing the cankers. Tree surgery
of this kind can be performed by the owner at small cost."
Farmers' Bulletin 11 87 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture,

by W. W. Gilbert, deals in a popular way with the chief diseases
of cotton and their control. Wilt, caused by Fusarium vasin-
jectum, is controlled by the use of resistant varieties and crop rota-
tion. Anthracnose, due to Glocosporium Gossypii, also requires
rotation and resistant varieties, care being taken to use only per-
fectly healthy seed. Bacterial blight requires the same treatment
as anthracnose. Other minor fungous diseases are also described
in this bulletin.
A new budrot disease of Cannas due to Bacterium Cannae is
described and figured by Mary K. Bryan in the Journal of Agri-

cultural Research for May 2, 1921. Infection takes place through
the stomata and spreads through the intercellular spaces of the
parenchyma of leaf-blade, petiole and stalk. The disease is most
destructive early in the season, that is, on young plants. It begins

in the hothouse and continues in the open beds. It destroys the
buds, forms large unsightly spots on the leaves and ruins the blos-
som clusters by blighting the flower buds or by decaying the stalk.
No means of control has yet been worked out.
I received from Dr. Overholts last August a fresh specimen of

Porta semitincta which was colored a beautiful, delicate lilac
(Ulacinus) on the margin for a centimeter or more, while the

hymenium was entirely white or with dirty pale-yellowish-white
stains. The following note accompanied the specimens
" I am sending you under separate cover a fresh specimen of
Poria semitincta Peck. I do not know how familiar you may be
with the fresh coloration in good specimens of this species, and it
is worth seeing. The color gradually fades in herbarium speci-

mens, and a collection of October, 1919, with colors as in this
specimen has now almost faded out. This is my fourth collection,

and I have had it twice from correspondents.'
An excellent professional paper of one hundred pages on

" Damping-ofT in Forest Nurseries," by Carl Hartley, appeared
last June as Bulletin 934 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Damping-off in nurseries is caused mainly by seedling parasites
which are not specialized as to host Pytkium Debaryanum and
;
Corticium vagum are probably the most important of these. The

most serious losses in conifers are ordinarily from the root-rot
type of damping-off, occurring soon after the seedlings appear
above ground and while the hypocotyls are still soft. The best
control method appears to be the disinfectant treatment of the seed-
bed soil before or immediately after the seed is sown. Sulphuric

acid has been found very useful for conifers, as they are appar-
ently especially tolerant of acid treatment. Broad-leaved tree seed-
lings rarely suffer seriously from the attacks of damping-off fungi.
The British Mycological Society is interested in a collection of

type cultures to be assembled and maintained at the Lister Insti-
tute, Chelsea Gardens, London. It is proposed to collect and
342 Mycologia
maintain cultures of fungi of importance in phytopathology, medi-

cine, veterinary science, technology and soil biology, types useful
for teaching purposes and any rare or interesting species. The
Cooperation of bacteriologists and mycologists is earnestly invited,
and in return every effort will be made to supply the needs of
applicants for cultures. In the case of fungi it is necessary at
present to restrict the collection to fully identified species. Cul-
tures will be supplied on demand, so far as possible, to workers at
home and abroad, and, as a rule, a small charge will be made to

defray the cost of media and postage. Annual lists of the fungi
in the collection will be published in the Transactions of the British
Mycological Society.
The Journal of Agricultural Research for April 15, 192 1, con-

tains an important illustrated article by Annie May Hurd on seed-
coat injury and viability of seeds of wheat and barley as factors
in susceptibility to molds and fungicides. An unbroken seed coat
ordinarily affords absolute protection against attack of living seeds
by Penicillium or Rhizopus, while the location of a break in the
seed coat determines the ability of these and other saprophytic

fungi to invade seeds, either in the soil or in storage. If the injury
is over the endosperm, 100 per cent, fatal infection results when
the spores of Penicillium or Rhizopus are present ; but if it is over
the embryo, the seeds remain practically immune. The vitality of
seeds is also a factor in determining the ability of Penicillium and

Rhizopus to attack them. The damage that will be done to seed
wheat by the copper-sulphate treatment for smut and by sapro-

phytic fungi can be predicted by examination of the physical con-
dition of the seed. All these troubles can be reduced by greater
care in threshing the seed wheat so that the seed coats are not so
badly broken.
According to Korstian and others in the Journal of Agricultural

Research for May 2, 1921, chlorosis has been the most serious
problem encountered in the successful production of coniferous
nursery stock at a nursery in southern Idaho. The disease affects

all coniferous species grown in this nursery. With chlorosis were
associated poor growth of roots, stems and leaves, failure to form

normal terminal buds, and susceptibility to winter injury.
Chlorosis in western yellow pine at the Pocatello Nursery has

been definitely corrected by spraying with ferrous sulphate at 10-
day intervals. Similar, though less decisive, results were obtained

with Douglas fir. A one per cent, solution in amounts sufficient
to wet the tops thoroughly proved the most satisfactory treatment.

A two per cent, solution ultimately caused chemical injury to prac-
tically all the plants. In a region of more frequent rains the
stronger solution might be better.
The control of chlorosis in jack pine and western yellow pine at
the Morton Nursery in Nebraska by spraying with a one per cent,
solution of ferrous sulphate has given such evidence of success
that it has been adopted as a part of the regular nursery practice.
" The Relation of Plant Pathology to Human Welfare " was

presented by F. L. Stevens as an invitation paper at the Chicago
meeting last winter and published in the American Journal of
Botany for June, 192 1. The author deals in a very interesting
and convincing way with some of the achievements of plant
pathology, as well as with some of the problems still to be solved.
The following extracts may awaken interest and lead to a careful

perusal of the entire paper
The magnitude of the annual loss incurred in the United States
alone through plant disease in diminution of yield and loss of
produce is far greater than it is generally conceived to be. In
1919 the total loss with fifteen principal food products is estimated
at nearly a billion and a half dollars. Among the late continental
arrivals is the pine blister rust, which is under such headway that
it seems to be impossible of extermination. The value of the
susceptible pines is such that the loss may readily reach a hundred
million dollars. The chestnut-bark disease caused a loss of $25,-
000,000 from 1904 to 191 1. Much more serious is the loss to be
borne as it invades the great chestnut forests of the Appalachians
Citrus canker, imported from Japan about 1910-11, bids fair to
ruin large industries. As increased long-distance communication

gives intercontinental transport to disease, so congestion of crop
344 Mycologia
population creates a bridge by which the casual organism may more

readily pass from plant to plant or from farm to farm. In these
two conditions, facility of transportation and congestion of crop,
we find, to a large degree, explanation of the fact that plant dis-
eases are more prevalent now than formerly.
What is the nature of the return that plant pathology has given t
The achievements may be summarized briefly as falling within
seven great categories demonstrating the value of : protective ap-

plications, sprays and dusts ; excision ; seed steeps ;
general sanita-
tion leading to diminution of infective material ;
breeding for dis-
ease resistance; modifications of agricultural practice; quarantine
restrictions. Of all the categories mentioned, perhaps the least
dependent upon science and the most empirical is that relative to
disease resistance, since some of our most valuable resistant va-
rieties have been given to us by farmers, while many of the most

susceptible have been eliminated naturally. During recent years,
however, knowledge of Mendelism and of biologic specialization
has added a very important, truly scientific aspect to this somewhat

empirical subject.
It is to be observed that the great discovery of the parasitism
of the fungi and the founding of bacteriology and the development
of its methodology, together with the early foundations laid
through the years in histology, mycology, taxonomy and physi-

ology, have furnished the bases on which plant pathology has made
its advance. Aside from these there have been few, if any, great
fundamental contributions. The problems of disease resistance
and wherein it lies are obviously important. Enzymes and toxins
will repay much study. That group of mysterious diseases includ-
ing the mosaics and peach yellows holds a secret the discovery of
which may well be revolutionary in pathology. But since the
problems now before us are more intricate than those of the past
generation, they demand concentration, larger breadth of equip-
ment, longer periods of sustained research on a given problem,
in a word, greater specialization, and this often needs to be accom-
panied by cooperation of widely separated branches of science or
of distinct sciences.
In Research Bulletin 48 of the Agricultural Experiment Station

"
of the University of Wisconsin, devoted to Fusarium Resistant
Cabbage, Professor Jones and his co-workers summarize the pres-
ent status of this important series of investigations as follows
" It is evident that individual variation in degree of suscepti-
bility or resistance to Fusarium has been found to occur with
every variety of cabbage tested on '
yellows sick ' soil. Experi-
ence to date justifies our confidence that this resistance is due to
heritable differences and that, therefore, through the selection of

such resistant heads from '
sick ' soil, a Fusarium-resistant strain
may be secured of any of the standard cabbage varieties. Our
experience indicates, moreover, that through careful and repeated
selection this resistance may be combined with any of the other
desired qualities of the standard commercial varieties, such as
season of maturity, length of stem, tenderness of leaf, shape and
compactness of head. In other words, resistance does not seem to
be incompatible with any other of the commonly recognized vari-
ables of the cabbage. All our experience indicates that Tisdale's
conclusions relative to the flax wilt hold true for the cabbage, that
resistance is probably determined by multiple factors. The degree
of resistance is, therefore, due to the combination of these, and in
all cases in our experience it is partial or relative, not absolute.

