PENICILLINS The oldest class of antibiotics and are bactericidal, destroy numerous gram+ and gram- bacteria by inhibiting

destroy numerous gram+ and gram- bacteria by inhibiting the

formation of bacterial cell wall. They are safe drugs with minimum toxicity.

CONTRAINDICATIONS CLIENT TEACHING ADVERSE NURSING IMPLICATIONS

EFFECTS AND
SIDE EFFECTS

✓ Are most commonly used to kill gram+ positive Penicillins are 1. Oral penicillin should CNS: Anxiety, 1. Review history of a penicillin
bacteria: Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, and contraindicated be taken with 6 to 8 /hallucinations, reactions with client.
Streptococcus. Considered the safest of all antibiotics. in clients with ounces of water. Do not convulsions, 2. Give PO, IM, and IV
✓ Discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 history of severe take with acidic fluids as lethargy, 3. Doses for Penicillin G are ordered
✓ Introduced in 1940’s, was the first antibiotic for clinical allergic reaction. these will destroy the depression, coma in units (1 unit = 0.6 ug.)
use drugs. 4. Monitor clients for decreasing signs
2. Oral penicillin should ✓ GI: Nausea, of infection
✓ Also known as Beta-lactam antibiotics because they
________________ be taken in an empty Vomiting, Diarrhea, 5. Monitor kidney function studies, I &
contain beta lactam ring that is necessary for their ant
___ stomach for best (Most common side O in clients with decreasing kidney
microbial activity.
absorption. effects) function.
✓ Classified as pregnancy category B agents, with the INDICATIONS
3. The ff. can be taken , Colitis 6. Monitor client for 30 minutes after
exception of Ticarcillin category C agents Used to treat: with or without food parenteral dose of any penicillin
4 GROUPS OF PENICILLINS 1. Skin infections PABA: ✓ Hematologic: for signs of allergic reaction
1. Natural penicillin-active against gram+ 2. Dental Penicillin V (PenVee K), Anemia, bone 7. Dilute IM doses in diluent
streptococci & staphylococci and gram- meningococcus
infections Amoxicillin (Amoxil), marrow depression, recommended by drug
bacteria
♥ Penicillin G
3. Ear infections Bicampicillin increased bleeding manufacturer and rotate sites.
Drug of choice for (MIPPS): pneumonia 4. Respiratory (Spectrobid), and time 8. Monitor IV sites closely for irritation.
Streptococcus pneumoniae; and meningitis N. tract Amoxicillin clavulanate 9. Monitor clients on sodium
meningitidis; pharyngitis Streptococcus pyrogenes; infections (Augmentin) ✓ NEUROTOXICITY: restrictions closely who are receiving
infectious endocarditis Streptococcus viridans and 5. Gonorrhea 4. Take the full course of A very high dose of high doses of sodium Penicillin G,
syphilis T. pallidum medication. penicillin’s esp. in Carbenicillin, and Ticarcillin
2. Penicillinase- Resistant Penicillins-active against beta 5. Take at evenly patients with renal for signs of overloading, check
lactamase producing bacteria that inactivates most penicillin. spaced around the impairment may serum sodium level and cardiac
♥ Nafcillin (Unipen)- use mainly for infection that are clock to maintain cause convulsion. status.
caused by penicillinase producing Staphylococci. blood levels. 10. Monitor clients who are receiving
3. Aminopenicillins- effective against a wider range of 6. Penicillin should not be Other: Rash, hives, high doses of Potassium
bacteria and have better oral absorption. taken if previous hypokalemia and Penicillin G for hyperkalemia.
♥ Ampicillin (Omnipen)-Useful for same infection as allergic reaction has taste alterations. CHF Check potassium
Penicillin G and also active against the ff. gram- been experienced. can be seen with serum level.
negative bacteria:(HESS) Haemophilus influenzae, 7. Liquid penicillin should ticarcillin 11. Do not mix penicillin with
Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella. Used in be shaken well before aminoglycosides in same IV
bacterial meningitis, otitis media, septicemia, gonorrhea taken. solutions as penicillins can
and sinusitis.
8. Liquid penicillin should inactivate
4. Extended-spectrum penicillin’s
be discarded after the aminoglycosides.
♥ Ticarcillin (Ticar)- mainly used for infections of
expiration date and not 12. Do not give bacteriostatic drug
 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, usually given in combination be taken past that date. with penicillin as this could decrease
with aminoglycosides (such as gentamicin) antibiotic to 9. Wear medic alert bracelet, the effectiveness of the penicillin.
help increase the killing of Pseudomonas bacteria. necklace, or tag if allergic Give Penicillin first and then the
Penicillin- beta lactamase Inhibitor Combinations ♥ to penicillin. bacteriostatic drug a few hours later.
Ampicillin- sulbactam (Unasyn) - used in infections that are 10. Report the ff. symptoms
caused by bacteria that are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics. to the physician: Skin rash,
itching, hives, fever, or
severe diarrhea.

PROTOTYPE DRUG RELATED DRUGS DRUG CLASSIFICATION

PENICILLIN G POTASSIUM* Penicillin G benzathine* NATURAL PENICILLINS

Penicillin G procaine
(Wycillin)* Penicillin V (Pen
Vee K)

NAFCILLIN (UNIPEN)* Cloxacillin (Tegopen)* PENICILLINASE-

Dicioxacillin (Dynapen) RESISTANT PENICILLINS
Oxacillin (Prostaphilin)

AMPICILLIN(OMNIPEN)* Amoxicillin (Amoxil)* AMINOPENICILLINS

Bacampicillin (Spectrobid)
 TICARCILLIN (TICAR)* Carbencillin(Geocillan) EXTENDEN EXPECTRUM
Meziocillin(Mezlin) PENICILLINS
Piperacillin (Pipracil)*

AMPICILLIN/SULBACTAM(UNASYN)* Amoxiccillin Clavulanate PENICILLIN/BETA-

(Augmentin)* LAMASE INHIBITOR
Piperacillin/Tazobactam(Zosyn)* COMBINATIONS
Ticarcillin/Clavulanates
(Timentin)*

*****commonly used Penicillin

 Are a semisynthetic broad-spectrum antibiotic and are used to kill both gram + and gram - bacteria, have
CEPHALOSPORINS beta lactam ring structure that interferes with synthesis of bacterial cell wall and are bactericidal
Commonly used for surgical prophylaxis, safe lass of antibiotic and usually few adverse effects.

