Soluciones Fit Fitnet

(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Annex A
Stress intensity factor (SIF) solutions
A.1
A.1.1
A.1.2
A.1.3
A.2
A.2.1
A.2.2
A.2.2.1
A.2.2.2
A.2.2.3
A.2.3
A.2.3.1
A.2.3.2
A.2.4
A.2.4.1
A.2.5
A.2.5.1
A.2.5.2
A.2.6
A.2.7
A.2.8
A.3
A.3.1
A.3.2
A.3.3
A.4
A.4.1
A.4.1.1
A.4.1.2
A.4.1.3
A.4.2
A.4.2.1
A.4.2.2
A.4.2.3
A.5
A.6
A.6.1
A.6.1.1
A.6.1.2
A.6.2
A.6.3
A.7
A.7.1
A.7.2
A.7.3
A.7.4
A.7.5
A.8
A.9
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................2
General Notes on BS 7910 K Solutions.............................................................................................3
General notes on R6 K Solutions ......................................................................................................3
General Notes on API 579 K Solutions..............................................................................................4
Flat Plates............................................................................................................................................5
Central through-thickness Crack.......................................................................................................5
Surface Crack......................................................................................................................................8
Finite crack ..................................................................................................................................8
Extended crack ..........................................................................................................................19
Extended double crack .............................................................................................................22
Embedded Crack...............................................................................................................................23
Finite crack ................................................................................................................................23
Extended crack ..........................................................................................................................30
Edge Crack ........................................................................................................................................33
Single edge crack (tension) ......................................................................................................33
Double Edge Crack ...........................................................................................................................35
Finite plate .................................................................................................................................35
Infinite plate ...............................................................................................................................37
Corner Crack .....................................................................................................................................38
Corner Crack at a Hole (symmetric) ................................................................................................42
Corner Crack at a Hole (single)........................................................................................................47
Spheres..............................................................................................................................................48
Through-thickness Equatorial Crack...............................................................................................48
Surface Crack....................................................................................................................................53
Embedded Crack...............................................................................................................................55
Pipes or Cylinders ............................................................................................................................56
Pipes or Cylinders with Axial Cracks ..............................................................................................57
Through-thickness cracks ........................................................................................................57
Surface cracks ...........................................................................................................................69
Embedded crack........................................................................................................................90
Pipes or Cylinders with Circumferential Cracks.............................................................................92
Through-thickness crack ..........................................................................................................92
Surface cracks .........................................................................................................................100
Embedded crack......................................................................................................................126
Cracks In Nozzles ...........................................................................................................................128
Welded joints...................................................................................................................................129
Butt, Full Penetration and Attachment Welds with Surface Crack at Weld Toe.........................129
Solutions based on 2D FEA....................................................................................................130
Solutions based on 3D FEA....................................................................................................130
Load Carrying Fillet or Partial Penetration Weld with Surface Crack at Weld Toe [A.49] .........136
Root Cracks in Cruciform Joints ...................................................................................................137
Round Bars and Bolts ....................................................................................................................139
Straight-fronted Crack in a Bar ......................................................................................................139
Semi-circular Surface Crack in a Bar ............................................................................................140
Fully Circumferential Crack in a Bar .............................................................................................141
Semi-circular Crack in a Bolt .........................................................................................................142
Embedded Crack in a Bar...............................................................................................................144
Tubular Joints .................................................................................................................................145
Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................146
FITNET 2006 All rights reserved
A-1
FITNET FFS MK7 Annex A
A.1 Introduction
The estimation of applied opening mode (mode I) stress intensity factor, KI, for a given crack/component
geometry is a critical input to a fitness-for-service calculation. Several handbooks of K-solutions have been
published for a range of geometries and loading configurations, and may be used directly at the discretion of
the user, eg [A.1][A.2][A.3][A.4]. The most widely-used solutions are also published in existing FFS
procedures, eg [A.5][A.6][A.7][A.8][A.9][A.10][A.11][A.12], and the aim of this compendium is to bring a
selection of them together in a single volume.
The major procedures use slightly different terminology and definitions. The underlying sources sometimes
differ from one procedure to the other, and even when the sources are the same, the information may be
presented in a different manner, eg as equations, graphs or lookup tables.
The stress intensity factor is generally expressed in the form K = Y(a) where a is the crack length and
the applied stress. The Y term allows the effects of finite width, crack shape, position along crack front,
bulging, stress concentration factors, local stress concentration due to welds, etc. to be taken into account.
In order to ensure that the information presented in this compilation is given in a useful and consistent fashion,
this report draws on information from several different procedures, principally BS 7910 and R6, but using BS
7910 terminology throughout wherever possible for equations and diagrams. The information is presented as
follows:
Text: the K-solutions from the different procedures are given as equations or look-up tables with any
relevant background information and associated references. The validity limits for the K-solutions are
given using BS 7910 terminology where this is possible.
Plots: in cases where the stress intensity factor is presented as a closed-formed solution or a set of
tables, curves of normalised stress intensity, Y=KI/(a) or a related parameter (eg Mm, Mb), are shown
as a function of normalised crack size. Graphical presentation has a number of advantages:
It allows the user to carry out preliminary calculations without specialist software, and is less error-prone
than use of equations.
It highlights the differences between the various FFS procedures for a given geometry.
It shows trends within a given solution, for example the effects of crack aspect ratio or pipe radius.
It shows the relationship between the simplest geometries (eg flat plates) and specific solutions for more
complex geometries (eg cylinders and sphere).
In the plots, colour schemes are kept consistent (one colour per procedure) for ease of use as follows:
blue for BS 7910,

red for R6,
green for API 579.
Magenta lines are also used in selected cases to illustrate comparisons between the geometry of interest and
a simplified geometry, eg a flat plate.
The curves have been generated from various sources, for example:
existing validated software (eg Crackwise, FractureGraphic),

validated spreadsheets,
MathCad calculations;
direct graphing of tabulated data.
In order to ensure traceability and maintainability of the compendium, the method of generating the graph is
reported in each case examined.
Note that the user also has the option of deriving K-solutions from alternative approaches such as finite
element analysis (FEA) or weight function methods, provided that the basis of the method and the results are
fully documented.
A-2
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.1.1 General Notes on BS 7910 K Solutions

In BS 7910 Annex M, the general form of the stress intensity factor solutions is:
K I = (Y ) a
(A.1)
where is a general stress term.

For fatigue assessments, the corresponding stress intensity factor range is:
K I = Y ( ) a
(A.2)
For fracture assessments, the following equation applies:

Y = (Y )p + (Y )s
(A.3)
where
(Y ) p
and (Y
)s
represent contributions from primary and secondary stresses, respectively. They are
calculated as follows:
(Y )p
= Mfw ktm M km M m Pm + ktb M kb M b {Pb + ( km 1) Pm }
(A.4)
(Y )s
= M mQm + M bQb
(A.5)
For fatigue assessments the following equation applies:
(Y )p
= Mfw ktm M km M m m + ktb M kb M b { b + ( km 1) m }
(A.6)
Expressions for M, fW, Mm and Mb are given on a case-by-case basis in the following sections. The factors Mkm
and Mkb apply when the crack is in a region of local stress concentration such as close to the toe of a weld
(see Section A.6). For kt, ktm, ktb and km, reference should be made to Section 4 and Annex I.
Note that the K-solutions (Annex M of BS 7910) and the reference stress solutions (Annex P of BS 7910) do
not always match each other in terms of validity ranges, since they may be derived from different sources.
A.1.2 General notes on R6 K Solutions
Section IV.3 of R6 contains a collection of stress intensity factor solutions for plates, cylinders and spheres.
The equations are presented in terms of stress intensity (KI) rather than normalised stress intensity (Y) or Mm,
Mf and this style has been retained in the current compendium. The components are generally considered to
be of infinite size, so that the influence of the remote boundary on solutions is not included. In contrast with BS
7910, where solutions are presented in terms of bending and membrane stress only, many of the R6 solutions
A-3
are presented in terms of weight functions, allowing stress intensity factors to be evaluated for arbitrary stress
fields. Smith [A.13] has compared R6 K-solutions for cylinders with those of other procedures; consequently
the R6 K-solution compendium contains some comment on the accuracy of the postulated solutions.
However, the original R6 equations have been adjusted where necessary so that the terminology is consistent
with that used for the BS 7910 equations.
A.1.3 General Notes on API 579 K Solutions
In API 579 Appendix C, the K solutions are given for one or more of the following through-wall stress
distributions: general (arbitrary) stress distribution, 4th order polynomial stress distribution and membrane plus
through-wall bending stress. Some K-solutions were derived specifically for API 579 using finite element
analysis, in which case matching reference stress solutions are often available (Annex D of API 579).
A-4
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.2 Flat Plates

A.2.1 Central through-thickness Crack
BS 7910 Solution
The solution for this geometry is given by Eq (A.1 to (A.6 where M=Mm=Mb=1.
For a finite width plate, the finite width correction factor, fw, is:
f w = sec
(A.7)
For an infinite width plate, Y=1.

Validity limits
None stated
R6 Solution [A.4][A.14]
For a linearly varying stress distribution through the thickness, which does not vary with the in-plane coordinate x, the stress intensity factor KI is given by:
K I = a ( Pm + Pb fb )
(A.8)
In equation (A.8, Pm and Pb are the membrane and bending stress components respectively, which define the
stress distribution P according to
2u
P = P ( u ) = Pm + Pb 1 for 0 u B
B
(A.9)
P is to be taken normal to the prospective crack plane in an uncracked plate. The co-ordinate u is defined in
the sketch above.
The geometry function fb is equal to 1.0 at the free surface at u = 0 (A) and fb = -1.0 at u = B (B), see sketch
above.
A-5
For a stress which is constant through the thickness but varies with the in-plane dimension as P ( x ),
KI =
Accuracy
(a + x ) 2
P( x )
dx
a a
(a x )
1
(A.10)
These infinite plate solutions are exact.
For a finite plate of width W, assuming a remote uniform stress, P, normal to the crack plane
K I = P a {1 0.01 (a / W )2 + 0.96 (a / W )4 } [sec ( a / W )]1 2
(A.11)
Validity limits
For the finite width case any a/W
API 579 solution [A.15][A.16]

The finite width correction factor is as given above for BS 7910 (although the terminology is different). A
thickness-dependent term is given for Mb.
Plots
The functions recommended by various procedures are shown in as a function of relative crack size a/W. Note
that the API solutions for Mb are not actually implemented in the API-based software FractureGraphic, which
uses Mb=1 instead. BS 7910 and R6 solutions diverge slightly for large a/W because of differences in the
definition of fW.
A-6
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.1 Normalised K-solution for a through-thickness crack in a finite plate

a) Membrane stress
Through-thickness crack in a finite plate
3.0
2.5
Mm
2.0
1.5
1.0
BS/API
R6
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
2a/W
b) Bending stress
Through-thickness crack in a finite plate
3.0
BS
R6
2.5
API, W/B=10
API, W/B=100
2.0
Mb
API, W/B=1000
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
2a/W
A-7
A.2.2 Surface Crack

A.2.2.1
Finite crack
BS 7910 Solution [A.15][A.17]

The stress intensity factor solution presented in this section is applicable to both normal restraint and
pin-jointed boundary conditions (see Annex B). The stress intensity factor is given by equations (A.1 to (A.6
where M = 1 and:
0.5
f w = sec ( c / W )( a / B )
0.5
(A.12)
where fW=1.0 if a/2c=0.
Mm and Mb are defined below.

For Membrane loading
Conditions
The following conditions apply.
0 a / 2c 1.0
0
where is the parametric angle around the crack front

and
a/B < 1.25 (a/c + 0.6)

a/B < 1.0
for 0 a/2c 0.1

for 0.1 a/2c 1.0
Solution
A-8
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
M m = M 1 + M 2 ( a / B ) + M 3 ( a / B ) gf /
2
(A.13)
where
M1
M1
M2
M2
M3
M3
g
g
f
f
1.13 0.09(a/c)
(c/a)0.5{1 + 0.04(c/a)}
[0.89/{0.2 + (a/c)}] 0.54
0.2(c/a)4
0.5 1/{0.65 + (a/c)} + 14{1 (a/c)}24
0.11 (c/a)4
1 + {0.1 + 0.35(a/B)2}(1 sin )2
1 + {0.1 + 0.35(c/a)(a/B)2}(1 sin )2
{(a/c)2 cos2 + sin2 }0.25
{(c/a)2 sin2 + cos2 }0.25
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
for 0 a/2c 0.5

for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
for 0 a/2c 0.5
for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
for a/2c 0.5
for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
for a/2c 0.5
for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
for 0 a/2c 0.5
for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
, the complete elliptic integral of the second kind, may be determined from standard tables or from the
following solution, which is sufficiently accurate:
1.65
a
= 1+ 1.464
c
(A.14)
for 0 a/2c 0.5, and
1.65
c
= 1+ 1.464
a
(A.15)
for 0.5 a/2c 1.0
Simplifications
The following simplifications may be used as indicated.
a) At the deepest point on the crack front:
g
f
f
=
=
=
1
1
(c/a)0.5
for 0 a/2c 0.5

for 0.5 < a/2c 1
b) At the ends of the crack, =0, so that:
g
g
f
=
=
=
1.1 + 0.35 (a/B)2

1.1 + 0.35 (c/a) (a/B)2
(a/c)0.5
For 0 a/2c 0.5

For 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
For 0 a/2c 0.5
A-9
1.0
For 0.5 < a/2c
1.0
c) If a/2c > 1.0 use solution for a/2c = 1.0.
For Bending loading

Conditions
The conditions are as given for membrane loading
Solutions
M b = HM m
(A.16)
where Mm is calculated from equation (A.13

H = H 1 + ( H 2 H1 ) sin q
(A.17)
where
q
q
H1
H1
=
=
=
=
H2
0.2 + (a/c) + 0.6(a/B)

0.2 + (c/a) + 0.6(a/B)
1 0.34(a/B) 0.11(a/c)(a/B)
1 {0.04 + 0.41(c/a)}(a/B) + {0.55 1.93(c/a)0.75 +
1.38(c/a)1.5}(a/B)2
1 + G1 (a/B) + G2 (a/B)2
=
=
=
=
1.22 0.12(a/c)
2.11 + 0.77(c/a)
0.75
1.5
0.55 1.05(a/c)
+ 0.47(a/c)
0.75
0.55 0.72(c/a)
+ 0.14 (c/a)1.5
for 0 a/2c 0.5

for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
for 0 a/2c 0.5
for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
where
G1
G1
G2
G2
for 0 a/2c 0.5

for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
for 0 a/2c 0.5
for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
Simplifications
a) At the deepest point on the crack front, =/2, so that H = H2 and:
f
f
=
=
1
(c/a)0.5
for 0 a/2c 0.5

for 0.5 < a/2c 1
b) At the ends of the crack, = 0, so that:
g
g
f
f
A-10
=
=
=
=
1.1 + 0.35(a/B)2
1.1 + 0.35(c/a)(a/B)2
(a/c)0.5
1.0
for 0 a/2c 0.5;

for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0;
for 0 a/2c 0.5;
for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0;
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
and
H = H1.
c) If a/2c > 1.0, use solution for a/2c = 1.0.

For a finite plate, the values should be multiplied by the finite width correction factor, fW, in accordance with
equations (A.1 to A.6.
Validity limits
The finite width correction factor is valid for 2c/W<0.8
0<=a/2c<=1.0
The stress intensity factor KI is given by
5
a
K I = a Pi fi , a / 2c
B
i =0
(A.18)
Pi (i = 0 to 5) are stress components which define the stress distribution P according to

5
u
P = P ( u ) = Pi
a
i =0
for 0 u a
(A.19)
where P is to be taken normal to the prospective crack plane in an uncracked plate. The co-ordinate u is the
distance from the plate surface as shown above.
fi (i = 0 to 5) are geometry functions which are given in Table A.1 and Table A.2 below for the deepest point of
the crack (position A, =90), and at the intersection of the crack with the free surface (position B, =0),
respectively.
A-11
Table A.1 R6 geometry functions for a finite surface crack in an infinite plate:
deepest point of the crack (position A, =90)
A-12
a/2c=0.5
A
f2
f3
0.471
0.387
0.337
0.299
0.266
0.663
0.473
0.388
0.337
0.299
0.269
0.4
0.678
0.479
0.390
0.339
0.300
0.271
0.6
0.692
0.486
0.396
0.342
0.304
0.274
0.8
0.697
0.497
0.405
0.349
0.309
0.278
a/B
f0
a/2c=0.4
A
f2
f3
0.741
0.510
0.411
0.346
0.300
0.266
0.2
0.746
0.512
0.413
0.352
0.306
0.270
0.4
0.771
0.519
0.416
0.356
0.309
0.278
0.6
0.800
0.531
0.422
0.362
0.317
0.284
0.8
0.820
0.548
0.436
0.375
0.326
0.295
a/B
f0
a/2c=0.3
A
f2
f3
0.833
0.549
0.425
0.351
0.301
0.267
0.2
0.841
0.554
0.430
0.359
0.309
0.271
0.4
0.885
0.568
0.442
0.371
0.320
0.285
0.6
0.930
0.587
0.454
0.381
0.331
0.295
0.8
0.960
0.605
0.476
0.399
0.346
0.310
a/B
f0
a/2c=0.2
A
f2
f3
0.939
0.580
0.434
0.353
0.302
0.268
0.2
0.957
0.595
0.446
0.363
0.310
0.273
0.4
1.057
0.631
0.475
0.389
0.332
0.292
0.6
1.146
0.668
0.495
0.407
0.350
0.309
0.8
1.190
0.698
0.521
0.428
0.367
0.324
a/B
f0
a/2c=0.1
A
f2
f3
1.053
0.606
0.443
0.357
0.302
0.269
0.2
1.106
0.640
0.467
0.374
0.314
0.277
0.4
1.306
0.724
0.525
0.420
0.348
0.304
0.6
1.572
0.815
0.571
0.448
0.377
0.327
0.8
1.701
0.880
0.614
0.481
0.399
0.343
a/B
f0
a/2c=0.05
A
f2
f3
1.103
0.680
0.484
0.398
0.344
0.306
0.2
1.199
0.693
0.525
0.426
0.364
0.323
a/B
f0
0.659
0.2
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f4
f4
f4
f4
f4
f4
f5
f5
f5
f5
f5
f5
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
0.4
1.492
0.806
0.630
0.499
0.417
0.364
0.6
1.999
1.004
0.838
0.631
0.514
0.437
0.8
2.746
1.276
1.549
1.073
0.817
0.660
a/B
f0
a/2c=0.025
A
f2
f3
1.120
0.686
0.504
0.419
0.365
0.325
0.2
1.245
0.708
0.553
0.452
0.389
0.346
0.4
1.681
0.881
0.682
0.538
0.451
0.394
0.6
2.609
1.251
0.971
0.722
0.583
0.493
0.8
4.330
1.885
2.016
1.369
1.026
0.819
a/B
f0
a/2c 0
A
f2
f3
1.123
0.682
0.524
0.440
0.386
0.344
0.2
1.380
0.784
0.582
0.478
0.414
0.369
0.4
2.106
1.059
0.735
0.578
0.485
0.423
0.6
4.025
1.750
1.105
0.814
0.651
0.548
0.8
11.92
4.437
2.484
1.655
1.235
0.977
f1
f1
f4
f4
f5
f5
A-13
Table A.2 R6 geometry functions for a finite surface crack in an infinite plate:
intersection of crack with free surface (position B, =0)
a/2c=0.5
a/B
0
0.716
0.118
0.041
0.022
0.014
0.010
0.2
0.729
0.123
0.045
0.023
0.014
0.010
0.4
0.777
0.133
0.050
0.026
0.015
0.011
0.6
0.839
0.148
0.058
0.029
0.018
0.012
0.8
0.917
0.167
0.066
0.035
0.022
0.015
a/2c=0.4
a/B
0
0.730
0.124
0.041
0.021
0.013
0.010
0.2
0.749
0.126
0.046
0.023
0.014
0.010
0.4
0.795
0.144
0.054
0.028
0.017
0.012
0.6
0.901
0.167
0.066
0.033
0.021
0.015
0.8
0.995
0.193
0.076
0.042
0.026
0.017
a/2c=0.3
a/B
0
0.723
0.118
0.039
0.019
0.011
0.008
0.2
0.747
0.125
0.044
0.022
0.014
0.010
0.4
0.803
0.145
0.056
0.029
0.018
0.012
0.6
0.934
0.180
0.072
0.037
0.023
0.016
0.8
1.070
0.218
0.087
0.047
0.029
0.020
a/2c=0.2
a/B
0
0.673
0.104
0.032
0.015
0.009
0.006
0.2
0.704
0.114
0.038
0.018
0.011
0.007
0.4
0.792
0.139
0.053
0.027
0.016
0.011
0.6
0.921
0.183
0.074
0.038
0.024
0.017
0.8
1.147
0.244
0.097
0.052
0.032
0.021
a/2c=0.1
a/B
0
0.516
0.069
0.017
0.009
0.005
0.004
0.2
0.554
0.076
0.022
0.011
0.007
0.005
0.4
0.655
0.099
0.039
0.019
0.012
0.008
0.6
0.840
0.157
0.063
0.032
0.020
0.013
0.8
1.143
0.243
0.099
0.055
0.034
0.023
a/2c=0.05
a/B
A-14
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
0.384
0.067
0.009
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.2
0.422
0.074
0.011
0.006
0.004
0.003
0.4
0.546
0.096
0.020
0.010
0.006
0.004
0.6
0.775
0.136
0.031
0.016
0.010
0.007
0.8
1.150
0.202
0.050
0.028
0.017
0.011
a/2c=0.025
a/B
0
0.275
0.048
0.004
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.2
0.310
0.054
0.006
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.4
0.435
0.075
0.010
0.005
0.003
0.002
0.6
0.715
0.124
0.016
0.008
0.005
0.003
0.8
1.282
0.221
0.025
0.014
0.009
0.006
a/2c0
a/B
0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.2
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.4
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.6
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.8
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
API solution [A.15]

