United Nations Department of Peace Operations

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Not to be confused with Department of Peace.

United Nations Department of Peace Operations

Abbreviation DPO

Formation March 1992[1][2]

Headquarters United Nations Headquarters

Head Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping

Operations

Jean-Pierre Lacroix

Parent United Nations Secretariat

organization

Subsidiaries Office of Operations, Office of Rule of Law and

Security Institutions, Office of Military Affairs,

Policy, Evaluation and Training Division

Website peacekeeping.un.org/en/department-of-peace-

operations

United Nations System

 Principal Organs

United Nations Secretariat

United Nations Security Council

United Nations General Assembly

International Court of Justice

United Nations Economic and Social Council

United Nations Trusteeship Council

The Department of Peace Operations (DPO) (French: Département des opérations

de maintien de la paix) is a department of the United Nations charged with the planning,
preparation, management and direction of UN peacekeeping operations. Previously
known as the Department for Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), it was created on 1
January 2019 as part of a restructuring of the UN's peace and security apparatus. [3] The
DPO retains the core functions and responsibilities of its predecessor, with a greater
emphasis on cohesion, integrating different resources and knowledge, and promoting
human rights.[3]
With an annual budget of roughly $6.5 billion, [4] the DPO is the largest UN agency by
expenditure, exceeding the UN's own regular budget. [5] As of March 2020, it oversees
81,370 personnel serving in thirteen peacekeeping missions. [6]

Contents

 1History
 2Organizational structure
 3List of heads
 4Financing
 5Current operations
 o 5.1"The Surge"
 6See also
 7References
 8Further reading
 9External links

History[edit]
The DPO traces its roots to 1948 with the creation of the United Nations Military
Observer Group for India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) and the United Nations Truce
Supervision Organization (UNTSO). Up to the late 1980s, peacekeeping missions were
operated by six officials in the United Nations Office of Special Political Affairs, which
was headed first by Under-Secretary-General Ralph Bunche, and subsequently Brian
Urquhart and Marrack Goulding.[7] From the beginning, peacekeeping operations
operated with a clear doctrine that applied to its traditional or classical peacekeeping
operations for inter-state ceasefires: peacekeepers did not take sides or discharge
firearms, save in self-defense, or meddle in politics.
The Department of Peacekeeping Operations was created in March 1992 when Boutros
Boutros-Ghali took office as Secretary-General of the United Nations; its creation was
one of his first decisions.[8] In organisational terms, it upgraded and expanded upon the
work of the previous Field Administration and Logistics Division (FALD) (which
remained active as a subordinate department). [9] Goulding became under-secretary-
general (or USG) for peacekeeping with Kofi Annan appointed as his deputy. The role of
the DPKO, however, wasn't clarified until June 1992, when Boutrous-Ghali issued An
Agenda for Peace, a plan to strengthen the UN's capacity for preventive diplomacy and
peacekeeping.
French nationals have served as Under-Secretaries-General for Peacekeeping
Operations since 1997.[10]

Organizational structure[edit]

Indian Peacekeeper with a child in Congo (for MONUSCO mission), 2000

DPO is split into two main offices: the Office of Operations and the Office of Mission
Support (OMS).
Included within the Office of Mission Support are the logistics and administrative
divisions, which provide logistics, personnel, and financial support services to DPO
missions. OMS is responsible for determining financial reimbursement to UN member
states for their contribution of Contingent owned equipment, troops, and services to
peacekeeping missions. Letters of Assist are an important part of this. Also part of DPO
are Mine Action, Training, Best Practices, and Military and Police Divisions.
A March 2007 United Nations General Assembly Resolution titled “Strengthening the
capacity of the Organization in Peacekeeping Operations” has called for the re-
structuring of the department and the establishment of a separate Department of Field
Support. Whereas the new entity serves as a key enabler by coordinating the
administration and logistics in UN peacekeeping operations, DPO concentrates on
policy planning and providing strategic directions. [citation needed]
This re-organisation was paralleled by a DPO reform effort launched in 2005 entitled
'Peace Operations 2010', which further pursues reforms initiated by the 'Brahimi
Report' Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. This included
an increase in personnel, the harmonization of the conditions of service of field and
headquarters staff, the development of guidelines and standard operating procedures,
and improving the partnership arrangement between the Department of Peace
Operations (DPO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), African
Union and European Union. One area of this reform effort has been the development of
clearer internal doctrine or guidance for UN peacekeeping. The highest level DPO
doctrine document was issued in 2008, known as the 'capstone' doctrine. [11]
Very recently with the newest reform efforts, Secretary-General Guterres has made
efforts to streamline peacekeeping efforts to conserve finances, and eliminate excess
and unnecessary roles. Shared regional divisions of the DPA and DPO will restructure
and remove duplication of tasks, allowing for more manpower to be available for new
initiates and existing operations. This gives the department more resources and
responsibilities for broader peace building efforts, which are of course by their nature
linked to political analysis and strategy (Cliffe, 2018). While peacekeeping operations
are at an all-time high, and funding continues to receive budget cuts, efficiency
measures will allow peacekeeping operations to remain intact. Removing duplications
will allow for a wider spectrum of support to be available for troops on the ground.

