8 Overcurrent

Using Numerical
Overcurrent
Protection Relays
© Siemens AG 2009
Unrestricted Energy Sector
Slide show contents
Time-overcurrent protection
§ Functions
§ Characteristics
§ Application
Directional time-overcurrent protection

§ Functions
§ Application
Direction Comparison
§ Principle
§ Application
© Siemens AG 2009
Page 2 Energy Automation Energy Sector
Time-overcurrent protection Introduction
Time-overcurrent
protection
© Siemens AG 2009
Time-overcurrent protection Functions
Time-overcurrent protection
Criteria for fault: overcurrent
Criteria for selectivity: time
© Siemens AG 2009
Time-overcurrent protection Functions
I>> t
IL1
TRIP
IL2 I> t
IL3
IE>> t
IE
IE> t
Valid for all devices with 4 CT inputs
© Siemens AG 2009
Time-overcurrent protection Characteristics
Tripping characteristic of a two stage time-overcurrent

protection device - definite time
t [sec]
2.0
1.5 Tripping area
1.0
0.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 x IN

I> I>>
© Siemens AG 2009
Time-overcurrent protection Characteristics
Tripping characteristic of a time-overcurrent protection device -

inverse time
t [sec]
2.0 Characteristics:
n IEC
1.5 n ANSI
n user defined
1.0
0.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 x IN
© Siemens AG 2009
Time-overcurrent protection Application
As main protection Used as:
1 Line protection
Selectivity by time-grading
x
x
x
2 Motor protection
O/C O/C O/C with short circuit- and
overload protection,
start protection,
x
start inhibit
O/C M 3 Transformer protection

for network transformers
with short circuit- and
1 2 3 overload protection,
Inrush-stabilisation
© Siemens AG 2009
Main protection as line protection
x x x x
O/C O/C O/C O/C
t = 900ms t = 600ms t = 300ms t = 0ms
Advantage: simple device,

only current transformers are necessary
Disadvantage: near infeed higher tripping time
© Siemens AG 2009
Main protection as distribution transformers protection
< 800kVA >800kVA >1600kVA
Short circuit and Short circuit Short circuit (Inrush Stab)

overload protection (Inrush Stab) and overload protection
x
HV-fuse
Typ: GTr
O/C O/C
2
x I t
x
x
© Siemens AG 2009
As back-up protection
Used for:
x
x
1 Line differential-
protection
I O/C O/C
I 2 Transformer-
differential protection
I O/C
x
x
1 2
© Siemens AG 2009
Back-up protection of transformers
Settings:
100[%]
I>> > * IN[A], t=0
uk[%]
x
UMZ uk = short-circuit voltage of the transformer

IN = nominal current of high-voltage side
I therefore I>> responds only
on high-voltage side faults of transformer
I>: pickup value for faults of the low-voltage side.

x
The value must be larger as the sum

of all nominal currents of all feeders, converted
to the high-voltage side.
t = 300ms + largest time in the feeders
© Siemens AG 2009
Breaker failure protection Application
Energy direction
TRIP breaker fail
TRIP over current prot.
I>
&
t1
OC function
t2
CB I> &
t2= t CB + t BFdrop off + t safety
BF function = 150 - 250ms
© Siemens AG 2009
Time-overcurrent protection SIPROTEC 4
• Time overcurrent Protection (50/50N, 51/51N)

• Thermal overload Protection (49)
7SJ61 • Inrush blocking
• Motor Protection (14, 37, 48, 66/68)
• Negative Sequence Protection (46)
• Trip Circuit Monitoring (74TC)
• Lock-out (86)
• Circuit Breaker Failure Protection (50BF)
• Auto reclosing (79M)
• Fault Recording
• Synchronised Real Time

• User programmable Logic Functions
• Measured Value processing
Max demand, metered Values
• 3 serial Communications Interfaces
(Remote temperature device interface)
• CB Control Function (Interlocking)
© Siemens AG 2009
Dir. time-overcurrent protection Introduction
Directional
time-overcurrent
protection
© Siemens AG 2009
Dir. time-overcurrent protection Functions
Directional time-overcurrent protection
Criteria for fault: overcurrent
Criteria for selectivity: direction + time
© Siemens AG 2009
Dir. time-overcurrent protection Functions
I>> t
IL1
I> t
Direction
& TRIP
UL1
Fast stage (I>>): directional
Back-up stage (I>): non-directional
© Siemens AG 2009
Dir. time-overcurrent protection Application
Energy direction
As main protection
x
x
of parallel lines
O/C 1 O/C 2
t = 300ms t = 300ms Devices 1 2 3 are picking up
Device 4 blocks (‘reverse’ direction)