The solutions are based on those of Newman and Raju, and coincide with the BS 7910 solutions for pure
membrane and bending stresses. Full equations are therefore not given here. Note that API 579 recommends
an alternative finite width solution to that presented in equation (A.12. For the membrane component of stress,
a new finite width factor, fwm, is defined:
0.5
c a

. ( 1 0.6 sin )
fwm = fW sec
W t

(A.20)
[Note that the original equation (equation [C.40] of the 2000 edition of API579 is incorrect, and the corrected
version is given in equation (A.20.
Plots
A comparison of the solutions is shown in Figure A.2 for various flaw aspect ratios, under pure membrane and
pure bending loads, at positions =90 and =0 around the crack front. Figure A.2e shows the BS 7910 and
API 579 finite width correction factors.
A-15
Figure A.2 Normalised K-solution for a surface-breaking crack in an infinite plate
Surface crack in an infinite plate; =90o
3.5
BS, a/2c=0.001
BS, a/2c=0.05
3.0
BS, a/2c=0.1
BS, a/2c=0.3
2.5
BS, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.05
2.0
Mm
R6, a/2c=0.1
R6, a/2c=0.3
1.5
R6, a/2c=0.5
API, a/2c=0.001
1.0
API, a/2c=0.05
API, a/2c=0.1
API, a/2c=0.3
0.5
API, a/2c=0.5
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
a/B
a) Membrane stress, =90
2.0
1.8
1.6
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.1
BS, a/2c=0.3
BS, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.05
R6, a/2c=0.1
R6, a/2c=0.3
R6, a/2c=0.5
API, a/2c=0.05
API, a/2c=0.1
API, a/2c=0.3
API, a/2c=0.5
1.4
Mm
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
a/B
b) Membrane stress, =0
A-16
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Normalised K-solution for a surface-breaking crack in an infinite plate (contd)
2.0
1.8
BS, a/2c=0.001
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.1
BS, a/2c=0.3
BS, a/2c=0.5
API, a/2c=0.001
API, a/2c=0.05
API, a/2c=0.1
API, a/2c=0.3
API, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.05
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.30
R6, a/2c=0.50
1.6
1.4
Mb
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
a/B
c)
Bending stress, =90
1.8
1.6
BS, a/2c=0.001
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.1
BS, a/2c=0.3
BS, a/2c=0.5
API, a/2c=0.001
API, a/2c=0.05
API, a/2c=0.1
API, a/2c=0.3
API, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.05
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.30
R6, a/2c=0.50
1.4
1.2
Mb
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
a/B
d) Bending stress, =0
A-17
Normalised K-solution for a surface-breaking crack in an infinite plate (contd)
Surface crack in a plate; finite width correction factors
1.18
1.16
BS/API, 2c/W=0.5,
a/2c=0.1
1.14
API, 2c/W=0.5,
a/2c=0.1
1.12
fW
1.10
1.08
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
a/B
e) Finite width correction factor
A-18
(01 May 2006)
A.2.2.2
FITNET MK7
Extended crack
BS 7910 solution [A.3]

The stress intensity factor is given by equations (A.1 to (A.6, where fw = 1, and Mm and Mb are given below:
Mm = 1.12 0.23(a/B) + 10.6(a/B)2 21.7(a/B)3 + 30.4(a/B)4
2
Mb = 1.12 1.39(a/B) + 7.32(a/B) 13.1(a/B) + 14(a/B)
(A.21)
(A.22)
Validity limits
a/B 0.6
R6 Solution [A.19] [Wu and Carlsson]

KI =
i =5
u
P (u ) i 1 fi ( a / B ) 1 a
2 a 0
1
3
2
du
(A.23)
The stress state P = P(u) is to be taken normal to the prospective crack plane in an uncracked plate. The coordinate u is defined in the figure above.
The geometry functions fi (i = 1 to 5) are given in Table A.3.
A-19
Table A.3 R6 geometry functions for an extended surface crack in an infinite width plate.
a/B
f1A
f2A
f3A
f4A
f5A
2.000
0.977
1.142
-0.350
-0.091
0.1
2.000
1.419
1.138
-0.355
-0.076
0.2
2.000
2.537
1.238
-0.347
-0.056
0.3
2.000
4.238
1.680
-0.410
-0.019
0.4
2.000
6.636
2.805
-0.611
0.039
0.5
2.000
10.02
5.500
-1.340
0.218
0.6
2.000
15.04
11.88
-3.607
0.786
0.7
2.000
23.18
28.03
-10.50
2.587
0.8
2.000
38.81
78.75
-36.60
9.871
0.9
2.000
82.70
351.0
-207.1
60.86
Plots
Solutions for pure membrane and bending stresses are shown in Figure A.3. Selected solutions from Section
A.2.2.1 (low aspect ratio flaws) are shown for comparison.
A-20
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.3 Normalised K-solution for an extended surface crack in a plate
Extended surface crack in a plate
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
BS, a/2c=0
Mm
2.5
R6, a/2c=0
2.0
API,
a/2c=0.001
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
a/B
a) Membrane stress
Extended surface crack in a plate
3.0
2.5
Mb
2.0
1.5
1.0
BS, a/2c=0
BS, a/2c=0.001
0.5
R6, a/2c=0
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
a/B
b) Bending stress
A-21
A.2.2.3
Extended double crack
This case is considered as a double edge crack in an infinite plate (see Section A.2.5.2)
A-22
(01 May 2006)
A.2.3
FITNET MK7
Embedded Crack
A.2.3.1
Finite crack
The BS 7910 solution uses slightly different terminology from the R6 solution; consequently two different
sketches are shown here, one for each solution.
The stress intensity factor is given by equations (A.1 to (A.6, where M = 1,
0.5 0.5
fw = {sec[(c/W)(2a/B') ]}
(A.24)
and solutions for Mm and Mb are given in [(A.25] and [(A.29]; B is the effective thickness, assuming the crack
to lie at the centre of the plate of thickness B. Hence B = 2a + 2p.
Membrane loading
Conditions
The conditions for membrane loading are as follows:
0 a/2c 1.0
2c/W < 0.5

a/B' < 0.625(a/c + 0.6) for 0
a/2c 0.1
where
B'
is the effective thickness, equal to 2a + 2p.
Solution
M m = M 1 + M 2 ( 2a / B ) + M 3 ( 2a / B ) gf /
2
(A.25)
where
is defined in equations (A.14 and (A.15
A-23
M1
M1
M2 =
M3 =
for 0 a/2c 0.5

for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
1
(c/a)0.5
=
=
0.05
(A.26)
1.5
0.11 + ( a/c )
0.29
(A.27)
1.5
0.23 + ( a/c )
( 2a/B )4 2.6 ( 4a/B ) 0.5

{
} cos
g =1
1 + 4 ( a/c )
f
f
{(a/c)2cos2 + sin2 }0.25
{(c/a) sin + cos }

2
(A.28)
a/2c 0.5
for 0.5 < a/2c 1.0
for 0
0.25
Simplifications
a) At the point on the crack front closest to the material surface, = / 2 so that:
for a/2c
0.5
(c/a)
0.5
for 0.5 < a/2c
b) At the ends of the crack,
= 0 so that:
( 2a/B )4 2.6 ( 4a/B ) 0.5

{
} ;
g =1
1 + 4 ( a /c )
and
f
f
a/2c 0.5
(a/c)0.5
for 0
for 0.5 < a/2c
1.0
c) If a/2c > 1.0, use solution for a/2c = 1.0.
A-24
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Bending loading
Conditions
The conditions for bending loading are as follows:
0 a/2c
= /2
0.5
(ie solution only refers to the ends of the minor axis of the elliptical crack).
Solution
M b = 1 + 2 ( p / B ) + 3 ( a / B ) + 4 ( pa / B 2 ) /
(A.29)
where
for p/B
0.184 1:
1 = 1.044
2 = 2.44
3 = 0
4 = 3.166
for p/B > 0.184 1 and a/B
0.125:
1 = 0.94
2 = 1.875
3 = 0.114 6
4 = 1.844
for p/B > 0.184 1 and a/B > 0.125:
1 = 1.06
2 = 2.20
3 = 4 = 0.666 6
Validity limits
Finite width equation is safe up to 2c/W=0.8
For membrane loading:
0 a/2c 1.0
2c/W < 0.5
A-25
-
a/B < 0.625(a/c+0.6) for 0 a/2c 0.1, where B = 2a + 2p
For bending loading:
0 a/2c 0.5
= /2
R6 Solution [A.20]
2a a e
2a a e
K I = a Pm fm , , + Pb fb , ,
B
c
B
B c B
(A.30)
Here, the K-solution is given in terms of relative flaw depth (2a/B), flaw aspect ratio (a/c) and the displacement
of the flaw from the centre of the plate (e/B), where e/B=0 denotes a centrally located flaw.
In equation (A.30, Pm and Pb are the membrane and bending stress components respectively, which define
the stress state P according to
2u
P = P (u ) = Pm + Pb 1
B
(A.31)
for 0 u B
The stress P is to be taken normal to the prospective crack plane in an uncracked plate. Pm and Pb are
determined by fitting P to equation (A.31. The co-ordinate u is defined in the figure above.
The geometry functions fm and fb are given in Table A.4 and Table A.5 for Points A (close to the smaller
ligament) and B (close to the larger ligament) respectively.
A-26
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.4 R6 geometry functions for an embedded elliptical crack in an infinite width plate at Point A
(closest to u = 0)
a/c=1
e/B = 0
e/B = 0.15
e/B = 0.3
2a/B
0
0.638
0.000
0.638
0.191
0.638
0.383
0.2
0.649
0.087
0.659
0.286
0.694
0.509
0.4
0.681
0.182
0.725
0.411
0.6
0.739
0.296
0.870
0.609
a/c=0.5
e/B = 0
e/B = 0.15
e/B = 0.3
2a/B
0
0.824
0.000
0.824
0.247
0.824
0.494
0.2
0.844
0.098
0.862
0.359
0.932
0.668
0.4
0.901
0.210
0.987
0.526
0.6
1.014
0.355
1.332
0.866
a/c=0.25
e/B = 0
e/B = 0.15
e/B = 0.3
2a/B
0
0.917
0.000
0.917
0.275
0.917
0.550
0.2
0.942
0.102
0.966
0.394
1.058
0.749
0.4
1.016
0.220
1.129
0.584
0.6
1.166
0.379
1.655
1.034
a/c0
e/B = 0
e/B = 0.15
e/B = 0.3
2a/B
0
1.010
0.000
1.010
0.303
1.010
0.606
0.2
1.041
0.104
1.071
0.428
1.189
0.833
0.4
1.133
0.227
1.282
0.641
0.6
1.329
0.399
2.093
1.256
A-27
Table A.5 R6 geometry functions for an embedded crack in an infinite width plate at Point B
(furthest from u = 0)
a/c=1
e/B = 0
e/B = 0.15
e/B = 0.3
2a/B
0
0.638
0.000
0.638
0.191
0.638
0.383
0.2
0.649
-0.087
0.646
0.108
0.648
0.303
0.4
0.681
-0.182
0.668
0.022
0.6
0.739
-0.296
0.705
-0.071
a/c=0.5
e/B = 0
e/B = 0.15
e/B = 0.3
2a/B
0
0.824
0.000
0.824
0.247
0.824
0.494
0.2
0.844
-0.098
0.844
0.155
0.866
0.418
0.4
0.901
-0.210
0.902
0.060
0.6
1.014
-0.355
1.016
-0.051
a/c=0.25
e/B = 0
e/B = 0.15
e/B = 0.3
2a/B
0
0.917
0.000
0.917
0.275
0.917
0.550
0.2
0.942
-0.102
0.945
0.181
0.980
0.482
0.4
1.016
-0.220
1.029
0.086
0.6
1.166
-0.379
1.206
-0.030
a/c0
e/B = 0
e/B = 0.15
e/B = 0.3
2a/B
0
1.010
0.000
1.010
0.303
1.010
0.606
0.2
1.041
-0.104
1.048
0.210
1.099
0.550
0.4
1.133
-0.227
1.162
0.116
0.6
1.329
-0.399
1.429
0.000
Plots
Graphical solutions for Mm and Mb at the point nearest the free surface (designated Point A in R6) are given
in Figure A.4. For membrane loading, the BS 7910 and R6 solutions are close for shallow flaws, diverging
somewhat as the through-wall height of the flaw increases, with higher values of Mm from the R6 solution.
Under bending, the R6 and BS 7910 solutions are coincident for relatively small, centrally located flaws (low
values of 2a/B, high values of p/B), but diverge for larger flaws close to the surface, with the R6 solutions
giving higher values of Mb.
A-28
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.4 Normalised K-solution for an embedded elliptical crack in a plate

2.5
Embedded crack in a plate

BS, 2a/2c=0.00
R6, 2a/2c=0.00
BS, 2a/2c=0.25
2.0
R6, 2a/2c=0.25
BS, 2a/2c=0.50
R6, 2a/2c=0.50
1.5
Mm
BS, 2a/2c=1.00
R6, 2a/2c=1.00
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2a/(2a+2p)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
a) Membrane stress
BS, 2a/B=0.60, p/B=0.05
BS, 2a/B=0.20, p/B=0.10
BS, 2a/B=0.40, p/B=0.15
BS, 2a/B=0.00, p/B=0.20
BS, 2a/B=0.20, p/B=0.25
BS, 2a/B=0.60, p/B=0.20
BS, 2a/B=0.00, p/B=0.35
BS, 2a/B=0.40, p/B=0.30
BS, 2a/B=0.20, p/B=0.40
Embedded crack in a plate

1.2
1.0
R6, 2a/B=0.60 p/B=0.05

R6, 2a/B=0.20 p/B=0.10
R6, 2a/B=0.40 p/B=0.15
R6, 2a/B=0.00 p/B=0.20
R6, 2a/B=0.20 p/B=0.25
R6, 2a/B=0.60 p/B=0.20
R6, 2a/B=0.00 p/B=0.35
R6, 2a/B=0.40 p/B=0.30
R6, 2a/B=0.20 p/B=0.40
Mb
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2a/2c
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Bending stress
A-29
A.2.3.2
Extended crack
BS 7910, R6
No specific solution is given, although the solutions for finite cracks given in Section A.2.3.1 for a/c0 can be
used.
API 579 Solution [A.21]
API 579 gives a solution in terms of the distances, d1 and d2, between the free surface and the mid-point of the
crack, and a, the half-height of the crack. The API equations have been re-written below in terms of p, the
smaller of the two ligament heights, for consistency with Section A.2.3.2 and BS 7910 nomenclature. Hence
d1=p+a, and, for a through-wall 4th order polynomial stress distribution:
2
3
4
a + p
a + p
a + p
a + p
+
+
+
Y = M 0 0 + 1
2
3
4
+
B
B
B
B
(A.32)
2
3
a + p a
a + p
a + p
M 1 1 + 2 2
+
+
3
3
4
B
B
B B
2
2
a + p
a + p a
M 2 2 + 3 3
+
+ 6 4
B
B B
a + p a
a
M 3 3 + 4 4
+M 4 4
B B
B
where the coefficients M0 to M4 are given in Table A.6. Solutions are given for the crack front close to the
surface (A) and the other crack front (B).
A-30
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.6 API coefficients for an extended embedded crack in a plate

a
B
B
( p + a )
2
2
p+a
B
M0
1.0211
1.0923
1.2628
1.7105
1.0259
1.1103
1.3028
1.8103
1.0180
1.0651
1.1505
1.3097
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
0.25
0.50
0.75
Point A
Point B
M1
-0.4759
-0.4804
-0.5219
-0.6027
-0.4758
-0.4993
-0.5299
-0.6451
0.4777
0.4757
0.4806
0.4740
M2
0.4601
0.4779
0.5423
0.6859
0.4613
0.5121
0.5691
0.7104
0.4600
0.4715
0.5122
0.5726
M3
-0.3141
-0.3162
-0.3521
-0.4216
-0.3140
-0.3550
-0.3795
-0.4432
0.3165
0.3155
0.3372
0.3551
M4
0.3025
0.3113
0.3638
0.4634
0.3031
0.3587
0.3974
0.4754
0.3034
0.3090
0.3491
0.4030
M0
1.0180
1.0651
1.1505
1.3097
1.0259
1.1103
1.3028
1.8013
1.0211
1.0923
1.2628
1.7105
M1
0.4777
0.4757
0.4806
0.4740
0.4784
0.4987
0.5292
0.6446
-0.4759
-0.4804
-0.5129
-0.6027
M2
0.4600
0.4715
0.5122
0.5726
0.4619
0.5110
0.5680
0.7094
0.4601
0.4779
0.5423
0.6859
M3
0.3165
0.3155
0.3372
0.3551
0.3168
0.3553
0.3790
0.4425
-0.3141
-0.3162
-0.3521
-0.4216
M4
0.3034
0.3090
0.3491
0.4030
0.3043
0.3585
0.3965
0.4744
0.3025
0.3113
0.3638
0.4634
The solution can be used for cylinders and spheres when B/ri 0.2. In this case, the finite width correction
factor should be set to 1.
Validity limits: (BS 7910 terminology)

p/B 0.2 when p+a B/2
(B-(p+2a))/B 0.2 when B-(p+2a) B/2
0.25 (p+a)/B 0.75
FKM Solution [A.22][A.2]

