Vector Integral Calculus

LECTURE NOTES
Engineering Mathematics-I
Course Code: MA101
Jamkhongam Touthang
Assistant Professor
Department of Applied Mathematics
Delhi Technological University
Delhi-110042
MA101 Mathematics-I jamkhongamtouthang@dtu.ac.in
Syllabus: MA101 Mathematics-I
Unit-I. Infinite series: Test for convergence of series (Comparison, Ratio, Root,
Integral Test, Raabe’s, Logarithmic), Alternating series, Absolute convergence,
Conditional convergence.
Unit-II. Differential and Integral Calculus of a single variable: Taylor’s &
Maclaurin’s expansion, Radius of curvature, Tracing of some standard curves,
Applications of definite integral to Area, Arc length, Surface Area and Volume
(in cartesian, parametric and polar coordinates).
Unit-III. Calculus of several variables: Partial differentiation, Euler’s theo-
rem, total differential, Taylor’s theorem, Maxima-Minima, Lagrange’s method
of multipliers, Application in estimation of error and approximation.
Unit-IV. Mutiple Integrals: Double integral (Cartesian and polar co-ordinates),
Change of order of integration, Triple integrals (Cartesian, Cylindrical and
Spherical co-ordinates), Beta and Gamma functions, Applications of multiple
integration in area and volume.
Unit-V. Vector Differential Calculus: Continuity and differentiability of vector
functions, Scalar and Vector point function, Gradient, Directional derivative,
Divergence, Curl and their applications.
Unit-VI. Vector Integral Calculus: Line integral, surface integral and volume
integral, applications to work done by the force, applications of Green’s, Stoke’s
and Gauss divergence theorems.
2
Unit-VI
Mathematics-I
3
Vector Integration
Let f~(t) and ~g (t) be two vector functions such that
d~g (t)
= f~(t),
dt
then ~g (t) is called an integral of f~(t) with respect to the scalar variable t and
we write
Z
f~(t) dt = ~g (t).
If K is an arbitrary constant vector, we have
d~g (t) d
f~(t) = = [~g (t) + K],
dt dt
so that
Z
f~(t) dt = ~g (t) + K.
This is called the indefinite integral of f~(t) and its definite integral is
Z b
f~(t) dt = [~g (t) + K]ba = ~g (b) − ~g (a).
a
For example, if f~(t) = t2 î − et−1 ĵ + 2(t + 1)k̂, then

Z 1 Z 1
f~(t) dt = [t2 î − et−1 ĵ + 2(t + 1) k̂] dt
0 0
1
t3 2(t + 1)2

= î − et−1 ĵ + k̂
3 2 0

1 −1
= î − ĵ + 4k̂ − (0î − e ĵ + k̂)
3

1 1
= î + − 1 ĵ + 3k̂
3 e
4
Line Integral
Let f~(x, y, z) be a continuous vector function defined at all points of a curve C in
space. We partition the curve C into n parts by the points A = P0 , P1 , . . . , Pi−1 , Pi , . . . , Pn−1 , Pn =
B whose position vectors are respectively ~r0 , ~r1 , . . . , ~ri−1 , ~ri , . . . , ~rn−1 , ~rn . We
consider a point P on the arc Pi−1 Pi whose position vector is ~ri . Form the sum
n
X
S= f~(~ri ).δ~ri , where δ~ri = ~ri − ~ri−1 .
i=0
The limit of this sum as n → ∞ such that |δ~ri | → 0, provided it exists, is called
the line integral of f~ along the curve C and we write
Z Z
d~r
f~. d~r or f~. dt .
C C dt
I Z
If C is a closed curve, we write in place of .
If f~ = f1 î + f2 ĵ + f3 k̂ and d~r = dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂, then