CONTRAINDICATIONS CLIENT TEACHING ADVERSE NURSING IMPLICATIONS

EFFECTS AND
SIDE EFFECTS

✓Most commonly use antibiotics today and have ✓Contraindicated in 1. Same client teaching ✓ Allergic 1. Give PO, IM, IV.
been employed for the treatment of infections since clients with history of for Penicillin’s Reactions: Skin 2. Review history of any
1960s. severe allergic 2. Do not take alcohol rash most cephalosporins reaction with
✓Pregnancy Category B agents reaction (urticarial, if taking Cefmetazole, common reaction that clients
anaphylaxis, intestinal Cefoperazone, appears few days 3. IM injection should be given
✓DIVIDED INTO 4 GENERATIONS by their nephritis) Cefotetan as this can after treatment is deeply into a large muscle mass.
antimicrobial properties ✓Cautious use in cause begun. 4. Monitor IV site for signs of
FIRST GENERATION renal failure. Disulfiram – like reaction. redness, tenderness, and
♥ Cefazolin Sodium (Ancef) - Effective against Streptococci 3. Do not drink alcohol for ✓ GI: diarrhea, nausea, swelling.
and Staphylococci. the first 72 hours after mild stomach cramps 5. IV forms should be well-diluted.
Used for infection of soft tissue, bone, skin, urinary and biliary therapy is over 6. Monitor client for signs of
(Most common side
tracts, bacteremia and endocarditis. Also used for surgical 4. Take on an empty
prophylaxis. effects) decreasing infection.
stomach, if possible, 7. Check prothrombin time for
SECOND GENERATION - increased activity against but okay to take if ✓ Hematologic: clients taking cefazolin,
gram - negative bacteria INDICATIONS gastric problems occur. Cefmetazole, Cefoperazone,
Cefazolin,
♥ Cefoxitin Sodium (Mefoxin) – effective against 5. Aspirin and aspirin cefmetazole, Cefotetan.
Used to treat:
Hemophilus influenzae, Enterobacter, klebsiella, E. coli and containing products Cefoperazone, and 8. Monitor for pseudomembranous
few strains of proteus. 1. Pneumonia
should be avoided cefotetan can colitis
Used for infection of urinary tract, skin, bone, joints, lower 2. Tonsillitis while taking Cefazolin, cause bleeding 9. Oral suspension should be
respiratory tract, septicemia. 3. Bronchitis Cefmetazole,
Also used for surgical prophylaxis in orthopedic and refrigerated
4. Otitis media Cefoperazone and
cardiovascular surgery and gynecological infections. ✓ Parenteral 10. Check blood urea nitrogen
5. Various type of Cefotetan.
Administration and creatinine levels if also
skin infection
THIRD GENERATION – Greater activity against gram taking aminoglycosides.
negative bacteria. 6. Gonorrhea concerns: Pain at
IM injection site and 11. Oral forms should be given
♥ Ceftazidime (Fortaz) – Effective against Citrobacter, 7. UTI
thrombophlebitis at with milk or food.
Serratia, Providencia, Enterobacter, Hemophilus influenzae,
Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus aeruginosa. IV site.
Used for infections of bones, joints, skin and lower respiratory
tract Also used to treat meningitis, bacteremia and
gynecological infections.
FOURTH GENERATION
♥ Cefepine (Maxipime) – Effective against
Staphylococci, Streptococci, E. Coli, and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa.
Used for infections of the skin and urinary tract and in pneumonia
 PROTOTYPE DRUG RELATED DRUGS DRUG CLASSIFICATION
CEFAZOLIN SODIUM (ANCEF)* Cefadroxil (Duricef) FIRST GENERATION
Cephalexin (Keflec)* They have excellent coverage against most gram
+ pathogens but variable to poor against most
Cephapirin (Cefadyl), Cephalotin gram – Pathogens.
Cephradine (Velosef), Cefazolin*

CEFOXITIN (MEFOXIN)* Cefaclor (Ceclor)* SECOND GENERATION

Cefamandole(Mandol) Regard to their spectrum of activity against most
species of gram -
Cefmetazole(Zefazone)
Cefonicid(Monocid)
Cefotetan(Cefotan)
Cefprozil(Cefzil)
Cefuroxime(Zinacef)* , Cefovanide
Loracarbef (Lorabid), Cefoxitin*

CEFTAZIDIME(FORTAZ)* Cefdinir (Omnicef)*, Cefcapene THIRD GENERATION

Cefixime (Supraz)*, Cefadaloxime Some members of this group have decreased
toxicity against gram + organisms
Cefoperazone(Cefobid) Cefditoren
Cefotaxime(Claforan)* Cefetamet
Cefpodoxime(Vantin) Cefmenoxime
Ceftibuten(Cedax) Cefodizime
Ceftizoxime(Cefizox) Cefotoxime *
Ceftriaxone(Rocephin)* Cefprimizole

CEFEPIME(MAXIPIME)* Cefditoren (Spectracef) FOURTH GENERATION

Have greater resistance to beta lactamase, can cross blood
brain barrier and are effective in meningitis.

*****commonly used Cephalosporins

AMINOGLYCOSIDES Used to combat serious infections that are caused by aerobic gram- negative organisms. They are bactericidal, used to treat
infection caused by gram – bacteria.

CONTRAINDICATIONS CLIENT ADVERSE EFFECTS NURSING IMPLICATIONS

TEACHING AND SIDE EFFECTS

✓ The major bacteria that can be Aminoglycosides must 1. Aminoglycosides ✓ CNS: Weakness, depression, • Give PO, topically, IM, and IV
found in this category are: be used cautiously in should not be confusion, numbness, • Review history of any aminoglycoside reactions
klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, clients with Parkinson’s taken if a tingling, and with client.
Serratia, disease, dehydration, previous allergic ✓ neuromuscular blockade • Do not mix penicillins with aminoglycosides in same
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. liver or kidney disease, reaction has been ✓ CV: Hypertension, IV solutions, as penicillins can deactivate
myasthenia gravis, and hypotension, and palpitations aminoglycosides. 4. IV doses should be administered
✓ Also given topically for ear, eye and experienced.
✓ EENT: Ototoxicity
skin infections. hearing loss. 2. Oral form slowly at least over 30 minutes or more.
✓ GI: Nausea, vomiting,
should be taken • Peak and trough levels must be monitored. Peak
diarrhea, stomatitis, and
✓ Can treat numerous hospital - INDICATIONS on an weight loss
levels above 12.0 g/mL and trough levels above 2.0
acquired infections that affect the Used to treat: empty stomach. g/mL are associated with toxicity.
✓ GU: Nephrotoxicity
blood, skin, bowel, wounds, 3. Take full curse • Client's hearing should be monitored.
1. Treatment of ✓ Hematologic: Bone marrow
respiratory and urinary tracts. of medication. depression • Monitor BUN, creatinine clearance, and
tuberculosis
✓ Other: Hypersensitivity, joint I&O. 8. Client needs to be well-hydrated
2. Management of sepsis
pain, superinfection, apnea while taking aminoglycosides.
✓ Maybe used in combination with of bacteremia
Major irreversible toxicity: • 9. IV calcium gluconate can reverse
penicillins or cephalosporins to
OTOTOXICITY (damage to the neuromuscular blockade caused by
ensure better antimicrobial
ear /hearing) aminoglycosides.
coverage.
NEPHROTOXICITY: Renal • 10. Use caution if administering ototoxic and/or
damage is related to the nephrotoxic drugs with aminoglycosides.
✓ In 1943 Selman Waksman
accumulation of the drug • 11. If client is also receiving extended-spectrum
discover “streptomycin” penicillin, administer aminoglycosides at least 2
in the renal cortex
hours apart.