The FKM procedure contains a solution for a centrally located flaw only:
Mm =
( B ) + 0.06(a B )
1 0.025 a
a
cos
2B
(A.33)
Validity limits:
None given
Plots
Figure A.5 compares the API and FKM functions with the R6 and BSI solutions for embedded flaws of low
aspect ratio (see Section A.2.3.1).
The (p+a)/B variable shows crack position, with (p+a)/B=0.5 indicating a centrally located crack. Note that the
API and FKM solutions are more or less coincident for the case of a centrally located crack.
Note: The API curves in Figure A.5a are simply the coefficients (here designated M0) from Table C.4 of API
579, whilst the FKM curve is based on a spreadsheet.
In Figure A.5b, results for both centrally located and eccentric flaws under bending are shown. The R6
solutions for both Point A (adjacent to the smaller ligament) and B (larger ligament) are indicated, and both
points are associated with a positive Mb as expected (the crack is relatively shallow so tensile stress acts
throughout the ligament). The API results show Mb to be equal in magnitude and opposite, suggesting that K
is evaluated at the same Point (A) but for a bending stress reversed in sign.
A-31
Figure A.5 Normalised K-solution for an extended embedded crack in a plate

2.5 Extended embedded crack in a plate
BS, 2a/2c=0.00
R6, 2a/2c=0.00
API, 2a/2c=0.00, (p+a)/B=0.50
2.0
API, 2a/2c=0.00, (p+a)/B=0.25

API, 2a/2c=0.00, (p+a)/B=0.75
FKM, 2a/2c=0.00, (p+a)/B=0.50
Mm
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
2a/(2a+2p)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
a) Membrane stress
1.4
Extended embedded crack in a plate

1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Mb
0.2
BS 7910, 2a/2c=0.00, (a+p)/B=0.50

R6, 2a/2c=0.00, (a+p)/B=0.35, Point A
R6, 2a/2c=0.00, central
R6, 2a/2c=0.00, (a+p)/B=0.35, Point B
API, 2a/2c=0.00, (a+p)/B=0.25
API, 2a/2c=0.00, (a+p)/B=0.50
API, 2a/2c=0.00, (a+p)/B=0.75
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
0.0
b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
2a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Bending stress
A-32
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.2.4 Edge Crack

A.2.4.1
Single edge crack (tension)
BS 7910 Solution [A.17]

The stress intensity factor is given by equations (A.1 to (A.6, where, for a/W
2
a
a
a
a
M m = 1.12 0.23 + 10.6 21.7 + 30.4
W
W
W
W
0.6, M = 1, fw = 1 and:
(A.34)
NOTE This solution has the same form as that for long surface cracks (equation (A.21) although the plate
membrane and bending stresses have been superimposed. Equation (A.34 does not account for in-plane
bending (eg a SENB specimen). In such cases, a modified form of the long surface crack solution may be
used.
Validity limits
Solution does not account for in-plane bending (eg SENB specimen)
a/W 0.6
R6, API 579

No solution available.
A-33
Figure A.6 Normalised K-solution for an edge crack in a plate
Edge crack in a plate
4.5
4.0
3.5
Mm or Mb
3.0
2.5
2.0
BS
API
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
a/W
A-34
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.2.5 Double Edge Crack

A.2.5.1
Finite plate
BS 7910
No solution available
R6 solution [A.2]
The stress intensity factor KI is given in terms of the remote uniform stress P by:
K I = P a f (a / W )
(A.35)
where
f (a / W ) =
1
2a
1
W
2
3
a
a
a
1.122 1 0.06 + 0.728
W
W
W
(A.36)
Plot
Figure A.7 shows the R6 solution for a double edge crack as a function of a/W, where W is the width of the
whole plate, and compares it with the BS 7910 solution for a single edge crack (Section A.2.4).
A-35
Figure A.7 Normalised K-solution for a double edge crack in a plate; single-edge crack solution also
shown for comparison
2.5
Mm
1.5
0.5
R6, double edge crack

BS, single edge crack
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
a/W
A-36
(01 May 2006)
A.2.5.2
FITNET MK7
Infinite plate
BS 7910
R6 Solution [A.23]
For a uniform stress, this is similar to the finite plate solution in Section A.2.5.1; here the plate thickness, 2t,
replaces the plate width, W, of the earlier solution.
The stress intensity factor KI for a stress distribution P(x) in the uncracked body which is symmetric about the
centre-line of the plate with a value P0 at the mouth of each crack (x=0) is
a
2F
P +
f (a / B )
2a 0 B
1 B
KI =
a
a
a
f ( a / B ) = 1.22 1 0.06 + 0.728
B
B
(A.37)
(A.38)
and
F =
x B / 2a
B / 2 x dP
cos1 .
dx
/ 2 dx
a B/2x
(A.39)
A-37
A.2.6
Corner Crack

The stress intensity factor is given by equations (A.1 to (A.6, where M = 1, with fw given in equation (A.40
f w = 1 0.2 + 9.4 2 19.4 3 + 27.1 4
for c / W 0.5
(A.40)
where:
= (c W )
(a B )
(A.41)
Solutions for Mm and Mb are given below
For Membrane loading

Conditions
0.2
a/c 2, a/B < 1, 0 /2 and c/W < 0.5.
Solution
M m = M 1 + M 2 ( a / B ) + M 3 ( a / B ) g1 g 2 f /
2
(A.42)
Where:
is defined in equations (A.14 (for 0a/c1) and (A.15 (for 1a/c2).

M1
M1
M2
M2
M3
M3
g1
g1
g2
g2
f
f
A-38
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.08 0.03(a/c)
{1.08 0.03(c/a)}(c/a)0.5
{1.06/(0.3 + a/c)} 0.44
0.375(c/a)2
0.5 + 0.25(a/c) + 14.8(1 a/c)15
0.25(c/a)2
1 + {0.08 + 0.4(a/B)2} (1 sin )3
2
3
1 + {0.08 + 0.4(c/B) } (1 sin )
2
1 + {0.08 + 0.15(a/B) } (1 cos )3
1 + {0.08 + 0.15(c/B)2} (1 cos )3
{(a/c)2cos2 + sin2 }0.25
{(c/a) sin
+ cos2 }0.25
for 0.2 a/c 1

for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c 1
for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c 1
for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c 1
for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c 1
for 1 a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c 1
for 1 < a/c
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
For Bending loading

Solution
M b = HM m
(A.43)
where Mm is given by equation (A.42 and:
H1 + (H2 H1) sinq
q
q
H1
H1
=
=
=
=
H2
0.2 + (a/c) + 0.6(a/B)

0.2 + (c/a) + 0.6(a/B)
1 0.34(a/B) 0.11(a/c)(a/B)
1 {0.04 + 0.41(c/a)}(a/B) + {0.55 1.93(c/a)0.75 +
1.38(c/a)1.5}(a/B)2
1 + G1(a/B) + G2(a/B)2
=
=
=
=
1.22 0.12(a/c)
2.11 + 0.77(c/a)
0.64 1.05(a/c)0.75 + 0.47(a/c)1.5
0.64 0.72(c/a)0.75 + 0.14(c/a)1.5
for 0.2 a/c 1

for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c 1
for 1 < a/c 2
where
G1
G1
G2
G2
for 0.2 a/c 1

for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c 1
for 1 < a/c 2
Validity limits:
0.2
a/c 2, a/B < 1, 0 /2 and c/W < 0.5.
R6, API579
A-39
Figure A.8 Normalised K-solution for a corner crack in an infinite plate
3.0
Corner flaw in a plate; =90o
2.5
2.0
Mm
BS, a/c=0.2
1.5
BS, a/c=1
BS, a/c=2
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
a/B
1.4
1.2
1.0
Mm
0.8
0.6
BS, a/c=0.2
BS, a/c=1
0.4
BS, a/c=2
0.2
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
a/B
A-40
(01 May 2006)
1.2
FITNET MK7
1.0
0.8
Mb
0.6
BS, a/c=0.2
0.4
BS, a/c=1
BS, a/c=2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-0.2
a/B
c) Bending stress, =90
1.0
Corner flaw in a plate; =0
0.9
0.8
0.7
Mb
0.6
0.5
0.4
BS, a/c=0.2
0.3
BS, a/c=1
0.2
BS, a/c=2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
a/B
d) Bending stress, =0
A-41
A.2.7 Corner Crack at a Hole (symmetric)

Equations (A.1 to (A.6 give the stress intensity factor, where M = 1 and:
( 2r + nc )
fw = sec ( r / W ) sec
4 (W/2 c ) + 2nc
( a/B )
0.5
(A.44)
where n = 2 for two symmetric cracks. Equation (A.44 differs from most of the other equations given for fW in
this Annex, in that it accounts both for finite width effects and the stress concentrating effect of the hole.
Solutions for Mm and Mb are given in equations (A.45 and (A.46.
For membrane loading

Conditions
0.2 a/c 2
a/B < 1
0.5 r/B 2
2(r + c)/W 0.5
0 /2
Solution
M m = M 1 + M 2 ( a / B ) + M 3 ( a / B ) g1 g 2 g3 g 4 f /
where
is defined in equation (A.14 and (A.15
M1
M1
=
=
1.13 0.09(a/c)
M2
M2
M3
=
=
=
0.54 + 0.89/(0.2 + a/c)

0.2(c/a)4
0.5 1/(0.65 + a/c) + 14(1 a/c)24
A-42
(A.45)
{1 + 0.04(c/a)}
(c / a )
for 0.2 a/c 1

for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c 1
for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c 1
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
for 1 < a/c 2

for 0.2 a/c 1
for 1 < a/c 2
=
=
=
=
0.11(c/a)4
1 + {0.1 + 0.35(a/B)2}(1 sin )2
1 + {0.1 + 0.35(c/a)(a/B)2}(1 sin )2
(1 + 0.358 + 1.425 2 1.578 3 + 2.156 4)/(1 + 0.13 2 )
1/{1 + (c/r)cos( )}
0.85
g3
g3
g4
g4
=
=
=
=
=
(1 + 0.04a/c) { 1 + 0.1( 1 cos ) }{0.85 + 0.15(a/B) }

(1.13 0.09c/a) {1 + 0.1(1 cos )2}{0.85 + 0.15(a/B)0.25}
1 0.7(1 a/B)(a/c 0.2)(1 a/c)
1
{(a/c)2cos2 + sin2 }0.25
for 0.2 a/c 1

for 1 < a/c ??
for 0.2 a/c 1
for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c 1
{(c/a)2sin2 + cos2 }0.25
for 1 < a/c
M3
g1
g1
g2
where
f
f
0.25
For bending loading

Solution
M b = HM m
(A.46)
where
Mm is given in equation (A.45;
0.85 0.25(a/B)
H1 + (H2 H1)sinq
q
q
H1
=
=
=
0.1 + 1.3a/B + 1.1a/c 0.7(a/c)(a/B)

0.2 + c/a + 0.6a/B
1 + G11(a/B) + G12(a/B)2 + G13(a/B)3
H2
1 + G21(a/B) + G22(a/B)2 + G23(a/B)3
0.25
for 0.2 a/c 1

for 1 < a/c 2
0 0 where
G11
G11
G12
G12
G13
G13
G21
G21
G22
G22
G23
G23
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.43 0.74(a/c) 0.84(a/c)2

2.07 + 0.06(c/a)
1.25 1.19(a/c) + 4.39(a/c)2
4.35 + 0.16(c/a)
1.94 + 4.22(a/c) 5.51(a/c)2
2.93 0.3(c/a)
1.5 0.04(a/c) 1.73(a/c)2
3.64 + 0.37(c/a)
1.71 3.17(a/c) + 6.84(a/c)2
5.87 0.49(c/a)
1.28 + 2.71(a/c) 5.22(a/c)2
4.32 + 0.53(c/a)
for 0.2 a/c

for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c
for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c
for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c
for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c
for 1 < a/c 2
for 0.2 a/c
for 1 < a/c 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
A-43
Validity limits
0.2 a/c 2
a/B < 1
0.5 r/B 2
2(r+c)/W 0.5
0 /2
R6
Figure A.9 shows the normalised K-solution for a pair of symmetric flaws in an infinite plate, for various ratios
of B/r (where r is the radius of the hole) and a/c, the flaw aspect ratio.
A-44
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.9 Normalised K-solution for a pair of symmetric corner cracks at a hole
Symmetric corner cracks at a hole in a plate, =90o
4.0
3.5
a/c=0.2, B/r=0.5
3.0
a/c=0.2, B/r=1
a/c=0.2, B/r=2
2.5
Mm
a/c=1, B/r=0.5
a/c=1, B/r=1
2.0
a/c=1, B/r=2
1.5
a/c=2, B/r=0.5
a/c=2, B/r=1
1.0
a/c=2, B/r=2
0.5
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
a/B
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
Mm
1.2
1.0
0.8
a/c=0.2, B/r=1
0.6
a/c=1, B/r=1
0.4
a/c=2, B/r=1
0.2
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
a/B
A-45
Normalised K-solution for a pair of symmetric corner cracks at a hole (contd)
3.5
3.0
BS, a/c=0.2
2.5
BS, a/c=1
2.0
Mb
BS, a/c=2
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
a/B
c) Bending stress, =90, B/r=1
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
Mb
1.2
1.0
0.8
BS, a/c=0.2
0.6
BS, a/c=1
0.4
BS, a/c=2
0.2
0.0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
a/B
d)
Bending stress, =0, B/r=1
A-46
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.2.8 Corner Crack at a Hole (single)

The stress intensity factor for a single corner crack at a hole (Ksingle crack) may be estimated from Ksymmetric crack
(Section A.2.7) using the following expression:
( 2r + nc )
fw = sec ( r / W ) sec
4 (W/2 c ) + 2nc
( a/B )
0.5
(A.47)
where n=1 for a single flaw. Equation (A.47 differs from most of the other equations given for fW in this Annex,
in that it accounts both for finite width effects and the stress concentrating effect of the hole.
Ksymmetric crack for an infinite plate with a hole is found simply by modifying the equation for a symmetric crack as
follows:
K sin gle crack = K symmetric crack
ac
4
+ 2Br
4 + ac
Br
0.5
(A.48)
where Ksummetric crack is found from equations (A.1 to (A.6 with Mm and Mb from equations (A.45 and (A.46.
Validity limits
as for the symmetric crack
R6
A-47
A.3 Spheres
A.3.1 Through-thickness Equatorial Crack

The stress intensity factor solution is calculated from equations (A.1 to (A.6 where:
M = fw = 1;
Mm and Mb are given in Table A.7.
Table A.7 BS 7910 solutions for Mm and Mb for a through-thickness crack in a spherical shell
B/ri = 0.05
B/ri = 0.1
2a/B
Mm(o)
Mb(o)
Mm(i)
Mb(i)
2a/B
Mm(o)
Mb(o)
0.0
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.0
1.000
1.000
1.000
2.0
1.144
1.020
0.941
2.0
1.240
1.031
0.995
4.0
1.401
1.050
0.897
4.0
1.637
1.074
0.992
6.0
2.083
1.111
6.0
1.700
1.080
0.895
0.993
8.0
2.020
1.106
0.932
8.0
2.549
1.143
0.996
10.0
2.351
1.130
1.003
10.0
3.016
1.170
1.001
15.0
3.186
1.180
1.309
15.0
4.124
1.226
1.014
20.0
3.981
1.219
1.799
20.0
5.084
1.272
1.028
NOTE (o) is for the intersection of the crack with the outside surface, and (i) the inner.
Range of application:
0 2a/B 20
0.05B/ri0.1
Mm(i)
1.000
0.919
0.894
0.944
1.059
1.231
1.915
2.968
Mb(i)
1.000
0.993
0.993
0.997
1.003
1.011
1.031
1.050
Validity limits
0 2a/B 20
0.05 B/ri 0.1
The stress distribution consists of a uniform stress Pm and a through-wall bending stress Pb. The stress
intensity factors at Points A (internal surface) and B (external surface) in the sketch above are as follows (the
bending stress is assumed positive at the surface of interest):
A-48
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
K A = ( PmG3 + Pb H3 ) a
(A.49)
K B = ( PmG4 + Pb H 4 ) a
(A.50)
where:
p=
a
rm B
where:
rm = ( ri + B / 2 )
and:
G3 = 1 0.26066 + 0.88766 2 + 0.015826 3 0.025266 4 +
( 2.99573 ln(rm B ) (0.26785 0.39378 2 + 0.383574 3 0.095384 4 )
(A.51)
1.38629
G4 = 1 + 0.41551 + 0.82404 2 0.45458 3 + 0.076714 4 +
( 2.99573 ln(rm B ) (0.05409 0.24698 2 + 0.35622 3 0.099022 4 )
(A.52)
1.38629
H3 = 0.967 2.5204 + 6.8405 2 10.214 3 + 8.0057 4 3.1394 5 + 0.48611 6 +
( 4.60517 ln(rm / B ) (0.183 + 0.4921 3.7129 2 + 7.1292 3 6.2412 4 + 2.59325 5

2.99573
(A.53)
0.414499 6 )
H 4 = 0.92 1.3932 + 2.7674 2 3.0555 3 + 1.7261 4 0.45873 5 + 0.043402 6
(A.54)
Validity limits
02.2, thin shells (B/rm0.1. Note that the lower limit of B/rm is not known, so the solution must be used with
caution below B/rm=0.01.
A-49
Plots
Figure A.10 shows the BS 7910 and R6 solutions for two ratios of B/ri: 0.05 and 0.1. The two sets of results
differ widely, especially under bending stress. Note that the R6 solutions are reasonably consistent with the
trends for through-thickness circumferential and axial flaws in cylinders (see Sections A.4.1.1 and A.4.2.1).
A-50
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.10 Normalised K-solution for a through-thickness crack in a sphere

5.5
Through-thickness crack in a sphere
BS, B/ri = 0.10

R6, B/ri=0.10
BS, B/ri = 0.05
R6, B/ri=0.05
5.0
4.5
Mm (outside)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
10
2am/B
15
20
10
2am/B
15
20
a) Membrane stress, outside

5.5
BS, B/ri = 0.05

R6, B/ri=0.05
BS, B/ri = 0.10
R6, B/ri=0.10
5.0
4.5
Mm (inside)
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
b) Membrane stress, inside
A-51
Normalised K-solution for a through-thickness crack in a sphere (contd)

1.3
1.2
1.1
Mb (outside)
1.0
0.9
0.8
BS, B/ri = 0.10

R6, B/ri=0.10
BS, B/ri = 0.05
R6, B/ri=0.05
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0
10
2am/B
15
20
c) Bending stress, outside

-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
Mb (inside)
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
BS, B/ri = 0.10

R6, B/ri=0.10
BS, B/ri = 0.05
R6, B/ri=0.05
-0.8
-0.9
-1.0
-1.1
0
10
2am/B
15
20
d) Bending stress, inside
A-52
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.3.2 Surface Crack

BS 7910 Solution
Flat plate solutions for Mm ((A.13) and Mb ((A.16) are recommended, with.
M =
1 {a/ ( BMT )}
(A.55)
1 ( a/B )
where:
M T = 1 + 3.2 ( c 2 / 2 rm B )
0.5
(A.56)
Validity limits:
0 a/2c 1.0
0
a/B < 1.0 for 0.1 a/2c 1.0
R6 solution
For internal and external part-circumferential equatorial surface flaws, R6 refers to API 579 solutions.
However, it does not recommend their use in assessments.
Plots
Figure A.11 shows the solution as a function of crack depth for various B/ri ratios and for a constant crack
shape, a/2c=0.1. A tighter radius (higher B/ri) is associated with a higher value of Mm; for lower B/ri ratios, the
solution matches that for a surface flaw in a plate.
A-53
Figure A.11 Normalised K-solution for a surface crack in a sphere
Surface crack in a sphere
Mm
1.5
1
B/ri=0.10, a/2c=0.1
B/ri=0.067, a/2c=0.1
0.5
B/ri=0.05, a/2c=0.1
B/ri=0.001, a/2c=0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
a/B
A-54
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.3.3 Embedded Crack