Z Z
f~.d~r = (f1 dx + f2 dy + f3 dz).
C C
Z Z
The integrals are f~ × d~r and φ d~r, where φ is a scalar point function, are
C C
also line integrals.
Z
The line integral f~. d~r depends not only on the curve C but also on the end
C
points A and B.
Z
If f~. d~r does not depend on the curve C but only on the end points A and
C
B, we say that f~ is a conservative force or conservative vector.
Work Done
If f~ represents the force acting on a particle moving along an arc P Q, then the
work done during the small displacement δ~r = f~.δ~r.
The total work done by f~ in displacing a particle from P to Q is given by the
Z Q
line integral f. d~r .
P
Examples
Z
1. If f~ = (5xy − 6x2 )î + (2y − 4x)ĵ, evaluate f~. d~r along the curve C in the
C
xy-plane, y = x3 from the point (1, 1) to (2, 8).
In the xy-plane, ~r = x î + y ĵ so that d~r = dx î + dy ĵ.
5
Then, we can write

Z Z
~
f . d~r = [(5xy − 6x2 )î + (2y − 4x)ĵ].[dx î + dy ĵ]
C
ZC
= [(5xy − 6x2 )dx + (2y − 4x)dy]
C
Substituting y = x3 , where x varies from 1 to 2, we obtain

Z Z 2
~
f . d~r = [(5x4 − 6x2 )dx + (2x3 − 4x)(3x2 )dx]
C 1
Z 2
= (6x5 + 5x4 − 12x3 − 6x2 )dx
1
2
= x6 + x5 − 3x4 − 2x3 1

= (64 + 32 − 48 − 16) − (1 + 1 − 3 − 2)
= 35 .
Z
2. If f = x2 y(1 + z), evaluate f d~r, where C is the curve x = t, y = t2 ,
C
z = (1 − t) from t = 0 to t = 1.
In 3D space, ~r = x î + y ĵ + z k̂ so that d~r = dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂.
Therefore,
Z Z
f d~r = x2 y(1 + z)(dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂)
C C
Z Z Z
2 2
= î x y(1 + z)dx + ĵ x y(1 + z)dy + k̂ x2 y(1 + z)dz
C C C
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
= î t4 (2 − t)dt + ĵ t4 (2 − t)2tdt + k̂ t4 (2 − t)(−1)dt
0 0 0
7 8 7
= î + ĵ − k̂ .
30 21 30
Z
~ 2
3. If f = 3xy î − y ĵ, evaluate f~. d~r, where C is the curve in the xy-plane
C
y = 2x2 from the point (0, 0) to (1, 2).
7
Ans. −
6
Z
4. If f~ = (3x2 + 6y)î − 14yz ĵ + 20xz 2 k̂, evaluate f~. d~r, where C is the curve
C
x = t, y = t2 , z = t3 from the point (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1).
Ans. 5
Z
~ 2
5. If f = xy î − z ĵ + x k̂, evaluate f~ × d~r, where C is the curve x = t2 ,
C
6
y = 2t, z = t3 from the point (0, 0, 0) to (1, 2, 1).

We have,

î ĵ k̂
f~ × d~r = xy −z x2

dx dy dz
= −(zdz + x2 dy)î − (xydz − x2 dx)ĵ + (xydy + zdx)k̂

Z Z
Therefore, ~
f × d~r = [−(zdz + x2 dy)î − (xydz − x2 dx)ĵ + (xydy + zdx)k̂]
C C
The point (0, 0, 0) corresponds to t = 0 and (1, 2, 1) corresponds to t = 1.
Substituting x = t2 , y = 2t, z = t3 , where t varies from 0 to 1, we obtain
Z Z 1
~
f × d~r = [−(t3 .3t2 + t4 .2)dt î − (2t3 .3t2 − t4 .2t)dt ĵ + (2t3 .2 + t3 .2t)dt k̂]
C 0
Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
5 4 5 5
= −î (3t + 2t )dt − ĵ (6t − 2t )dt + k̂ (4t3 + 2t4 )dt
0 0 0
1 6 1 5 1
t6 2t5

2t 2t
= −î + − ĵ + k̂ t4 +
2 5 0 3 0 5 0
9 2 7
= − î − ĵ + k̂ .
10 3 5
Z
6. If f~ = 2y î − z ĵ + xk̂, evaluate f~ × d~r, where C is the curve x = cos t,
C
y = sin t, z = 2 cos t from t = 0 to t = π/2.