Moreover, this explanation is consistent with our experience that
after proceeding to a certain stage with our present methods of
selection little or no further progress as to disease resistance is
made. This is also consistent with our general experience that
the best results have in each case been secured through growing a
selected head in isolation and thus securing seed through self-
pollination, but that when the benefits were once secured in this
way with our best selections mass culture has been followed to
advantage.
" Our plan of procedure, justified alike by theory and practice,
is as follows. After securing a strain showing a satisfactory de-
gree of resistance, combined with the other desired characteristics,
we release it for commercial distribution. Thereafter our interest
is primarily confined to such cooperation as is required for the
maintenance of these essential standards. To this end we con-
346 Mycologia
tinue to grow each year a few hundred plants of each of these

types in trial rows on soil that is '
sick/ i.e., thoroughly infested
with the cabbage Fusarium. From these plants further selections
are made with the aim of maintaining the best standards both as
to type and disease resistance. Of course, there is opportunity for
minor gains in this way, but our experience has not indicated that
much improvement is to be expected in this direction. The sur-
plus seed thus obtained is placed in the hands of the local cabbage
growers' committee for commercial increase in such manner as will
best maintain general standards of excellence."
Review of Klebahn on Life Histories of Ascomycetes

Haupt-und Nebenfruchtformen der Askomyzeten. Eine Darstellung eig-
ener und der in der Literatur niedergelegten Beobachtungen iiber die Zusam-
menhange zwischen Schlauchfruchten und Konidienfruchtformen, von Hein-
rich Klebahn. Erster Teil Eigene Untersuchungen, Leipsig, Verlag von
Gebnider Borntraeger, 8, 191 8, pp. 395- text figs. 275.
This is one of the papers prepared for the memorial volume to

Dr. Ernst Stahl in celebration of his seventieth birthday. The
author is already well known for his investigations of the life
histories of ascomycetes as well as rusts.
As an introduction, previous work on this subject from the

Tulasne Brothers and Fuckel down is briefly reviewed. The life
histories of the fungi covered in this part of the work, including
about 40 species and varieties, mostly pyrenomycetes, have been

determined or verified by the author. The second part, which is
promised later, is to cover similar work of other investigators on
this subject. This work will be of great value to all mycologists
and pathologists, as the various papers which have been published
on life history studies are much scattered and frequently inaccessi-
ble to students and sometimes to investigators. Most of the life
histories reported are based upon pure cultures from ascospores.

In many cases inoculation experiments were also made. The
genus Mycosphaerella is taken up first and the life histories of
7 species, occurring on various hosts, are described. In some

of the species Septoria was found to be the pycnidial stage; in
others the form produced was Phleospora. The author suggests
that the form genera Septoria and Phleospora, though separate,

are very closely related, and hence keeps their ascogenous forms
together. In certain other species of Mycosphaerclla, as M. punc-
tiformis, M. Fragariae and M. maculiformis, Ramularia is shown
to be the conidial form ; while in other species, as M . cerasella,
a Cercospora is produced. The author concludes, therefore, that

in spite of the morphological similarity of the ascogenous forms of
the various species of Mycosphaerclla they are no more closely
related than their corresponding lower spore forms. Cercospora
is said by the author to be closely related to Ramularia, but is con-
sidered distinct in lacking chains of conidia and in the color of the
mycelium when young. In culture Cercospora is said to be strik-
ingly different from Ramularia. On account of these differences
in the lower forms found in the species of Mycosphaerclla studied,
three new generic names are proposed: Septorisphacrclla, Ramu-
larisphaerella and Cercosphaerella.
This is an innovation in nomenclature which needs serious con-
sideration. The purpose of these compound names is evidently to
suggest at once the life history of the fungus by combining the
names of the perfect and imperfect stages. In the first place this
plan seems to set aside all claims of priority for previous generic
names and apparently proposes the substitution of entirely new
names for genera as fast as their life histories are known. This,,
from established usage. would

'
alone is a radical departure It also*
lead to frequent violation of the rule against sesquipedalian names..

To be consistent in the application of this method it would be:
necessary to combine the names of the various form genera in

cases where 3 or 4 spore stages or form genera are known to
belong to the life history of a single organism. The combination
of so many different generic names in one would evidently be
impracticable. Supposing, however, that the plan were feasible;
in the present state of uncertainty as to the types of genera and.
the application of generic names such combinations would be un-
certain in their significance and would not mean the same thing to
different mycologists. The reviewer is forced to conclude, there-
fore, that however laudable the author's purpose in adopting these
new names, there is much more to be said against the plan than
for it.
348 Mycologia
Another fact might well be considered in this connection. The

author recognizes that there are species of Mycosphaerella which
have been found to have Ascochyta or Diplodina and Cylindro-
sporium as lower spore forms, and he also finds Phyllosticta
pycnidia present in species of his Sept oris phacrella and Ramulari-
sphaerella. The experience shown that in
of the reviewer has
Glomerella, Melanops and other ascomycetes the same species will
sometimes produce one form of conidial or pycnidial fructification
and at other times another form, and occasionally two or three
forms in succession in a single culture. It appears, therefore, that,
in pure cultures from single ascospores, there is at present no cer-
tainty of securing all the spore forms belonging to the life history
of the organism in a single culture, or in a few cultures. Some-
times no lower spore form is obtained, as the author indicates in
some of his species, and he concludes as a result that the species
possesses no such form. He cites in support of this conclusion

the fact that in closely related rusts certain spore forms are lack-
ing, whereas in others they are present. Evidence of this sort is
entirely untrustworthy in the reviewer's opinion. It seems much

more reasonable to expect that, if at one time we obtain a Ramu-
laria or Cercospora and at another time, from the same or a very
similar species, obtain a Septoria or Phleospora, both the conidial
and pycnidial form may belong to both species ; but for some un-
known reason have not both developed in either case. Potebnia,
a former worker in Klebahn's laboratory, also expresses this view
in discussing Mycosphaerella ccrasella, in which only a Cercospora
type was produced. He says that by analogy we must assume the
existence of the Phleospora-Septoria type in this species also.
The reviewer has demonstrated (in MSS.) that such cases occur
in Melanops, where in one series of cultures from ascospores only

a Dothiorella is produced and in another series from the same
species, so far as can be determined by morphological characters,
and from the same host, only a Sphaeropsis or Diplodia spore form
is produced.
It is a notorious fact that ascocarps are rarely produced in cul-
ture when the conidiospores or pycnospores are used as a starting
point; but one would scarcely feel justified in concluding from
this that all of the forms behaving way are autonomous and
in this
have no ascospore stage. Until we know vastly more about the

factors which determine the sequence and development of the
various spore forms, it is futile to predict that, when cultures
from ascospores produce ascocarps directly, the species lack lower
forms ; or that, when they produce pycnidia or conidia, this is the
only lower spore form they possess.
The author very aptly remarks that there are many unknown
factors yet to be determined in regard to the behavior of these
organisms under cultural conditions.
The life histories of various species of Gnomonia follow, the
author including under this genus what have been called Ophio-
gnomonia, Gnomoniella, Linospora and Hypospila. The conidial
forms of most of these species are referred to the form genera

Gloeosporium, Marssonina, Asteroma and Leptothyrium. The
only conclusion he is able to draw from the great variety of lower
spore forms obtained is that, if the various intermediate states
which occur between conidial and pycnidial fructifications are rec-
ognized, it may be said that the lower forms of Gnomonia all be-
long to the Melanconiaceae.
It seems evident that much more study and comparison of the
morphological characters and the correlation of further life history
studies are needed in order to determine the generic and specific
relationships of the species and genera discussed.