PROTOTYPE DRUG RELATED DRUGS DRUG CLASSIFICATION

Gentamycin/ Gentamicin* Amikacin (Amikin)* AMINOGLYCOSIDES
Kanamycin (Kantrex)*
Neomycin*
Netilmicin (Netromycin)
Paromomycin (Humatin)
Streptomycin*
Tobramycin*
TETRACYCLINES Used to combat gram+ positive and gram – negative microorganisms.
Are bacteriostatic agents and work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and has a broad-spectrum activity.

CONTRAINDICATIONS CLIENT ADVERSE NURSING

TEACHING EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS
SIDE EFFECTS

✓ Drug of choice for the ✓The tetracycline’s are 1. Each dose should be taken with ✓ CNS: 1. Given orally, IM, and IV.
treatment of Rocky Mountain contraindicated in clients with a history of 8 ounces of water. Lightheadedness, Oral route preferred.
spotted fever, Cholera, severe allergic reaction to them and during 2. Take on an empty stomach dizziness, 2. Review history of any
Typhus, Granuloma pregnancy and lactation. 3. Doxycycline (Vibramycin) and unsteadiness tetracycline reactions
inguinal, Psittacosis, ✓They should not be given to minocycline (Minocin) can be ✓ GI: Nausea, with client.
Chancroid, Lyme disease, children under the age of 8 and should be used taken with food. vomiting, 3. Administer oral
Trachoma, and gastric in caution in clients with kidney and /or liver 4. Cannot be taken with or within 2 diarrhea, doses on an
infections of Helicobacter dysfunction. hours of antacids, iron hepatotoxicity, empty stomach.
Pylori. ____________________ preparations, or dairy products. dysphagia, 4. Offer small, frequent
INDICATIONS 5. Avoid exposure to sun. If one esophageal meals if nausea and
✓ Effective against wide variety must be outside in sunlight, be ulceration vomiting occur.
Used to treat: sure to wear SPF 5. Should not be used in
of microorganisms including ✓ GU: Nephrotoxicity
spirochetes, atypical bacteria,
1. Treatment of peptic ulcer diseases as 6. 15 sunscreens, a hat, and cover children under age
Tetracycline may
rickettsia and amebic parasites. part of multidrug regimen. any exposed skin. cause of 8 and specifically
2. Infection of respiratory tract 3. 7. Report diarrhea, vaginal itching, photosensitivity during periods of tooth
✓ Pregnancy Category D Prophylaxis of traveler’s or anal itching; report black, furry which can be development, it may
agents diarrhea tongue immediately to manifested by cause gray to yellow
physician. 8. Do not tak exaggerated discoloration of actively
4. Malaria prophylaxis sunburn under
5. Most current use in the medication after tthe forming teeth & deposition
exposure to UV
treatment of Acne Vulgaris and Rosacea. expirationdate. light in growing bones.
9. Do not expose drug to light, heat,
or humidity.

PROTOTYPE DRUG RELATED DRUGS DRUG CLASSIFICATION

Tetracycline (Acromycin)* Demeclocycline (Declomycin) TETRACYCLINES

Doxycycline (Vibramycin)*
Minocycline ( Minocin)*
Oxytetracycline (Terramycin)*
 6

MACROLIDES Used primarily for gram + positive bacterial infections. They aren't as effective for gram-negative organisms.
They are bacteriostatic, they inhibit the growth of microorganisms without causing a complete kill.

CONTRAINDICATIONS CLIENT TEACHING ADVERSE EFFECTS AND NURSING

SIDE EFFECTS IMPLICATIONS

✓ Macrolides, like penicillins, are considered to be Macrolides are 1. Each dose should be taken with ✓ CNS: Dizziness, headache, 1. Give PO, IV, and
among the safest of all the antibiotics. ✓ contraindicated in 8 ounces of water only. Do not vertigo, somnolence Topically
Erythromycin is the drug of choice to treat clients who are allergic take with fruit juices. ✓ CV: Chest pain, 2. Review history of
Bordetella pertussis, which is the microbe that to them. They should 2. Food interferes with the palpitations any
causes whooping cough and also the drug of be used absorption of some Macrolides so ✓ DERM: Rash, urticaria, macrolide reaction with
choice against Corynebacterium diphtheriae, cautiously in clients ask your health care provider pruritus client. 3. Give erythromycin
which is the agent that causes acute diphtheria. with liver disease, GI about whether your prescription stearate on an empty
✓ EENT: Hearing loss,
When it is combined with rifampin (Rifadin), it is disease, impaired can be taken with or without stomach. Other oral forms
tinnitus
considered to be the treatment of choice for hearing, and cardiac food. of erythromycin can be
arrhythmias. 3. Report the following symptoms
✓ GI: Nausea, vomiting,
Legionnaires' disease (pneumonia caused by given with or without
The ophthalmic to the physician: diarrhea, diarrhea, abdominal foods.
Legionella pneumophila).
✓ It is the drug of choice for the chlamydial preparation is vomiting, abdominal pain, discomfort 4. Use sterile water to
infections of urethritis and cervicitis and M. contraindicated in jaundice, dark colored urine, light- (Most common adverse reconstitute parenteral
pneumoniae, which causes pneumonia. fungal, viral, and colored stools, or lethargy as these effects) erythromycin
✓ Erythromycin is a good substitute for clients mycobacterial eye are signs of liver damage. Also ✓ , heartburn, anorexia, 5. Erythromycin solutions
who are allergic to penicillin and is used to infections. report the following signs of stomatitis, cholestatic must be used within 8
___________________ ototoxicity: nausea, tinnitus, hours if stored in the
treat respiratory tract infections caused by
dizziness, and vertigo.
hepatitis (Considered
Streptococcus pneumoniae and group _INDICATIONS refrigerator must be used
4. Do not breast-feed while taking the most serious
Streptococcus pyogenes, bacterial Used to treat: within 24 hours.
a Macrolide antibiotic. adverse effect)
endocarditis, rheumatic fever, and syphilis. 1. Respiratory tract 6. Should be used with
✓ Other: Thrombophlebitis caution in patients with liver
✓ Pregnancy category C agents infection: at IV site dysfunction.
Pharyngitis, sinusitis,
bronchitis
2. Genital infection
3. Skin infection
 PROTOTYPE DRUG RELATED DRUGS DRUG
CLASSIFICATION
Erythromycin* Azithromycin MACROLIDES
(Erythrocin Stearate) (Zithromax)*
Clarithromycin (Biaxin)*
*Oral erythromycin Dirithromycin (Dynabac)
maybe highly irritating to Telithromycin (Ketek)
the stomach and when Troleandomycin (Tao)
given by injection may
cause sever
thrombophlebitis.
FLUOROQUINOLONES Fluoroquinolones are the newer classes of antibiotic, QUINOLONES- the earliest first-generation medication
Broad spectrum agents with excellent oral bioavailability with high absorption.
Used to treat infections in the following areas: Respiratory, Genitourinary, and GI systems; soft tissues; skin; bones; and joints.