t = 0ms t = 0ms Device 3 trips instantaneously
O/C 3 O/C 4
Device 2 drops off
x
x
Device 1 trips after 300 ms

x
t = 0ms
O/C
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy direction
As main protection
x
x
1 2 of parallel lines
O/C O/C
t = 300ms t = 300ms
Devices 1 2 5 are picking up
Devices 3 4 blocking (‘reverse’ direction)

t = 0ms t = 0ms
O/C
Device 5 trips instantaneously
O/C
x
x
3 4 Devices 1 2 are dropping off

x
t = 0ms
O/C 5
© Siemens AG 2009
x x x x x x
O/C O/C O/C O/C O/C O/C
t = 600ms t = 0ms t = 300ms t = 300ms t = 0ms t = 600ms

1 2 3 4 5 6
Devices 1 2 4 6 are picking up
As main protection Device 2 trips instantaneously

of lines with
two end infeed Devices 4 6 are dropping off
Device 1 trips after 600ms
© Siemens AG 2009
x x x x x x
O/C O/C O/C O/C O/C O/C
t = 600ms t = 0ms t = 300ms t = 300ms t = 0ms t = 600ms

1 2 3 4 5 6
Devices 1 3 4 6 are picking up
As main protection Devices 3 4 are tripping in 300ms

of lines with Devices 1 6 are dropping off
two end infeed
© Siemens AG 2009
Directional comparison Introduction
Directional comparison -
an alternative protection concept
© Siemens AG 2009
Directional comparison Introduction
HV infeed
20kV
20kV
20kV 400V 400V 20kV
400V 400V
20kV
400V
© Siemens AG 2009
Directional comparison Principle
TRIP TRIP
E E
A I>
S I> B
& S &
Data link
t1 t1
Sense “inoperative direction”

S Send information “inoperative direction”
E Receive information “inoperative direction” -> blocking
I> Start time-overcurrent stage
Sense “operative direction”
t1 Time delay
© Siemens AG 2009
Directional comparison Application
fault in the network part B–C with two end infeed
A B C D
I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t

R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2
R 1.1 forward, R 1.2 reverse è R 1.2 blocks R 1.1

R 3.1 reverse, R 3.2 forward è R 3.1 blocks R 3.2
R 2.1 forward, R 2.2 forward è high speed trip in t1 (100ms)
© Siemens AG 2009
fault in the network part C–D with single end infeed
A B C D

R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2

R 3.1 forward, R 3.2 no pickup è high speed trip in t1 (100ms),
because no block signal is received
© Siemens AG 2009
Principle “reverse interlocking”
O/C 1
Blocking
2 T = 50ms Outgoing protection
Energy direction t = xxms
initiates and blocks
the infeed protection
stage within 50 ms
2
O/C O/C O/C Infeed protection
+ + + gives a trip after
start start. start.
50 ms since no
M outgoing feeder has
picked up and
1
blocked the infeed
protection
© Siemens AG 2009
Combination of directional comparison & reverse interlocking

Busbar Blocking busbar
Ring panel Ring panel
TRIP TRIP
E E
Fibre optic Fibre-optic
I> I>
S & & S
Binary signal- Binary signal-
t1
transmitter t1
transmitter
I> I>
& & Fast tripping stage by
t3 t3
busbar fault (t3 app. 50ms)
Outgoing feeder panel TRIP TRIP Outgoing feeder panel

I> I>
& &
t4 t4
© Siemens AG 2009
Fault on ring section B-C
A B C D
I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1

I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2
I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3
I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4
R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2
I>,t R4
R1.1 forward, it is blocked from R1.2
R1.2 reverse, blocks R1.1
R5 I>,t R2.1 forward, blocks BB-Protection, trips
R2.2 forward, trips
I>,t R6 R3.1 reverse, blocks R3.2
R4 no reaction
R5 no reaction
R6 no reaction
© Siemens AG 2009
Fault in one outgoing feeder panel of the busbar at B
A B C D
I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1

I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2
I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3
I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4
R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2
I>,t R4 R1.1 forward, it is blocked from R1.2