π 1
Ans. 2 − î − π − ĵ
4 2
Z
7. If f~ = sin y î + x(1 + cos y)ĵ + z k̂, evaluate f~. d~r, where C is the circle
C
x2 + y 2 = a2 in the xy-plane.
Ans. πa2
8. Find the work done when a force f~ = (x2 − y 2 + x)î − (2xy + y)ĵ moves a
particle in the xy-plane from (0, 0) to (1, 1) along the straight line y = x. Is the
work done different if the path is the parabola y 2 = x?
In the xy-plane, ~r = x î + y ĵ so that d~r = dx î + dy ĵ.
The work done by f~ is
Z Z
f~. d~r = [(x2 − y 2 + x)î − (2xy + y)ĵ].[dx î + dy ĵ]
C C
Z
= [(x2 − y 2 + x)dx − (2xy + y)dy] (1)
C
7
Substituting y = x so that dy = dx, where x varies from 0 to 1, we obtain

Z Z 1
f~. d~r = [(x2 − x2 + x)dx − (2x2 + x)dx]
C 0
Z 1
= (−2x2 )dx
0
2
=− .
3
Substituting x = y 2 so that dx = 2y dy, where y varies from 0 to 1, we obtain
from (1),
Z Z 1
f~. d~r = [(y 4 − y 2 + y 2 )2y dy − (2y 3 + y)dy]
C 0
Z 1
= (2y 5 − 2y 3 − y)dy
0
2
=− .
3
9. Find the work done by the force f~ = 3x2 î + (2xz − y)ĵ + z k̂ in displacing a
particle from x = 0 to x = 2 along the curve x2 = 4y, 3x3 = 8z.
Ans. 16
10. Find the work done by the force f~ = z î + x ĵ + y k̂ when it displaces a

particle along the arc of the curve ~r = cos t î + sin t ĵ + t k̂ from t = 0 to t = 2π.
The parametric equations of the curve are x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t.

The work done by f~ is
Z Z Z
~
f . d~r = (z î + x ĵ + y k̂).(dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂) = (z dx + x dy + y dz)
C C C
Z 2π
t(− sin t) + cos2 t + sin t dt

=
0
2π
1 sin 2t
= t cos t − sin t + t+ − cos t
2 2 0
= (2π + π − 1) − (−1)
= 3π .
−y î + x ĵ
11. Find the work done by f~ = along the upper half of the circle
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2 = 1.
Ans. π
8
Surface
Equation of a surface, say S, is of the form f (x, y, z) = 0. Its parametric
representation is of the form ~r(x, y) = r1 (x, y)î + r2 (x, y)ĵ + r3 (x, y)k̂. The
continuous functions x = φ(t) and y = ψ(t) of a scalar variable t represent a
curve C on the surface S.
A surface S is said to be a smooth surface if it has a unique normal at each of
its points whose direction depends continuously on the points lying on it. S is
said to be piecewise smooth if it is not smooth but it can be partitioned into
finitely many smooth pieces. For example, a sphere is a smooth surface while a
cube is piecewise smooth.
If the positive normal direction at any point of a surface S can be continued
in a unique and continuous way to the whole of S, then we say that S is two
sided or orientable. Otherwise, S is said to be one sided or non-orientable. For
example, a cylinder is a two sided surface while the Möbius strip is one sided.
Surface Integral
Let S be a two sided surface and f~ be a vector point function defined at all
~ be
points of S. We partition S into a finite number of sub-surfaces and let δ S
an elementary surface area surrounding a point P (on S) whose position vector
~ can be thought of as a vector whose magnitude is the area and
is ~r. Here, δ S
whose direction that of the outward normal to the element. We form the sum
X
f~. δ S
~
where the summation extends over all the sub-surfaces. The limit of this sum
as the number of sub-surfaces approaches infinity in such a way that the area of
each sub-surface tends to zero, is called the surface integral of f~(~r) over S and
is denoted by
Z Z
f~. dS
~ or, f~. n̂ dS,
S S
where n̂ is a unit outward normal at P to S.