In conclusion the author discusses and illustrates the life his-
tories of several discomycetes, including Entomopeziza Soraueri,

Pseudopeziza ribis, P. Populi-albae and P. salicis. As a result he
concludes that species of Gloeosporium, Marssonina and Entomo-
sporium are conidial conditions of these fungi, and that also species
of Gloeosporium, Marssonina and similar fungi belong to species
of Gnomonia. He, therefore, is of the opinion that the relation
between these discomycetes and the pyrenomycetes mentioned is
very close.
The reviewer believes, however, that this relation is not nearly so
close as suggested, and that the author's conclusion is perhaps due

to a misinterpretation of the form genera mentioned. Gloeo-
sporium, for example, as used by Saccardo and others, includes a
350 Mycologia
most heterogeneous group of spore forms having only the most

superficial and general characters in common, and the large num-
ber of so-called species when carefully studied morphologically and
in culture are found to consist of very different organisms which
should be placed in very different genera on the basis of a thorough
knowledge of their morphological characters alone.
The author expresses the belief, however, that an improvement

of the present taxonomy of the imperfect fungi can only be ex-
pected when their connection with their perfect stages is known.
The phytopathological importance of such knowledge is also indi-
cated, as the ascogenous form found on dead plant partsj and
hence usually regarded as a saprophyte, may carry the parasite
over winter and be the source of new and unsuspected infections
in the spring.
As to which was the primitive spore form, he says " Little is :
known as to whether the original form of fructification was ascog-

enous or conidial." Brefeld's views regarding the relation of
asci to sporangia he does not consider tenable in the light of our
present knowledge. The evidence thus far accumulated by the
author and others would seem to justify the belief that further
studies of the life histories of the ascomycetes and of the morpho-
logical and cultural characters of the various spore forms or stages
will furnish most important clues to the taxonomy and phylogeny
of this great group of fungi and make it possible to present a more

natural system of classification than we have at present.
The numerous clear text figures given are indispensable in inter-
preting the work and getting exact ideas of the forms discussed.
The text is less involved and more easily read than that of many
German scientific writers. It is to be hoped that the author will
continue these valuable studies and that the second part of the
work may soon appear.
, C. L. Shear
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1 921.
Orla-Jensen, S. The main lines of the natural bacterial system.
Jour. Bact. 6: 263-273. My 1921.

Osterhout, W. J. V., Thaxter, R., & Fernald, M. L. Lincoln
Ware Riddle. Science II. 54 : 9. 1 Jl 1921.
Patouillard, N. Clathrotrichum, nouveau genre d'hyphomycetes.
Bull. Soc. Myc. France 37: 33-35. 15 Ap 1921.
Priore, G. L. II verderame dei tabacchi occidentali. Boll. Teen.
R. Istit. Sci. Sperim. Tabacco 18: 3-1 1. Mr 1921.

Pritchard, F. J. Relation of norse nettle (Solanum carolinense)
to leaf spot of tomato (Septoria Lycopersici) . Jour. Agr. Res.
21 : 501-506. pi. 95-99. 1 Jl 1 92 1.
Rand, F. V., & Cash, L. C. Stewart's disease of corn. Jour.
Agr. Res. 21 : 263, 264. 16 My 1921.
Rapp, C. W. Bacterial blight of beans. Oklahoma Agr. Exp.
Sta. Bull. 131: 1-39. /. J-17. Jl 1920.
Reinking, 0. A. Citrus diseases of the Philippines, southern
China, Indo-China and Siam. Philipp. Agr. 9: 121-179. pi.
1-14. 1921.
354 Mycologia
Reinking, 0. A. Diseases of economic plants in Indo-China and

Siam. Philipp. Agr. 9: 181-183. F 1921.
Richards, B. L. Pathogenicity of Corticium vagum on the potato
as affected by soil temperature. Jour. Agr. Res. 21 : 482-495.
pi. 88-93. 1 Jl 1921.
Schmitz, H., & Daniels, A. S. Studies in wood decay. I. Labo-

ratory tests on the relative durability of some western coniferous
woods, with particular reference to those growing in Idaho.
School Forestry Univ. Idaho Bull. Jl 1921.
Schmitz, H. Studies m wood decay. II. Enzyme action in
Polyporus volvatus Peck and Fomes ignarius (L.) Gillet.
Jour. Gen. Physiol. 3: 795-800. 20 Jl 1921.
Shear, C. L., & Dodge, B. 0. The life history and identity of

" Patcllina Fragariae" " Leptothyrium macrothecium" and
" Pcz'xza Ocnotherac." Mycologia 13: 135-170. pi. 8-10 & f.
1-5: 1 92 1.
Shear, C. L., & Stevens, N. E. [Editors.] The correspondence

of Schweinitz and Torrey. Mem. Torrey Club 16: 119-300.
pi. 6, 7. 16 Jl 1 921.
Smith, E. F., & Godfrey, G. H. Bacterial wilt of Castor bean
(Ricinus communis L.). Jour. Agr. Res. 21 : 255-262. pi. 55-
67 & f. 1. 16 My 1921.
Smith, E. F., & McKenney, R. E. B. The present status of the
tobacco blue-mold (Peronospora) disease in the Georgia-Florida
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Spegazzini, C. Algunas observaciones relativas a las hojas de
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Includes new species in Sphaerella (i), Ravenelula (i), and Protomyces
(1).
Spegazzini, C. Sobre algunas enfermedades y hongos que afectan

las plantas de " agrios " en el Paraguay. Anal. Soc. Cient.
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Includes Amylirosa, Ephelidium, Pseudohaplosporella, Pseudodiplodia, gen.

nov. and new species in Odontia (i), Eutypella (i), Eutypa (i), Cryptospo-
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veroorzaakt door Sclerotium coffeicolum nov. spec. Dept.

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Stevens, F. L. The relation of plant pathology to human welfare.
Am. Jour. Bot. 8: 315-322. 1921.
Sydow, H. & P. Notizen fiber einige interessante oder wenig
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Includes Rhizogene gen. nov.
Thaxter, R. Preliminary descriptions of new species of Rickia
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S 1912.
Includes new American species in Rickia (i), and Trenomyces (4).
Tisdale, W. H., & Griffiths, M. A. Flag smut of wheat and its
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My 1921.
Tisdale, W. H., & Jenkins, M. Straighthead of rice and its
J.
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1921.
Weimer, J. C, & Harter, L. L. Glucose as a source of carbon for
certain sweet potato storage-rot .
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189-210. 16 My 1921.
Weir, J. R., & Hubert, E. E. Forest disease surveys. U. S. Dept.
Agr. Bull. 658: 1-23. /. 1-23. 12 Je 1918.

Weiss, H. B. Diptera and fungi. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington
34: 85-88. 30 Je 1921.

Weston, W. H. The occurrence of wheat downy mildew in the
United States. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 186: 1-6. Je 1921.

Zundel, G. L. Smuts and rusts of northern Utah and southern
Idaho. Mycologia 13 : 179-183. 1921.
INDEX TO VOLUME XIII*
New names and the final members of new combinations are in bold face type
Abies, 92; lasiocarpa, 103 107; mormonica, 102; oreophila,

Abronia, 21 108; polycarpa, 103; prunifolia,
Acer, 140, 154, 157; campestre, 153; 107 utahensis, 107
;
rubrum, 165 Ampelopsis, 165 quinquefolia, 165

;
Acetabula, 218; ancilis, 69 Amylirosa,' 354

Acetabularia, 217 Anchusa officinalis, 236, 246
Achras Zapota, 62 Anderson, P. J., and Ickis, M. G.,
Achyla, 126, 336 Massachusetts species of Helvella,
Acrospermum, 64 Maxoni, 64 ;
201
Actinomyces, 338 Andropogon leucostachys, 289
Adams, J. F., Observations on the in- Anemone, 19
fection of Crataegus by Gymno- Anthostomella Rhizomorphae, 115
sporangium, 45 Antirrhinum majus, 109
Aecidium, 234, 276; Allenii, 108; Apium graveolens, 191, 199, 269, 270
Aquilegiae, 233 Ceanothi, 233 ; ; Aquilegia, 19
Clematidis, 233; Fendleri, 317, 318, Arabis, 22
319; hydnoideum, 234; Impatientis, Arctostaphylos, 306
233 Jamesianum,
; 233 macro- ; Arcyria, 333
sporum, 233 magnatum, 233 mo- ; ; Aristida portoricensis, 288, 299
no icum, 233 Pammelii, 233 Phry-
; ;
Armillaria mellea, 58, 64
mae, 233 pustulata, 233;
roesteli- ; Arthur, J. C., Memoranda and index
oides, 102; Sambuci, 233; Silphii, of cultures of Uredineae, 1899-
233 Smilacis, 234
; 1917, 230; Nineteen years of cul-
Aethalium, 329, 330, 331, 332 ture work, 12
Agaricus campester, 119, 275 Aschersonia, 298
Agave, 284 Ascochyta, 348; Theae, 326
Agropyron, 19, 316, 317, 322; Smithii, Ascomycetes, Review of Klebahn on
317; spicatum, 104; tenerum,
316, life histories of, 346
104, 109, 316, 317 Aspergillus flavus, 277 niger, 274 ;
Agrostis palustris, 11 Oryzae, 277

Aleuria ancilis, 69 apiculata, 70 ;
Asprella Hystrix, 320
macropus, 229 Aster, 16 ;arenarioides, 235
Aleurodiscus, 199, 267, 273 macro- ; Asterina, 282
dens, 190 Asteroma, 349
Alnus rhombifolia, 97 Astragalus, 105 ;
humistratus, 105 ;
Alternaria Nelumbii, 273, 340 Solani, ;

Sonorae, 106
126 Atriplex hastata, 16; rosea, 105;
Amanita, 115; cothurnata, 271;
63, spatiosa, 105
muscaria, 271 pantherina, 270, ;
Auerswaldia, 290 ;
Miconiae, 289, 290
271 pantherinoides,
; 271 velu- ;
Azalea, 64
tipes, 271
Amelanchier, 235 Jonesiana, 103, ; Baccharis, 306
* It has been considered unnecessary to include here the species listed in

the four following articles, since they are already indexed or specially listed.
Arthur: Memoranda and index of cultures of Uredineae, 1899-1917. See
P- 237.
Diehl The fungi of the Wilkes expedition. See p. 40.
:
Overholts Some New Hampshire fungi. See p. 26.