CONTRAINDICATIONS CLIENT TEACHING ADVERSE EFFECTS AND NURSING

SIDE EFFECTS IMPLICATIONS

✓Their generic name often contains the root ➢Contraindicated in 1. Any sudden joint ✓ CNS: most serious but less common 1. Give PO. Parenterally,
“floxacin”, they ae synthetic compound clients who are allergic pain should be side effects are the CNS and topically
to them, pregnant and reported 2. Intravenous preparations
not derived from bacteria disturbances such as:
lactating 2. Stop use of should be given 1 hour
✓Bactericidal and kill bacteria by caffeine Dizziness, Fatigue, headache, via large vein
women and children
inhibiting bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase. under age of 18. 3. No Breastfeeding restlessness, insomnia, depression, 3. Antacids shouldn’t be
✓They are useful in the treatment of multidrug - ➢ They should be used 4. No Driving or seizures, given within 4 hours of oral
resistant tuberculosis, gonorrhea, cautiously in clients with performing activities phototoxicity, confusion, tremor fluoroquinolones
mycobacterium avium complex infections in liver disease, kidney that require close ✓ DERM: rash, pruritus, urticaria, 4. Check urine pH and
disease, GI disease attention until keep below 6.8 to
clients with AIDS and fever in clients with flushing
and dehydration. reaction to drug is decrease
cancer who have neutropenia. known. ✓ EENT: tinnitus, blurred vision crystalluria
➢ Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
✓Active against most aerobic gram- stimulates the CNS __________________ ✓ GI: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal 5. Monitor I& O
negative bacteria and few gram + and must be used INDICATIONS pain (most common side effects) 6. Increase fluid intake to 2
positive strains. cautiously in clients 1. UTI to 3 L/day
✓ constipation, heartburn, oral candidiasis,
with CNS and 2. Skin infections 7. Offer small frequent
✓They are effective against: E. coli, klebsiella, dysphagia, pseudomembranous colitis,
cerebrovascular disease. meals to clients with GI
Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter jejuni, 3. Respiratory
flatulence, increased liver function test upset
infections Sinusitis,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus ✓ HEMATOLOGIC: Bone marrow
pneumonia, bronchitis
influenzae, meningococci and numerous depression
, pulmonary infection
streptococci. in cystic fibrosis ✓ Others: Fever, chills. In rare instances,
✓They are resistant to Clostridium tendon ruptures, usually of the Achilles’ 1.
difficile tendon.
✓Pregnancy category C agents
 PROTOTYPE DRUG RELATED DRUGS DRUG CLASSIFICATION

CIPROFLOXACIN (Cipro)* Alatrofloxacin (Trovan IV) FLUOROQUINOLONES

Enoxacin (Penetrex)
Gatifloxacin (Tequin)
Levofloxacin (Levaquin)*
Lomefloxacin (Maxaquin)
Moxifloxacin (Avelox)*
Norfloxacin (Noroxin)*
Ofloxacin (Floxin)*
Sparfloxacin (Zagam)
Trovafloxacin (Trovan)
Clinofloxacin
Lomefloxacin
 VANCOMYCIN Used to treat a certain intestinal condition (colitis) that may occur after antibiotic treatment

CONTRAINDICATIONS CLIENT TEACHING ADVERSE EFFECTS NURSING IMPLICATIONS

AND SIDE EFFECTS

✓ A useful bactericidal antibiotic ➢ Hypersensitivity 1. Take according to ✓ CNS: vertigo, ataxia 1. IV preparation should be infused over
✓ It works by killing bacteria in the intestine; it will ➢ Pregnancy physician directions ✓ EENT: Ototoxicity 60 minutes or longer. NEVER infuse
not kill bacteria or treat infection in any other
2. Must take entire quickly.
part of the body when taken by mouth. ➢ Lactating women need causing tinnitus, hearing
2. Use sterile water for reconstitution
✓ Drug of choice for serious staphylococcal to have breast feed prescription loss (considered most 3. Compatible with D5W and NS
infections, when the penicillins and neonates and infants 3. Take at evenly spaced serious effect) 4. Follow manufacturer’s directions for
cephalosporins cannot be used. intervals around the clock
monitored for toxic ✓ GI: Nausea reconstitutions
✓ Covers other gram + and gram - cocci to keep blood levels even.
levels of drug ✓ GU: Nephrotoxicity, 5. Assess IV site frequently for
Parenteral Preparation extravasation as serious skin
4. Report hearing
- Serious infection not responsive to ➢ Renal disease uremia ✓ HEMATOLOGIC:
abnormalities to complications
other anti- infective medications. requires cautious use Thrombocytopenia, 6. May need to administer antihistamine
- Drug of choice for methicillin-resistant physician immediately
➢ IM Administrations eosinophilia, leukopenia before intravenous dosing
Staphylococcus aureus or 5. Advise physician of skin
➢ Hearing loss ✓ Others: Red Neck or Red 7. Assess blood pressure and pulse
Staphylococcus epidermides. rash, fever, or sore throat 6. during IV administration.
Oral Preparation ➢ Any toxic and Man syndrome associated with
Report for ordered blood 8. Assess following lab studies: CBC,
- Drug of choice for Pseudomembranous nephrotoxic drug work, complete blood count rapid IV infusion and
LIVER and kidney function
Colitis caused by C. Difficle ➢ Cautious use in caused by histamine
(CBC), peak, trough levels 7. 9. Assess peak and trough levels in
✓ The intravenous form of the drug elderly clients release. clients with renal disease, clients
Develop awareness for I & O
is excreted mainly through the above 60 years of age, neonates, and
kidney, infants. Levels of 60 to 80 mcg/ml may
while the oral form is excreted in the cause ototoxicity.
feces. 10. Monitor hearing and I & O
✓ Pregnancy category C drugs.

PROTOTYPE DRUG RELATED DRUGS DRUG CLASSIFICATION

VANCOMYCIN (VANCOCIN, VANCOLED) GLYCOPEPTIDE

ANTI-TUBERCULAR DRUGS Used to treat tuberculosis

CONTRAINDICATIONS CLIENT TEACHING ADVERSE EFFECTS AND NURSING IMPLICATIONS

SIDE EFFECTS

ISONIAZID* ➢ Acute liver disease 1. Do not drink alcohol ✓ CNS: Peripheral 1. Give PO and IM
➢ Hypersensitivity 2. Do not eat foods neuropathy, paresthesias 2. Monitor liver function test
➢ Pregnancy category C
that contain ✓ EENT: Visual Disturbances, 3. Assess eye function
USE: ➢ Use cautiously in histamine or optic neuritis 4. Assess blood pressure
1. Given for the treatment and or prophylaxis lactation, chronic tyramine during initial therapy as
of Tuberculosis ✓ FLUID 7 ELECTROLYTES:
alcoholism, 3. Do not breastfeed Hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, orthostatic
2. Given alone if used for prophylaxis and 4. Stop drug if any of hypotension may occur
individuals over 35 hypophosphatemia
given in combination with other these symptoms occur: 5. Ensure client is taking
antitubercular years of age, ✓ GI: Elevated liver enzyme,
chronic liver disease, jaundice, dark urine, supplemental pyridoxine
agents if used for treatment of TB hepatitis, decrease pyridoxine
clay colored stools, (Vitamin B6)
seizure disorder ✓ GU: Urinary retention in
chills, 6. Administer on empty stomach.
fever, skin rash males ✓ RESP: dyspnea Can be given with food if GI
5. Report numbness ✓ Other: hypersensitivity upset may occur
or tingling in 7. IM solution should be at
hands and room temperature to dissolve
feet to physicians. any
crystals that have formed

