2.14.

Jet Fan Smoke Clearance System

2.14.1. Jet Fan Smoke clearance system shall comply with the relevant general requirements
for smoke control systems as per Section 2.5 and Table 10.12.

Table 10.12.: Jet Fan Smoke Clearance System

ITEMS REQUIREMENTS
1. JET FANS i. Jet fans shall be listed and approved by Civil Defence as per the test require-
ments of Section 6.
ii. Jet fans shall be approved for effective operation at 4000C for 2 hours.
iii. All jet fans shall be connected to the local jet fan control panel in groups of not
more than 3 jet fans, by 60 minutes fire rated cabling in a zigzag configuration.
No two consecutive jet fans in a straight line shall be wired in the same group.

2. EXTRACTION i. Ducted extraction outlets shall be incorporated into the jet fan system design
DUCTS to enhance the performance of jet fans, where a well defined openings on the
perimeter of the area are not available for an effective smoke clearance.
ii. Extracted air shall be discharged directly to the external and shall not be less
than 5 m from any air intake openings.
iii. The ducts shall be approved in compliance with Table 10.1.3.2.
3. DESIGN i. At least 10 air-changes per hour shall be achieved with a jet fan system, during
CRITERIA fire condition.
ii. Each smoke control zone shall have its own jet fan system. The exhaust fan
system in each zone should be designed to run in at least two parts, such that
the total exhaust capacity does not fall below 50 % of the required rate of ex-
tract in the event of failure of any one part and that a fault or failure of the
exhaust jet fan system in one zone will not affect the operation of the exhaust
jet fan system in the other zones.
iii. The capacity of the exhaust fan and any associated ducting should be calculat-
ed on the basis that the pressure close to the extract points or discharge
points is equal to the external atmospheric pressure.
iv. The smoke discharge points should be located such that the smoke extracted
from the smoke exhaust fans does not affect any occupied area or means of
escape at the level where smoke is discharged.
v. The jet fans system design shall be such that the bulk air velocity induced by
the jet fans is sufficient to stop the advance of the ceiling jet within 5 m from
the fire location in the direction opposite to the induced bulk air flow.
vi. The jet fans system design shall take into consideration the presence of any
down-stand beams and other obstruction that are of depths of more than
1/10 of the floor to ceiling height of the volume so as to account for any re-
sistance to airflow and turbulence.
vii. On activation of the jet fans system, the movement of smoke towards the ex-
tract/discharge point(s) should not adversely affect the means of escape and
cause smoke to be blown into the egress areas.
viii. The operation of the jet fans system should be such that there are no stagnant
areas where smoke can accumulate in the event of fire.
ix. The operation of the jet fans system should not cause the volume of air move-
ment to be greater than that volume extracted by the main exhaust or extract
fans.

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i. Table 10.12.: Jet Fan Smoke Clearance System
ITEMS REQUIREMENTS