:
Zundel Smuts and rusts of northern Utah and southern Idaho.

: See
p. 179.
356
Bacillus amylovorus, 58 ; radicicola, Chamaesyce Greenei, 106; rugulosa,

189; radiobacter, 189 106
Bacterium Cannae, 272, 340 Hed- ; Chardon, C. E., A contribution to our
erae, 336 marginatum, 353 solana-
; ; knowledge of the Pyrenomycetes of
cearum, 266 tumefaciens, 2, 3, 4, 6,
; Porto Rico, 279
7, 8, 9, 10, 11 Chenopodium, 20; album, 20, 105
Bagnisiopsis, 289 peribebuyensis, 289
; Chloris petraea, 289, 299
Balansia, 287, 288, 297 subnodosa, ; Chrysopsis horrida, 107
287, 288 Cicada septendecim, 82
Behavior of crown gall on the rubber Cicada, A fungous parasite of the, 72
plant, 1 Cirsium arvense, 109
Behavior of telia of Puccinia graminis Citrus, 59, 64, 197, 273, 274, 275, 277,
in the south, The, 111 353 ;
nobilis, 275
Berberis, 317, 319, 321 Fendleri, ; 316, Clavaria, 335
317, 3*8, 319, 321 trifoliolata, ; 113; Cladochytrium, 114
vulgaris, 321 Cladosporium Citri, 351
Beta vulgaris, 105 Clathrotrichum, 353
Bolete from Porto Rico, new, A 60 Clematis, 19; Flammula, 19; ligustici-
Boleto-llchen, 204, 207; vulgaris, 219, folia, 19, 103 ;
virginiana, 19
229 Cleome, 20
Boletus, 56, 204, 207 albus, 225, 228 ; ; Clitocybe, 42 ;
dealbata, 42, 44 ; su-
incarnatus, 87 leucophaeus, 212,
;
dorifica, 44, 198
229 lilacinus, 92 nitidus, 94 san-
; ; ;
Clitocybe sudorifica as a poisonous
guinolentus, 90; vitellinus, 172 mushroom, 42
Botrytis, 277
Coccolobis nivea, 115; uvifera, 283,
Bouteloua curtipen^dula, 101 race- ;
299
mosa, 1 01
Cocos nucifera, 295
Brachysporium Trifolii, 126
Cogswellia, 104
Brodiaea Douglasii, 110
Bromus, 19, 321, 322; ciliatus, 234; Coleosporium, 63 Ribicola, 106 ;
tectorum, 10 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, 272

Bryophyllum, 7 Conocephalum conicum, 196
Bucida buceras, 291, 300 Contribution to our knowledge of the
Bullaria, 233 Pyrenomycetes of Porto Rico, 279
Burlingham, G. S., Some new species Coprinus sterquilinus, 336
of Russula, 129 Cornus, 140, 165; canadensis, 165
Coronaria myrtifolia, 158
Caeoma confluens, 102; occidentalis, Corticium salmonicolor, 197 vagum, ;
107 125, 34i. 354

California Hypogaeous fungi Tuber- — Cortinarius, 118
aceae, 301 Crataegus, 45, 48, 195 Calpodendron, ;
Calostoma, 339 Ravenelii, 339; 49 ;

coccinea, 49 coccinioides, 49 ; ;
Cancers, Studies of plant, 1 Crus-galli, 49 Jesupi, 49;

macro- ;
Carex, 15, 16, 17, 234; aquatilis, 235; sperma, 49 Margaretta, 49

;
neo- ;
gracillima, 17; lanuginosa, 235; ne- fluvialis, 49 pausiaca, 49 pruinosa,

; ;
braskensis, 103, 235 pubescens, 17; ; 49; punctata, 49, 235; straminea,
trichocarpa, 235 49 succulenta, 49
;
Carpinus, 157 Crataegus, Observations on the infec-

Cassia fistula, 293 grandis, 293, 300 ;
tion of, by Gymnosporangium, 45
Castanea, 158; dentata, 165; vesca, Craterium, 333
iS5 Creonectria Bainii, 284 grammico- ;
Catacauma, 276 spora, 284 ochroleuca, 284

;
rubi- ;
Cercis, 165 canadensis, 165

; carpa, 285
Cercosphaerella, 347 Cronartium, 108; Comandrae. 106;
Cercospora, 347, 348 filamentosum, 106 occidentale, 108 ; ;
Ceriomyces communis, 194; flavi- pyriforme, 106 ribicola, 64, 337;
porus, 194; subtomentosus. 194; Crown gall on the rubber plant, 1

tomentipes, 194; viscidus, 194 Crucibulum, 115, 116; vulgare, 65. 115
Ceuthospora, 156; concava, 155, 163, Cryptobasidium, 274
164, 167; phacidioides, 156; Rubi, Cryptosporella, 354
161, 163, 164 Culture work, Nineteen years of, 12
358 Mycologia
Cultures of Uredineae, 1899-1917, Elvela, 203, 204, 207; albella, 219;

Memoranda and index of, 230 fuliginosa, 219; infula, 209; Mitra.
Cup-fungi, Photographs and descrip- 212; monacella, 212; pallida, 210;
tions of, 67 Pineti, 204 spadicea, 225
;
Cupressus thyoides, 86, 95 Elvella, 204, 207

Cyathea, 298 Elymus, 19, 112, 113; australis, 111,
Cyathus, 115, 116; fascicularis, 65, 112, 113; canadensis, 104, 316, 321;
115; striatus, 65, 115 condensatus, 103, 104, 315; Ma-
Cycloporus Greenei, 57 counii, 104; virginicus, 19, 316, 318,
Cylindrocladium scoparium, 337 321
Cylindrocolla faecalis, 56, 62 Empusa Muscae, 82
Cylindrosporium, 195, 348 Endogone macrocarpa, 313
Cytospora chrysosperma, 124, 127, 338 Entoloma albidum, 338 lividum, 338 ;
Entomopeziza Soraueri, 349

Dacryomyces, 136, 153, 155; lythri, Entomophthora arrenoctona, 74 Au- ;
152, 162, 163, 167 licae, 80;

caroliniana, 74 ; Muscae,
Daedalea, 177; sulphurella, 177 81 ; pseudococci, 80
Datura, 272 Entomosporium, 349
Delastria rosea, 312 Ephelidium, 354
Dendrophoma, 62 Epichloe, 287, 288 nigricans, 288 ;
Descriptions of cup-fungi, Photo- Epilobium, 140, 147, 155, 170; an-

graphs and, 67 gustifolium, 165 spicatum, 142
;
Diachaea, 330 Erigeron arenarioides, 235

Diatrype Hochelagae, 327 stigma, ;
Eriocoma cuspidata, 101
327 Theae, 327
;
Erysimum, 20
Dicaeoma, 114
Erythroxylon Coca, 354
Didymella, 354
Eucalyptus globulus, 165
Diehl, W. W., The fungi of the
Eugenia, 294, 300; vulgaris, 159, 165
Wilkes expedition, 38
Diplodia, 125, 348; rapax, 125 Euphorbia, 110
Diplodina, 348 Eutypa, 354
Dirca, 19; palustris, 234 Eutypella, 354
Discina, 67, 68; ancilis, 68, 69, 71; Excipula, 136
apiculata, 69, 70 convoluta, 69, 70,
;
Exobasidium reticulatum, 326
71; helvetica, 69; leucoxantha. 68,
69, 71; perlata, 68, 69; Warnei, 69 Favolus platyporus, 39
Discina, North American species of, Ficus elastica, 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 63,
67 197
Distichlis, 18; spicata, 16, 20 Fomes fraxineus, 55 fraxinophilus, ;
Dodge, B. O., and Shear, C. L., The 52; geotropus, 191; ignarius, 354:
life history and identity of " Patel- laricis, 124; pinicola, 124; ulmarius,
lina Fragariae," " Leptothyrium 191
macrothecium," and " Peziza Oeno- Fragaria, 140, 165 mexicana, 165 ; ;
therae," 135 virginiana, 165 virginiana chiloen-

;
Dothichloe, 286, 287, 288, 297 Aris- ;

sis, 165
tidae, 287, 288, 299 atramentosa, ;
Fruit-disease survey, 50
286, 287, 289, 299 nigricans, 287
; ;
Fuligo, 332
subnodosa, 287, 288, 299 Fungi, New Japanese, 323
Dothidina, 290; Miconiae, 289; peri- Fungi of the Wilkes expedition, 38
bebuyensis, 289, 300 Fungi, Some New Hampshire, 24
Dothiorella, 348 Fungi, California Hypogaeous, 301
Drepanocarpus lunatus, 292, 300 Fungoides, 204, 207
Duchesnia, 165 indica, 165
;
Fungous parasite of the periodical
Durand, E. J., New or noteworthy Cicada, 72
Geoglossaceae, 184 Fusarium, 126, 188, 197, 352; cubense,
56 ;oxysporium Nicotianae, 192 ;
Echinodontium tinctorium, 116 trichothecioides, 352; vasinfectum,