BS 7910 Solution
M=1
Flat plate solutions for Mm ((A.13) and Mb ((A.16) are recommended
Validity limits:
For Mm
0 a/2c 1.0
2c/W < 0.5
-
a/B < 0.625 for 0 a/2c 0.1 where B = 2a + 2p
For Mb
0
a/2c 0.5
= /2
(ie solution only refers to the ends of the minor axis of the elliptical crack).
R6
A-55
A.4 Pipes or Cylinders

This section summarises K-solutions for cylinders and pipes with both axial and circumferential cracks; see
Figure A.12. Guidance is also given on situations not covered by the current solutions, where flat plate
solutions (with a bulging correction factor, where necessary) can be used.
Figure A.12 Summary of cylindrical geometries considered in this section

Cylinder
Axial
Throughthickness
Surface
Embedded
Internal
Finite
A-56
Circumferential
Extended
External
Finite
Extended
Finite
Through-thickness
Surface
Embedded
Internal
Extended
Finite
Extended
External
Finite
Finite
Extended
Extended
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.4.1 Pipes or Cylinders with Axial Cracks

A.4.1.1
Through-thickness cracks

The stress intensity factor solution is calculated from equation (A.1 to (A.6
where
KI = KIpressure + KIbending
M = 1 [Note, bulging is taken into account by the parameter : (see equation (A.59) and:
Mm M1 + M2 at the outer surface and M1 M2 at the inner surface
(A.57)
Mb = M3 + M4 at the outer surface and M3 M4 at the inner surface
(A.58)
A-57
Where:
KIpressure and KIbending are calculated from equation (A.1 to (A.6 and represent, respectively, contributions to KI of
pressure-induced membrane stresses and through-wall bending stresses.
M1 to M4 are given in Table A.8a-d for pressure and bending loading, in terms of :
{ (
= 12 1 2
)}
0.25
a
rm
(A.59)
NOTE The stress intensity magnification factors at the outside (o) and inside (i) surfaces are given by Mm* +
Mb*, and Mm* Mb* respectively. These solutions are valid for long cylinders, or pressure vessels with closed
ends.
A-58
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.8 BS 7910 Coefficients for axial through-thickness cracks in cylinders

a) M1 for pressure loading
Parameter,
0.000
B/rm=0.2
1.000
0.862
B/rm=0.1
1.000
B/rm=0.05
1.000
B/rm=0.02
1.000
1.158
0.910
1.016
1.264
1.433
1.249
1.285
1.383
1.818
1.609
1.928
1.663
2.012
2.032
1.636
1.912
1.691
3.636
2.543
3.856
2.642
4.024
4.065
2.604
3.133
2.709
5.784
3.613
6.036
6.097
3.527
4.116
3.65*
6.362
3.927
7.712
7.926
4.534
4.980
8.048
4.377
8.130
4.605
8.186
9.959
4.799
5.873
9.998
5.628
10.162
5.463
10.283
5.688
11.816
11.991
B/rm=0.01
1.000
6.416
6.687
12.072
12.194
12.211
5.874
6.257
6.503
A-59
* BS 7910 and the original reference by France et al give a value of 3.369 for =6.097, B/rm=0.05. This value
lies outside the smooth trend of the other points, and an error is suspected. Substitution of the value M1 =3.65
(obtained by interpolation), produces a smooth curve as shown in Figure A.13.
A-60
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
b) M2 for Pressure loading
Parameter,
0.000
B/rm=0.2
0.000
0.862
B/rm=0.1
0.000
B/rm=0.05
0.000
B/rm=0.02
0.000
0.093
0.910
1.016
0.143
0.098
0.125
1.285
0.165
1.818
0.229
1.928
0.205
2.012
2.032
0.156
0.143
0.182
3.636
0.218
3.856
0.161
4.024
4.065
0.041
0.030
0.089
0.077
5.784
0.264
6.036
6.097
0.419
-0.2*
0.126
6.362
0.436
7.712
7.926
0.851
0.684
8.048
0.622
8.130
0.475
8.186
9.959
1.358
0.884
9.998
1.122
10.162
1.034
10.283
1.339
11.816
11.991
B/rm=0.01
0.000
1.829
12.072
12.194
12.211
1.718
1.700
1.543
A-61
* BS 7910 and the original reference by France et al give a value of 0.399 for =6.097, B/rm=0.05. This value
lies outside the smooth trend of the other points, and an error is suspected. Substitution of the value M2 =-0.2
(obtained by interpolation), produces a smooth curve as shown in Figure A.13.
A-62
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
c) M3 for Bending loading
Parameter,
0.000
B/rm=0.2
0.000
0.862
B/rm=0.1
0.000
B/rm=0.05
0.000
B/rm=0.02
0.000
0.040
0.910
1.016
0.025
0.053
0.040
1.285
0.042
1.818
0.055
1.928
0.060
2.012
2.032
0.075
0.083
0.068
3.636
0.095
3.856
0.097
4.024
4.065
0.109
0.121
0.103
5.784
0.119
6.036
6.097
0.128
0.139
0.123
6.362
0.127
7.712
7.926
0.134
0.150
8.048
0.138
8.130
0.135
8.186
9.959
0.139
0.161
9.998
0.147
10.162
0.143
10.283
0.145
11.816
11.991
B/rm=0.01
0.000
0.151
0.171
12.072
12.194
12.211
0.150
0.146
0.150
A-63
d) M4 for Bending loading
Parameter,
0.000
B/rm=0.2
1.000
0.862
B/rm=0.1
1.000
B/rm=0.05
1.000
B/rm=0.02
1.000
0.694
0.910
1.016
0.637
0.701
0.659
1.285
0.629
1.818
0.598
1.928
0.600
2.012
2.032
0.608
0.604
0.602
3.636
0.527
3.856
0.529
4.024
4.065
0.517
0.493
0.524
5.784
0.474
6.036
6.097
0.453
0.417
0.467
6.362
0.448
7.712
7.926
0.430
0.364
8.048
0.403
8.130
0.421
8.186
9.959
0.407
0.314
9.998
0.374
10.162
0.382
10.283
0.381
11.816
11.991
12.072
12.194
12.211
A-64
B/rm=0.01
1.000
0.348
0.276
0.328
0.355
0.353
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Validity limits
0 12.211
0.01B/rm0.2
R6 solution [A.26]
K is defined for a stress distribution P which varies linearly through the cylinder wall with the co-ordinate u
(see sketch above), and which does not vary along the length of the cylinder:
P (u ) = Pm + Pb (2u / B 1) for 0uB
(A.60)
where Pm is the average uniform membrane (hoop) stress and Pb is the maximum through wall bending
stress. The stress intensity factors at the Points A (inside wall) and B (outside wall) are given by
K IA = Pm . a (G1 ( p ) g1 ( p )) + Pb a ( H1 ( p ) + h1 ( p ))
(A.61)
KIB = Pm . a ( G1 ( ) + g1 ( ) ) + Pb a (H1( ) + h1( ))
(A.62)
where:
= a / rm / B
(A.63)
with rm being the mean radius of the cylinder. The functions G1, g1, H1, h1 are given by:
G1 ( ) = 1 + 0.7044 + 0.8378 2
g1( ) = 0.035211 + 0.39394 0.20036 2 + 0.028085 3
0.0018763
(A.64)
0.01556 0.05202 +
/B ) )
. 0.0381 2 0.012782 3
1.6094
+0.001246 4
( 3.912 ln ( r
+
A-65
H1( ) = 0.76871 0.27718 + 0.14343 2 0.037505 3 + 0.0035194 4

0.09852 0.16404 +
/B ) )
. 0.10378 2 0.027703 3
1.6094
+0.002597 4
( 3.912 ln ( r
+
(A.65)
h1( ) = 0.0030702 + 0.074457 0.018716 + 0.0025344
2
0.0005847 + 0.010301
3.912
ln
r
/B
(
)
(
) . 0.007184 2
m
0.00014028 4 +
+0.0019107 3
1.6094
0.00017655 4
Plots
Figure A.13 shows the BS 7910 and R6 solutions for various B/rm ratios. If the geometry of the cylinder of
interest falls outside the range shown, BS 7910 suggests the use of a flat plate solution, with a bulging factor
M given by:
M = 1 + 3.2
a2
2rm B
(A.66)
This flat plate solution is shown for comparison with the BS and R6 solutions. For high values of , the
solutions for the outer surface diverge, with the flat plate solutions overestimating K relative to the geometryspecific solutions.
A-66
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.13 Normalised K-solution for an axial through-thickness crack in a cylinder

6.0 Axial through-thickness crack in a cylinder
5.0
Mm (outside)
4.0
3.0
limit of
applicability of
R6 solution
2.0
BS, B/r=0.20
BS, B/r=0.10
BS, B/r=0.05
BS, B/r=0.02
BS, B/r=0.01
M: BS 7910, Eq. M.20
1.0
R6, B/r=0.20
R6, B/r=0.10
R6, B/r=0.05
R6, B/r=0.02
R6, B/r=0.01
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
a) Outside surface, pressure loading

Axial through-thickness crack in a cylinder
9.0
limit of
applicability of
R6 solution
8.0
7.0
Mm (inside)
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
BS, B/r=0.20
BS, B/r=0.10
BS, B/r=0.05
BS, B/r=0.02
BS, B/r=0.01
M: BS 7910, Eq. M.20
2.0
1.0
R6, B/r=0.20
R6, B/r=0.10
R6, B/r=0.05
R6, B/r=0.02
R6, B/r=0.01
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
b) Inside surface, pressure loading
A-67
Normalised K-solution for an axial through-thickness crack in a cylinder (contd)

1.00
0.95
Mb (outside)
0.90
BS, B/r=0.20
R6, B/r=0.20
BS, B/r=0.10
R6, B/r=0.10
BS, B/r=0.05
R6, B/r=0.05
0.85
BS, B/r=0.02
R6, B/r=0.02
0.80
BS, B/r=0.01
R6, B/r=0.01
limit of
applicability of
R6 solution
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
c) Outside surface, bending loading

0.0
-0.1
-0.2
Mb (inside)
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
limit of
applicability of
R6 solution
-0.6
-0.7
BS, r/B=5
BS, r/B=10
BS, r/B=20
BS, r/B=50
BS, r/B=100
-0.8
-0.9
R6, B/r=0.20
R6, B/r=0.10
R6, B/r=0.05
R6, B/r=0.02
R6, B/r=0.01
-1.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
d) Inside surface, bending loading
A-68
(01 May 2006)
A.4.1.2
FITNET MK7
Surface cracks
A.4.1.2.1 Internal axial surface crack

a) Finite crack
BS 7910 Solution [A.15][A.29][A.30]
The stress intensity factor solution is calculated from equations (A.1 to (A.6 where:
M = fw = 1;
Mm and Mb for the deepest point in the crack (Point A, ie =90) and for the points where the crack intersects
the free surface (Point B, ie =0) are given in Table A.9
A-69
Table A.9 BS 7910 solutions for Mm and Mb for an axial internal surface crack in cylinder
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/2c = 0.5, B/ri = 0.1

Mm(A)
Mb(A)
Mm(B)
0.663
0.663
0.729
0.647
0.464
0.726
0.661
0.291
0.760
0.677
0.110
0.804
0.694
-0.080
0.859
a/2c = 0.2, B/ri = 0.1
0.951
0.951
0.662
0.932
0.698
0.676
1.016
0.519
0.768
1.109
0.316
0.896
1.211
0.090
1.060
a/2c = 0.1, B/ri = 01
1.059
1.059
0.521
1.062
0.806
0.578
1.260
0.677
0.695
1.500
0.515
0.876
1.783
0.320
1.123
a/2c = 0.05, B/ri = 0.1
1.103
1.103
0.384
1.172
0.897
0.451
1.494
0.834
0.582
1.985
0.765
0.820
2.737
0.689
1.219
a/2c = 0.025, B/ri = 0.1
1.120
1.120
0.275
1.231
0.946
0.335
1.701
0.971
0.469
2.619
1.080
0.765
4.364
1.301
1.374
Mb(B)
0.729
0.676
0.649
0.623
0.599
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.662
0.632
0.651
0.674
0.700
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.521
0.548
0.597
0.660
0.737
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.384
0.429
0.503
0.623
0.810
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.275
0.318
0.406
0.584
0.919
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/2c = 0.5, B/ri = 0.25

Mm(A)
Mb(A)
Mm(B)
0.663
0.663
0.729
0.643
0.461
0.719
0.656
0.288
0.745
0.677
0.107
0.785
0.704
-0.079
0.838
a/2c = 0.2, B/ri = 0.25
0.951
0.951
0.662
0.919
0.688
0.669
0.998
0.506
0.759
1.110
0.311
0.889
1.255
0.103
1.060
a/2c = 0.1, B/ri = 0.25
1.059
1.059
0.521
1.045
0.791
0.577
1.240
0.663
0.698
1.514
0.515
0.887
1.865
0.348
1.144
a/2c = 0.05, B/ri = 0.25
1.103
1.103
0.384
1.153
0.881
0.451
1.470
0.816
0.585
2.003
0.765
0.830
2.864
0.749
1.242
a/2c = 0.025, B/ri = 0.25
1.120
1.120
0.275
1.211
0.929
0.334
1.674
0.950
0.471
2.285
1.079
0.774
3.163
1.081
1.400
Mb(B)
0.729
0.669
0.638
0.610
0.585
0.662
0.627
0.644
0.666
0.694
0.521
0.547
0.599
0.665
0.745
0.384
0.428
0.504
0.627
0.819
0.275
0.318
0.407
0.587
0.928
Validity limits:
0 a/B 0.8
0.025 a/2c 0.5
0.1 B/ri 0.25
2c/W 0.15
R6 solution [A.31]
Tabulated geometry functions are given in R6 for restricted values of a/2c and B/ri. These are not repeated
here, since for uniform membrane and bending stresses they coincide with the values given by BS 7910, and
there are no solutions for arbitrary through-wall stress distributions.
Plots
Figure A.14 shows the BS 7910 and R6 solutions under membrane and bending stress, at =90 (Point A) and
=0 (Point B), for various B/ri and a/2c ratios. The BS 7910 flat plate solutions (membrane stress only) are
shown for comparison, and give a good approximation to the geometry-specific solutions, especially for
B/ri=0.1.
A-70
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.14 Normalised K-solution for an internal axial crack in a

cylinder
Internal axial crack in a cylinder, B/ri=0.10, =90o
4.5
4.0
3.5
Mm(d)
3.0
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
BS, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.50
Flat plate, a/2c=0.05
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
a) Membrane stress, =90, B/ri=0.1
1.6
1.4
1.2
Mm(s)
1.0
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
BS, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.50

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
b) Membrane stress, =0, B/ri=0.1
A-71
Normalised K-solution for an internal axial crack in a cylinder (contd)
1.6
1.4
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
BS, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.50
1.2
Mb(d)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
c) Bending stress, =90, B/ri=0.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.20
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.50
0.1
0.3
Mb(d)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
a/B
d) Bending stress, =0, B/ri=0.1
A-72
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
4.5
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.20
4.0
3.5
Mm(d)
3.0
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.50
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.8
e) Membrane stress, =90, B/ri=0.25
1.6
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.20
1.4
1.2
Mm(s)
1.0
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.50
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
f)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
Membrane stress, =0, B/ri=0.25
A-73
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
1.6
BS, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.10
1.4
BS, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.20
BS, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.50
1.2
Mb(d)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
g) Bending stress, =90, B/ri=0.25
1.0
0.9
0.8
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
BS, a/2c=0.5
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.50
Mb(d)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0
h)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
Bending stress, =0, B/ri=0.25
A-74
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
b) Extended Crack
BS 7910 Solution [A.29][A.30][A.31]

The stress intensity factor solution is calculated from equations (A.1 to (A.6:
Where:
M = fw = 1;
Mm and Mb are given in Table A.10 for the deepest point in the crack.
Table A.10 BS 7910 solutions for Mm and Mb for an extended internal axial surface crack
in cylinder
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
B/ri = 0.1
Mm
1.122
1.380
1.930
2.960
4.820
Mb
1.122
1.018
1.143
1.484
1.990
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
B/ri = 0.25
Mm
1.122
1.304
1.784
2.566
3.461
Mb
1.122
1.002
1.033
1.094
0.949
Validity limits:
0.0 a/B 0.8

0.1 B/ri 0.25
R6 Solution [A.19]
The stress intensity factor KI is given by:
KI =
i =3
u i
P (u ) fi ( a / B, B / ri ) 1 2 du
0
a
2 a
i =1
(A.67)
A-75
The stress distribution P = P(u) is to be taken normal to the prospective crack plane in an uncracked cylinder,
where u=0 denotes the inside of the cylinder.
The geometry functions fi (i = 1 to 3) are given in Table A.11 for the deepest point of the crack (Point A). Note
that the solution includes very thick-walled cylinders, eg B/ri=2.
Table A.11 R6 Geometry functions for an extended internal axial surface crack in a cylinder.
B/ri = 2
B/ri = 1
a/B
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
1.328
0.890
0.895
1.032
1.329
0.220
0.155
0.193
0.252
0.210
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
1.336
1.271
1.566
1.997
2.501
0.220
0.184
0.237
0.360
0.542
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.75
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
1.796
2.457
3.597
4.571
0.093
-0.074
-0.618
-1.272
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
3.072
3.807
4.877
5.552
0.762
0.892
0.825
0.786
B/ri = 0.5
B/ri = 0.25
a/B
0
0.1
2.000
2.000
1.340
1.519
0.219
0.212
2.000
2.000
1.340
1.659
0.219
0.217
0.2
0.3
0.4
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.119
2.934
3.820
0.322
0.551
1.066
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.475
3.615
4.982
0.358
0.709
1.499
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.75
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
4.692
5.697
6.995
7.656
1.853
2.600
3.224
3.733
2.000
2.000
2.000
2.000
6.455
7.977
9.513
10.24
2.936
5.018
7.637
9.134
Plots
Figure A.14 shows the BS 7910 solution for two B/ri ratios, 0.1 and 0.25. The BS 7910 solution for an
extended surface flaw in a flat plate is shown for comparison. Also shown are the R6 solutions for B/ri=0.25
and the API solutions for B/ri=0.25 and B/ri=0.1.
A-76
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.15 Normalised K-solution for an extended internal axial crack in a cylinder
Extended internal axial surface flaw in a cylinder
6.0
Flat plate
API, B/ri=0.10
BS, B/ri=0.10
5.0
API, B/ri=0.20
BS, B/ri=0.25
R6, B/ri=0.25
Mm
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
a) Membrane stress
Extended internal axial surface flaw in a cylinder
Flat plate
API, B/ri=0.10
1.9
BS, B/ri=0.10
API, B/ri=0.20
1.7
BS, B/ri=0.25
R6, B/ri=0.25
Mb
1.5
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.0
b)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Bending stress
A-77
A.4.1.2.2 External axial surface crack

a) Finite crack

Where:
M = fw = 1;
Mm and Mb for the deepest point in the crack (Point A, =90) and for the points where the crack intersects the
free surface (Point B, =0) are given in Table A.12. The coefficients are in general a little higher than those
for an internal axial surface crack (Table A.9).
A-78
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.12 BS 7910 solutions for Mm and Mb for an axial external surface crack in a cylinder
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/2c = 0.5, B/ri = 0.1

