Table of Contents

 Certificate
 Declaration
 Acknowledgement
 Aim of Project
 Introduction
 Theory
 Apparatus Required
 Law
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
AIM

“ To determine the
Faraday’s law
of
Electromagnetic Induction
using a copper wire
wound over an iron
rod and a strong
magnet. ”
Introduction
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism

that predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric

circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the

fundamental operating principle of transformers , inductors,

and many types of electrical motors and generators.

Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by

Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday

was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Faraday

explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called

lines of force. These equation for electromagnetic are extremely

important since they provide a means to precisely describe how

many natural physical phenomena in our universe arise and

behave. The ability to quantitatively describe physical

phenomena not only allows us to gain a better understanding

of our universe, but it also makes possible a host of

technological innovations that define modern society.

Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can

be beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function

because of the principles behind Faraday’s Law. From natural

phenomena such as the light, we receive from the sun to

technologies that improve our quality of life such as electric

power generation, Faraday’s law has a great impact on many

aspects of our lives.

Faraday’s law is the circuit of the experiments of the English

electromagnetic induction was actually discovered simultaneously

in 1831 by Faraday in London and Joseph, an American scientist

working in New York, but Faraday is credited for the law since he

published his work first. An important aspect of the equation that

qualifies Faraday’s law comes from the work of Heinrich Lenz, a

Russian physicist who made his contribution to Faraday’s law,

now known as Lenz’s law, in 1834 (Institute of Chemistry).

Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction, whereby an

electric field is induced, or generated, by a changing magnetic

field. Before expanding upon this description, it is necessary to

develop an understanding of the fields, as well as the related

concept of potentials.

Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic

induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires around

opposite sides of an iron ring or “torus” (an arrangement similar

to a modern toroidal transformer) to induce current.

equation describing two different phenomena :-

The motional EMF generated by a magnetic force on a moving

wire (see Lorentz force), and the transformer EMF generated by an

electric force due to a changing magnetic field (due to the

Maxwell-Faraday equation). James Clerk Maxwell drew attention

to this fact in his 1861 paper on physical lines of force. In this

latter half part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a separate physical

explanation for each of the two phenomena. A reference to these

two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in some modern

textbooks.
Theory
Magnetic flux :-

The magnetic flux (often denoted 𝚽 or 𝚽B ) through a surface is

the component of the B field passing through that surface. The SI

unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units :- volt-

second), and the CGS unit is the Maxwell. Magnetic flux is

usually measured with a flux-meter, which contains measuring

coils and electronics that evaluates the change of voltage in the

measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux.

If the magnetic field is constant, the ,magnetic flux passing

through a surface of vector area S is

𝜱B = B ∙ S = BS cos 𝜽

Where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic

flux density) having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla),

S is the area of the surface, and 𝛉 is the angle between the

magnetic field lines and the normal (perpendicular) to S.

For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux

through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may

condiser the field to be constant

d 𝜱B = B ∙ dS

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the

fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic flux may also be

defined as :
 𝜱B = 𝒅𝑺 𝑨∙d𝒍

Where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface

S, which is denoted dS.

2. An iron rod

3. A strong magnet, and

4. A light emitting diode (LED)

the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.”

This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds only when the closed

circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in other

circumstances as discussed below. A different version, the

Maxwell-Faraday equation (discussed below), is valid in all

circumstances.

When the flux changes – because B changes, or because the wire

loop is moved or deformed, or both Faraday’s law of induction says

that the wire loop acquires an EMF 𝜀 , defined as the energy

available per unit charge that travels once around the wire loop

(the unit of EMF is the volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that

would be measured by cutting the wire to create an open circuit

and attaching a voltmeter to the leads.

According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

F = q(E + V × B)

The EMF on a wire loop is :-

𝜺= 𝑭 ∙d 𝒍 = 𝟏 𝑬 + 𝑽 × 𝑩 ∙ 𝒅𝒍

𝒒 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic

along the wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the wire

(along the curve the coincident with the shape of the wire).

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time-varying magnetic

field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-

conservative electric fields, and vice-versa. The Maxwell-Faraday

equation is :-

𝒅𝑩 𝛁×𝑬=−𝒅𝑻

Where 𝛁 is the curl operator and again E(r,t) is the electric field

and B(r,t) is the magnetic field. These fields can generally be

functions of position r and time t.

The four Maxwell’s equation (including the Maxwell-Faraday

equation), along with the Lorentz force law, are a sufficient

foundation to derive everything in classical electromagnetism.

Therefore it is possible to “prove” Faraday’s law starting with these

equation. Faraday’s law could be taken as the starting point and

used to “prove” the Maxwell Faraday equation and/or other laws.

published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century,

describes a very important electromagnetic concept. Although its

mathematical representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s

is not hard to grasp : it relates an induced electric potential or

voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This concept has many far-

reaching ramifications that touch our lives in many ways : from

the shining of the sun to the convenience of mobile

communications, to electricity to power our homes.

We can all appreciate the profound Faraday’s law has on us.

 https://www.google.co.in

 Class 12 Physics Lab Manual

 Class 12 NCERT Textbook

 https://www.vaibhavkandwal.com

Thank You!!

-S.Sarvesh mariappan