Elaphomyces, 302, 312 variegatus, 313
;
34o
Elasmomyces, 194; russuloides, 193, Fuscoporia, 119, 275; nebulosa, 119;
194 tenerrima, 119
Ganoderma, 64 Heliotropium spatulatum, 105

Garrett, A. O., Smuts and rusts of Helminthosporium, 128; peduncu-
Utah— IV, 101 latum, 116
Gaultheria procumbens, 165 Helvella, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206,
Gaura, 161 biennis, 165, 235
; 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 217, 218,
Gautieria, 304; morchelliformis, 193 221, 222, 226, 227; acaulis, 228; ad-
Genea, 62, 194, 304, 306; arenaria, haerens, 208, 210, 222, 223, 225, 228 ;
306; cerebriformis, 307; compacta, alba, 210, 228; albella, 220, 228;
305; cubispora, 62; Gardnerii, 193, albida, 206, 219, 228; albipes, 221;
194, 307 Harknessii, 193, 306, 307
;
atra, 208, 210, 218, 223, 228, 229;
Geoglossaceae, New or noteworthy, capucinoides, 219, 221 costata, 228 ; ;
184 crispa, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210,

Geoglossum intermedium, 184; pumi- 212, 213, 214, 228, 229; elastica,
lum, 184; pygmaeum, 185; Rehmi- 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 219, 220,
anum, 186 221, 222, 22s, 224, 228, 229; elas-
Geopora Harknessii, 193, 311 tica fusca, 222, 224, 228 ephippium, ;
Geranium, 4, 165 maculatum, 160 ;

206, 207, 208, 209, 218, 219, 224,
Gladiolus, 353 227, 228, 229 esculenta, 206, 209,
;
Gloeosporium, 153, 157, 160, 167, 275, 228 fuliginosa, 228

;
gigas, 228 ; ;
349; Bombacis, 275; Gossypii, 340; gracilis, 219, 220, 221, 228; grandis,
rhoinum, 146, 154, 162; rhois 225, 228; hispida, 228; infula, 209.
Fuckelii, 154; tremellinum, 145, 153. 223, 225, 228 lacunosa, 205,
;
162 206, 207, 208,212, 213, 214,

209,
Glomerella, 167, 348 215, 217, 228, 229; lacunosa pallida,
Gloniopsis Gloniopsis, 116 210, 229; leucophaea, 210, 229;
Gnomonia, 349 1
macropus, 206, 207, 226, 227, 229 ;
Gnomoniella, 349 macropus brevis, 207, 227, 229

Grifola Berkeleyi, 267; flavovirens, mitra, 206, 210, 219, 229; mitra
55 ;
gigantea, 267 alba, 210, 229; mitra fulva, 210,
Grossularia inermis, 102; leptantba, 229; mitra pratensis, 212; mona-
102, 108, 109 cella, 229 Monachella. 206, 207,
;
Guazuma ulmifolia. 291, 292, 300 210, 225, 226, 229; nigra, 209, 217,
Guignardia Vaccinii, 190 229 nigricans, 223, 229 nivea, 210,
; ;
Gymnosporangium, 46, 195, 235, 353 ; 229; palustris, 209, 214. 216, 217,
corniculans, 233 exterum; 233 ; ; 229 pezizoides, 224
; plebophora r ;
floriforme, 235 germinale, 46, 47, ; 215, 229 Queletiana, 209, 215, 217,,
;
48, 49 globosum, 46, 47, 48, 49

;
229 spadicea, 229
; sphaerospora,.;
gracilens, 106; inconspicuum, 107; 229; subcostata, 217; sulcata, 212.

Juniperi-virginianae, 46, 48, 49 213, 214, 217, 229; venosa, 215, 229.
juvenescens, 108, 235, 246; Nel- Helvella, Massachusetts species of.,
soni, 102, 235, 246; trachysorum, 201
233 Hendersonia Theae, 328
Gymnosporangium, Observations on Herpotrichia, 295 albidostomav 295 y
;
the infection of Crataegus by, 45 diffusa, 295 diffusa rhodomphala,

;
Gymnosporium juniperinum, 109 295

Gyromitra, 205, 208, 209, 226; brun- Heteroecism of Puccinia montanen-
nea, 209 costata, 228
;
esculenta, ; sis, P. Koeleriae, and P. apocrypta,
206, 209, 228 gigas, 228 infula,

; ;
3i5
225, 228; sphaerospora, 229 Heteromeles, 313
Gyroporus Earlei, 60, 198 Heterotrichum cymosum, 290
Hevea braziliensis, 125
Hainesia, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, Hicoria glabra, 165
150, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 167 Hieracium griseum, 104
Castaneae, 155, 163; Epilobii, 155, Hilaria Jamesii, 101
163; Lythri, 136, 144, 146, 152, 155, Himantia, 60
157. I 59, J 6o, 162, 163, 164, 167, Hordeum caespitosum, 101 ; jubatum,.
169; rhoina, 146, 154, 164;
163, 104, 316, 317
Rostrupii, 155, 163 ;
tremellina, 153 Hydnangium, 194
Hapalopilus gilvus, 97 Hydnobolites, 304; californicus, 312
Helianthus annuus, 14, 104 Hydnotrya ellipsospora, 307
360 Mycologia
Hydnotryopsis Setchellii, 312 Drymidis, 281 ;

macula, 281 ; melas-
Hydrophyllum, 317, 318, 320,
19, 316, tomatum, 282, 299 microspora,
;
321, 322; capitatum, 316, 318, 322 282, 299; tenella, 281, 282, 283, 299
Hymenogaster, 194, 305 Lepidium, 20, 234 perfoliatum, 105
;
Hymenula, 145 rhoina, ; 154, 163, 164 Leptopodia, 207, 208, 209 albella, ;
Hypholoma, 265 219, 220, 221, 228; atra, 223, 228;

Hypocrea, 286 atramentosa, 287, 289
;
elastica, 219, 228
Hypocrella, 286, 287, 298 Leptosphaeria Coniothyrium Theae,
Hypoderma, 137 324 Hottai, 324
;
Hypodermopsis Theae, 323 Leptothyrium, 137, 349; acerinum,

Hypogaeous fungi, California, 301 156; borzianum, 159, 163; Lunariae,
Hypolysus Montagnei, 121 147; macrothecium, 137, 147, 157,
Hyponectria Phaseoli, 115, 284 158, 163, 164, 354; macrothecium
Hypospila, 349 rhois, 157; protuberans, 138, 158,
Hypoxylon annulatum, 295, 299 163, 164; rhois, 154, 157
Hysterangium, 193, 194, 304 " Leptothyrium macrothecium," The
Hystrix Hystrix, 317, 318 life history of, 135
Levine, Michael, Studies on plant can-
Ichnantlms pallens, 288, 299 cers —
II, The behavior of crown
Ickis, M. G., and Anderson, P. J., gall on the rubber plant (Ficus
Massachusetts species of Helvella, elastica), 1
201 Life histories of Ascomycetes, Review

Idaho, Smuts and rusts of southern, of Klebahn on, 346
179 Life history and identity of " Patel-
Identity of " Patellina Fragariae," lina Fragariae," " Leptothyrium
" Leptothyrium macrothecium," and macrothecium," and " Peziza Oeno-
" Peziza Oenotherae," 135 therae," 135
Impatiens, 19, 331 Light-colored resupinate polypores
Index of cultures of Uredineae, 1899- III, 83; —IV, 171
1917, 2 30 Lipospora, 191, 349; Trichostigmae,
Index to American mycological litera- 115; tucsonensis, 191
ture, 62, 126, 195, 272, 351 Lophidiopsis, 354
Infection Crataegus by Gymno-
of Lophiotrema Peckiana, 116
sporangium, Observations on the, 45 Lycopsis arvensis, 236, 246
Tnocybe, 62, 115 Lythrum, 155; Salicaria, 165
Trpex, 177
Isoachlya, 274, 336 ;
toruloides, 274, Macbride, T. H., Some of the ways of
336 the slime mould, 329
Ivesia Gordonii, 103 Macropodia, 209 macropus, 209, 226,
;
229
Jambosa vulgaris, 159, 165 Macrosporium, 64
Japanese fungi, New, 323 Madronella oblongifolia, 104
Juniperus scopulorum, 102, 108; si- Mahonia, 19, 319; Aquifolium, 319,
berica, 109; utahensis, 102, 107; 321, 322
virginiana, 45, 235 Mains, E. B., The heteroecism of Puc-
cinia montanensis, P. Koeleriae, and
Kentrophyta impensa, 105 P. apocrypta, 315
Klebahn on life histories of Ascomy- Malus glaucescens, 45, 48, 49
cetes, Review of, 346 Marasmius, 60, 121
Koeleria cristata, 19, 317, 3!9- Marssonina, 349
Kunkelia, 63 Massachusetts species of Helvella, 201
Massospora, 77 cicadina, 72, 73, 74,
;
Laboulbenia formicarum, 62 80, 81, 82, 276; Staritzii, 73