Mm(A)
Mb(A)
Mm(B)
0.663
0.663
0.729
0.653
0.470
0.736
0.675
0.301
0.783
0.695
0.122
0.846
0.712
-0.068
0.926
a/2c = 0.2, B/ri = 0.1
0.951
0.951
0.662
0.953
0.716
0.685
1.077
0.561
0.799
1.213
0.377
0.970
1.361
0.167
1.198
a/2c = 0.1, B/ri = 0.1
1.059
1.059
0.521
1.092
0.831
0.583
1.370
0.750
0.706
1.735
0.644
0.912
2.188
0.514
1.202
a/2c = 0.05, B/ri = 0.1
1.103
1.103
0.384
1.206
0.926
0.455
1.624
0.923
0.592
2.295
0.957
0.853
3.360
1.108
1.305
a/2c = 0.025, B/ri = 0.1
1.120
1.120
0.275
1.266
0.976
0.338
1.849
1.075
0.477
2.628
1.349
0.796
4.090
1.549
1.471
Mb(B)
0.729
0.685
0.666
0.649
0.634
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.662
0.641
0.673
0.715
0.769
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.521
0.552
0.606
0.681
0.780
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.384
0.432
0.510
0.643
0.857
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.275
0.321
0.412
0.602
0.972
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/2c = 0.5, B/ri = 0.25

Mm(A)
Mb(A)
Mm(B)
0.663
0.663
0.729
0.656
0.473
0.741
0.683
0.307
0.793
0.710
0.131
0.864
0.736
-0.055
0.954
a/2c = 0.2, B/ri = 0.25
0.951
0.951
0.662
0.964
0.726
0.689
1.110
0.582
0.806
1.289
0.417
0.982
1.502
0.230
1.217
a/2c = 0.1, B/ri = 0.25
1.059
1.059
0.521
1.106
0.844
0.583
1.410
0.776
0.693
1.838
0.693
0.867
2.390
0.595
1.105
a/2c = 0.05, B/ri = 0.25
1.103
1.103
0.384
1.222
0.939
0.455
1.672
0.955
0.581
2.432
1.029
0.811
3.670
1.128
1.199
a/2c = 0.025, B/ri = 0.25
1.120
1.120
0.275
1.282
0.991
0.338
1.753
1.011
0.468
2.581
1.107
0.757
3.839
1.153
1.352
Mb(B)
0.729
0.689
0.673
0.659
0.647
0.662
0.644
0.678
0.721
0.775
0.521
0.552
0.598
0.659
0.736
0.384
0.432
0.504
0.622
0.809
0.275
0.321
0.407
0.583
0.918
Validity limits:
0 a/B 0.8
0.025 a/2c 0.5
0.1 B/ri 0.25
2c/W 0.15
Solutions are given in the form of tables for B/ri ratios of between 0.1 and 0.25 and a/2c ratios of 0.1 and 0.5,
for positions =90 (Point A) and =0 (Point B).
3
a a B
KI + a i fi , ,
i =0
B 2c ri
(A.68)
A-79
Pi (i = 0 to 3) are stress components which define the stress distribution P according to

3
= ( u ) = i
a
i =0
for 0 u a
(A.69)
where P is to be taken normal to the prospective crack plane in an uncracked cylinder. The co-ordinate u is
the distance from the external surface of the cylinder.
The geometry functions fi (i = 0 to 3) are given in Table A.13 and Table A.14 for the deepest point of the crack
(A), and at the intersection of the crack with the free surface (B), respectively.
A-80
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.13 R6 Geometry functions at Point A for a finite external axial surface crack in a cylinder
a/2c=0.5, B/ri=0.25
a/B
0
0.659
0.471
0.387
0.337
0.2
0.656
0.459
0.377
0.327
0.5
0.697
0.473
0.384
0.331
0.8
0.736
0.495
0.398
0.342
a/2c=0.5, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.659
0.471
0.387
0.337
0.2
0.653
0.457
0.376
0.327
0.5
0.687
0.470
0.382
0.330
0.8
0.712
0.487
0.394
0.340
a/2c=0.2, B/ri=0.25
a/B
0
0.939
0.580
0.434
0.353
0.2
0.964
0.596
0.461
0.387
0.5
1.183
0.672
0.500
0.410
0.8
1.502
0.795
0.568
0.455
a/2c=0.2, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.939
0.580
0.434
0.353
0.2
0.953
0.591
0.459
0.386
0.5
1.139
0.656
0.491
0.405
0.8
1.361
0.746
0.543
0.439
a/2c=0.1, B/ri=0.25
a/B
0
1.053
0.606
0.443
0.357
0.2
1.107
0.658
0.499
0.413
0.5
1.562
0.820
0.584
0.465
0.8
2.390
1.122
0.745
0.568
a/2c=0.1, B/ri=0.1
a/B
1.053
0.606
0.443
0.357
0.2
1.092
0.652
0.496
0.411
0.5
1.508
0.799
0.571
0.457
0.8
2.188
1.047
0.704
0.541
A-81
Table A.14 Geometry functions at Point B for a finite external axial surface crack in a cylinder.
a/2c=0.5, B/ri=0.25
a/B
0
0.716
0.118
0.041
0.022
0.2
0.741
0.130
0.049
0.026
0.5
0.819
0.155
0.061
0.033
0.8
0.954
0.192
0.078
0.041
a/2c=0.5, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.716
0.118
0.041
0.022
0.2
0.736
0.129
0.048
0.025
0.5
0.807
0.150
0.059
0.031
0.8
0.926
0.182
0.072
0.038
a/2c=0.2, B/ri=0.25
a/B
0
0.673
0.104
0.032
0.015
0.2
0.690
0.113
0.039
0.019
0.5
0.864
0.170
0.068
0.036
0.8
1.217
0.277
0.117
0.064
a/2c=0.2, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.673
0.104
0.032
0.015
0.2
0.685
0.111
0.039
0.019
0.5
0.856
0.167
0.066
0.035
0.8
1.198
0.269
0.112
0.061
a/2c =0.1, B/ri=0.25

a/B
0
0.516
0.069
0.017
0.009
0.2
0.583
0.076
0.022
0.010
0.5
0.748
0.128
0.047
0.024
0.8
1.105
0.230
0.092
0.049
a/2c=0.1, B/ri=0.1
a/t
0
0.516
0.069
0.017
0.009
0.2
0.583
0.076
0.022
0.010
0.5
0.768
0.135
0.051
0.027
0.8
1.202
0.264
0.109
0.059
Plots
A-82
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.16 shows solutions (BS 7910, R6 and selected API solutions) for various a/2c ratios, with
B/ri=0.10 and 0.25. For geometries outside the B/ri validity limits described in this section, a possible
approach is to use the BS 7910 flat plate solution multiplied by a bulging factor as given by equation
(A.55 and (A.56. This tends to overestimate the stress intensity relative to the solutions shown in this
section.
A-83
Figure A.16 Normalised K-solution for an external axial crack in a cylinder
External axial surface crack in a cylinder, B/ri=0.10, =90o
4.5
BS, a/2c=0.025
4.0
BS, a/2c=0.05
3.5
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
Mm(d)
3.0
BS, a/2c=0.50
2.5
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.20
2.0
R6, a/2c=0.50
1.5
API, a/2c=0.10
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
a) Membrane stress, B/ri=0.1, =90
1.6
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
BS, a/2c=0.50
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.50
1.4
1.2
Mm(s)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
b) Membrane stress, B/ri=0.1, =0
A-84
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Normalised K-solution for an external axial crack in a cylinder (contd)
1.6
1.4
1.2
Mb(d)
1.0
0.8
0.6
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
BS, a/2c=0.50
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.50
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
c) Bending stress, B/ri=0.1, =90
1.0
0.9
0.8
Mb(s)
0.7
0.6
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
BS, a/2c=0.50
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.50
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
d) Bending stress, B/ri=0.1, =0
A-85

4.5
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
4.0
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
3.5
BS, a/2c=0.50
3.0
R6, a/2c=0.10
Mm(d)
R6, a/2c=0.20
2.5
R6, a/2c=0.50
API, a/2c=0.10
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
e) Membrane stress, B/ri=0.25, =90

External axial surface flaw in a cylinder, B/ri=0.25, =0o
1.6
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
1.4
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
1.2
BS, a/2c=0.50
R6, a/2c=0.10
1.0
Mm(s)
R6, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.50
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0
f)
0.1
0.2
0.3
Membrane stress, B/ri=0.25, =0
A-86
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7

1.6
1.4
1.2
Mb(d)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
BS, a/2c=0.50
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.50
0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
g) Bending stress, B/ri=0.25, =90
1.0
0.9
0.8
Mb(s)
0.7
0.6
0.5
BS, a/2c=0.025
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.20
BS, a/2c=0.50
R6, a/2c=0.10
R6, a/2c=0.20
R6, a/2c=0.50
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
h) Bending stress, B/ri=0.25, =0
A-87
b) Extended crack

Where:
M = fw = 1;
Mm and Mb are given in Table A.15 (note that this is identical to Table A.10, ie BS 7910 assumes the same
solutions for long external and long internal axial flaws), and specifically states M=1, ie no bulging correction
factor should be applied.
Table A.15 BS 7910 solutions for Mm and Mb for an extended axial crack in a cylinder
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
B/ri = 0.1
Mm
1.122
1.380
1.930
2.960
4.820
Mb
1.122
1.018
1.143
1.484
1.990
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
B/ri = 0.25
Mm
1.122
1.304
1.784
2.566
3.461
Mb
1.122
1.002
1.033
1.094
0.949
Validity limits:
0.0 a/B 0.8
0.1 B/ri 0.25
R6 Solution [A.34]
a closed form solution is not given; the solution is provided in integral form, covering B/ri ratios between 0.25
and 2. Alternative solutions are cited for thinner-walled cylinders.
Plots
Figure A.17 compares the solutions recommended by BS, R6 and API. A BS 7910 flat plate solution for a fully
extended surface flaw (cf Figure A.3) is shown for comparison. Note that both the API and R6 solutions show
a higher value of Mm for external than for internal flaws (cf Figure A.15). The R6 solutions are recommended.
A-88
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.17 Normalised K-solution for an extended external axial crack in a cylinder
Extended external axial crack in a cylinder

6.0
BS, B/ri=0.10
BS, B/ri=0.25
R6, B/ri=0.25
5.0
API, B/ri=0.10
API, B/ri=0.20
Flat plate
Mm
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
a) Membrane stress
Extended external axial crack in a cylinder
Flat plate
API, B/ri=0.10
1.9
BS, B/ri=0.10
API, B/ri=0.20
1.7
BS, B/ri=0.25
R6, B/ri=0.25
Mb
1.5
1.3
1.1
0.9
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
b) Bending stress
A-89
A.4.1.3
Embedded crack
a) Finite crack
BS 7910 Solution
For internal pressure only, BS 7910 suggests using a flat plate solution with bulging correction factor, M=1.
Validity limits:
For membrane loading:
0 a/2c 1.0
2c/W < 0.5
-
a/B < 0.625(a/c+0.6) for 0 a/2c 0.1, where B = 2a + 2p
For bending loading:
0 a/2c 0.5
= /2
R6
A-90
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
b) Extended Crack
BS 7910
R6
API 579 solution [A.21]

The flat plate solution for a through-wall 4th order polynomial stress distribution is used for cylinders and
spheres when B/ri 0.2. The finite width correction factor should be set to 1.
Validity limits: (BS 7910 terminology)

p/B 0.2 when p+a B/2
(B-(p+2a))/B 0.2 when B-(p+2a) B/2
0.25 (p+a)/B 0.75
A-91
A.4.2 Pipes or Cylinders with Circumferential Cracks

A.4.2.1
Through-thickness crack
BS 7910 Solution: [A.28]

The stress intensity factor solution is calculated from equations (A.1 to (A.6
Where:
KI = KIpressure + KIbending;
M = 1;
Mm = M1 + M2 at the outside surface, M1 - M2 at the inside surface
Mb = M3 + M4 at the outside surface, M3 M4 at the inside surface
where
KIpressure and KIbending are calculated from equations (A.1 to (A.6 and represent, respectively, contributions to KI
of pressure-induced membrane stresses and through-wall bending stresses.
The coefficients M1 M4 are given in Table A.16 for pressure and bending loading, in terms of the parameter
referred to in equation (A.59. For membrane loading, Pm should be multiplied by a factor of , where:
a
2r
tan
a
2rm
A-92
0.5
(A.70)
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.16 BS 7910 Solution for circumferential through-thickness cracks in cylinders

a) M1 for Pressure loading
Parameter,
B/rm=0.2
B/rm=0.1
B/rm=0.05
B/rm=0.02
B/rm=0.01
0.000
0.177
0.251
0.355
0.502
0.561
0.709
0.793
1.064
1.122
1.505
1.586
1.596
2.128
2.257
2.306
3.193
3.261
3.365
3.902
4.515
4.612
4.759
4.789
5.498
5.518
6.385
6.772
7.139
7.776
7.804
9.032
9.578
10.096
10.997
12.770
15.143
1.000
1.248
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.032
1.290
1.050
1.066
1.061
1.085
1.088
1.406
1.096
1.192
1.139
1.522
1.276
1.324
1.723
2.044
1.469
1.545
1.378
2.367
1.864
1.752
1.425
2.883
3.414
2.164
4.301
2.140
2.641
1.732
3.117
2.495
3.917
3.040
2.588
3.580
4.502
3.623
A-93
b) M2 for Pressure loading

Parameter,
A-94
B/rm=0.2
B/rm=0.1
B/rm=0.05
B/rm=0.02
B/rm=0.01
0.000
0.177
0.251
0.355
0.502
0.561
0.709
0.793
1.064
1.122
1.505
1.586
1.596
2.128
2.257
2.306
3.193
3.261
3.365
3.902
4.515
4.612
4.759
4.789
5.498
5.518
6.385
6.772
7.139
7.776
7.804
9.032
9.578
10.096
10.997
12.770
15.143
0.000
0.069
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.035
0.077
0.034
0.057
0.045
0.069
0.063
0.140
0.087
0.121
0.102
0.153
0.116
0.108
0.112
0.014
0.041
0.019
0.043
0.158
0.153
0.119
0.082
0.385
0.622
0.328
1.015
0.318
0.528
0.277
0.747
0.485
1.071
0.762
0.585
0.944
1.281
1.126
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
c) M3 for Bending loading

Parameter,
B/rm=0.2
B/rm=0.1
B/rm=0.05
B/rm=0.02
B/rm=0.01
0.000
0.177
0.251
0.355
0.502
0.561
0.709
0.793
1.064
1.122
1.505
1.586
1.596
2.128
2.257
2.306
3.193
3.261
3.365
3.902
4.515
4.612
4.759
4.789
5.498
5.518
6.385
6.772
7.139
7.776
7.804
9.032
9.578
10.096
10.997
12.770
15.143
0.000
0.023
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.021
0.037
0.015
0.028
0.013
0.025
0.012
0.064
0.026
0.054
0.025
0.079
0.048
0.063
0.092
0.106
0.052
0.069
0.043
0.117
0.074
0.052
0.032
0.135
0.156
0.079
0.191
0.054
0.088
0.033
0.100
0.059
0.119
0.065
0.046
0.068
0.078
0.029
A-95
d) M4 for Bending loading

Parameter,
B/rm=0.2
B/rm=0.1
B/rm=0.05
B/rm=0.02
B/rm=0.01
0.000
0.177
0.251
0.355
0.502
0.561
0.709
0.793
1.064
1.122
1.505
1.586
1.596
2.128
2.257
2.306
3.193
3.261
3.365
3.902
4.515
4.612
4.759
4.789
5.498
5.518
6.385
6.772
7.139
7.776
7.804
9.032
9.578
10.096
10.997
12.770
15.143
1.000
0.918
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
A-96
0.828
0.816
0.750
0.733
0.673
0.666
0.633
0.624
0.587
0.544
0.544
0.533
0.465
0.450
0.441
0.361
0.373
0.364
0.364
0.315
0.299
0.301
0.293
0.270
0.239
0.264
0.203
0.249
0.230
0.228
0.205
0.218
0.179
0.187
0.184
0.182
0.161
0.205
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Validity limits:
0 15.143
0.01 B/rm 0.2
R6 solution [A.7][A.35]
The R6 solution is based on similar work to that described for the BS 7910 solution, although it is presented in
a slightly different way. Consequently it is not repeated here.
Plots
Figure A.18 shows the solution as a function of (defined in (A.59) for various B/rm ratios.
A-97
Figure A.18 Normalised K-solution for a circumferential through-thickness crack in a cylinder
Circumferential through-thickness crack in a cylinder
4.0
3.5
Mm (outside)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
BS, B/r=0.2
R6, B/r=0.2
BS, B/r=0.1
R6, B/r=0.1
BS, B/r=0.05
R6, B/r=0.05
BS, B/r=0.02
R6, B/r=0.02
BS, B/r=0.01
R6, B/r=0.01
0.5
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
a) Mm on the outside of the cylinder
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
Mm (inside)
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
BS, B/r=0.2
R6, B/r=0.2
2.0
BS, B/r=0.1
R6, B/r=0.1
1.5
BS, B/r=0.05
R6, B/r=0.05
1.0
BS, B/r=0.02
R6, B/r=0.02
0.5
BS, B/r=0.01
R6, B/r=0.01
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
b) Mm on the inside of the cylinder
A-98
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
1.0
0.9
Mb (outside)
0.8
0.7
BS, B/r=0.2
R6, B/r=0.2
BS, B/r=0.1
R6, B/r=0.1
BS, B/r=0.05
R6, B/r=0.05
BS, B/r=0.02
R6, B/r=0.02
BS, B/r=0.01
R6, B/r=0.01
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
c) Mb on the outside of the cylinder
0.0
-0.1
-0.2
Mb (inside)
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
BS, B/r=0.2
R6, B/r=0.2
BS, B/r=0.1
R6, B/r=0.1
-0.9
BS, B/r=0.05
R6, B/r=0.05
BS, B/r=0.02
R6, B/r=0.02
BS, B/r=0.01
R6, B/r=0.01
-1.0
-1.1
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
d) Mb on the inside of the cylinder
A-99
A.4.2.2
Surface cracks
A.4.2.2.1 Internal circumferential surface crack

a) Finite crack
BS 7910 Solution: [A.15][A.29][A.36][A.37]

Where:
M = fw = 1
Mm and Mb for the deepest point in the crack (A, =90) and for the points where the crack intersects the free
surface (B, =0) are given in Table A.17.
A-100
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.17 BS 7910 Mm and Mb solutions for a circumferential internal surface crack in a cylinder
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/2c = 0.5, B/ri = 0.1

Mm(A)
Mb(A)
Mm(B)
0.663
0.663
0.729
0.667
0.574
0.681
0.670
0.327
0.706
0.686
0.140
0.733
0.702
-0.105
0.764
a/2c = 0.25, B/ri = 0.1
0.896
0.896
0.697
0.999
0.731
0.731
1.031
0.504
0.801
1.121
0.306
0.889
1.148
0.014
0.993
a/2c = 0.1, B/ri = 0.1
1.059
1.059
0.521
1.168
0.870
0.617
1.375
0.736
0.835
1.599
0.561
1.048
1.803
0.269
1.255
a/2c = 0.05, B/ri = 0.1
1.103
1.103
0.384
1.219
0.921
0.482
1.529
0.829
0.700
1.939
0.677
0.981
2.411
0.479
1.363
Mb(B)
0.729
0.623
0.528
0.431
0.332
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.697
0.628
0.563
0.502
0.445
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.521
0.623
0.591
0.556
0.519
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.384
0.487
0.498
0.525
0.570
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/2c = 0.5, B/ri = 0.2