EHTAMBUTOL(MYAMBUTOL ➢ Hypersensitivity 1. Do not breastfeed

2. Report any eye problems
✓ CNS: Dizziness, 1. Monitor I& O
2. Assess eye using
➢ Lactation hallucinations, confusions
)* ➢ Pregnancy category B paresthesias ophthalmoscope for baseline data
➢ Children less than and then
USE: ✓ EENT: photophobia, eye
1. Used in combination with other 13 years of age monthly
pain ✓ GI: abdominal pain.
antitubercular agents to treat pulmonary ➢ Optic neuritis anorexia ✓ Other:
TB hypersensitivity

ETHIONAMIDE (TRECATOR SC) ➢ Hypersensitivity 1. Do not drink ✓ CNS: Peripheral neuritis, 1. Give PO
➢ Use cautiously in alcohol 2. Do not restlessness, hallucinations, 2. Can give with food
* ➢ Pregnancy category D breastfeed convulsions 3. Can be given in one dose
USE: liver disease and
3. Change position slowly ✓ CV: Postural hypotension 4. Client should take
1. Given to treat active TB after primary diabetes
✓ ENDOCRINE: supplementary pyridoxine
drugs have not worked mellitus 5. Monitor the ff. test: CBC,
hypothyroidism,
2. Must be given in combination with Urinalysis, kidney and liver
menorrhagia
other antituberculosis drugs. function
✓ GI: Nausea, vomiting,
anorexia, diarrhea, metallic
taste, hepatitis ✓ Other:
Impotence
PYRAZINAMIDE(PZA)* ➢ Liver disease 1. Do not breastfeed ✓ CNS: headache 1. Give PO
2. Tell physician of ✓ DERM: urticaria 2. Assess for liver toxicity
➢ Pregnancy category C
any urination ✓ GI: Liver toxicity and bleeding tendencies
USE: problems 3. Stop drug if gout or liver
1. Given to treat TB after primary drugs have ✓ GU: Urination problems
3. Increase fluids reactions occur
not worked. Appears to work best in early ✓ HEMATOLOGIC: Hemolytic
4. Assess uric acid levels
stages of treatment anemia ✓ Other: photosensitivity

ADVERSE EFFECTS AND

ANTI-TUBERCULAR DRUGS CONTRAINDICATIONS CLIENT TEACHING
SIDE EFFECTS
NURSING IMPLICATIONS

*RIFAMPICIN(RIFADIN) ➢ Hypersensitivity 1. Do not breastfeed ✓ CNS: Fatigue, drowsiness, 1. Give PO and IV

➢ Lactation 2. Do not stop and confusion, dizziness, extremity 2. Give on an empty stomach
➢ Pregnancy category C
➢ Diseases caused restart drugs as flu-like pain ✓ EENT: visual impairment 3. Open capsule and mix with
USE: food or fluids if clients is unable
by meningococci syndrome may occur ✓ GI: nausea, vomiting, abdominal
1. Drug of choice for pulmonary TB 3. Body secretions will to
2. Used in combination with other ➢ Use cautiously with cramps, diarrhea, liver injury,
be red orange colored hepatitis swallow
antitubercular agents alcoholics and in
liver 4. Contact lenses may be ✓ GU: Hematuria, Renal failure ✓ 4. Assess liver function tests
3. Also used in treatment of Leprosy permanently stained 5. Daily prothrombin time (PT)
diseases HEMATOLOGIC: Anemia, renal
red orange if client receiving
failure
5. Additional birth anticoagulant
✓ Other: Red orange color body
control necessary if 6. IV administration should be
secretions, hypersensitivity, flu
taking oral slow (3 hours)
like syndrome
contraceptives

STREPTOMYCIN same with 1. Should not be taken if a

previous allergic
same with aminoglycosides same with aminoglycosides
aminoglycosides
➢ Pregnancy category C reaction has been
USE: experienced.
1. Used to combat serious infections that are 2. Oral form should be
caused by aerobic gram- negative organisms. 2. taken on an empty
Can treat numerous hospital - acquired stomach.
infections that affect the blood, skin, bowel, 3. Take full curse of
wounds, respiratory and urinary tracts. medication
PROTOTYPE DRUG RELATED DRUGS DRUG CLASSIFICATION
Isoniazid (INH) Ethambutol ANTITUBERCULAR AGENTS
(Myambutol)*
Ethionamide
(Trecator)*
Pyrazinamide (PZA)*
Rifampicin (Rifadin)*
NO PROTOTYPE Streptomycin* AMINOGLYCOSIDE
 ANTIVIRALS Prevent viruses from reproducing, and this allows the body’s immune system to kill them.

CONTRAINDICATIONS CLIENT TEACHING ADVERSE EFFECTS AND NURSING IMPLICATIONS

SIDE EFFECTS

DRUGS FOR INFLUENZA: ➢ Hypersensitivity 1. Do not breastfeed ✓ CNS: Headache, dizziness, sleep 1. Stop drug if seizures occur
2. Assess for dyspnea,
➢ Lactation 2. No Activities that
Rimantadine ➢ Pregnancy require disturbance, fatigue elevated blood pressure,
(Flumadine) USE: ➢ Kidney or liver disease concentration until ✓ GI: Abdominal pain, anorexia and dry palpitations
and pedal edema
drug reaction
1. Treatment and prevention of influenza ➢ Cautious use in mouth
known 3. When given for occurrence of
A. 2. Amantadine (Symmetrel) is used to seizures disorders
3. Tell physicians of influenza A, administer
treat Parkinson’s disease
side effects of chest within 48 hours of
3. Ribavirin (Virazole) is used in the treatment
palpitations, leg appearance of
of Herpes and Respiratory syncytial virus
edema or breathing symptoms.
or (RSV).
4. Pregnancy category C problems.