Z Z
The integrals ~ ~
f × dS and ~ where f is a scalar point function, are
f. dS,
S S
also types of surface integrals.
Volume Integral
Let S be a surface enclosing a region V on which a vector function f~ is defined.
The region V is partitioned into a finite number of sub-regions V1 , V2 , . . . , Vn .
Let δvi be the volume of the sub-region Vi enclosing a point whose position
vector is ~ri .
n
X
Form the sum f~(~ri ) δvi .
i=1
The limit of this sum as n → ∞ in such a manner that δvi → 0 is called the
9
Z
volume integral of f~ over V and is denoted by f~ dv.
V
If f~ = f1 (x, y, z)î + f2 (x, y, z)ĵ + f3 (x, y, z)k̂ so that δv = δx δy δz, then

Z ZZZ ZZZ
f~ dv = f1 (x, y, z) dx dy dz + f2 (x, y, z) dx dy dz
V V V
ZZZ
+ f3 (x, y, z) dx dy dz
V
Z ZZZ
The integral f dv or f dv is also a volume integral over V , where f is
V V
a scalar point function.
Integral Theorems
In vector calculus, the three theorems-Green’s theorem, Stoke’s theorem and
Gauss divergence theorem, are important both from theoretical and practical
considerations.
Green’s theorem in a plane provides a relationship between a line integral
(around a closed curve) and a double integral. Stoke’s theorem, a general-
ization of Green’s theorem, provides a relationship between a line integral and
a surface integral. Gauss divergence theorem provides a relationship between a
surface integral and a volume integral.
Green’s Theorem
If φ(x, y) and ψ(x, y) are continuous functions of x and y having continuous
∂φ ∂ψ
partial derivatives and in a region R of the xy-plane, bounded by a
dy dx
simple closed curve C, then
I ZZ
∂ψ ∂φ
(φ dx + ψ dy) = − dx dy
C R dx dy
where C is described in the anti-clockwise direction.
Stoke’s Theorem
Let S be an open surface bounded by a closed curve C and f~ be any vector
function having continuous first order partial derivatives on S, then
I ZZ
f~. d~r = curl f~. n̂ dS,
C S
where n̂ is the unit external normal vector at any point of S.

Scalar form of Stoke’s theorem
Let f~ = f1 î + f2 ĵ + +f3 k̂, where f1 , f2 , f3 are functions of x, y, z.
10
Then,
f~. d~r = f1 dx + f2 dy + f3 dz

~ ∂f3 ∂f2 ∂f1 ∂f3 ∂f2 ∂f1
and curl f = − î + − ĵ + − k̂ .
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
Therefore,
curl f~.dS
~ = curl f~.n̂ dS

∂f3 ∂f2 ∂f1 ∂f3
= − (n̂.î)dS + − (n̂.ĵ)dS
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x

∂f2 ∂f1
+ − (n̂.k̂)dS
∂x ∂y

∂f3 ∂f2 ∂f1 ∂f3 ∂f2 ∂f1
= − dy dz + − dz dx + − dx dy
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
Substituting these values in Stoke’s theorem, we obtain
I Z Z
∂f3 ∂f2 ∂f1 ∂f3 ∂f2 ∂f1
(f1 dx + f2 dy + f3 dz) = − dydz + − dzdx + − dxdy
C S ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
which is Stoke’s theorem in the scalar form.
Deduction of Green’s theorem from Stoke’s theorem

If f~ = f1 î + f2 ĵ is a vector function which has continuous first order partial
derivatives on an open surface S bounded by a simple closed curve C, then by
Stoke’s theorem,
I ZZ
~
f . d~r = curl f~. n̂ dS, (2)
C S
where n̂ is the outward drawn unit normal vector to the surface S. Consider
S to be a plane surface (region) R in the xy-plane bounded by a simple closed
curve C. Now,
f~. d~r = (f1 î + f2 ĵ).(dx î + dy ĵ) = f1 dx + f2 dy
and

î ĵ k̂

= ∂f2 − ∂f1 . k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
~

curl f =
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂x ∂y
f1 f2 0
Substituting these in (2), we obtain

I ZZ
∂f2 ∂f1
(f1 dx + f2 dy) = − k̂. n̂ dS (3)
C R ∂x ∂y
11
Normal at any point of the region R in the xy-plane is parallel to the z-axis.
Considering the positive direction of the z-axis as the positive (outward) direc-
tion of n̂, we get n̂ = k̂. Also, dS is a surface area element in the xy-plane and
thus dS = dx dy. Therefore, (3) becomes
I ZZ
∂f2 ∂f1
(f1 dx + f2 dy) = − dx dy
C R ∂x ∂y
which is Green’s theorem in a plane.
Stoke’s theorem problems will reduce to Green’s theorem problems if the surface
S is a plane surface (region).
Gauss Divergence Theorem

If f~ is a vector point function having continuous first order partial derivatives
in the region V bounded by a closed surface S, then
ZZ ZZZ
~
f . n̂ dS = ∇.f~ dV,
S V
where n̂ is the outward drawn unit normal vector to the surface S.

