Voltage Control

Methods Of Voltage Control
 Shunt capacitor/reactor
 Series capacitor
 Synchronous capacitor
 Tap changing transformer
 Booster transformer
Shunt capacitor/reactor
 Shunt capacitors are used for lagging power factor
circuits. Shunt capacitors are disposed along routes
to minimize losses and voltage drops. On light loads,
when the voltage is high, the capacitor output is large
and the voltage tends to rise to excessive levels.
 Shunt reactors are used for leading power factor
circuits, as in lightly loaded cables.
Location of Shunt capacitors/
reactors
Shunt capacitor are used on the load end of the power
system and are applied in a wide range of sizes.
Shunt reactor may be permanently connected to the line
to limit the temporary over voltage and switching
transients. It may be connected in the EHV bus or to the
tertiary windings of adjacent transformer.
Application of Shunt capacitor 1.
Distribution system
2.Transmission system
Series capacitor
 These are connected in series with a line conductor to
compensate for the inductive reactance of the line.
This reduces the transfer reactance between the
busses to which the line is connected, increases
maximum power that can be transferred and reduces
the reactive power losses.
 Voltage drop is IRCosOr+I(XL-XC)SinOr when the
capacitance is very high then series capacitor is very
useful. This also improve maximum power transfer
capability.
Location of series capacitors
1. Mid point of the line.

2. Line terminals.
3. 1/3 or 1/4 points of the line
Application of series capacitor
1 Distribution feeders
2 EHV Transmission system
Advantages
 If the load Var requirement is small, series capacitors
are of little use.
 If voltage drop is the limiting factor, series capacitors
are effective. Voltage fluctuations due to arc furnaces
are also evened out.
 If the total line reactance is high, series capacitors are
very effective and stability is improved.
Disadvantages
The major drawback of series capacitors is high
overvoltage are produced when a short circuit current
flows through the capacitor.
Synchronous capacitor/
condenser
 Synchronous motors running without mechanical load

can absorb or generate Q depending on the excitation.
As the synchronous motor losses are considerable
compared to static capacitors, the power factor is not
zero. When used with a voltage regulator, the
compensator can automatically run overexcited at
times of high load and under excited at light loads.
The advantage of the synchronous compensator is its
flexibility of operation for all load conditions.
 Advantages
1. The magnitude of current drawn by the motor can be
changed by varying the field excitation.so it gives control of
p.f
2. The motor windings should have high thermal stability to
short circuit current
3. The faults occurs in the motor is easily removed
 Disadvantages
1. It requires more maintenance as well as increases the
maintenance cost
2. It produces noise
3. Considerable losses are occur in the motor
Static Var Compansator System(SVC)
 SVCs are shunt-connected static generators and
absorbers whose outputs are varied so as to control
specific parameters of the electric power system
 It has no moving or rotating main components.
Types of SVC
1. Thyristor –controlled reactor
2. Thyristor –controlled capacitor
3. Thyristor switched reactor
4. Thyristor –controlled transformer
SVC diagram
Characteristic of ideal SVS
Characteristic of realistic SVS
Tap Changing Transformers
 The voltage control of Transmission and distribution systems is obtained
by Tap changing.
 Tap changing are either ON-load or off load changer.By changing the
turns ratio of T/F,the secondary voltage is changed and thus voltage
control is obtained
 V2/V1=ts^2[1-(RP+XQ)/V1V2] ( tstr =1)

Tap Changing Transformers diagram
Booster Transformer
The two winding load tap changing

transformer performs two function,
transforming the voltage and
boosting the voltage.
Location
It can be installed at a sub station.
Intermediate point in a line.(for
voltage regulation)
Conclusion
 Synchronous condenser is better to over shunt and
series capacitor if we need wider range of operation.
 SVC is more beneficial as it does not contain any
rotating parts.
Synchronous Compensators
 There are rotating machines which are
connected to the system at appropriate
places only for the purpose of controlling
vars.
Reactors
 Inductive reactors absorb reactive power and
may be used in circuits, series or shunt
connected.
 series connected reactors are used to limit
fault currents.
 shunt reactors are used for var control
 Reactors installed at line ends and
intermediate substations can compensate
upto 70% of charging power.
 the remaining 30% power at no-load can be
provided by the under excited operation of the
generator.
increase in load, generator excitation may be
increased with reactors gradually cut-out.
shows some typical shunt

reactor arrangements.
Capacitors
 Capacitors produce vars and may be connected in
series or shunt in the system.
 Series capacitors compensate the line reactance in
long overhead lines and thus improve the stability
limit.
 However, they give rise to additional problems like
high voltage transients, sub-synchronous resonance,
etc.
 Shunt capacitors are used for reactive compensation.
 Simplicity and low cost are the chief considerations
for using shunt capacitor.
Shunt Capacitors
Comparison of Shunt Capacitor and
Synchronous Condensers
Tap-Changing Transformers
 Tap-changing transformers with variable
transformation ratio can cause substantial
change in the flow of vars.
 The tap-changing transformers when used
in:
 Radial lines maintain voltage at their
secondary terminals or at load terminals
within limits.
 Tie lines, the tap-changer can regulate vars
substantially.
 In case of weaker tie lines active power
Tap-Staggering Method
 At low loads. the reactive losses in
transformers are also low.
 The surplus generated by the system at
such low loads can be absorbed by
increased reactive power losses in
transformers
 using tap staggering. Consider the pair of
transformers shown in Fig. connected
between HV and LV buses.
If the taps on the transformers are staggered, a quadrature
current circulates around the transformers and carries
additional reactive (I2X) losses.
With more number of transformers operating, the losses could

be increased by this method.
Voltage Regulation and Short Circuit
Capacity
 Consider the short line voltage regulation:
 The voltage drop is

Compensation in Power Systems
 Electrical power demand is growing at a great
rate day by day and the generation
 Several ways of increasing the power demand.
Several ways of increasing the power
generation are investigated including many
nonconventional modes.
 Transmission of increased power over the
existing lines is considered to meet the
increasing demand.
 necessitated implementation of
compensation in power systems.
Load Compensation
 Utilization of reactive power to improve
voltage profile and power factor is termed as
load compensation.
 improving power quality
 This is achieved by operating the system in
balanced condition.
 Line compensation: Surge impedance
loading (SIL) of a line is the power
delivered by
 a line to a purely resistive load equal to its
surge impedance.
 Power transmitted by a line is usually

expressed in terms of this power
 Line compensation results in
 Minimization of Ferranti effect
 Elimination of the need for under excited
operation of generators.
 Enhanced power transfer capability
 From the receiving end power circle
diagram
P R is a maximum when δ = β
 In overhead lines X/R ratio is much

greater than this optimum value needed to
maintain the same voltage at both the
ends.
THANK YOU

Voltage Control

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Methods Of Voltage Control

1. Mid point of the line.

 Synchronous motors running without mechanical load

 V2/V1=ts^2[1-(RP+XQ)/V1V2] ( tstr =1)

The two winding load tap changing

shows some typical shunt

With more number of transformers operating, the losses could

 The voltage drop is

 Power transmitted by a line is usually

 In overhead lines X/R ratio is much

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