DRUGS FOR ➢ Hypersensitivity 1. Wash affected area

3x to 4x a day with
✓ CNS: Headache 1. Shake suspension
before administration.
➢ Lactation ✓ DERM: Rash, itching, stinging,
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS AND ➢ Pregnancy soap, dry well. 2. Use finger cot or glove
burning ✓ GI: Nausea, vomiting,
HERPES: ➢ Kidney or liver disease 2. No sexual contact
diarrhea ✓ GU: Kidney damage
for topical application.
when lesions present 4. Administer 0.5 inch of
Acyclovir (Zovirax)* 3. Always were ✓ HEMATOLOGIC: Hemolytic uremic ointment for every 4 squares
USE: condom 4. Begin syndrome, thrombocytopenic inches of skin.
1. Treatment for herpes simplex type 1 and treatment as soon 5. Lesions must be totally
purpura
2 infections as symptoms covered.
2. Use for the treatment of appear. 6. Assess IV sites for
cytomegalovirus: Cidofovir (Vistide), 5. No breastfeeding tissue damage.
Foscarnet (Foscavir), 7. Assess Intake and
Ganciclovir (Cytovene), Valganciclovir Output. 8. Assess Creatinine
(Valcyte). and BUN.
3. Pregnancy category C
PROTEASE INHIBITOR: ➢ Hypersensitivity 1. Take exactly as ✓ CNS: Paresthesias, confusion, 1. Can be given with food.
➢ Lactation ordered seizures, tremors, anxiety, depression 2. Weigh client
Saquinavir (Fortovase) ➢ Pregnancy 2. Tell physician of ✓ CV: Hypo- or hypertension, chest periodically. 3. Assess for
USE: diabetes symptoms: pain ✓ DERM: Rash, itching, peripheral
1. Given to adults and children with HIV 3. Polyuria, seborrhea, photosensitivity neuropathy.
in combination with other antivirals polyphagia, ✓ EENT: Tinnitus, visual 4. Assess CBC, electrolytes
2. Pregnancy category B polydipsia and blood glucose and liver
disturbances ✓ ENDOCRINE:
4. Increase fluid intake function studies.
Hyperglycemia
of 1.5L/ day
✓ GI: vomiting, abdominal pain
5. Do not breastfeed
✓ HEMATOLOGIC: Hemolytic uremic
syndrome, thrombocytopenic purpura
✓ RESP: Rhinitis, laryngitis, bronchitis,
dyspnea
✓ Other: Hypersensitivity, myalgia

CLIENT TEACHING ADVERSE EFFECTS NURSING IMPLICATIONS

ANTIVIRALS CONTRAINDICATIONS
AND SIDE EFFECTS

NUCLEOTIDE REVERSE ➢ Increased blood acidity 1. Take exactly as ✓ CNS: Headache 1. Assess CBC.
due to high levels of ordered 2. Tell ✓ DERM: Rash 2. Give IV slowly – at
TRANSCRIPTASE lactic acid least over 1 hour.
physicians of ✓ GI: nausea,
INHIBITORS: Zidovudine ➢ Decreased function of symptoms of lactic
3. Blood transfusion may be
vomiting, anorexia needed if a client
(Rectovir)* bone marrow
acidosis immediately: becomes anemic.
➢ Anemia ✓ HEMATOLOGIC:
USE: Fatigue, nausea,
1. Given in adults and children with HIV 2. ➢ Decreased neutrophils a bone marrow depression
vomiting, anorexia,
Used to stop maternal transmission of HIV 3. type of white blood cell ✓ RESP: wheezing cough ✓
hyperventilation
Lamiduvine (Epivir) is used to treat chronic ➢ Muscle problems Other: fever, malaise and
hepatitis B. ➢ Vision changes caused by 3. Do not Breastfeed
myalgia
4. Can be given in combination with medications
other antiviral drugs. ➢ Liver problems
5. Pregnancy category C ➢ Severe liver disease
➢ Muscle inflammation
➢ Enlarged Liver
➢ A mother who is
producing milk and
breastfeeding
➢ Chronic kidney disease
stage 5 (failure)
NON- NUCLEOTIDE ➢ Hypersensitivity 1. Stop drug if ✓ CNS: Headache 1. Give with food or an
➢ Lactation skin rash ✓ DERM: Rash empty stomach.
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE develops 2. Discontinue drug if
✓ GI: nausea,
INHIBITORS: Nevirapine 2. No Activities that hepatitis, diarrhea rush occurs.
require 3. Assess CBC, liver
(Viramune) concentration
✓ HEMATOLOGIC:
anemia, neutropenia and kidney
USE:
until drug function tests
1. Can be given in combination with other
reaction known. ✓ Other: fever,
baseline and the
antiviral drugs to treat HIV in adults paresthesia and
3. Do not breastfeed periodically.
and children. myalgia
4. Use additional birth
2. Pregnancy category C for systemic 3.
control if taking
Pregnancy category B for topicals except
oral
for Tolnaftate (Tinactin)which is
contraceptives.
category C

PROTOTYPE DRUG RELATED DRUGS DRUG CLASSIFICATION

Rimantadine (Flumadine) Amantadine DRUGS FOR INFLUENZA
(Symmetrel)*
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
Ribavirin (Virazole)*
Zanamivir (Relenza)
Acyclovir (Zovirax) Cidofovir (Vistide) DRUG FOR CMV AND HERPES
Famciclovir (Famvir)
Foscarnet (Foscavir)
Ganciclovir (Cytovene)
Valacyclovir (Valtrex)
Valganciclovir (Valcyte)
Saquinavir (Fortovase) Amprenavir (Agenerase) PROTEASE INHIBITORS
Indinavir (Crixivan)
Iodipinavir (Kaletra)
Nelfinavir (Viracept)
Ritonavir (Norvir)

Zidovudine (Retrovir) Abacavir (Ziagen) NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE

Didanosine (Videx) TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
Lamivudine (Epivir)
Stavudine (Zerit)
Tenofovir (Viread)
Zalcitabine (Hivid)

Nevirapine (Viramune) Delaviridine (Rescriptor) NON – NUCLEOSIDE

Efavirenz (Sustiva) REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
Emitricitabine (Emtriva) INHIBITORS
 ANTIFUNGALS Also known as Antimycotic Drugs. Used to destroy or inhibit fungal growth and other fungal organism
Used to treat 2 types of fungal infection:
1. Superficial fungal infections (Skin and mucous membrane) 2. Systemic fungal infection (Lungs or Central Nervous System) Pregnancy
category C

CONTRAINDICATIONS CLIENT TEACHING ADVERSE EFFECTS AND NURSING IMPLICATIONS

SIDE EFFECTS

For all systemic ➢ Hypersensitivity 1. Take all medications 2.

Take OTC preparations
✓ CNS: headache, visual problems, 1. Baseline for culture and
sensitivity rest
➢ Lactation peripheral neuritis, dizziness,
➢ Pregnancy only after checking with seizures, insomnia 2. Assess IV site for phlebitis
physicians ✓ CV: Arrythmias, tachycardia, 3. Infuse Iv medication slowly (2 to
➢ Liver or kidney dysfunction
3. Report fever, chills, hypertension 4 hours)
vomiting, ✓ DERM: Rash, urticaria, 4. Monitor liver and kidney lab
abdominal photosensitivity, hives studies 5. Monitor I & O
pain and skin rash 6. Monitor nutrition and offer
✓ ENDOCRINE: hypothyroidism,
4. Do not breastfeed frequent small meals if GI symptoms
hypoadrenalism
5. All oral forms can be are
✓ EENT: transient hearing loss,
taken with food present.
blurred vision
except ketoconazole 7. Oral forms may be taken with
✓ GI: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, food if GI symptoms are present
anorexia, cramps, liver toxicity 8. Ketoconazole must be taken
✓ HERMATOLOGIC: Anemia, bone on empty stomach
marrow suppression, 9. Administer analgesics and
thrombocytopenia, leukopenia antipyretics to assist fever,
headache and chills.