Scalar form of Gauss Divergence Theorem
Let f~ = f1 î + f2 ĵ + +f3 k̂, where f1 , f2 , f3 are functions of x, y, z.
Then,
∂f1 ∂f2 ∂f3
div f~ = + + (4)
∂x ∂y ∂z
and f~.dS
~ = f~. n̂ dS = P (n̂.î)dS + Q(n̂.ĵ)dS + R(n̂.k̂)dS
= P dy dz + Q dz dx + R dx dy (5)
Using (4) and (5) in Gauss Divergence Theorem, we obtain
ZZ ZZZ
∂f1 ∂f2 ∂f3
(P dy dz + Q dz dx + R dx dy) = + + dx dy dz
S V ∂x ∂y ∂z
which is Gauss Divergence Theorem in the scalar form. This is also referred to
as Green’s theorem in space.
Green’s Formulas
Set f~ = g∇h, where g and h are scalar functions, so that
div f~ = div (g∇h) = ∇.(g∇h) = g∇2 h + ∇g.∇h. Making these changes, Gauss
divergence theorem becomes
ZZ ZZZ
~
g∇h. dS = (g∇2 h + ∇g.∇h) dV (6)
S V
Interchanging g and h, we obtain

ZZ ZZZ
h∇g. dS~= (h∇2 g + ∇h.∇g) dV (7)
S V
12
Substracting (7) from (6), we obtain

ZZ ZZZ
(g∇h − h∇g). dS~= (g∇2 h − h∇2 g) dV
S V
Examples
I
1. Verify Green’s theorem in a plane for [(xy + y 2 ) dx + x2 dy], where C is
C
the boundary of the region bounded by y = x and y = x2 .
I I
Comparing the given line integral [(xy + y 2 ) dx + x2 dy] with (φ dx + ψ dy),
C C
we have
φ = xy + y 2 , ψ = x2
so that
∂φ ∂ψ
= x + 2y, = 2x .
dy dx
To verify Green’s theorem, we show that
I ZZ
∂ψ ∂φ
(φ dx + ψ dy) = − dx dy .
C R dx dy
Here,
I I
(φ dx + ψ dy) = [(xy + y 2 ) dx + x2 dy]
C C
I I
2 2
= [(xy + y ) dx + x dy] + [(xy + y 2 ) dx + x2 dy] (8)
C1 C2
Along C1 , y = x2 so that dy = 2x dx, x varies from 0 to 1.

Therefore,
I Z 1
19
[(xy + y 2 ) dx + x2 dy] = (x4 + 3x3 ) dx = .
C1 0 20
Along C2 , y = x so that dy = dx, x varies from 1 to 0. Therefore,