Mm(A)
Mb(A)
Mm(B)
0.663
0.663
0.729
0.667
0.582
0.681
0.670
0.334
0.706
0.686
0.117
0.733
0.702
-0.099
0.764
a/2c = 0.25, B/ri = 0.2
0.896
0.896
0.697
1.004
0.735
0.731
1.030
0.503
0.801
1.124
0.305
0.889
1.192
0.027
0.993
a/2c = 0.1, B/ri = 0.2
1.059
1.059
0.521
1.144
0.851
0.617
1.318
0.698
0.835
1.517
0.515
1.048
1.782
0.253
1.255
a/2c = 0.05, B/ri = 0.2
1.103
1.103
0.384
1.214
0.903
0.482
1.382
0.776
0.700
1.661
0.624
0.981
2.031
0.386
1.363
Mb(B)
0.729
0.623
0.528
0.431
0.332
0.697
0.628
0.563
0.502
0.445
0.521
0.623
0.591
0.556
0.519
0.384
0.487
0.498
0.525
0.570
A global bending moment on the cylinder can be included [A.46] by adding the following stress to Pm:
M global = ( ri + a ) / ( ri + B ) ri 4
4
(A.71)
Validity limits:
0 a/B 0.8
0.05 a/2c 0.5
0.1 B/ri 0.2
R6 solution [A.18][A.38]
3
a a B
a a B
K I = a Pi fi , , + Pbg fbg , ,
i =0
B 2c ri
B 2c ri
(A.72)
where Pi (i = 0 to 3) are stress components which define the axisymmetric stress distribution P according to
A-101
3
u
P = P ( u ) = Pi
a
i =0
for 0 u a
(A.73)
and Pbg is the global bending stress, ie the maximum outer fibre bending stress. The stresses P and Pbg are to
be taken normal to the prospective crack plane in an uncracked cylinder. The co-ordinate u is the distance
from the inner surface of the cylinder as defined in the figure above. The solution for the global bending stress
assumes that the crack is symmetrically positioned about the global bending axis so that the maximum stress
occurs at u=B above Point A. The geometry functions fi (i = 0 to 3) and fbg are given in Table A.18 and for the
deepest point of the crack (A), and at the intersection of the crack with the free surface (B), respectively.
A-102
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.18 R6 Geometry functions at Point A for a part circumferential internal surface crack in a
cylinder.
a/2c=0.5, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.659
0.665
0.682
0.700
0.729
0.471
0.460
0.471
0.481
0.506
0.387
0.371
0.381
0.390
0.410
0.337
0.316
0.327
0.335
0.352
0.549
0.570
0.600
0.632
0.675
0.337
0.315
0.325
0.333
0.347
0.599
0.613
0.636
0.659
0.685
0.352
0.347
0.362
0.377
0.409
0.738
0.761
0.817
0.885
0.973
0.352
0.347
0.363
0.377
0.406
0.806
0.825
0.883
0.950
1.012
0.356
0.381
0.403
0.427
0.471
0.854
0.890
0.995
1.126
1.310
a/2c=0.5, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.659
0.664
0.680
0.696
0.714
0.471
0.459
0.469
0.478
0.497
0.387
0.370
0.379
0.387
0.403
a/2c=0.25, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.886
0.890
0.934
0.991
1.066
0.565
0.556
0.576
0.602
0.653
0.430
0.424
0.440
0.457
0.496
a/2c=0.25, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.886
0.895
0.947
1.008
1.062
0.565
0.557
0.580
0.605
0.647
0.430
0.424
0.441
0.458
0.492
a/2c=0.125, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.025
1.041
1.142
1.274
1.463
0.600
0.625
0.666
0.718
0.813
0.441
0.469
0.496
0.527
0.589
A-103
R6 Geometry functions at Point A for a part circumferential internal surface crack in a cylinder (continued).
a/2c=0.125, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.025
1.053
1.180
1.335
1.482
0.600
0.629
0.678
0.737
0.814
0.441
0.471
0.502
0.536
0.587
0.356
0.382
0.407
0.431
0.469
0.931
0.970
1.097
1.253
1.402
0.388
0.398
0.433
0.468
0.541
0.899
0.964
1.120
1.321
1.633
0.388
0.401
0.441
0.479
0.541
0.981
1.059
1.267
1.531
1.842
0.413
0.414
0.453
0.505
0.609
0.918
1.004
1.188
1.430
1.794
0.413
0.418
0.464
0.520
0.613
1.001
1.112
1.377
1.737
2.219
a/2c=0.063, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.079
1.130
1.294
1.521
1.899
0.635
0.665
0.732
0.820
0.987
0.473
0.493
0.537
0.587
0.690
a/2c=0.063, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.079
1.150
1.366
1.643
1.972
0.635
0.672
0.756
0.859
1.002
0.473
0.498
0.549
0.606
0.694
a/2c=0.031, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.101
1.180
1.377
1.707
2.226
0.658
0.690
0.775
0.902
1.137
0.499
0.512
0.564
0.638
0.783
a/2c=0.031, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
A-104
1.101
1.209
1.490
1.887
2.444
0.658
0.701
0.810
0.958
1.187
0.499
0.518
0.582
0.665
0.799
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.19 R6 Geometry functions at Point B for a part circumferential internal surface crack in a
cylinder
a/2c=0.5, B/ri = 0.2
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.718
0.746
0.774
0.822
0.876
0.117
0.041
0.125
0.046
0.133
0.051
0.147
0.058
0.161
0.064
a/2c=0.5, B/ri = 0.1
0.020
0.023
0.026
0.031
0.034
0.598
0.625
0.652
0.696
0.746
0.716
0.747
0.778
0.831
0.890
0.116
0.041
0.125
0.046
0.134
0.051
0.148
0.058
0.163
0.064
a/2c=0.25, B/ri = 0.2
0.020
0.023
0.026
0.031
0.033
0.652
0.682
0.712
0.763
0.820
0.664
0.716
0.768
0.852
0.944
0.091
0.029
0.108
0.039
0.125
0.049
0.152
0.062
0.179
0.075
a/2c=0.25, B/ri = 0.1
0.013
0.019
0.025
0.033
0.040
0.555
0.599
0.643
0.712
0.788
0.657
0.719
0.781
0.883
0.995
0.089
0.030
0.109
0.040
0.129
0.050
0.160
0.066
0.191
0.079
a/2c=0.125, B/ri = 0.2
0.014
0.020
0.026
0.035
0.042
0.598
0.656
0.714
0.809
0.913
0.541
0.598
0.655
0.737
0.846
0.054
0.014
0.072
0.023
0.090
0.032
0.116
0.045
0.151
0.062
a/2c=0.5, B/ri = 0.2
0.004
0.010
0.016
0.023
0.033
0.461
0.496
0.531
0.576
0.634
0.020
0.023
0.026
0.031
0.034
0.598
0.625
0.652
0.696
0.746
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.718
0.746
0.774
0.822
0.876
0.117
0.125
0.133
0.147
0.161
0.041
0.046
0.051
0.058
0.064
A-105
R6 Geometry functions at Point B for a part circumferential internal surface crack in a cylinder (continued).
a/2c=0.5, B/ri = 0.1

a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.716
0.747
0.778
0.831
0.890
0.116
0.041
0.125
0.046
0.134
0.051
0.148
0.058
0.163
0.064
a/2c=0.25, B/ri = 0.2
0.020
0.023
0.026
0.031
0.033
0.652
0.682
0.712
0.763
0.820
0.664
0.716
0.768
0.852
0.944
0.091
0.029
0.108
0.039
0.125
0.049
0.152
0.062
0.179
0.075
a/2c=0.25, B/ri = 0.1
0.013
0.019
0.025
0.033
0.040
0.555
0.599
0.643
0.712
0.788
0.657
0.719
0.781
0.883
0.995
0.089
0.030
0.109
0.040
0.129
0.050
0.160
0.066
0.191
0.079
a/2c=0.125, B/ri = 0.2
0.014
0.020
0.026
0.035
0.042
0.598
0.656
0.714
0.809
0.913
0.004
0.010
0.016
0.023
0.033
0.461
0.496
0.531
0.576
0.634
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
a/B
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.541
0.598
0.655
0.737
0.846
0.054
0.072
0.090
0.116
0.151
0.014
0.023
0.032
0.045
0.062
Plots
Figure A.19 (x-ref) shows the solutions for various a/2c and B/ri. BSI, R6 and API solutions are included (R6
results were obtained by extrapolation of the tabulated solutions); BSI solutions for a surface crack in a flat
plate (infinite radius, B/ri0) are included for comparison. For the solution at =90 (Mm(A) and Mm(B)) R6 and
API solutions are very close for a given geometry, with BS 7910 solutions slightly higher. For the surface
(Point B, =0), the BS solutions show rather different trends from the others. As has been pointed out by
Smith ([A.13], the determination of stress intensity by elastic FEA as the crack front approaches the surface
presents particular difficulties, and this may be a factor in the discrepancy.
A-106
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.19 Normalised K-solution for an internal circumferential crack in a cylinder

3.5
Internal circumferential surface crack in a cylinder, B/ri=0.10, =90o
3.0
Mm(d)...
2.5
BS, a/2c=0.05
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.25
BS, a/2c=0.50
R6, a/2c=0.05 (interp)
R6, a/2c=0.25
R6, a/2c=0.50
API, a/2c=0.05
API, a/2c=0.10
API, a/2c=0.25
API, a/2c=0.50
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
a/B

1.4
1.2
Mm(s)...
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
BS, a/2c=0.50
BS, a/2c=0.25
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.05
0.2
API, a/2c=0.50
API, a/2c=0.25
API, a/2c=0.10
API, a/2c=0.05
R6, a/2c=0.50
R6, a/2c=0.25
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
a/B
A-107
Normalised K-solution for an internal circumferential crack in a cylinder (contd)

1.2
1.0
Mb(d)...
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
BS, a/2c=0.50
BS, a/2c=0.25
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.05
0.0
API, a/2c=0.50
API, a/2c=0.25
API, a/2c=0.10
API, a/2c=0.05
R6, a/2c=0.50
R6, a/2c=0.25
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
a/B

0.8
0.7
Mb(s)...
0.6
0.5
0.4
BS, a/2c=0.50
BS, a/2c=0.25
BS, a/2c=0.10
BS, a/2c=0.05
0.3
API, a/2c=0.50
API, a/2c=0.25
API, a/2c=0.10
API, a/2c=0.05
R6, a/2c=0.50
R6, a/2c=0.25
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
a/B
d) Bending stress, =0, B/ri=0.1
A-108
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
b) Extended crack
BS 7910 Solution [A.36][A.32][A.39]

Where:
M = fw = 1;
Mm and Mb are given in Table A.20:
Table A.20 BS 7910 Mm and Mb solutions for an extended circumferential internal

surface crack in a cylindrical shell
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
B/ri = 0.1
Mm
1.122
1.261
1.582
2.091
2.599
Mb
1.122
0.954
0.909
0.810
0.600
a/B
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
B/ri = 0.2
Mm
1.122
1.215
1.446
1.804
2.280
Mb
1.122
0.933
0.810
0.650
0.411
Validity limits:
0 a/B 0.8
0.1 B/ri 0.2
R6 Solution [A.19]
A-109
KI =
i =3
P (u )
2 a
0
i =1
3
u i
fi ( a / B, B / ri ) 1 2 du
a
(A.74)
The stress distribution P = P(u) is to be taken normal to the prospective crack plane in an uncracked cylinder.
The co-ordinate u is the distance from the inner surface of the cylinder as shown above.
The geometry functions fi (i = 1 to 3) are given in Table A.21 for the deepest point of the crack
A-110
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.21 R6 geometry functions for an extended internal circumferential crack in a cylinder.
B/ri = 0.43
a/B
0
2.000
1.327
0.218
0.1
2.000
1.337
0.200
0.2
2.000
1.543
0.201
0.3
2.000
1.880
0.228
0.4
2.000
2.321
0.293
0.5
2.000
2.879
0.373
0.6
2.000
3.720
0.282
B/ri = 0.25
a/B
0
2.000
1.336
0.218
0.1
2.000
1.460
0.206
0.2
2.000
1.839
0.241
0.3
2.000
2.359
0.353
0.4
2.000
2.976
0.556
0.5
2.000
3.688
0.837
0.6
2.000
4.598
1.086
B/ri = 0.11
a/B
0
2.000
1.346
0.219
0.1
2.000
1.591
0.211
0.2
2.000
2.183
0.279
0.3
2.000
2.966
0.518
0.4
2.000
3.876
0.956
0.5
2.000
4.888
1.614
0.6
2.000
5.970
2.543
Plots
Figure A.20 shows the BSI, R6 and API solutions; the solutions are very similar between procedures for B/ri
0.1 B/ri 0.2, but API offers a wider range of geometries (up to 0.001 B/rI 0.5). The BS 7910 solution for an
extended surface flaw in a flat plate is shown for comparison and is seen to overestimate Mm relative to the
geometry-specific solutions.
A-111
Figure A.20 Normalised K-solution for an extended internal circumferential crack in a cylinder
Extended internal circumferential crack in a cylinder
BS, B/ri=0.20
BS, B/ri=0.10
R6, B/ri=0.25
R6, B/ri=0.11
API, B/ri=0.50
API, B/ri=0.20
API, B/ri=0.10
API, B/ri=0.05
Flat plate
2.6
2.4
2.2
Mm
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
a) Membrane stress
Extended internal circumferential crack in a cylinder
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
Mb
1.0
0.9
Flat plate
0.8
BS, B/ri=0.10
0.7
R6, B/ri=0.11
0.6
BS, B/ri=0.20
0.5
R6, B/ri=0.25
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Bending stress
A-112
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.4.2.2.2 External circumferential surface crack

a) Finite crack
BS 7910 Solution
It is recommended to use the flat plate solution given in Section A.2.2.
M=1
Validity limits:
0 a / 2c 1.0
0
and
a/B < 1.25 (a/c + 0.6)
a/B < 1.0
for 0 a/2c 0.1

for 0.1 a/2c 1.0
3
a a B
a a B
K I = a Pi fi , , + Pbg fbg , ,
i =0
B 2c ri
B 2c ri
(A.75)
where Pi (i = 0 to 3) are stress components which define the axisymmetric stress distribution P according to:
A-113
3
u
P = P ( u ) = Pi
a
i =0
for 0 u a
(A.76)
and Pbg is the global bending stress, ie the maximum outer fibre bending stress. The stresses P and Pbg are to
be taken normal to the prospective crack plane in an uncracked cylinder. The co-ordinate u is the distance
from the external surface of the cylinder as shown in the figure above. The solution for global bending stress
assumes that the crack is symmetrically positioned about the global bending axis so that the maximum stress
occurs at u=0. The geometry functions fi (i = 0 to 3) and fbg are given in and Table A.23 respectively for the
deepest point of the crack, and at the intersection of the crack with the free surface.
A-114
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.22 R6 geometry functions for an external circumferential crack in a cylinder; deepest part of
crack (Point A)
a/2c=0.5, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.659
0.471
0.387
0.337
0.659
0.2
0.661
0.455
0.367
0.313
0.645
0.4
0.673
0.462
0.374
0.321
0.642
0.6
0.686
0.467
0.378
0.325
0.638
0.8
0.690
0.477
0.387
0.333
0.626
a/2c=0.5, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.659
0.471
0.387
0.337
0.659
0.2
0.662
0.456
0.368
0.313
0.653
0.4
0.676
0.464
0.376
0.322
0.659
0.6
0.690
0.470
0.381
0.328
0.664
0.8
0.695
0.482
0.392
0.337
0.660
a/2c=0.25, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.886
0.565
0.430
0.352
0.886
0.2
0.905
0.560
0.425
0.347
0.885
0.4
0.972
0.586
0.443
0.363
0.932
0.6
1.060
0.618
0.462
0.378
0.995
0.8
1.133
0.659
0.493
0.403
1.041
a/2c=0.25, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.886
0.565
0.430
0.352
0.886
0.2
0.903
0.559
0.425
0.347
0.891
0.4
0.969
0.586
0.443
0.363
0.947
0.6
1.051
0.616
0.462
0.378
1.016
0.8
1.108
0.654
0.491
0.403
1.059
a/2c=0.125, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
1.025
0.600
0.441
0.356
1.025
0.2
1.078
0.638
0.476
0.386
1.055
0.4
1.253
0.702
0.513
0.413
1.202
0.6
1.502
0.790
0.561
0.446
1.413
0.8
1.773
0.900
0.625
0.490
1.631
A-115
R6 geometry functions for an external circumferential crack in a cylinder; deepest part of crack
(contd)
a/2c=0.125, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
1.025
0.600
0.441
0.356
1.025
0.2
1.073
0.637
0.475
0.386
1.060
0.4
1.246
0.700
0.512
0.413
1.219
0.6
1.489
0.786
0.559
0.445
1.443
0.8
1.711
0.880
0.616
0.484
1.640
a/2c=0.063, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
1.079
0.635
0.473
0.388
1.079
0.2
1.186
0.685
0.504
0.406
1.162
0.4
1.482
0.797
0.570
0.454
1.419
0.6
1.907
0.951
0.654
0.508
1.779
0.8
2.461
1.166
0.776
0.591
2.220
a/2c=0.063, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
1.079
0.635
0.473
0.388
1.079
0.2
1.182
0.684
0.504
0.405
1.168
0.4
1.491
0.800
0.571
0.454
1.458
0.6
1.949
0.962
0.658
0.511
1.883
0.8
2.479
1.165
0.772
0.587
2.363
a/2c=0.031, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
1.101
0.658
0.499
0.413
1.101
0.2
1.252
0.716
0.525
0.422
1.225
0.4
1.599
0.854
0.607
0.482
1.525
0.6
2.067
1.036
0.713
0.555
1.926
0.8
2.740
1.313
0.875
0.666
2.491
a/2c=0.031, B/ri=0.1
a/B
A-116
1.101
0.658
0.499
0.413
1.101
0.2
1.252
0.716
0.525
0.421
1.237
0.4
1.651
0.869
0.614
0.485
1.611
0.6
2.243
1.089
0.736
0.566
2.157
0.8
3.011
1.387
0.904
0.678
2.845
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Table A.23 R6 geometry functions for an external circumferential crack in a cylinder; surface point
(Point B)
a/2c=0.5, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.715
0.117
0.040
0.020
0.717
0.2
0.748
0.125
0.045
0.023
0.744
0.4
0.781
0.133
0.050
0.026
0.771
0.6
0.837
0.147
0.057
0.030
0.821
0.8
0.905
0.163
0.063
0.033
0.880
a/2c=0.5, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.713
0.117
0.041
0.020
0.713
0.2
0.748
0.125
0.046
0.023
0.745
0.4
0.783
0.133
0.051
0.026
0.777
0.6
0.841
0.149
0.058
0.030
0.832
0.8
0.912
0.166
0.064
0.033
0.898
a/2c=0.25, B/ri=0.2
f1B
a/B
0
0.654
0.088
0.028
0.013
0.657
0.2
0.724
0.110
0.040
0.020
0.719
0.4
0.794
0.132
0.052
0.027
0.781
0.6
0.915
0.168
0.069
0.037
0.888
0.8
1.059
0.208
0.087
0.046
1.012
a/2c=0.25, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.649
0.087
0.028
0.013
0.649
0.2
0.723
0.110
0.040
0.020
0.720
0.4
0.797
0.133
0.052
0.027
0.791
0.6
0.925
0.172
0.071
0.038
0.912
0.8
1.081
0.215
0.089
0.048
1.058
a/2c=0.125, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.527
0.047
0.010
0.003
0.537
0.2
0.610
0.074
0.024
0.011
0.603
0.4
0.693
0.101
0.038
0.019
0.669
0.6
0.818
0.139
0.055
0.029
0.762
0.8
0.972
0.185
0.077
0.041
0.868
A-117
R6 geometry functions for an external circumferential crack in a cylinder; surface point (contd)
a/2c=0.125, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.518
0.043
0.009
0.002
0.521
0.2
0.610
0.074
0.024
0.011
0.607
0.4
0.702
0.105
0.039
0.020
0.693
0.6
0.856
0.152
0.062
0.033
0.834
0.8
1.060
0.211
0.088
0.047
1.019
a/2c=0.063, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.425
0.029
0.004
0.001
0.454
0.2
0.459
0.040
0.010
0.004
0.443
0.4
0.493
0.050
0.016
0.007
0.432
0.6
0.529
0.058
0.018
0.008
0.390
0.8
0.542
0.057
0.016
0.006
0.294
a/2c=0.063, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.409
0.023
0.003
0.000
0.417
0.2
0.461
0.040
0.011
0.004
0.455
0.4
0.513
0.057
0.019
0.009
0.493
0.6
0.589
0.078
0.028
0.014
0.542
0.8
0.671
0.099
0.037
0.018
0.582
a/2c=0.031, B/ri=0.2
a/B
0
0.307
0.017
0.005
0.000
0.379
0.2
0.306
0.016
0.003
0.000
0.265
0.4
0.305
0.014
0.001
0.000
0.151
0.6
0.299
0.008
0.000
0.000
0.024
0.8
0.292
0.003
0.000
0.000
a/2c=0.031, B/ri=0.1
a/B
0
0.299
0.021
0.002
0.000
0.323
0.2
0.309
0.020
0.003
0.000
0.296
0.4
0.319
0.019
0.004
0.000
0.269
0.6
0.322
0.016
0.002
0.000
0.208
0.8
0.305
0.005
0.000
0.000
0.103
Plots
A-118
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.21 compares the BS 7910 and R6 solutions. For the deepest point of the crack, there is little
difference between the solutions, except for cracks with low a/2c ratio, eg a/2c=0.031, where the geometryspecific solution may be preferable. Smith [A.13] has demonstrated that the R6 solutions are consistent with
those presented in API 579 and a recent solution by Chapuliot [A.40].
A-119
Figure A.21 Normalised K-solution for external circumferential crack in a cylinder