List of heads[edit]
The following is a chronological list of those who have held the position of Under-
Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations:[12]

Term of office
No Name Secretary-
Portrait (Birth– Country Ref.
. Death)
General
Took Time in
Left office
office office
 Marrack 28
March  United
1 Goulding February 11 months [13]

1992 Kingdom
(1936–2010) 1993
Boutros
Boutros-
Ghali
Kofi 31
1 March 3 years,
2 Annan December  Ghana [14]

1993 9 months
(1938–2018) 1996

Bernard 30
28 January 3 years,
3 Miyet September [15]

1997 8 months
(born 1946) 2000

Kofi Annan

Jean-Marie 1 October 30 June 7 years,

4 Guéhenno [16]

2000 2008 8 months

(born 1949)

Alain Le 30 June 25 August 3 years,

5 Roy  France [17]

2008 2011 1 month

(born 1953)
Ban Ki-
moon
Hervé 2
31 March 5 years,
6 Ladsous September [18]

2017 6 months
(born 1950) 2011

Jean-
Pierre 1 April 5 years, António
7 Incumbent [19]

Lacroix 2017 8 months Guterres

(born 1960)

Financing[edit]
The bulk of peacekeeping operations funding is appropriated much like the general
budget, but permanent members of the Security Council are required to pay a larger
share, and all states are free to contribute additional funding, equipment, or other
services to missions of their respective choices.[20]

Current operations[edit]
As of 2010, DPO leads 16 different missions in Africa, the Caribbean, the Middle
East, Americas, Europe and Asia.[21] Serving in these missions are over 100,000
uniformed and civilian personnel. Total approved annual expenses are over US$5 billion
for the period July 2006 to June 2007.[22]
"The Surge"[edit]
At an October 2006 press conference, then USG Jean-Marie Guéhenno announced that
peacekeeping operations had reached an all-time high, and will continue to expand
as UNIFIL and UNMIT reach full strength, and if a UN mission enters Darfur.[23]