R5 I>,t
I>,t R6
R4 no reaction
R5 no reaction
R6 blocks BB-Protection, trips
© Siemens AG 2009
Fault on the busbar at B
A B C D
I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1

I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2 I>,t2
I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3 I>,t3
I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4 I>,t4
R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2

I>,t R4 R1.2 reverse, blocks R1.1, trips with BB-stage
R2.1 reverse, blocks R2.2, trips with BB-stage
R5 I>,t
I>,t R6 R3.1 reverse, blocks R3.2
R4 no reaction
R5 no reaction
R6 no reaction
© Siemens AG 2009
Transmission of 2 binary information via fibre optic
Störmelde- Störmelde-
kontakt kontakt
Binäreingange
Binäreingange
FSMA-Anschlüß e für den LW L

FSMA-Anschlüß e für den LW L
Fibre-optic,
Multimode,820nm
Kommando
Kontakte Kommando
SV Kontakte
SV
Binary signal transmitter

7XV5653
© Siemens AG 2009
Time-overcurrent protection SIPROTEC 4
• Directional time-overcurrent Protection (67/67N)

• Time overcurrent Protection (50/50N, 51/51N)
• Thermal overload Protection (49)
• Inrush blocking
7SJ62/63/64 • Sensitive Ground Fault Protection (64, 50Ns, 67Ns)
• Motor Protection (14, 37, 48, 66/68)
• Under / Over voltage (27, 59)
• Under / Over frequency (81)
• Negative Sequence Protection (46)
• Trip Circuit Monitoring (74TC)
• Lock-out (86)
• Circuit Breaker Failure Protection (50BF)
• Synchronisation (25), only 7SJ64
• Auto reclosing (79M)
• Fault Recording
• Synchronised Real Time
• User programmable Logic Functions
• Measured Value processing
Max demand, metered Values
• 3 serial Communications Interfaces
(Remote temperature device interface)
• CB Control Function (Interlocking)
© Siemens AG 2009

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Using Numerical

Directional time-overcurrent protection

Criteria for fault: overcurrent

Criteria for selectivity: time

Valid for all devices with 4 CT inputs

Tripping characteristic of a two stage time-overcurrent

1.5 Tripping area

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 x IN

Tripping characteristic of a time-overcurrent protection device -

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 x IN

As main protection Used as:

O/C M 3 Transformer protection

Main protection as line protection

O/C O/C O/C O/C

t = 900ms t = 600ms t = 300ms t = 0ms

Advantage: simple device,

Main protection as distribution transformers protection

< 800kVA >800kVA >1600kVA

Short circuit and Short circuit Short circuit (Inrush Stab)

Back-up protection of transformers

UMZ uk = short-circuit voltage of the transformer

I>: pickup value for faults of the low-voltage side.

The value must be larger as the sum

TRIP breaker fail

TRIP over current prot.

• Time overcurrent Protection (50/50N, 51/51N)

• Synchronised Real Time

Directional time-overcurrent protection

Criteria for fault: overcurrent

Criteria for selectivity: direction + time

Fast stage (I>>): directional

Back-up stage (I>): non-directional

t = 300ms t = 300ms Devices 1 2 3 are picking up

Device 4 blocks (‘reverse’ direction)

Device 1 trips after 300 ms

Devices 3 4 blocking (‘reverse’ direction)

3 4 Devices 1 2 are dropping off

t = 600ms t = 0ms t = 300ms t = 300ms t = 0ms t = 600ms

Devices 1 2 4 6 are picking up

As main protection Device 2 trips instantaneously

Device 1 trips after 600ms

t = 600ms t = 0ms t = 300ms t = 300ms t = 0ms t = 600ms

Devices 1 3 4 6 are picking up

As main protection Devices 3 4 are tripping in 300ms

an alternative protection concept

20kV 400V 400V 20kV

Sense “inoperative direction”

fault in the network part B–C with two end infeed

I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t

R 1.1 forward, R 1.2 reverse è R 1.2 blocks R 1.1

fault in the network part C–D with single end infeed

I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t I>,t

R 1.1 forward, R 1.2 reverse è R 1.2 blocks R 1.1

Principle “reverse interlocking”

Combination of directional comparison & reverse interlocking

Outgoing feeder panel TRIP TRIP Outgoing feeder panel

Fault on ring section B-C

I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1 I>,t1

R 1.1 R 1.2 R 2.1 R 2.2 R 3.1 R 3.2