For Topicals ➢ Hypersensitivity 1. Wash affected skin with

soap and water and
✓ DERM: burning, rash, irritation, 1. Baseline for culture and
sensitivity rest
swelling ✓ GI: Nausea, vomiting, liver
dry thoroughly before dysfunction ✓ GU: urinary burning and 2. Assess for effects of drug
applying drug. Frequency
2. Do not breastfeed
3. Discontinue if skin
rash occurs
4. Avoid getting drug
in the eyes
 PROTOTYPE DRUG RELATED DRUGS DRUG CLASSIFICATION
Amphotericin B (Fungizone)* Casfungin (Cancidas) SYSTEMIC ANTIFUNGALS
Flucytosine (Ancobon)
Griseofulvin (Fulvicin)*
Micafungin (Mycamine)
Nystatin (Mycostatin)*

Fluconazole (Diflucan)* Butoconazole (Femstat AZOLES

3) Clotrimazole
(Lotrimin)*
Econazole (Spectazole)
Itraconazole
(Sporanox)*
Ketoconazole (Nizoral)*
Miconazole (Monistat)*
Oxicinazole (Oxistat)*
Sertaconazole (Ertaczo)

NO PROTOTYPE Butenafine (Mentax) TOPICALS

Ciclopirox (Loprox)
Haloprogin (Halotex)
Naftifine (Naftin)
Terbinafine (Lamisil)*
Tolnaftate (Tinactin)*

*****commonly used Antifungals

 ANTIPROTOZOALS used to treat protozoal infections
Protozoa -cause numerous infections that are found worldwide.

CONTRAINDICATIONS CAUTION ADVERSE NURSING

EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS
SIDE EFFECTS

The following are CHILDREN ✓ CNS: headache, 1. Arrange for appropriate

1. MALARIA contraindications and cautions for 1. This age group is very sensitive dizziness, ataxia, culture and sensitivity tests
the use of antimalarials: to the effects of most loss of before beginning therapy to
antiprotozoal and therefore coordination, ensure proper drug for
2. AMEBIASIS ➢Known allergy to the drug. Prevent more severe reactions can be peripheral susceptible species.
hypersensitivity reactions. expected. neuropathy 2. Administer the complete
2. In addition, many antivirals do ✓ GI: nausea, course of the drug to get the
3. LEISHMANIASIS ➢Liver disease or alcoholism. Parasitic
full beneficial effects.
invasion of the liver and need for hepatic not have proven safety and vomiting,
metabolism to prevent toxicity. efficacy in children. diarrhea, 3. Monitor hepatic function
4. TRYPANOSOMIASIS ➢Lactation. Drugs can enter breast unpleasant taste, before and periodically
ADULTS cramps, changes during treatment to ensure
milk and could be toxic to infant.
1. This age group should be well in liver early detection and prompt
5. TRICHOMONIASIS ➢Pregnancy. Associated with birth
advised about the need for intervention with
defects. Pregnancy should be function
prophylaxis against various ✓ Superinfections cessation of drug if signs
avoided two months after completion of
6. GIARDIASIS protozoal infections and the of failure occur.
therapy using mefloquine.
need for immediate treatment 4. Provide comfort and
➢Retinal disease or damage. safety measures if CNS
if disease is contracted.
Drugs can affect vision and retina, effects occur (e.g. side
2. Administration of drug in
and the likelihood of problems rails and assistance with
pregnant and nursing women is
increase if the retina is already ambulation if dizziness
only justified if benefits clearly
damaged. outweigh the risk. and weakness are
➢Psoriasis or porphyria. Skin damage 3. Women of childbearing age are present) to prevent
as a result of drugs on proteins and advised to use barrier patient injury. Provide
protein synthesis. contraceptives when any oral hygiene and ready
antiprotozoal drug is being access to bathroom
taken. facilities as needed to
cope with GI effects.
OLDER ADULTS 5. Educate client on drug
1. Older patients are more therapy to promote
susceptible to adverse understanding and
effects of antiprotozoal therapy, compliance.
particularly those with hepatic and
renal dysfunctions.
 PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS RELATED DRUGS

AMEBIASIS(Diarrhea) Chloroquine (Aralen)

Dehydroemetine
Iodoquinol (Yodoxin)
Metronidazole (Flagyl)*
Paromomycin (Humatin)
Tinidazole (Tindamax)
MALARIA Cloroquine (Aralen) *
Quinine (Qualaquine)*

TRYPANOSOMIASIS Benznidazole (Ranadil)

Pentamidine (Nebupent)
Suramin (Germanin)
LEISHMANIASIS Miltefosine (Impavido)

TOXOPLASMOSIS Pyrimethmine(Daraprim)

GIARDASIS Metronidazole (Flgayl)*

Tinidazole (Tindamax)
Nitazoxanide (Alinia)

***commonlu used Antiprotozoals

 ANTHELMINTHICS Are drugs used to treat infections caused by susceptible invading worms.
Helminthic or worm are commonly found in human infections are tapeworms, flukes, roundworms.

CONTRAINDICATIONS INDICATION ADVERSE NURSING IMPLICATIONS

EFFECTS AND
SIDE EFFECTS

Anthelmintics are indicated for the ✓ Known allergy to Children ✓ GI: abdominal 1. Arrange for appropriate culture and
following medical conditions: the drug. Prevent 1. Culture of the suspected worm discomfort, diarrhea, sensitivity tests before beginning
1. Albendazole for the hypersensitivity is important before beginning pain therapy to ensure proper drug for
treatment of active lesions reactions. any drug therapy. ✓ CNS: headache, susceptible Plasmodium species.
caused by pork tapeworm and ✓ Lactation. Drug can 2. Albendazole, ivermectin, and dizziness, 2. Administer the complete course of the
cystic disease of the liver, lungs, enter breast milk. praziquantel are more toxic so ✓ Immunologic: fever, drug to get the full beneficial effects. 3.
and peritoneum caused by dog ✓ Renal and hepatic they are avoided in children. shaking, chills, Monitor hepatic function and perform
tapeworm. disease. Interfere with Instead, a chewable malaise, rash, ophthalmological examination before and
drug metabolism and preparation of mebendazole is pruritus, loss of hair periodically during treatment to ensure early
✓ Albendazole is associated with severe
usually given. detection and prompt intervention with
bone marrow depression and renal excretion.
3. Children may develop serious cessation of drug if signs of failure or
failure. ✓ Severe diarrhea
GI effects during therapy so deteriorating vision occur.
and
nurse’s focus must be on 4. Provide comfort and safety measures if CNS
2. Ivermectin is used for the malnourishment.
nutritional status and effects occur (e.g. side rails and assistance
treatment of threadworm disease Can alter effects of
hydration. with ambulation if dizziness and weakness are
or strongyloidiasis and drug on the
Adults present) to prevent patient injury. Provide oral
onchocerciasis or river blindness. intestine and any hygiene and ready access to bathroom
1. This age group might be
preexisting helminths. repulsed by the idea that they facilities as needed to cope with GI effects.
have a worm infestation, and 5. Educate client on drug therapy to promote
3. Mebendazole is for the they may be reluctant to understanding and compliance
treatment of diseases caused by discuss the needed lifestyle 6. Monitor patient response to therapy
pinworms, roundworms, adjustments and treatment (resolution of helminth infestation and
whipworms, and hookworms. plans. improvement in signs and symptoms).
2. Pregnant and nursing women 7. Monitor for adverse effects (e.g. orientation
4. Praziquantel is for treatment of should not use these drugs and affect, nutritional state, skin color and
a wide number of schistosomes or unless the benefits clearly lesions, hepatic function, and reports of
flukes. outweigh the risks. Potential abdominal discomfort and pain, etc).
5. Pyrantel is for treatment caused risks must be communicated to 8. EvaluaSSSte patient understanding on drug
by pinworms and roundworms. the patients. therapy by asking patient to name the
Older adults drug, its indication, and adverse effects to
✓ Pyrantel has not been established
1. Older patients are more watch for.
as safe for use in children younger susceptible to GI and CNS 9. Monitor patient compliance to drug therapy.
than 2 years. adverse effects of
Anthelmintics therapy
particularly those with hepatic and
renal dysfunctions.
DRUG CLASSIFICATION RELATED DRUGS