4. MAKE-UP AIR i. Makeup air shall be provided by either fans, openings to the outside leakage
(REPLACEMENT paths, or the combination thereof.
AIR) ii. Where there is natural supply of air for areas, openings not less than 2.5 % of
the floor area of such story, shall be considered as a satisfactory make-up air
for the jet fan smoke clearance system.
iii. However, such 2.5 % of floor area openings shall be evenly distributed over
the entire area.
iv. Where natural make-up air in accordance with Table 10.12.4.i and ii is not
available, mechanical makeup air shall be provided at a minimum rate of 85%
of the extract air via openings directly to the exterior of the building.
v. Make-up air shall not exceed an inlet velocity of 2 m/s.
vi. Makeup air intake shall not be less than 5 m from any exhaust discharge open-
ings.
vii. Outlets for the supply air shall be adequately distributed over the area.
viii. Where mechanical make-up air is supplied, the supply points for the makeup
air shall be located beneath the smoke layer interface.
ix. Sharing of the fresh air fan and exhaust air fans shall be permitted provided
that the fans, wiring and control panel are protected with at least 1-hour fire
resistance rating.
5. JET FAN i. The space shall be divided into virtual smoke control zones with each zone not
ZONING larger than 2000m2 (excluding plant rooms and circulation spaces) for the pur-
pose of smoke containment and faster location of fire.
ii. It shall be demonstrated through CFD or modeling that smoke can be con-
tained within the zone boundaries and channeled by jet fans to the extract
fans.
iii. Each smoke control zone shall have its own jet fans system (fresh air fans, ex-
haust air fans and jet fans) to purge smoke from the affected zone.
iv. Each group of exhaust or extract fans for each smoke control zone shall be
interlocked with its corresponding groups of jet fans for that zone.
v. If the group of exhaust or extract fans stops/fails in any smoke control zone,
its corresponding jet fans in that zone shall stop. But if any of the exhaust or
extract fan is still in operation in a particular smoke control zone, all the jet
fans shall continue to operate in that zone.
vi. The exhaust fan shall continue to run even if any corresponding group of jet
fans fails.
vii. The other groups of jet fans shall continue to run even if any one group of jet
fans fails.
6. LONGITUDINAL i. Where jet fan systems objective is to ventilate the space (to limit the concen-
ZONING trations of contaminants or CO levels to acceptable levels) a longitudinal Jet
Fan ventilation system achieves its objectives through the longitudinal flow of
air within the parking, roadway or tunnel.
ii. A longitudinal Jet Fan ventilation system introduces air into, or removes air
from, the parking or tunnel roadway at a limited number of points, such as a
portal or a shaft, thus creating a longitudinal flow of air within the roadway,
with discharge at the exiting portal.
iii. Jet fan-based longitudinal ventilation employs a series of axial fans that are
mounted at the ceiling level of the tunnel roadway. Such fans, due to the
effects of the high-velocity discharge, induce a longitudinal airflow through
the length of the tunnel. In all longitudinal ventilation systems, the exhaust
gas stream (pollutants or smoke) discharges from the exit portal.

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 Schematic 10.30.: Zoning of Jet Fan System

Schematic 10.31.: Longitudinal arrangement of Jet Fan System

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 Table 10.12.: Jet Fan Smoke Clearance System
ITEMS REQUIREMENTS

7. DESIGN FIRE SIZE i. Where Jet fans are allowed by Section 3. Application of smoke control
systems, for parking and tunnels, the design fire size *heat-release rate
produced by a vehicle(s)+ shall be used to design the jet fan smoke
clearance system.
ii. The selection of the design fire size (heat-release rate) shall consider the
types of vehicles that are expected to use parking or the tunnel.
8. FAN DISTRIBUTION i. The jet fans shall be distributed at a spacing of 2/3 of the tested effec-
tive range of the particular jet fan. The tested effective range of the jet
fan shall be taken as the distance up to the point at 0.2 m/s of the air-
velocity distribution profile.
ii. The minimum headroom available from jet fans shall not be less than
2.4 m.
9. SYSTEM ACTIVATION i. Jet fan system shall be monitored by the smoke control panel (SCP).
ii. The jet fans system shall be activated by the Fire Detection or Deluge or
sprinkler system serving the Jet Fan Zone.
iii. The activation of the jet fans system shall at least be confined to the
smoke control zone on fire and all its adjacent zones.
iv. A fireman cut off and activation (override) switch shall be available on
SCP, located at the Fire Command Centre or an approved location.
v. If the fire alarm signal is isolated, the exhaust or extract fans and jet
fans shall continue to run at high speed. If the Civil Defence personnel
stops the fans and restart them, both the extract fans and jet fans shall
continue to run at high speed. This arrangement shall continue until the
fans are reset to low speed at the smoke control panel (SCP).
10. STANDBY POWER i. The jet fan smoke clearance system, the control panel, the automatic
Smoke curtains and extract fans shall be provided with both normal and
emergency power.
ii. The system power wiring and ducting shall be located and properly pro-
tected to ensure a minimum of 60 minutes of operation in the event of
activation.
11. ACCEPTANCE i. Not more than 1000 m2 shall be smoke-logged for at least 20 minutes,
CRITERIA regardless of whether the fire is located within the smoke control zone
or across the zone boundaries (Note: After 20 minutes duration, smoke
is expected to remain confined within the 1000 m2 area).
ii. Within this smoke-logged area, there shall be at least 1 viable route for
the fire-fighters where the following conditions are satisfied.
a. Smoke temperature shall not exceed 2500C at a height of 1.7 m from
floor level.
b. Visibility shall not be less than 5 m at a height of 1.7 m from floor
level.
iii. These conditions shall commence at a distance of 5 m from the fire lo-
cation in the direction opposite to the induced bulk air flow induced by
the jet fans.
iv. All other areas outside the smoke-logged area shall be kept substantial-
ly free from smoke i.e. smoke temperature not more than 60°C and visi-
bility of at least 25 m.
v. Note: If the hot smoke test is performed, assessment is to be made on
the operation of the jet fans system, movement of smoke towards the
extraction or discharge points and smoke spread.