Lachnea macropus, 229 Massospora cicadina Peck, a fun-
Laciniaria, 19 gous parasite of the periodical
Lactaria atroviridis, 56; Indigo, 56 Cicada, 72
Lactuca, 235 Medicago sativa, no
Lembosia, 281, 282, 298; Agaves, 283 ; Melampsora albertensis, 107 ; con-
Coccolobae, 283 Dendrochili, 281,
;
fluens, 102
282, 283, 284 diffusa, 282, 283
; ;
Melampsorella elatina, 103
Melanogaster, 194, 305 Oidium lactis, 126

Melanomma, 354 Onagra biennis, 235
Melanops, 348 Onygena equina, 62
Meliola, 298 Ophiodothis, 287
Memoranda and index of cultures of Ophiognomonia, 349
Uredineae, 1899-1917, 230 Ophionectria portoricensis, 285, 299
Mentha spicata, 104 Oryzopsis hymenoides, 101, 105
Merulius, 92, 95, 98; incrassatus, 98; Overholts, L. O., Some New Hamp-
lacrymans, 59 Ravenelii, 95 spis-
; ;
shire fungi, 24
sus, 98
Miconia, 290, 300 ;
laevigata, 290 Pachyphloeus citrinius, 313
prasina, 283, 290, 299 Sintenisii,
; Parasite of the periodical Cicada,
290 72
Micrococcus Populi, 57 Parks, H. E., California hypogaeous
Microglossum longisporum, 185 —
fungi Tuberaceae, 301
Micropodia, '150 Patellina, 135, 136; Fragariae, 135,
Mitra, 204 136, 155, 163, 354
Mitrula gracilis, 185; muscicola, 185 " Patellina Fragariae," " Leptothyrium
Mollisia, 162; cinerea, 162; Oeno- macrothecium," and " Peziza Oeno-
therae, 161, 163, 167 therae," The life history and iden-
Morchella, 204, 209 tity of, 135
Murrill, W.
A., A
new bolete from Pelargonium, 142, 152; capitatum. 142,
Porto Rico, 60 Light-colored re- 160, 165 zonale, 160, 165
— —
; ;
supinate polypores III, 83 IV, ; Penicillium, 342; expansum, 126;

171 The fruit-disease survey, 50
; spiculisporum, 63
Musa textilis, 56 Peridermium, 108 coloradense, 108; ;
Mycena Atkinsoni, 116, 196; filopes, elatinum, 103; filamentosum, 106;

116 floridanum, 63 Harknessii, 63 ; ;
Mycosphaerella, 346, 347, 348 cera- ; pyriforme, 106

sella, 347, 348; Fragariae, 347; Peronospora, 354; Hyoscyami, 338
maculiformis, 347 punctiformis, ;
Pestalozzia, 62 ;
62
scirrofaciens, 56,
347 Peziza, 67, 308 ;
apicu-
ancilis, 67, 69 ;
Myosotis palustris, 316 lata, 68, 70; cinerea, 162; elaeodes,

68, 70; leucoxantha, 71; macropus,
Nectria galligena, 190; rubicarpa, 285 206, 207, 229; Oenotherae, 153, 161,
Neotoma, 303 163, 164, 167, 354; perlata, 67, 69;
New bolete from Porto Rico, 60 stipitata, 229 ;
sublicia, 229 ;
venosa,
New Hampshire fungi, 24 70 Warnei, 68, 69
;
New Japanese fungi. Notes and trans- " Peziza Oenotherae," The life history
lations —
X, 323 of,
135
New or noteworthy Geoglossaceae, 184 Pezizella, 141, 142, 149, 150, 152, 161,
New species of Russula, 129 162, 168; Lythri, 136, 149, 151, 153,
Nineteen years of culture work, 12 i54- i55, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160,
North American species of Discina, 161, 162, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169,
67 170; Oenotherae, 137. 141, 142, 143,
Notes and brief articles, 54, 114, 188, 160, 161, 162, 168
263, 335 Phacelia, 322; Purshii, 316
Noteworthy Geoglossaceae. 184 Phaeopezia apiculata, 70
Nummularia Bulliardi, 296 ;
cincta, Phaetrype, 64
296, 299 ;
discreta, 297 ;
punctulata, Phallus, 204, 207; crispus, 210, 228;
296, 299 repanda, 297
; lobatus, 210; monacella, 225, 229
Nyctelea, 322; Nyctelea, 316 Phaseolus, 115; adenanthus, 284
Nyssa sylvatica, 165 Philadelphia occidentalis, 106
Phleospora. 346, 347, 348
Observations on the infection of Cra- Phleum pratense, 111
taegus by Gymnosporangium, 45 Pholiota, 265
Ocotea, 274 leucoxylon, 282, 299
; Phoma citricarpa, 352 protuberans, ;
Octospora villosa, 229 158, 164

Odontia, 354 Photographs and descriptions of cup-
Oenothera, 140, 147, 149, 153, 161, —
fungi IX. North American species
165 ;
biennis, 137, 165, 167 of Discina, 67
362 Mycologia
Phragmidium 103; Horkeliae, affine, 94 attenuata subincarnata, 86 au-

; ;
103; imitans,
109; Ivesiae, 103; rantio-canescens, 93 aurantiopal- ;
montivagum, 103 lens, 172; aurantiotingens, 90;

Phragmites communis, 21 aurea, 171; Blyttii, 83; borbonica,
Phyllachora, 284, 289 ;
biareolata, 294 ; 89; Bracei, 91; calcea sulphurea,
canafistulae, 292, 293, 300 Cassiae, ; 178; Calkinsii, 175; callosa, 87, 88;-
293 duplex, 293
;
Guazumae, 291 ; ; Caryae, 99 cassicola, 85 cavernu-
; ;
peribebuyensis, 289 Phaseoli, 284 ; ; losa, 100; chrysobapha, 173 chryso- ;
Serjaniicola, 293, 300; Whetzelii, loma, 176; corticola, 88, 89;

293, 300 cremeicolor, 178; crocipora, 96;
Phytophthora, 63, 198, 274 Dodgei, 87; Dusenii, 100; eupora,
Picea Engelmanni, 108; rubens, 26 83, 85, 86, 94 fatiscens, 178; favil-
;
Pilidium, 156, 158; acerinum, 156, lacea, 94; flavida, 174; flavilutea,
157, 159 176; flavipora, 174; Fuligo auran-
Pinus austriaca, 99; edulis, 108; pon- tiotingens, 122; glauca, 123; graph-
derosa scopulorum, 106 radiata, 97 ; ; ica, 123; heteromorpha, 178; holo-
sylvestris, 84, 88 xantha, 178; incarnata, 87, 95; in-
Plant cancers, Studies on, 1 certa, 172, 178; incrassata, 98;
Plasmodiophora Brassicae, 60 vascu- ; jalapensis, 177; lateritia, 90; leuco-
larum, 60, 127 lomea, 172; lilacina, 85; medulla-
Pleurage arachnoidea, 294 panis, 176, 178; micans, 92 mutans, ;
Pluteus cervinus, 190; praerugosus, 93» 96, 97 mutans tenuis, 93, 94

;
198 myceliosa, 178; nebulosa, 119; ni-

Poa Fendleriana, 103 grescens, 87, 88; nitida, 83, 93, 94;
Podostroma, 286 orbiculare, 286, 299 ; nitida crocea, 94; ochracea, 174;
Poisonous mushroom, Clitocybe su- Parksii, 175; pavonina, 94; phle-
dorifica as a, 42 biaeformis, 96 pinea, 98 purpurea, ; ;
Polygonum, 21 alpinum, 109 ;

9i) 9 2 93; radiculosa, 178; salois-
,
Polypores, Light-colored resupinate, ensis, 98 sanguinolenta, 90