See also[edit]
 List of United Nations peacekeeping missions

References[edit]
1. ^ http://www.globalgovernance.eu/wp-content/uploads/
2015/02/GGI-Factsheet-History-of-UN-
Peacekeeping_October2012.pdf[bare URL PDF]
2. ^ Findlay, Trevor (2002).  The Use of Force in UN Peace
Operations  (PDF).  SIPRI, Oxford University Press. p. 164.
Archived from  the original  (PDF)  on 9 August 2020.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b "UN reform: Two new departments for the
peace and security pillar | Permanent Missions".  www.un.int.
Retrieved 2019-06-26.
4. ^ "A/C.5/73/21 - E - A/C.5/73/21".  undocs.org.
Retrieved 2020-08-11.
5. ^ Expenditure by agency, 2018
6. ^ "DATA". United Nations Peacekeeping. Retrieved  2020-08-
11.
7. ^ "UN. Office for Special Political Affairs". UN Archives and
Records Management Section. Retrieved 18 March  2017.
8. ^ Findlay, Trevor (2002).  The Use of Force in UN Peace
Operations  (PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 164.
9. ^ Hill, S. (2004-10-01). United Nations Disarmament
Processes in Intra-State Conflict. Springer. pp.  246 (note
87).  ISBN  9780230502963.
10. ^ Jeffrey Feltman (October 29, 2020), Restoring (some)
impartiality to UN senior appointments Brookings Institution.
11. ^ "Peacekeeping Resource Hub"  (PDF). pbpu.unlb.org.
Retrieved 11 April  2018.
12. ^ "Transparency in the selection and appointment of senior
managers in the United Nations Secretariat (A/66/380)". 27
September 2011. p. 42.
13. ^ "Secretary-General Saddened by Death of Sir Marrack
Goulding, Key Figure in Creating Department of
 Peacekeeping Operations". www.un.org. Retrieved  2019-04-
30.
14. ^ "KOFI ANNAN, UNITED NATIONS SECRETARY-
GENERAL | Meetings Coverage and Press
Releases". www.un.org. Retrieved  2019-05-13.
15. ^ "Secretary-General Announces New
Appointments".  www.un.org. 28 January 1997. SG/A/627.
Retrieved 2019-04-30.
16. ^ "SECRETARY-GENERAL APPOINTS JEAN-MARIE
GU+HENNO UNDER-SECRETARY-GENERAL FOR
PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS". www.un.org. 26 June
2000. SG/A/736. Retrieved 2019-05-13.
17. ^ "SECRETARY-GENERAL APPOINTS NEW
PEACEKEEPING CHIEF, ALAIN LE ROY OF
FRANCE". www.un.org. 30 June 2008. SG/A/1142.
Retrieved 2019-05-13.
18. ^ "Secretary-General Appoints Hervé Ladsous of France
Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping
Operations".  www.un.org. 2 September 2011. SG/A/1305.
Retrieved 2019-05-13.
19. ^ "Mr. Jean-Pierre Lacroix of France - Under-Secretary-
General for Peacekeeping Operations". United Nations
Secretary-General. 2017-02-14. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
20. ^ "Financing of UN Peacekeeping Operations".  un.org.
Retrieved 11 April  2018.
21. ^ https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/where-we-operate DPO Cur
rent operations
22. ^ "Background Note - United Nations Peacekeeping
Operations".  un.org. Retrieved 11 April  2018.
23. ^ "Top UN peacekeeping official warns of 'overstretch' as
mission staff numbers surge: Press conference by Under-
Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations Jean-Marie
Guéhenno".  un.org. Retrieved 11 April  2018.

Further reading[edit]
 Koops, Joachim Alexander, et al., eds. The Oxford
handbook of United Nations peacekeeping
operations (Oxford UP, 2015).
 Curran, David, and Paul D. Williams. "The United
Kingdom and United Nations peace
operations." International Peacekeeping 23.5 (2016):
630-651. online
 Di Salvatore, Jessica, et al. "Introducing the
peacekeeping mandates (PEMA) dataset." Social
Science Research Network (2020). online
 Dorn, A. Walter, and Robin Collins. "Peacekeeping
works: The UN can help end civil
wars." International Journal 75.1 (2020): 95-
103. online
 Druckman, Daniel, Grace Mueller, and Paul F. Diehl.
"Exploring the Compatibility of Multiple Missions in
 UN Peace Operations." International
Peacekeeping (2020): 1-30. [ online]
 Gromes, Thorsten. "Does peacekeeping only work in
easy environments? An analysis of conflict
characteristics, mission profiles, and civil war
recurrence." 'Contemporary security policy 40.4
(2019): 459-480. online
 Mobekk, Eirin. UN Peace Operations: Lessons from
Haiti, 1994-2016 (Routledge, 2016).
 Mulder, Nicholas. The Economic Weapon: The Rise
of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern
War (2022) excerpt
 Tardy, Thierry. "France: the unlikely return to UN
peacekeeping." International peacekeeping 23.5
(2016): 610-629,

External links[edit]
 Records of the Department of Peacekeeping
Operations (DPKO), Office of the Under-Secretary-
General (OUSG) at the United Nations Archives
 United Nations Department of Peacekeeping
Operations Official Website
 United Nations Rule of Law: The Department of
Peacekeeping Operations, on the rule of law work
conducted by the Department of Peacekeeping
Operations.
 SPIA - Soldiers of Peace International Association
 Sarah Cliffe (September 15, 2017). "UN Peace and
Security Reform: Cautious Steps in the Right
Direction". Center on International Cooperation.
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