ANTHELMINTICS
Albendazole (Albenza)*

Ivermectin (Stromectol)
Mebendazole (Vermox)*
Praziquantel (Biltricide)*
Pyrantel (Antiminth, Pin-Rid)*
 Medical Terms DEFINITION

ACNE VULGARIS Is the formation of comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and/or cysts as a result of obstruction and inflammation of pilosebaceous units
(hair follicles and their accompanying sebaceous gland).

ANXIETY is a feeling of unease, such as worry or fear, that can be mild or severe

BACTEREMIA Is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream.

BONE MARROW DEPRESSION Is the decrease in production of cells responsible for providing immunity (leukocytes), carrying oxygen (erythrocytes), and/or those responsible
(myelotoxicity or myelosuppression) for normal blood clotting (thrombocytes)

BRONCHITIS Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the airways that carry air to your lungs. It causes a cough that often brings up mucus. It
can also cause shortness of breath, wheezing, a low fever, and chest tightness.

CHANCROID Is a bacterial infection that causes open sores on or around the genitals of men and women. It's a type of sexually transmitted
disease (STD), which means it's transmitted through sexual contact.

CHOLERA a serious infection of the bowels caused by drinking infected water or eating infected food, causing diarrhea, vomiting, and often death

COLITIS Refers to inflammation of the inner lining of the colon

CYSTIC FIBROSIS Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease that affects the lungs and digestive system. The body produces thick and sticky mucus that can clog the
lungs and obstruct the pancreas. Cystic fibrosis (CF) can be life-threatening, and people with the condition tend to have a shorter-than-normal
life span

DISULFIRAM-LIKE DRUG Is a drug that causes to alcohol leading to nausea, vomiting, flushing, dizziness, throbbing headache, chest and abdominal
discomfort, and general hangover-like symptoms among others.

DYSPHAGIA Refers to a difficulty in swallowing

ENDOCARDITIS Inflammation of the endocardium, which is the inner lining of heart chambers and heart valves

EOSINOPHILIA Is defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count > 500/mc , are a type of disease-fighting white blood cell. This condition most often indicates
a parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer

ESOPHAGIEAL ULCERATION Is a type of peptic ulcer. It's a painful sore located in the lining of the lower part of the esophagus, at the junction of the esophagus and stomach.

GONORRHEA A bacterial infection that is transmitted by sexual contact, sometimes referred to as "the clap"

GRANULOMA INGUINAL Is a bacterial infection of the genital region. Is a rare sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria Klebsiella granulomatis
HALLUCINATION are sensations that appear real but are created by your mind

HELMINTHS are worm-like parasites that survive by feeding on a living host to gain nourishment and protection, sometimes resulting in illness
of the host

HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME Is a condition that affects the blood and blood vessels. It results in the destruction of blood platelets (cells involved in clotting), a low red blood
cell count (anemia) and kidney failure due to damage to the very small blood vessels of the kidneys.

INTERSTIAL NEPHRITIS Interstitial nephritis is a kidney disorder. The kidneys filter waste and extra fluid from the body. When you have interstitial nephritis, the
spaces between tubules (small tubes) inside the kidney become inflamed. This reduces the kidneys' ability to filter properly.

LETHARGY Is a state of tiredness, weariness, fatigue, or lack of energy

LEUKOPENIA Is a condition where the body doesn't have enough disease-fighting leukocytes in the blood, which is caused by a low white blood cell count

LYME DISEASE (Borreliosis) Is a potentially life-threatening condition that is transmitted to humans by blacklegged ticks. The tick infects the person with the bacterium
Borrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi).

MENINGITIS Inflammation of the meninges caused by viral or bacterial infection

MYALGIA Describes muscle aches and pain, which can involve ligaments, tendons and fascia, the soft tissues that connect muscles, bones and organs.

OPTIC NEURITIS Is an inflammation that damages the optic nerve, a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits visual information from your eye to your brain

NEPHROTOXICITY (renal toxicity) Is the toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications, on renal function

ORAL CANDIDIASIS (oral thrush) Happens when a yeast infection develops inside your mouth. That is, oral candidiasis is a mycosis (yeast/fungal infection) of Candida species
on the mucous membranes of the mouth. “Candida albicans” is the most commonly implicated organism in this condition.

OTITIS MEDIA Inflammation of the middle ear characterized by the accumulation of infected fluid in the middle ear, bulging of the eardrum, pain in the ear

PARESTHESIAS Refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body.
The sensation, which happens without warning, is usually painless and described as tingling or numbness, skin crawling, or itching

PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY refers to the conditions that result when nerves that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord from and to the rest of the body
are damaged or diseased

PHARYNGITIS Inflammation of the pharynx, which is in the back of the throat. It's most often referred to simply as “sore throat”
PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS Refers to swelling or inflammation of the large intestine (colon) due to an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile (C difficile) bacteria. This infection is
a common cause of diarrhea after antibiotic use

PSTITTAC0SIS Is a zoonotic infectious disease in humans caused by a bacterium called Chlamydophila psittaci and contracted from infected parrots
(Parrot Fever or Ornithosis)

ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED is a bacterial disease spread through the bite of an infected tick
FEVER (Rickettsia Disease)

ROSACEA Is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that most often affects the face. ... It is often mistaken for acne, eczema, or a skin allergy.

SEPTICEMIA (sepsis) Occurs when an infection reaches the blood, invasion of the bloodstream by virulent microorganisms and especially bacteria along with their
toxins from a local seat of infection.

SINUSITIS Is a common inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, the cavities that produce the mucus necessary for the nasal passages to work effectively

SOMNOLENCE A state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods

SYPHILIS Is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection

THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA Is a disorder that can lead to easy or excessive bruising and bleeding. The bleeding results from unusually low levels of platelets — the cells
(Immune Thrombocytopenic that help blood clot. Cause purple bruises, as well as tiny reddish-purple dots that look like a rash.
Purpura, formerly known as
idiopathic
thrombocytopenic purpura, ITP)

THROMBOPHLEBITIS Is a phlebitis (inflammation of a vein) related to a thrombus (blood clot), is the inflammation of a vein caused by a blood clot

TYPHUS Is a disease caused by the infection of rickettsial bacteria and is often spread to humans through biting insects.

TRACHOMA A chronic contagious bacterial conjunctivitis marked by inflammatory granulations on the conjunctival surfaces