;
semi- ;
III, 83 ;
—IV, 171 tincta, 178, 341; spissa, 94, 96, 98;
Polyporus albocarneo - gilvidus, 92 ; subacida, 171, 176, 178; subbadia,
amarus, 114; applanatus, 64; atten- 93; subincarnata, 84, 86, 172; sub-
uatus. 83; aurantiopallens, 172; radiculosa, 175; subrufa, 95; sub-
Blyttii, 83; bombycinus, 173; sulphurea, 178; subundata, 86;
Broomei, 87.; brunneolus, 39 Biitt- ; subviolacea, 99; sulphurella, 171;
neri, 123; byssoideus, 100; carneo- taxicola, 92, 93, 95, 98 tegillaris, ;
pallens, 84, 85; cavernulosus, 100; 173; tenerrima, 119; undata, 87,88;
chrysobaphiis, 173; cinctus, 87; col- vincta, 84, 94, 99; violacea, 91, 92,
labens, 83 cruentatus. 96
;
emol- ;
95» 99! vitellina, 172, 176; vitrea,
litus, 83 epilinteus, 84, 85 euporus,
; ; 88 xantha, 176; xantholoma, 178
;
83; Fendleri, 84, 85; Fuligo, 123; Porto Rico, A contribution to our
haematodes, 95 incarnatus, 87 in- ; ; knowledge of the Pyrenomycetes of,
duratus, 55 laetificus, 96 leuco-;
;
279
lomus. 172; mutans, 97; nebulosus, Porto Rico, A new
bolete from, 60
119; obliquus, 96; odorus, 87; oxy- Potentilla, 157,160; canadensis,159,
datus, 92 pineus, 98;
pulchellus, ; 165 pulcherrima, 103
;
178; purpureus, 92; Ravenalae, 123 ; Protocoronospora nigricans, 128

sanguinolentus, 90 salmonicolor, ; Protomyces, 72, 354
96; Schweinitzii, 124 sorbicola, 95 ; ;
Prunus, 161 serotina, 165
;
spissus, 96 subliberatus, 87 ;
sul- ; Pseudobalsamia magnata, 193, 3^ 2 ">
phurellus, 171; tenerrimus, 119; magnata nigra, 313

undatus, 87 vinctus, 84 violaceus, ; ;
Pseudodiplodia, 354
92 vitreus, 88 volvatus, 354
; ;
Pseudohaplosporella, 354
Polystictus versicolor, 58 Pseudomonas Apii, 274; Citri, 59, 198;
Poncirus trifoliata, 59 Phaseoli, 336
Populus caroliniana, 124; grandiden- Pseudopeziza, 167; Populi-albae, 349 5
tata, 124; nigra italica, 165; tremu- ribis, 349 salicis, 349
;
loides, 107, 124 Pseudotsuga mucronata, 107

Poria, 95, 98, 118, 194; albirosea, 85; Ptilocalais tenuifolia, 105
albocincta, 122, 123 attenuata, 83, ;
Puccinia, 16, 233, 235; additicia, 191;
Agropyri, 233, 236; albi-

19, 20, Ramularia, 347, 348
peridia, 17, 233 alternans, 20, 233, ;
Ramularisphaerella, 347, 348
236 amphigena, 234
;
Antirrhini, ; Ranunculus abortivus, 22 Cymbalaria, ;
109; apocrypta, 109, 236, 315, 318, 19, 103

320, 321, 322; arcticum, 58; Arrhe- Ravenelia, 353; havanensis, 191
natheri, 321; Asterum, 15; bro- Ravenelula, 354
mina, 321, 322; Burnettii, 102; car- Resupinate polypores, Light-colored,
icina, 20; Caricis, 20, 103; Caricis- III, 83; —IV, 171
Asteris, 14, 233 ;
Caricis-Erigeron- Review of Klebahn on life histories
tis, 14, 233 ;
Caricis-Solidaginis, 14, of Ascomycetes 346
233 ; Caricis-strictae, 235 Ceanothi, ; Rhizina helvetica, 69 undulata, 228 ;
231 ; cinerea, 19, 20; Clematidis, 20, Rhizoctonia, 60, 277

63, 103; dispersa, 31*5, 321; Dis- Rhizogene, 355
tichlidis, 18; Eatoniae. 22, 233; ex- Rhizophora Mangle, 115
tensicola, 15, 16; fraxinata, 231, Rhizopus, 138, 195, 342; nigricans,
235 Garrettii, 235
;
graminis, 22, ; 273 Tritici, 274
;
23, 104, in, 113, 124, 128, 198, 276; Rhododendron, 64

Grindeliae, 107; Grossulariae, 17, Rhus, 139, 140, 142, 154, 157, 165;
236; Helianthi, 14, 104; Hieracii, aromatica, 154; copallina, 154, 165 ;
104; hynoidea, 234; Impatientis, 19, Cotinus, 154, 165; glabra, 141, 154,
63; interveniens, 102; irrequisita, 165 radicans, 155 Toxicodendrum,
; ;
191 Isiacae, 21
;
Jonesii, 104; Koe- ; 165 typhina, 165
;
leriae, 233, 315, 319, 320, 321, 322; Ribes, 17, 126, 165, 337; aureum, 108;
lateripes. 21; Liatridis, 19; Mal- cereum, 106, 108; inebrians, 106,
vastri, 105; Menthae, 104; micran- 108; petiolare, 102; prostratum, 165
tha, 109; Monardellae, 104; mon- Ricinus, 4; communis, 354
tanensis, 104, 236, 315, 316, 317, Rickia. 355
318, 319, 320, 321 obliterata, 20, ; Roberts, J. W., Clitocybe sudorifica as
233; pacifica, 191; Paniculariae, a poisonous mushroom, 42
233 patruelis, 233
;
Pattersoniana, ; Rosa, 156, 157; neomexicana, 103;
104, 110; peridermiospora, 231; puberulenta, 103 rugosa prostrata,
;
quadriporula, 236 rubigo-vera, 18, ; 165

20; Ruelliae, 21 rugosa, 105; seca- ;
Rosellinia, 295
lina, 315, 321, 322; Sherardiana, Rosen, H. R., The behavior of telia
105; Stipae, 102; suavolens, 109; of Puccinia graminis in the south,
substerilis, 105 subnitens, 16, 20,
;
in
21, 105 tomipara, 20, 233
;
triti- ; Rostronitschkia, 298
cina, 19, 20, in, 315; Troximontis, Rubber plant, The behavior of crown
105 tumidipes, 233
;
universalis, ; gall on the, 1
233; Urticae, 103; Vernoniae, 233; Rubus, 58, 127, 136, 137, 139, 140, 145,
vulpinoides, 15 149, 156, 157, 160, 161, 165; caesius,
Puccinia apocrypta, The heteroecism 155, 160; idaeus, 165;- occidentalis,
of, 315 165 pubescens, 58; setosus, 165;
;
Puccinia graminis in the south, The strigosus, 58, 109, 165; strigosus
behavior of telia of, 111 idaeus, 165; thrysoideus, 161; tri-
Puccinia Koeleriae, The heteroecism florus, 58; villosus, 165
of, 3 IS Ruellia ciliosa, 21 strepens, 21
;
Puccinia montane.nsis, P. Koeleriae, Rum ex paucifolius, 109

and P. apocrypta, The heteroecism Russula, 133, 266, 351 aeruginea, 132 ; ;
of, 3 IS bifida, 130; cyanoxantha, 132; dis-

Pucciniella, 19 parilis, 129; fragiliformis, 132; het-
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, 189 erophylla, 130, 132; Hibbardae, 129,
Pyrenomycetes of Porto Rico, 279 131, 132, 134; praeumbonata, 131,
Pyrenopeziza medicaginis, 160 134; purpurina, 134; ornaticeps,
Pythiacystis, 63 ;
citrophthora, 273 129, 130, 131, 134; redolens, 131,
Pythium, 60; Debaryanum, 341 132, 133, 134; simulans, 129, 131,
134; uncialis, 134; variata, 130,
Quercus, 147, 157; agrifolia, 193; 132; viridi-oculata, 129, 131, 132,
alba, 165 ;
rubra, 155, 165 ;
velutina, 134
165 Russula, Some new species of, 129
364 Mycologia
Rusts of northern Utah and southern Spartina, 18, 234; cynosuroides, 246;
Idaho, 179 Michauxiana, 246
Rusts of Utah, Smuts and, — IV, 101 Speare, A. T., Massospora cicadina
Peck, a fungous parasite of the
Salix, 161 humilis, ; 165 ;
Watsonii, periodical Cicada, 72
102 Species of Discina, North American,
Saprolegnia, 336 67
_
Sarcoscypha macropus, 229 Species of Helvella, Massachusetts,

Scleroderma, 313 201
Sclerospora, 277 Species of Russula, Some new, 129
Sclerotinia, 196; cinerea, 65; minor, Sphaeralcea arizonica, 105 ; dissecta,
189, 197 105 pedata,
; 105 ;
subrhomboidea,
Sclerotiopsis, 140, 142, 147, 154, 155, 105
156, 158, 167 australasica,
160, ;
Sphaerella, 354
147, 156, 159, 163; Cheiri, 156; con- Sphaeronema, 136, 144, 153; corneum,
cava, 136, 147, 148, 149, 154, 15s, 138, 145, 153, 162, 163, 164
156, 157, 158. 159, 160, 161, 163, Sphaeropsis, 348; malorum, 128
164, 167, 170; Pelargonii, 142, 160, Sporobolus cryptandrus, 235
163; Potentillae, 159, 160, 163; Sporodinia grandis, 56
Rubi, 155, 160, 163 Sporonema, 160; Castaneae, 159; du-
Sclerotium coffeicolum, 355 bium, 158, 159, 160, 163; phacidi-
Seaver, F. J., Photographs and de- oides, 160; pulvinatum, 160, 163;
scriptions of cup-fungi IX. North — quercicolum, 159, 163
American species of Discina, 67 Stagnospora Theae, 324
Senecio, 235 Steironema, 149, 160; ciliata, 165, 170
Septobasidium, 276 Stereum, 196, 267; caespitosum, 268;
Septoria, 270, 346, 347, 348, 352; conicum, 268 durum, 268 Earlei,
; ;
Apii, 191, 199, 269, 270; Lycoper- 268 erumpens, 268 heterosporum,
; ;
sici, 353 nodorum, 337

