3 - Fluid Kinematics and Dynamics

Fluid Kinematics
• Fluids subject to shear, flow

• Fluids subject to pressure imbalance, flow
• In kinematics we are not concerned with
the force, but the motion.
• Thus, we are interested in visualization.
• We can learn a lot about flows from
watching.
Velocity Field
Continuum Hypothesis: the flow is made of tightly packed fluid particles that
interact with each other. we can describe velocity, acceleration, pressure, and
density of these particles at a given time.
Velocity Field: Eulerian and Lagrangian
Eulerian: the fluid motion is given by completely describing the necessary
properties as a function of space and time. We obtain information about the
flow by noting what happens at fixed points.
Lagrangian: following individual fluid particles as they move about and
determining how the fluid properties of these particles change as a function of
time.
Measurement of Temperature If we have enough information,
we can obtain Eulerian from
Lagrangian or vice versa.
Eulerian Lagrangian
Eulerian methods are

commonly used in fluid
experiments or analysis—a
probe placed in a flow.
Lagrangian methods can also

be used if we “tag” fluid
particles in a flow.
1D, 2D, and 3D Flows
Most fluid flows are complex three dimensional, time-dependent phenomenon,
however we can make simplifying assumptions allowing an easier analysis or
understanding without sacrificing accuracy. In many cases we can treat the
flow as 1D or 2D flow.
Three-Dimensional Flow: All three velocity components are

important and of equal magnitude. Flow past a wing is complex
3D flow, and simplifying by eliminating any of the three velocities
would lead to severe errors.
Two-Dimensional Flow: In many situations one of the velocity components

may be small relative to the other two, thus it is reasonable in this case to
assume 2D flow.
One-Dimensional Flow: In some situations two of the velocity components

may be small relative to the other one, thus it is reasonable in this case to
assume 1D flow. There are very few flows that are truly 1D, but there are a
number where it is a reasonable approximation.
Steady and Unsteady Flows
Steady Flow: The velocity at a given point in space does not vary with time.
Very often, we assume steady flow conditions for cases where there is only
a slight time dependence, since the analysis is “easier”
Unsteady Flow: The velocity at a given point in space does vary with time.
Almost all flows have some unsteadiness. In addition, there are periodic
flows, non-periodic flows, and completely random flows.
Unsteady Flow:
Examples:
Nonperiodic flow: “water hammer” in water pipes.
Periodic flow: “fuel injectors” creating a periodic swirling in the combustion
chamber. Effect occurs time after time.
Random flow: “Turbulent”, gusts of wind, splashing of water in the sink
Steady or Unsteady only pertains to fixed measurements, i.e. exhaust

temperature from a tail pipe is relatively constant “steady”; however, if we
followed individual particles of exhaust they cool!
Streamlines
Streamline: the line that is everywhere tangent to the velocity field. If the flow is
steady, nothing at a fixed point changes in time. In an unsteady flow the
streamlines due change in time.
Analytically, for 2D flows, integrate the equations defining lines tangent to the
velocity field:
Experimentally, flow visualization with dyes

can easily produce the streamlines for a
steady flow, but for unsteady flows these
types of experiments don’t necessarily
provide information about the streamlines.
Streaklines
Streaklines: a laboratory tool used to obtain instantaneous photographs of
marked particles that all passed through a given flow field at some earlier time.
Neutrally buoyant smoke, or dye is continuously injected into the flow at a given
location to create the picture.
If the flow is steady, the picture will look like streamlines (previous video).
If the flow is unsteady, the picture will be of the instantaneous flow field, but
will change from frame to frame, “streaklines”.
Pathlines
Pathlines: line traced by a given particle as it flows from one point to another.
This method is a Lagrangian technique in which a fluid particle is marked and
then the flow field is produced by taking a time exposure photograph of its
movement.
If the flow is steady, the picture will look like streamlines (previous video).
If the flow is unsteady, the picture will be of the instantaneous flow field, but
will change from frame to frame, “pathlines”.
Acceleration Field
Lagrangian Frame:
Eulerian Frame: we describe the acceleration in terms of position and time
without following an individual particle. This is analogous to describing the
velocity field in terms of space and time.
A fluid particle can accelerate due to a change in velocity in time (“unsteady”)

or in space (moving to a place with a greater velocity).
Acceleration Field: Material (Substantial) Derivative
time dependence
spatial dependence
We note:
Then, substituting:
The above is good for any fluid particle, so we drop “A”:

Acceleration Field: Material (Substantial) Derivative
Writing out these terms in vector components:
x-direction:
y-direction:
z-direction:
Writing these results in “short-hand”:
Fluid flows experience fairly

large accelerations or
decelerations, especially
approaching stagnation
points.
,
Control Volume
 A control volume (CV) is a fixed region of a flow
field.
 It can NOT change its position or shape, but it
contains different fluid particles at different times.
 It is separated from the surroundings by control
surface (CS), which is open to mass transfer. Fluid
particles can pass through it.
 It is related to the Eulerian point of view.
LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW
ud
Reynolds Number Re =

ρ density of fluid
u average flow velocity over the cross section of the pipe
d pipe diameter
µ viscosity
 Laminar flow:..- also known as viscous or
streamline flow, in which the particles of the
fluid move in an orderly manner and retain the
same relative positions in successive cross-
sections ( Re  2000 )

 Turbulent flow:- in which the particles of

fluid move in disorderly manner, occupying
different relative positions in successive cross-
sections ( Re  4000 ).
MASS FLOW RATE
 If we want to measure the rate at which water is

flowing along a pipe. A very simple way of doing this
is to catch all the water coming out of the pipe in a
bucket over a fixed time period. Measuring the
weight of the water in the bucket and dividing this by
the time taken to collect this water gives a rate of
accumulation of mass. This is known as the mass
flow rate,
• m
m= kg / s
t
VOLUME FLOW RATE - DISCHARGE
 More commonly we need to know the volume flow

rate - this is more commonly known as discharge. The
symbol normally used for discharge is Q. The
discharge is the volume of fluid flowing per unit time.
V
Q= m3 / s
t
Multiplying this by the density of the fluid

gives us the mass flow rate
•
m = Q
DISCHARGE AND MEAN VELOCITY
CONTINUITY OF FLOW
 using the mean velocity,
u the equation of
continuity for steady flow can be written as
FLUID DYNAMICS
 Equation of motion
 The fluid motion is analyzed by the Newton’s second
law of motion, which states that the force applied
on a body along any direction is given by the rate
of change of momentum along the same direction
Fx = ma
EULER’S EQUATION OF MOTION
 1. Only Gravitational and Pressure forces are
considered
 2. Fluid motion along a stream line is considered
BERNOULLI’S EQUATION FROM EULER’S EQUATION OF
MOTION
Assumptions and Limitations

1. The fluid is ideal. i.e. the viscosity is zero
2. The flow is steady
3. The flow is incompressible
4. The flow is irrotational or the flow is along a
stream line
 Bernoulli’s equation assumes no energy losses (e.g.
from friction) or energy gains (e.g. from a pump)
along the streamline. It can be expanded to include
these simply, by adding the appropriate energy terms:
APPLICATION OF THE BERNOULLI EQUATION
1. 1. Pitot Tube
2. Pitot static tube
3. Venturi Meter
4. Orifice meter
5. Time for a tank to empty
6. Rectangular Weir
7. 'V' Notch Weir

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Fluid Kinematics

• Fluids subject to shear, flow

Eulerian methods are

Lagrangian methods can also

Three-Dimensional Flow: All three velocity components are

Two-Dimensional Flow: In many situations one of the velocity components

One-Dimensional Flow: In some situations two of the velocity components

Steady or Unsteady only pertains to fixed measurements, i.e. exhaust

Experimentally, flow visualization with dyes

A fluid particle can accelerate due to a change in velocity in time (“unsteady”)

The above is good for any fluid particle, so we drop “A”:

Writing these results in “short-hand”:

Fluid flows experience fairly

 Turbulent flow:- in which the particles of

 If we want to measure the rate at which water is

 More commonly we need to know the volume flow

Multiplying this by the density of the fluid

Assumptions and Limitations

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