4.0
External circumferential surface crack in a cylinder

BS7910, a/2c=0.500
BS7910, a/2c=0.250
BS7910, a/2c=0.125
BS7910, a/2c=0.063
BS7910, a/2c=0.031
3.5
3.0
R6, a/2c=0.500
R6, a/2c=0.250
R6, a/2c=0.125
R6, a/2c=0.063
R6, a/2c=0.031
Mm(d)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
a/B

1.4

BS7910, a/2c=0.500
BS7910, a/2c=0.250
BS7910, a/2c=0.125
BS7910, a/2c=0.063
BS7910, a/2c=0.031
1.2
R6, a/2c=0.500
R6, a/2c=0.250
R6, a/2c=0.125
R6, a/2c=0.063
R6, a/2c=0.031
Mm(s)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
A-120
(01 May 2006)
1.2
FITNET MK7
1.0
0.8
Mb(d)
0.6
0.4
0.2
BS7910, a/2c=0.500
BS7910, a/2c=0.250
BS7910, a/2c=0.125
BS7910, a/2c=0.063
BS7910, a/2c=0.031
0.0
R6, a/2c=0.500
R6, a/2c=0.250
R6, a/2c=0.125
R6, a/2c=0.063
R6, a/2c=0.031
-0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
a/B

0.9
BS7910, a/2c=0.500
BS7910, a/2c=0.250
BS7910, a/2c=0.125
BS7910, a/2c=0.063
BS7910, a/2c=0.031
0.8
R6, a/2c=0.500
R6, a/2c=0.250
R6, a/2c=0.125
R6, a/2c=0.063
R6, a/2c=0.031
Mb(s)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
Bending stress, =0, B/ri=0.1
A-121
b) Extended Crack

Note that this solution is appropriate for membrane loading only; bending stresses Pb and Qb should be added
to Pm and Qm for assessment purposes. The stress intensity factor solution is calculated from equations (A.1
to (A.6 where
M = fw = 1;
Mb = Mm =
(1 )
1.08
0.8 +
4+
1 (1 )
{1 (1 ) }2 2
(1 )(1 )
1 2
0.5
(A.77)
where:
= ri / ro
= a/B
Validity limits:
None given
A-122
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
R6 Solution [A.19]
KI =
i =3
u
P (u ) fi ( a / B, B / ri ) 1
2 a 0
a
i =1
3
2
du
(A.78)
The stress distribution P = P(u) is to be taken normal to the prospective crack plane in an uncracked cylinder.
The co-ordinate u is the distance from the outer surface of the cylinder as shown above.
The geometry functions fi (i = 1 to 3) are given in Table A.24 for the deepest point of the crack.
A-123
Table A.24 R6 geometry functions for an extended external circumferential crack in a cylinder.
B/ri = 0.43
a/B
0
2.000
1.359
0.220
0.1
2.000
1.642
0.236
0.2
2.000
2.127
0.307
0.3
2.000
2.727
0.447
0.4
2.000
3.431
0.668
0.5
2.000
4.271
0.951
0.6
2.000
5.406
1.183
B/ri = 0.25
a/B
0
2.000
1.362
0.221
0.1
2.000
1.659
0.221
0.2
2.000
2.220
0.303
0.3
2.000
2.904
0.535
0.4
2.000
3.701
0.857
0.5
2.000
4.603
1.311
0.6
2.000
5.671
1.851
B/ri = 0.11
a/B
0
2.000
1.364
0.220
0.1
2.000
1.694
0.211
0.2
2.000
2.375
0.310
0.3
2.000
3.236
0.630
0.4
2.000
4.252
1.136
0.5
2.000
5.334
1.972
0.6
2.000
6.606
2.902
Plot
See Figure A.22 for details; this compares the R6, BS 7910 and API solutions. The BS 7910 solution for an
extended surface crack in a plate is also shown for information. Note that the BS 7910 solution falls below the
solutions given in R6 and API 579, and is also lower than the BS 7910 solution for an extended internal
circumferential crack in a cylinder (cf Figure A.20). This is anomalous, and the R6 solution is recommended.
A-124
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Figure A.22 Normalised K-solution for extended external circumferential crack in a cylinder
Extended external circumferential crack in a cylinder
2.6
BS, B/ri=0.11
BS, B/ri=0.25
R6, B/ri=0.11
R6, B/ri=0.25
API, B/ri=0.10
API, B/ri=0.20
Flat plate
2.4
2.2
Mm
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
a) Membrane stress
Extended external circumferential crack in a cylinder
2.0
BS, B/ri=0.11, implied Mb

BS, B/ri=0.25, implied Mb
R6, B/ri=0.11
R6, B/ri=0.25
Flat plate
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
Mb
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
a/B
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
b) Bending stress
A-125
A.4.2.3
Embedded crack
a) Finite crack
BS 7910 Solution
The flat plate solution in A.2.2.3 can be applied to embedded cracks in shells.
M=1
Validity limits:
None given
R6
A-126
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
b) Extended Crack
BS 7910, R6
API 579 Solution

API 579 recommends the use of the flat plate solution (see A.2.3.2).
A-127
A.5 Cracks In Nozzles

BS 7910 solution
The flat plate solution in A.2.7 can be applied to radial internal corner cracks in nozzles, together with
appropriate stress concentration factors.
Validity limits:
None given
R6
A-128
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.6 Welded joints

A.6.1 Butt, Full Penetration and Attachment Welds with Surface Crack at Weld Toe
BS 7910 Solution
BS7910 advises that, when a flaw or crack is situated in a region of local stress concentration such as the
weld toe, it is necessary to include the effect of the stress concentration field when calculating KI. Unless the
KI solution being used already incorporates the influence of the stress concentration, it is necessary to
introduce the correction factor Mk, which is a function of crack size, geometry and loading. In general, the
correction factor, Mk, is the product of the ratio of the K for a crack in material with the stress concentration to
the K for the same crack in material without the stress concentration.
Thus, Mk normally decreases with increases in through-thickness distance z from the weld toe to unity at crack
heights of typically 30 % of material thickness. For butt welds, T-butt welds, full penetration cruciform joints
and members with fillet or butt-welded attachments, Mk has been found to be a function of z, B and L. Here z
is the height, measured from the weld toe, and L is the overall length of the attachment measured from weld
toe to weld toe, as shown in the figures above.
The Mkm and Mkb stress intensity factor magnification factors, for membrane and bending loading, are required
for the general stress intensity factor solutions in equations (A.1 to (A.6. The resulting relationships are given
below.
Mk has been calculated by 2-D finite element analysis for profiles representing sections of the welded joint
geometry. Thus, Mk is directly applicable to the case of a straight-fronted weld toe surface crack (ie a/2c = 0).
However, experience indicates that it can also be applied to semi-elliptical cracks (0 a/2c 0.5) and other
flaw types. The nature of the finite element model used to calculate Mk is such that the solutions produced are
not applicable for z = 0, and near-surface Mk values should be used (z = 0.15 mm) for the intersection of
surface flaws with the weld toe, and for through-thickness flaws at weld toes.
A-129
The solutions presented apply for 45 weld profiles (=45): Mk is slightly lower for lower angles and vice
versa.
More accurate solutions based on 3D-stress analysis of semi-elliptical cracks at weld toes are available, and
one such solution is presented in Section A.6.1.2.
A.6.1.1
Solutions based on 2D FEA
[A.41]
In general the following solutions apply:
z
M k = v
B
(A.79)
down to Mk = 1
where
v and w have the values given in Table A.25 for cracks at the toes of full penetration butt or attachment welds.
Table A.25 Values of v and w for axial and bending loading

Loading mode
Axial
L/B
2
>2
Bending
1
>1
A.6.1.2
z/B
0.05(L/B)0.55
0.55
>0.05(L/B)
0.073
>0.073
0.03(L/B)0.55
>0.03(L/B)0.55
0.03
>0.03
v
0.27
0.51(L/B)
0.83
0.615
0.83
0.45(L/B)0.21
0.68
0.45
0.68
w
0.31
0.15(L/B)0.46
0.31
0.20
0.31
0.19(L/B)0.21
0.31
0.19
Solutions based on 3D FEA
[A.46][A.47][A.48]
General
Alternative stress intensity magnification factor solutions (Mk) for the deepest and surface points of a semielliptical weld-toe crack are given in this section. The solutions were obtained by curve fitting to individual finite
element analyses. They include the weld profile angle as variables, but the following simplified solutions are
valid for 45 weld profiles with sharp radii (less than 0.1B) and for the following parametric ranges:
0.005 < a / B < 1.0
0.05 a / 2c 0.5
0.5 L / B 2.75
(for L/B > 2.75, use the value for L/B = 2.75)
A-130
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
Deepest point
a) Axial
) ( ) (
M km = f1 a , a + f2 a + f3 a , L
B c
B
B B
(A.80)
where:
g + g a B)
}
f1 a , a = 0.433 58 ( a B ) 1 { 2 (
B c
g3
+ 0.931 63exp ( a B )
0.050 966
}+ g
where:
2
g1 = 1.034 3 ( a c ) 0.156 57 ( a c ) + 1.340 9 ;
g2 = 1.321 8 ( a c )
0.611 53
g3 = 0.872 38 ( a c ) + 1.278 8 ;
3
g4 = 0.461 90 ( a c ) + 0.670 90 ( a c ) 0.375 71 ( a c ) + 4.651 1 .
and where:
( )
176.419 9
0.107 40( a / B )
;
f2 a = 0.215 21{1 ( a B )}
+ 2.814 1 ( a B )
B
g
0.230 03
2
f3 a , L = 0.339 94 ( a B )( 5 ) + 1.949 3 ( a B )
+ g6 ( a B ) + g7 ( a B ) + g8 ;
B B
where:
3
g5 = 0.015 647 ( L B ) + 0.090 889 ( L B ) 0.171 80 ( L B ) 0.245 87 ;

2
g6 = 0.201 36 ( L B ) + 0.933 11 ( L B ) 0.414 96 ;

2
g7 = 0.201 88 ( L B ) 0.978 57 ( L B ) + 0.068 225 ;

2
g8 = 0.027 338 ( L B ) + 0.125 51 ( L B ) 11.218 .
NOTE If equation (A.80 gives a value of Mk < 1.0, assume that Mk = 1.0.
b) Bending
If 0.005 a/B 0.5, then the following expression applies:
A-131
) ( ) (
M kb = f1 a , a + f2 a + f3 a , L
B c
B
B B
(A.81)
where:
g + g a B)
}
f1 a , a = 0.065 916 ( a B ) 1 { 2 (
B c
g3
+ 0.520 86 exp ( a B )
0.103 64
}+ g
4;
Where:
2
g1 = 0.014 992 ( a c ) 0.021 401 ( a c ) 0.238 51 ;

g2 = 0.617 75 ( a c )
1.027 8
g3 = 0.000 132 42 ( a c ) 1.474 4 ;

3
g4 = 0.287 83 ( a c ) + 0.587 06 ( a c ) 0.371 98 ( a c ) 0.898 87
and where:
( )
2.808 6
g
f2 a = 0.219 950 (1 a B )
+ 0.021 403 ( a B ) 5 ;
B
where:
2
g5 = 17.195 ( a B ) + 12.468 ( a B ) 0.516 62 ;
and where:
g
0.200 77
2
+ g7 ( a / B ) + g8 ( a / B ) + g9 ;
f3 a , L = 0.233 44 ( a/B )( 6 ) 0.148 27 ( a/B )
B B
where
3
g6 = 0.059 798 ( L B ) + 0.380 91 ( L B ) 0.802 20 ( L B ) + 0.319 06 ;

2
g7 = 0.358 48 ( L B ) + 1.397 5 ( L B ) 1.753 5 ;

2
g8 = 0.312 88 ( L B ) 1.359 9 ( L B ) + 1.661 1 ;
A-132
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
g9 = 0.001 470 1 ( L B ) 0.002 507 4 ( L B ) 0.008 984 6 .

NOTE If equation (A.81 gives a value of Mk < 1.0, assume that Mk = 1.0.
Surface point
a) Axial
) ( ) (
M km = f1 a , c , L f2 a , a f3 a , a , L
B a B
T c
B c B
(A.82)
where:
f1
a , c , L = g ( a B ) g2 a
1

B a B
c
+ g3 + g 4
a
+ g5 {1 ( a B )}
c 2
c
g6 + g7 + g8
a
a
where:
2
g1 = 0.007 815 7 ( c a ) 0.070 664 ( c a ) + 1.850 8 ;

2
g2 = 0.000 054 546 ( L B ) + 0.000 136 51 ( L B ) 0.000 478 44 ;

2
g3 = 0.000 491 92 ( L B ) 0.001 359 5 ( L B ) + 0.011 400 ;

2
g4 = 0.007 165 4 ( L B ) 0.033 399 ( L B ) 0.250 64 ;

2
g5 = 0.018 640 ( c a ) + 0.243 11 ( c a ) 1.764 4 ;

2
g6 = 0.00 167 13 ( L B ) + 0.009 062 0 ( L B ) 0.016 479 ;

2
g7 = 0.003 161 5 ( L B ) 0.010 944 ( L B ) + 0.139 67 ;

3
g8 = 0.045 206 ( L B ) + 0.323 80 ( L B ) 0.689 35 ( L B ) + 1.495 4 .

and where:
) {
g
2
g
f2 a , a = 0.286 39 ( a c ) + 0.354 11 ( a c ) + 1.643 0 ( a B ) 9 + 0.274 49 {1 ( a B )} 10 ;
B c
where:
2
g9 = 0.254 73 ( a c ) + 0.409 28 ( a c ) + 0.002 189 2 ;
A-133
g10 = 37.423 ( a c ) 15.741 ( a c ) + 64.903 .
and where:
0.754 29
g
+ g12 exp ( a B ) 13 ;
f3 a , a , L = g11 ( a B )
B c B
where:
3
g11 = 0.105 53 ( L B ) + 0.598 94 ( L B ) 1.094 2 ( L B ) 1.265 0 ;

g12 = 0.043 891 ( L B ) 0.248 98 ( L B ) + 0.447 32 ( L B ) + 0.601 36 ;
2
g13 = 0.011 411 ( a c ) + 0.004 369 ( a c ) + 0.517 32 .

b) Bending
) (
) (
M kb = f1 a , c , L f2 a , a f3 a , a , L
B a B
B c
B c B
(A.83)
where:
g
f1 a , c , L = g1 ( a B ) 2 a
B a B
c
+ g3 + g 4
a

c
g
+ g7 + g8
+ g5 {1 ( a B )} 6 a
a
+ g9 ;
where:
2
g1 = 0.002 323 2 ( c a ) 0.000 371 56 ( c a ) + 4.598 5 ;

2
g2 = 0.000 044 010 ( L B ) + 0.000 144 25 ( L B ) 0.000 867 06 ;

2
g3 = 0.000 399 51 ( L B ) 0.001 371 5 ( L B ) + 0.014 251 ;

2
g4 = 0.004 616 9 ( L B ) 0.017 917 ( L B ) 0.163 35 ;

2
g5 = 0.018 524 ( c a ) + 0.278 10 ( c a ) 5.425 3 ;

2
g6 = 0.000 379 81 ( L B ) + 0.002 507 8 ( L B ) + 0.000 146 93 ;

2
g7 = 0.003 850 8 ( L B ) + 0.002 321 2 ( L B ) 0.026 862 ;

3
g8 = 0.011 911 ( L B ) + 0.082 625 ( L B ) 0.160 86 ( L B ) + 1.230 2 ;

3
g9 = 0.277 98 ( a B ) 1.214 4 ( a B ) 2.468 0 ( a B ) + 0.099 981 .
A-134
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
and where:
) {
g
2
g
f2 a , a = 0.350 06 ( a c ) + 0.407 68 ( a c ) + 1.705 3 ( a B ) 10 + 0.249 88 {1 ( a B )} 11
B c
where:
2
g10 = 0.259 22 ( a c ) + 0.395 66 ( a c ) + 0.011 759 ;

2
g11 = 6.597 4 ( a c ) + 55.787 ( a c ) + 37.053 .

and where:
0.947 61
g
+ g13 exp ( a / B ) 14 ;
f3 a , a , L = g12 ( a / B )
B c B
where:
3
g12 = 0.148 95 ( L B ) + 0.815 26 ( L B ) 1.479 5 ( L B ) 0.898 08 ;

g13 = 0.055 459 ( L B ) 0.301 80 ( L B ) + 0.541 54 ( L B ) + 0.534 33 ;
2
g14 = 0.013 43 ( a c ) + 0.006 670 2 ( a c ) + 0.759 39 .
Validity limits:
valid for 45 weld profiles with sharp radii (less than 0.1B) and for the following parametric ranges:
0.005 < a/B 1.0
0.05 < a/2c < 0.5
0.5 L/B 2.75
(for L/B > 2.75, use the value for L/B = 2.75)
R6
A-135
A.6.2 Load Carrying Fillet or Partial Penetration Weld with Surface Crack at Weld Toe [A.49]
BS 7910 Solution
For cracks at the toes of fillet or partial penetration load-carrying welds, the 2-D approach described in Section
A.6.1.1 may be used, where the values of v and w are those corresponding to L/B >2 for axial loading or L/B
1 for bending. The resulting value of v is then multiplied by (B/tw)0.5.
R6
A-136
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.6.3 Root Cracks in Cruciform Joints