I Z 0
[(xy + y 2 ) dx + x2 dy] = 3x3 dx = −1 .
C2 1
Hence,
I
19 1
(φ dx + ψ dy) = −1=−
C 20 20
13
Also
ZZ Z 1 Z x
∂ψ ∂φ
− dx dy = (x − 2y) dy dx
R dx dy 0 x2
Z 1
= (x4 − x3 ) dx
0
1
=− .
20
I ZZ
∂ψ ∂φ
This shows that (φ dx + ψ dy) = − dx dy .
C R dx dy
I
2. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate [(2x2 − y 2 ) dx + (x2 + y 2 ) dy], where C
C
is the boundary of the region enclosed by upper-half of x2 + y 2 = a2 and the
x-axis.
Let R be the region eclosed by C. By Green’s theorem
I ZZ
2 2 2 2 ∂ 2 2 ∂ 2 2
[(2x − y ) dx + (x + y ) dy] = (x + y ) − (2x − y ) dx dy
C dx dy
Z ZR
= (x + y) dx dy
R
Set x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ so that r varies from 0 to a and θ varies from 0
to π. Therefore,
I Z aZ π
[(2x2 − y 2 ) dx + (x2 + y 2 ) dy] = 2 r(cos θ + sin θ). r dθ dr
C 0 0
Z a Z π
2
=2 r dr (cos θ + sin θ) dθ
0 0
a3
= 2. .2
3
4a3
= .
3
3. Apply Green’s theorem to find the area between the parabolas y 2 = 4x and
x2 = 4y.
16
Ans.
3
I
1
4. Prove that the area enclosed by a plane curve is (x dy − y dx) by using
2 C
Green’s theorem.
I
5. Verify Green’s theorem in the xy-plane for [(xy 2 − 2xy) dx + (x2 y + 3) dy],
C
where C is the boundary of the region bounded by y 2 = 8x and x = 2.
14
6. Verify Stoke’s theorem for f~ = (x2 − y 2 ) î + 2xy ĵ, integrated round the
rectangle in the xy-plane (z = 0) bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a,
y = b.
To verify Stoke’s theorem, we show that
I ZZ
f~. d~r = curl f~. n̂ dS
C S
Let OP QR be the rectangle bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a, y = b so

that C is the boundary of OP QR.
We can write
I Z Z Z Z
~
f . d~r = ~
f . d~r + ~
f . d~r + ~
f . d~r + f~. d~r (9)
C OP PQ QR RO
Along OP , y = 0 so that dy = 0 and x varies from 0 to a. Therefore,

Z Z
f~. d~r = [(x2 − y 2 ) î + 2xy ĵ]. [dx î + dy ĵ]
OP OP
Z a
a3
= x2 dx = .
0 3
Along P Q, x = a so that dx = 0 and y varies from 0 to b. Therefore,

Z Z
~
f . d~r = [(a2 − y 2 ) î + 2ay ĵ]. [dy ĵ]
PQ OP
Z b
= 2ay dy = ab2 .
0
Along QR, y = b so that dy = 0 and x varies from a to 0. Therefore,

Z Z
~
f . d~r = [(x2 − b2 ) î + 2bx ĵ]. [dx î]
QR QR
b
a3
Z
= (x2 − b2 ) dx = ab2 − .
0 3
Along RO, x = 0 so that dx = 0 and y varies from b to 0. Therefore,

Z Z
~
f . d~r = [(x2 − y 2 ) î + 2xy ĵ]. [dx î + dy ĵ]
RO RO
Z0
= [−y 2 î]. [dy ĵ] = 0 .
b
a3 a3
I
Hence (9) yields f~. d~r = + ab2 + ab2 − + 0 = 2ab2 .
C 3 3
15
Now,
curl f~ = ∇ × f~

∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ × [(x2 − y 2 )î + 2xy ĵ]
∂x ∂y ∂z

î ĵ k̂
∂ ∂ ∂
= = î(0) − ĵ(0) + k̂(2y + 2y) = 4y k̂
2 ∂x 2 ∂y ∂z
x − y 2xy 0
For the surface S, n̂ = k̂. Therefore, curl f~. n̂ = 4y k̂.k̂ = 4y and hence
ZZ ZZ
dx dy
curl f~. n̂ dS = 4y
S S |k̂.n̂|
Z aZ b
= 4y dy dx = 2ab2
0 0
I ZZ
This verifies Stoke’s theorem, that is, f~. d~r = curl f~. n̂ dS .
C S
I
7. Apply Stoke’s theorem to evaluate (yz dx + zx dy + xy dz), where C is the
C
curve x2 + y 2 = 1, z = y 2 .
We have
I I
f~. d~r = (yz î + zx ĵ + xy k̂).(dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂)
C
IC
= (yz dx + zx dy + xy dz)
C
By Stoke’s theorem,
I ZZ
f~. d~r = curl f~. n̂ dS
C S
But