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 Table 10.12.: Jet Fan Smoke Clearance System
ITEMS REQUIREMENTS
9. CFD GUIDELINE 1. FIRE SIZE

i. The design fire size shall be based on at least 4 MW steady-state fire (i.e. car
fire). For a general goods vehicle, the design fire size shall be based on at
least 10 MW steady state fire.

2. TYPE OF FIRE

i. The type of fire shall be flaming polyurethane.

3. LOCATION OF FIRE

i. Generally, the fire should be located furthest away from the exhaust or dis-
charge points and in between zones. The relevant Professional Engineer or
Fire Safety Engineer should decide on the fire location(s) that is (are)
deemed most demanding.

4. DOWN-STAND BEAMS AND OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS

i. The CFD model shall take into consideration the presence of any down-
stand beams and other obstructions that are of depths of more than 1/10 of
the floor to ceiling height of the volume so as to account for any resistance
to airflow and turbulence.

5. JET FAN VELOCITY PROFILE

i. The validation model of the velocity profile is to be carried out for a single
jet fan. The data from the model shall be compared against physical test
data. As such, the jet fan shall be tested for a velocity profile by an accredit-
ed testing laboratory for comparison with the simulated velocity profile. The
test report is to be attached to the Fire Engineering Report.
ii. The equation to be used for the deviation between the CFD profile and actu-
al test profile is as follows: Deviation = *(A-B) / B+ X 100% ,
Where:
A = distance/width/height from CFD profile ,
B = distance/width/height from actual test profile
iii. The deviation of the distance, width and height of the actual profile from
the simulated profile at the various air velocities should be within 10%.

6. DURATION OF FIRE SIMULATION

i. The duration of the fire simulation shall be at least 20 minutes.

7. SPRINKLER ACTIVATION

i. The model shall assume there is no sprinkler activation for the design fire
size specified in Table 10.12.9.1.

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 Table 10.12.: Jet Fan Smoke Clearance System
ITEMS REQUIREMENTS
9. CFD GUIDELINE 8. GRID RESOLUTION

i. The grid size to be used in the fire model shall not be larger than 0.2m X
0.2m X 0.2m in the smoke control zone where the fire is located and its adja-
cent zones. Other than these zones, the grid size shall not be larger than
0.4m X 0.4m X 0.4m. Alternatively, the relevant PE or FSE undertakes a grid
resolution study to ascertain the appropriate grid size needed for the fire
size and smoke flows modeled (e.g. outcome of study showing that addition-
al resolution does not make much of a difference to the results).

9. SENSITIVITY STUDY

i. A sensitivity study is to be carried out to show the impact of 1 group of jet

fan failure nearest the fire on the overall effectiveness of the jet fans sys-
tem. This study is applicable to both fire modeling and hot smoke test. Not-
withstanding the failure of 1 group of jet fans, the acceptance criteria must
still be maintained.

10. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL FOR JET FAN SYSTEM

i. An operations and maintenance manual shall be attached.

ii. The manual shall contain the roles and responsibilities of the building own-
er/operator, the restrictions placed on the building or tunnel, identification
of the sub-systems, servicing and maintenance plan, fault identification, etc.
iii. The manual can also be used as a guide for future renovations and changes
to the building or tunnel.

11. COMMISSIONING TEST

i. The Inspector who carries out the commissioning test of the jet fans system
may make reference to Table 2 of BS 7346 - Part 7 as a guide.
ii. When hot smoke test is performed, the Fire Safety Engineer shall use a test
fire size of 1 MW.
iii. Reference may be made to AS 4391 on hot smoke test or any approved
standards. (This standard is more relevant for an engineered smoke control
system rather than jet fans system. Nevertheless, there are some aspects in
this standard that the fire engineer may find useful, such as how the test can
be prepared and carried out in a proper manner)

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