Note that this refers only to straight fronted cracks [a/2c = 0 ]. The stress intensity solution is calculated from
equations (A.1 to (A.6 where:
M = Mm = Mb = 1;
is the stress in the loaded member.
The influence of joint geometry on stress intensity factors for root cracks in fillet and partial penetration welds
is accounted for by the application of modified finite width correction and stress intensity factor magnification
factors, fwm, fwb, Mkm and Mkb, for membrane and bending loading.
Membrane loading
2a
f wm = sec

2 W
0.5
(A.84)
M km = o + 1 ( 2a/W ) + 2 ( 2a/W )
(A.85)
where:
A-137
0 = 0.956 0.343 ( h / B )
1 = 1.219 + 6.210 ( h / B ) 12.220 ( h / B ) + 9.704 ( h / B ) 2.741 ( h / B )
2
2 = 1.954 7.938 ( h / B ) + 13.299 ( h / B ) 9.541 ( h / B ) + 2.513 ( h / B )

2
0.1 2a / W 0.7;
0.2 h / B 1.2.
Bending loading
a
f wb =
2
(1 a )0.5
1a
1
3 2 11 3
4
1 + 2 a + 8 a 16 a + 0.464a
(A.86)
where:
= 2a / W
M kb = exp ( 0 ) ( 2a/W )
for 0.2 h/B 0.7
( 2a/W )2 ln( 2a/W )
(A.87)
M kb = exp ( 0 ) ( 2a/W )
for 0.7 h/B h/B 0.7
where:
0 = 0.792 - 3.560(h/B) + 1.276(h/B)2
1 = 1.064 - 4.898(h/B) + 3.670(h/B)2

2 = 0.496 - 1.328(h/B) + 1.012(h/B)2
0 = 0.285(h/B)2 1.866(h/B)
1 = 0.028(h/B) 0.761
Range of application: 0.1
2a/W 0.7.
R6
A-138
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.7 Round Bars and Bolts

A.7.1 Straight-fronted Crack in a Bar

The stress intensity factor is calculated from equations (A.1 to (A.6:
Where:
M = Mkm = Mkb = fw = 1, with Mm and Mb as follows:
2
a
1
1
a
M m = 0.926 1.771 26.421 78.481 + 87.911
2r
2r
2r
2r
2
a
a
a
a
M b = 1.04 3.64 + 16.86 32.59 + 28.41
2r
2r
2r
2r
(A.88)
(A.89)
Validity limits:
Range of application: 0.062 5
a/2r 0.625.
R6
A-139
A.7.2 Semi-circular Surface Crack in a Bar

Where:
3
a
a
M m = g 0.752 + 2.02 + 0.37 1 sin
2r
4r
(A.90)
a
M b = g 0.923 + 0.199 1 sin
4r
(A.91)
where:
0.5
1.84 a a
tan
4r 4r
g=
a
cos
4r
NOTE K solutions for straight fronted cracks in round bars (Section A.7.1) are generally conservative
compared to semi-circular surface cracks.
Validity limits:
Range of application: a/2r <0.6.
R6
A-140
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.7.3 Fully Circumferential Crack in a Bar

Where:
Mm=
Mb =
r1.5
1.5
2 (r a )
2
3
4
r a
r a
r a
r a
0.363
+ 0.375
+ 0.731
1 + 0.5
r
r
r
r
2
3
4
5
0.375r 2.5
r a
r a
r a
r a
r a
+
+
+
1 + 0.5
0.375
0.313
0.273
0.537
r
r
r
r
r

( r a )2.5
(A.92)
(A.93)
Validity limits:
None given
R6
A-141
A.7.4 Semi-circular Crack in a Bolt

This solution has been developed for the ISO M8 1.0 bolt geometry. The stress intensity factor is calculated
from equations (A.1 to (A.6
Where:
2
M m = M b = 0 + 1 ( a / 2r ) + 2 ( a / 2r )
(A.94)
where the following apply for the conditions indicated:

a) Tension loading (Mm), at the deepest point in the crack:
0 = 1.015 5 - 0.237 5(a/c);

1 = -0.584 + 0.015(a/c);
2 = 6.455 75 - 3.348 75(a/c).
Intersection of the crack with the free surface:
0 = 0.469 5 + 0.822 5(a/c);
1 = 0.377 75 - 1.478 75(a/c);
2 = -0.160 25 + 2.946 25(a/c).
A-142
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
b) Bending loading (Mb), at the deepest point in the crack:
0 = 0.893 75 - 0.363 75(a/c);
1 = -0.559 25 + 0.366 25(a/c);

2 = 2.379 - 1.88(a/c).
Intersection of the crack with the free surface:
0 = 0.653 5 - 0.092(a/c);
1 = -1.148 75 + 1.558 75(a/c);
2 = 3.028 - 1.855(a/c).
Validity limits:
0.2
0.1
a/c 1;
a/2r 0.5.
R6
A-143
A.7.5 Embedded Crack in a Bar
BS 7910, R6, API 579, SINTAP

FKM solution [A.51]

A solution for this geometry is given in the FKM procedure. The bar may be under tension (P denotes the
tensile load), bending (M denotes bending moment) and torsion (T) as follows:
(r a)
4 Ma
r
KI = Fp P + FM 2
.
2
2
r
a
r
+
a2
(A.95)
where:
2
1+ + 0.268
8
2
Fp =
a
r
FM =
4
3
1
3 2 5 3 93 4
5
1+ 2 + 8 + 16 128 + 0.483
2Ta
KIII = FT
(r a)
r
r a4
(A.96)
where:
Fr =
A-144
4
3
3 2 5 3 93 4
1
5
1+ 2 + 8 + 16 128 + 0.038
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
A.8 Tubular Joints

BS 7910 Solution
BS 7910 does not provide any specific SIF solutions. It cites papers [A.51][A.53][A.54][A.55] where SIFs were
obtained using numerical methods.
R6, API 579

SINTAP [A.54] [Ree et al]

Section AIII.5 of SINTAP covers the following geometries and loading modes:
Surface crack at the saddle point of T-joints
axial loading: deepest and surface points
in-plane bending: deepest and surface points
out-of-plane bending: deepest and surface points
Surface crack at the saddle point of Y-joints,
axial loading: deepest point
A-145
A.9 Bibliography
[A.1]
Murakami Y: Stress intensity factors handbook, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1987, pp.1356-1358.
[A.2]
Tada H, Paris P C and Irwin G: The stress analysis of cracks handbook, Third Edition, ASME, New
York, 2000.
[A.3]
Rooke D P and Cartwright D J: Compendium of stress intensity factors, HM Stationery Office,

London, 1976.
[A.4]
Sih G C, Paris P C and Erdogan F: Stress intensity factors for plane extension and plate bending
problems, J Appl Mech 29, 1962, pp 306-312.
[A.5]
BS 7910, 'Guide on methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures', BSI, 2005.
[A.6]
R6: Assessment of the integrity of structures containing defects, Rev 4, British Energy, 2001.
[A.7]
API Recommended Practice 579, Fitness-for-Service, API Publishing Services, First edition January
2000.
[A.8]
SINTAP (Structural Integrity Procedures for European Industry), Final Procedure, November 1999.
[A.9]
FKM, Bruchmechanischer Festigkeitsnachweis, 2004, also available in English as Fracture

mechanics proof of strength for engineering components, 2004.
[A.10] INSTA Technical Report, 1991: 'Assessment of structures containing discontinuities', Materials
Standards Institution, Stockholm.
[A.11] RSE-M: Feb 2000: Regles de surveillance en exploitation des materials mecaniques des ilots
nucleaires R.E.P.
[A.12] IIW: IIW guidance on assessment of the fitness for purpose of welded structures, Draft for
Development, 1990, IIW/IIS-SST-1157-90
[A.13] Smith, M C: A comparison of R6 Code SIF solutions for defects in cylinder with other solutions,
British Energy Generation Report E/REP/ATEC/0006/GEN/01, 2001.
[A.14] Fett T and Munz D: Stress intensity factors and weight functions, Computational Mechanics
Publications, Southampton, 1997.
[A.15] Newman J C and Raju I S (1984): Stress intensity factor equation for cracks in three-dimensional
finite bodies subjected to tension and bending loads, Report NASA-TM-85793, National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, Langley Research Centre, Hampton, VA. 1984.
[A.16] Sih G C: Mechanics of Fracture 3, Plates and shells with cracks, Noordhoff International Publishing
Leiden, The Netherlands, 1977.
[A.17] Raju I S and Newman JC (1979): Stress intensity factors for a wide range of semi-elliptical surface
cracks in finite thickness plates, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 11 (4) pp 817-829. ISSN 00137944. 1979.
[A.18] T Fett, D Munz and J Neumann, Local stress intensity factors for surface cracks in plates under
power-shaped stress distributions, Engng Fract Mech 36, 647-651 (1990).
[A.19] Wu X R and Carlsson A J: Weight functions and stress intensity factor solutions, Pergamon Press,
Oxford, 1991.
[A.20] Zvezdin Y I: Handbook - Stress intensity and reduction factors calculation, Central Research Institute
for Technology of Machinery Report MR 125-01-90, Moscow, 1990.
A-146
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
[A.21] Fuhrey M and Osage D A: Stress intensity factor solutions for long surface cracks in flat plates,
cylinders and spheres. To be published.
[A.22] Merkblatt DVS 2401: Bruchmechanische Bewertung von Fehlern in Schweissverbindungen,
Deutscher Verband fr Schweisstechnik, 1982.
[A.23] Chell G C: The stress intensity factors and crack profiles for centre and edge cracks in plates subject
to arbitrary stresses, Int J Fracture, 12, 1976, pp33-46.
[A.24] Newman J C and Raju I S (1983): Stress intensity factor equation for cracks in three-dimensional
finite bodies, ASTM STP 791, 1983, ppI238 I265.
[A.25] Zahoor A: Closed form expressions for fracture mechanics analysis of cracked pipes, J Pressure
Vessel Technology, 107, N2, 1985, pp203-205.
[A.26] Chell G C: ADISC: A computer program for assessing defects in spheres and cylinders, CEGB
Report TPRD/L/MT0237/M84, 1984.
[A.27] Delale F and Ergodan F: Effect of transverse shear and material orthotropy in a cracked spherical
cap, Int J Solids Structures, 15, 1979, pp907-926.
[A.28] France C C, Green D, Sharples J K and Chivers T C: New stress intensity factors and crack opening
area solutions for through-wall cracks in pipes and cylinders, ASME PVP Conference Fatigue and
Fracture 1997, PVP-Vol. 350, pp. 143-193.
[A.29] Newman J C and Raju I S (1981): An empirical stress intensity factor equation for the surface crack,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 15, 1981, pp185-192.
[A.30] Raju I S and Newman J C (1982): Stress intensity factor influence coefficients for internal and
external surface crack in cylindrical vessels, In: Palusamy S S and Sampath S G, eds., Aspects of
fracture mechanics in pressure vessels and piping. Presented at pressure vessels and piping
conference, Orlando, FL, 27 June 2 July, 1982. New York: ASME. ASME PVP Vol.-95, 35-48.
[A.31] Raju I S and Newman J C (1978): Stress intensity factor influence coefficients for internal and
external surface cracks in cylindrical vessels, ASME PVP, 58, 1978, pp37-48.
[A.32] Joseph P F and Erdogan F: Surface crack problem in plates, Int J Fracture, 41 (2), 1989, pp.105131.
[A.33] Andrasic C P and Parker A P: Dimensionless stress intensity factors for cracked thick cylinders under
polynomial crack face loadings, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 19 (1), 1984, pp.187-193.
[A.34] Al Laham S: Stress intensity factor and limit load handbook, British Energy Generation Report
EPD/GEN/REP/0316/98, Issue 2, 1999.
[A.35] D Green and J Knowles, The treatment of residual stress in fracture assessment of pressure vessels,
ASME J Pres Ves Tech, 116, 345-352 (1994).
[A.36] Dedhia D D and Harris D O: Improved influence functions for part-circumferential cracks in pipes, In:
G.M. Wilkowsky, ed. Circumferential cracks in pressure vessels and piping. Presented at the 4th
National Congress on Pressure Vessel and Piping Technology, Portland, Oregon, 19-24 June 1983,
Vol.2, ASME PVP Vol. 95, New-York, 1984, pp35-48.
[A.37] Bergman M and Brickstad B: Stress-intensity factors for circumferential cracks in pipes by line-spring
calculations, Swedish Plant Inspectorate, SA/FoU Report 90/05, Stockholm, 1990.
[A.38] M. Bergman, Stress intensity factors for circumferential surface cracks in pipes, Fatigue Fract Engng
Mater Struct 18, 1155-1172 (1995).
A-147
[A.39] Toribio J: Effect of crack shape and loading conditions on the stress intensity factor for a cracked
bolt, In: Barbas et al., eds. Proc. 11th international conference on offshore mechanics and arctic
engineering, (OMAE92), Calgary, Canada 7-12 June 1992, Vol. III-B, Materials Engineering, New
York, ASME, 1992, pp363-370.
[A.40] Chapuliot S: Formulaire de K1 pour les tubes comportant un defaut de surface semi-elliptique
longitudinal, ou circomferentiel, interne ou externe, CEA-R-5900, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France,
March 2000.
[A.41] Maddox S J. and Andrews R M, 1990: Stress intensity factors for weld toe cracks. In: M.H.
ALIABADI, C.A. BREBBIA and D.J. CARTWRIGHT, eds., Localized damage computer-aided
assessment and control. Proc. 1st international conference on computer-aided assessment and
control of localized damage, Portsmouth, UK, 26-28 June 1990. Vol.2. Southampton: Computational
Mechanics Pubs. 329-342. ISBN 1853120685.
[A.42] Kiefner J F, Maxey W A, Eiber R J and Duffy A R: Failure stress levels of flaws in pressurized
cylinders, Proc Conf, Philadelphia, 28-30 Aug 1972, ASTM STP 536, pp461-481.
[A.43] Willoughby A A and Davey T G: Plastic collapse at part wall flaws in plates, In: R.P. WEI, ed.
Fracture mechanics: perspectives and directions. Proc. 20th national symposium, Bethlehem, PA, 2325 June 1981, ASTM STP 1020, pp390-409.
[A.44] France C C, Green D and Sharples J K: New stress intensity factor and crack opening area solutions
for through wall cracks in pipes and cylinders, AEAT-0643, 1996.
[A.45] Zang W: Stress intensity factor solutions for axial and circumferential through-wall cracks in
cylinders, SAQ Report SINTAP/SAQ/02, 1997.
[A.46] Bowness D and M M M Lee: Prediction of weld toe magnification factors for semi-elliptical cracks in
T-butt joints, Int J of Fatigue, 22 (5), 2000, pp. 389-396.
[A.47] Thurlbeck S D: A fracture mechanics based methodology for the assessment of weld toe cracks in
tubular offshore joints, PhD Thesis, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, University of
Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK, 1991.
[A.48] Cheaitani M J, Thurlbeck S D and Burdekin F M: Fatigue, fracture and plastic collapse of offshore
tubular joints using BSI PD 6493:1991. In: Salama et al, Eds. Proc 14th International Conference on
Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, (OMAE 1995), Copenhagen, Denmark 18-22 June 1995,
Vol. 3, New York, ASME, 1995, pp41-54.
[A.49] Noblett J E and Andrews R A: A stress intensity factor solution for root defects in fillet and partial
penetration welds, TWI Research Report 575/1996, TWI, Abington, Cambridge, UK, 1996.
[A.50] James L A and Mills W J: Review and synthesis of stress intensity factor solutions applicable to
cracks in bolts, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 30 (5), 1988, pp641-653.
[A.51] Bentham J B and Koiter W T: Mechanics of fracture 1. Method of analysis and solutions of crack
problems, Ed Sih G C, Noordhoff International Publishing, Leyden, 1973, pp131-178.
[A.52] Haswell J V: A general fracture mechanics model for a cracked tubular joint derived from the results
of a finite element parametric study, Proc 11th Int Conf Conf Offshore Mechanics and Arctic
Engineering Conference (OMAE 92), Calgary 7-12th June 1992, Vol III-B, ASME, New York, 1992,
pp267-274.
[A.53] Ree H C, Han S and Gibson G S: Reliability of solution method and empirical formulas of stress
intensity factors for weld toe cracks of tubular joints, Proc 10th Int Conf Offshore Mechanics and
Arctic Engineering Conference (OMAE 91), Vol III-B, ASME, New York, 1991, pp441-452.
A-148
(01 May 2006)
FITNET MK7
[A.54] Ho C M and Zwerneman F J: Assessment of simplified methods, Joint Industry Project Fracture
Mechanics Investigation of Tubular Joints Phase Two, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK,
Jan 1995.
[A.55] Burdekin F M and Cowling M J: Defect assessment in offshore structures, a procedure, CMPT
Publications, Aberdeen, 1998.
[A.56] R-Code: Software for assessing the integrity of structures containing defects, Version 4.1, British
Energy Generation Ltd, 2001.
A-149

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FITNET 2006 All rights reserved

FITNET FFS MK7 Annex A

blue for BS 7910,

existing validated software (eg Crackwise, FractureGraphic),

FITNET 2006 All rights reserved

(01 May 2006)

A.1.1 General Notes on BS 7910 K Solutions

where is a general stress term.

For fracture assessments, the following equation applies:

= Mfw ktm M km M m Pm + ktb M kb M b {Pb + ( km 1) Pm }

For fatigue assessments the following equation applies:

= Mfw ktm M km M m m + ktb M kb M b { b + ( km 1) m }

FITNET 2006 All rights reserved

FITNET FFS MK7 Annex A

FITNET 2006 All rights reserved

(01 May 2006)

A.2 Flat Plates

For an infinite width plate, Y=1.

FITNET 2006 All rights reserved

FITNET FFS MK7 Annex A

These infinite plate solutions are exact.

API 579 solution [A.15][A.16]

FITNET 2006 All rights reserved

(01 May 2006)

Figure A.1 Normalised K-solution for a through-thickness crack in a finite plate

Through-thickness crack in a finite plate

Through-thickness crack in a finite plate

FITNET 2006 All rights reserved

FITNET FFS MK7 Annex A

A.2.2 Surface Crack

BS 7910 Solution [A.15][A.17]

where fW=1.0 if a/2c=0.

Mm and Mb are defined below.

where is the parametric angle around the crack front

a/B < 1.25 (a/c + 0.6)

for 0 a/2c 0.1

FITNET 2006 All rights reserved

(01 May 2006)

for 0 a/2c 0.5

for 0 a/2c 0.5, and

for 0.5 a/2c 1.0

for 0 a/2c 0.5

b) At the ends of the crack, =0, so that:

1.1 + 0.35 (a/B)2

FITNET 2006 All rights reserved

For 0 a/2c 0.5

FITNET FFS MK7 Annex A

For 0.5 < a/2c

c) If a/2c > 1.0 use solution for a/2c = 1.0.

For Bending loading

where Mm is calculated from equation (A.13

0.2 + (a/c) + 0.6(a/B)

for 0 a/2c 0.5

for 0 a/2c 0.5

for 0 a/2c 0.5

b) At the ends of the crack, = 0, so that:

for 0 a/2c 0.5;

FITNET 2006 All rights reserved

(01 May 2006)