;
268 magnisporum, 268
; patelli- ;
Septorisphaerella, 347, 348 forme, 268 petalodes, 339 pubes-

; ;
Serjania polyphylla, 293, 300 cens, 268 purpureum, 339

;
saxitas, ;
Serpula rufa pinicola, 95 268 sepium, 268

;
spumeum, 268 ; ;
Shear, C. L., Review of Klebahn on Willeyi, 116

life histories of Ascomycetes, 346 Stilbocrea hypocreoides, 286 inter- ;
Shear, C. L., and Dodge, B. O., The media, 286

life history and identity of " Patel- Stipa Lettermanni, 105; minor, 102;
lina Fragariae," " Leptothyrium viridula, 235
macrothecium," and " Peziza Oeno- Stropharia, 265
therae," 135 Studies on plant cancers II. The —
Shepherdia canadensis, 108 behavior of crown gall on the rub-
Sidalcea nervata, 102 ber plant (Ficus elastica), 1
Sillia Theae, 325 Suillellus Eastwoodiae, 194
Sitanion elymoides, 320; Hystrix, 101, Survey, The fruit-disease, 50
.
103 jubatum, 103
;
Symplocos, 90 martinicensis, 90
;
Slime mould, Some of the ways of

the, 329 Tanaka, T., New Japanese fungi.
Smilax, 140 rotundifolia, 165
;
Notes and translations X, 323 —
Smuts and rusts of northern Utah Taphrina. 276
and southern Idaho, 179 Teleutospora, 191
Smuts and rusts of Utah IV, — 10 Telia of Puccinia graminis in the
Solanum carolinense. 353 south, The behavior of, 111
Solidago, 15, 16 Terfeziopsis lignaria, 310
Some New Hampshire fungi,' 24 Tetrazygia elaeagnoides, 290
Some new species of Russula, 129 Thalictrum, 19
Some of the ways of the slime mould, Thea sinensis, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327,
329 328
Sophia, 20, 234 Thecaphora pustulata, 273
Sorbus, 235 Thelephora, 267 caryophyllea, 277,
;
Sordaria fimicola, 294 humana, 294 ; 336; nmbriata, 277, 336; lamellata,
Sorosporella agrotidis, 73 uvella, 73 ; 38 terrestris, 277, 336
;
Thelocarpon albomarginatum, 352 Urocystis Anemones, 352

Thielavia basicola, 53 Uromyces, 16, 233, 276; acuminatus,
Thuya occidentalis, 95 231; Brodieae, 104, no; coordi-
Tibicina septendecim, 72, 81, 82 natus, 191 effusus, 233
;
Eriogoni, ;
Tinctoporia, 122, 275 albocincta,

; 106; Euphorbiae, 14, 106; fuscatus,
122; aurantiotingens, 122; FuligO, 109; intricatus, 106; medicaginis,
122, 123 ;
graphica, 122, 123 110; oblongus, 107; Peckianus, 16;
Tipula paludosa, 74 perigynius, 15. 20, 236; Polemonii,
Trabutia, 292; Bucidae, 290, 291, 300; 18; proemineus, 106; punctatus,
conica, 292, 300; Guazumae, 291, 105 Solidagini-Caricis, 233 Steiro-
; ;
300; portoricensis, 115 nematis, 231, 233; uniporulus, 18

Trabutiella, 115; Cordiae, 115 Urophlyctis, 114; Alfalfae, 192, 197
Trametes carnea, 26; Pini, 124; ver- Ustilago bromivora, 101, 179; Hier-
satilis, 100 onymi, 101 hypodytes, 101
; Lo- ;
Trenomyces, 355 rentziana, 101 ;

Tritici, 101 ; vio-
Trichia, 333 lacea, 277
Trichoglossum, 351 confusum, 185,
;
Ustulina, 354
186; Farlowi, 186; hirsutum, 187; Utah, Smuts and rusts of northern,
hirsutum braziliense, 187; hirsutum 179
variabile, 187 hirsutum Wrightii,
; Utah, Smuts and rusts of, — IV, 101
187; Rehmianum, 185; velutipes,
187; Waited, 186; Wrightii, 187 Vaccinium, macrocarpum, 160,
165;
Tricholoma terreum, 266
165
Trichostigma octandra, 115 Valsa Theae, 326
Trifolium Kingii, 107 Valseutypella, 127
Trisetum, 22
Venenarius Wellsii, 63
Triticum aestivum, 321 dicoccum,
;
Verticillium Lycopersici, 275
127; durum, 127; vulgare, 101, 104, Vigna vexillata, 115
127 Vitis. 140; cordifolia, 165
Tropaeolum, 105
Tsuga canadensis, 86 Wilkes expedition, The fungi of the,
Tuber, 194, 302, 304, 310, 312; cali-
38
fornicum, 194, 308 candidum, 193,
;
309, 310, 311; lignarium, 310, 311

Tuberaceae, California, 301 Xanthoporia Andersoni, 178
Tubercularia, "136, 144, 145 rhoina,
Xylomyzon taxicola, 95
;
145; rhois, 155, 163; zythioides,

i5S, 163
Tyromyces caesius, 56; Smallii, 99 Zundel, G. L., Smuts and rusts of
northern Utah and southern Idaho,
Ulmus, 165; americana, 119 179
Uredineae, Memoranda and index to Zythia Phaseoli, 115
cultures of, 230
BOTANICAL GARDEN

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No. 95. Studies in North American Peronosporales— II. Phytophthoreae and
Guy West W ilson
T
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No. 1 10. Additional Philippine Polyporaceae, by W. A. Murrill.
No. Hi. Boleti from Western North Carolina, by W. A. Murrill.
No. 117. Studies in North American Peronosporales — IV. Host Index, by
G.W.Wilson.
No. 122. Notes on North American Hypocreales— II. Nectria Peziza, by
F. J. Seaver.
Guy West Wilson.
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Volume XIII, 1921

Published by the aid of the

David Lydig Fund

WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL

Volume XIII, 1921

PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY FOR

Nineteen Years of Culture Work, by J. C. Arthur 12

Some New Hampshire Fungi, by L. O. Overholts 24

Nos. 4-5. July-September

WILLIAM ALPHONSO MURRILL

Vol. XIII— JANUARY, 1921—No. 1

49 PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY FQR

Nineteen Years of Culture Work . . . .

Some New Hampshire Fungi . . . L. O. Overholts 24

Observations on the Infection of Crataegus by

Notes and Brief Articles 54

STUDIES ON PLANT CANCERS— II

(With Plates i and 2)

Tourney (1900) in studying the effects of crown gall on the

the result of a mechanical effect of the crown gall on the tissue

above the point of attack. Whether the decay is directly brought

1 From the Cancer Research Laboratory, Montefiore Hospital, Dr. Isaac

about by Bacterium tumefaciens Hedgcock does not state. He

resemblance to animal cancer shows that the physiological effects

These studies and those of Smith's and other workers were

The purpose of this report is to bring forward further evi-

dence on the malignancy of the crown gall experimentally in-

avoided and very often other parasitic and saprophytic fungi. In

must be remembered however that while transportation of the

materials elaborated by the cancer cells of the animal is in some

supply. Tourney's results do< not suggest the possibility of any

will describe briefly a number of cases observed.

month indications of a crown gall made their appearance in the

dipped into a culture of Bacterium tumefaciens. As few as

The crown gall, at this stage, as far as can be seen, has no

Figure 2 represents a branch from another rubber tree which

showed this assumption to be incorrect as is further described

tissue has become fully differentiated and thus further supports

growth and become differentiated. The wood fibers and par-

Approximately one half of the original cylinder made by the

color, watery and is apparently disintegrating. The remaining

5. This figure represents a longitudinal section of the upper

There appears to be only a partial destruction of the wood fibers

months afterward. Here again the inoculation was made at one

crown galls referred to above. The outer surface is dry and

an internodal space on the opposite sides of the stem. The lower

We may turn now to consider the cases in which no evidence

direct physical effect of the crown gall on the rubber tree. I am

level indicated by the line " AA " shows complete disorganiza-

the level of " BB " (Fig. 8) shown

the vascular cylinder appears to be invaded by the crown gall

the picture shows the typical crown gall convolutions.

A section still higher up on the stem made at the level indi-

however, a. slight hyperplasia of the wood. The fan-shaped

that this is true of the almond crown gall described by Tourney.

present and is responsible for the destruction of the stem apex

and 6 were carefully removed with a sterile knife and placed in

death of the rubber tree.

unable to influence the production of a new growth.