î ĵ k̂

∂ ∂ ∂
~

curl f = = î(0) − ĵ(0) + k̂(0) = 0̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

yz zx xy
ZZ
so that curl f~. n̂ dS = 0.
S
I
Hence, it follows from Stoke’s theorem, (yz dx + zx dy + xy dz) = 0 .
C
16
I
8. Apply Stoke’s theorem to evaluate [(x + y)dx + (2x − z)dy + (y + z)dz],
C
where C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices P (2, 0, 0), Q(0, 3, 0) and
R(0, 0, 4).
We have, f~ = (x + y) î + (2x − z) ĵ + (y + z) k̂ and thus

î ĵ k̂

∂ ∂ ∂
curl f~ =

= 2î + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z

x+y 2x − z y+z
Equation of the plane through the points P (2, 0, 0), Q(0, 3, 0) and R(0, 0, 4) is
x y z
+ + =1 or 6x + 4y + 3z = 12 .
2 3 4
Vector normal to the plane is

∂ ∂ ∂
∇(6x + 4y + 3z − 12) = î + ĵ + k̂ (6x + 4y + 3z − 12)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 6î + 2ĵ + 3k̂
6î + 2ĵ + 3k̂ 1

Therefore, n̂ = √ = (6î + 2ĵ + 3k̂) .
36 + 4 + 9 7
By Stoke’s theorem,
I ZZ
~
f . d~r = curl f~. n̂ dS ,
C S
where S is the surface of 4P QR.

Here
I I
f~. d~r = [(x + y)dx + (2x − z)dy + (y + z)dz]
C C
and
ZZ ZZ
1
curl f~. n̂ dS = (2î + k̂). (6î + 2ĵ + 3k̂) dS
S S 7
ZZ
15
= dS
7 S
15
= × Area of the 4P QR
7
15
= × 244 (use Heron’s formula to find the area)
7
I
which gives the required value of [(x + y)dx + (2x − z)dy + (y + z)dz] .
C
17
I
9. Apply Stoke’s theorem to evaluate [(sin x − y)dx − cos xdy], where C is
C
the boundary of the triangle with vertices A(0, 0), B(π/2, 0) and C(π/2, 1).
2 π
Ans. +
π 4
10. Verify Stoke’s theorem for f~ = y î + z ĵ + x k̂, where C is the boundary of
the upper half surface S of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 .
On S, z = 0 so that dz = 0 and x2 + y 2 = 1.
Therefore
I I I
f~. d~r = (y î + z ĵ + x k̂).(dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂) = y dx
C C x2 +y 2 =1
Set x =Icos θ, y = sinZ θ2πso that dx = − sin θ dθ and θ varies from 0 to 2π.
Then f~. d~r = − sin2 θ dθ = −π .
C 0
Also
ZZ ZZ
curl f~. n̂ dS = (−î − ĵ − k̂). k̂ dS
S S
(since curl f~ = −î − ĵ − k̂ and n̂ = k̂ on S so that k̂.n̂ = 1)
ZZ
dx dy
=− = −(area of x2 + y 2 = 1) = −π(1)2 = −π
S |k̂.n̂|
I
= f~. d~r , which means Stoke’s theorem is verified
C
11. Verify Stoke’s theorem when f~ = (2xy − x2 )î − (x2 − y 2 )ĵ and C is the
boundary of the region enclosed by the parabolas x2 = y and y 2 = x.
I ZZ
~ 3
Ans. f . d~r = curl f~. n̂ dS = −
C S 5
12. Verify Stoke’s theorem when f~ = xy î−2yz ĵ−zx k̂ and S is the surface of the
rectangular parallelopiped bounded by the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 2,
and z = 3 above the xy-plane.
I ZZ
Ans. f~. d~r = curl f~. n̂ dS = −1
C S
13. Verify Stoke’s theorem when f~ = (y − z + 2) î + (yz + 4) ĵ − zx k̂ and S is

the open surface of the cube bounded by the planes x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 2,
and z = 2.
14. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for f~ = x2 î + y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂, where S is the

surface of the cuboid bounded by the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0
and z = 1.
18
To verify Gauss theorem, we show that

ZZ ZZZ z
~
f . n̂ dS = div f~ .dV
S V
C A0
We evaluate the surface integral over S
by dividing the surface into six plane sub- B0 P
surfaces.
S1 : OAC 0 B, S2 : CB 0 P A0 , S3 : OBA0 C
S4 : AC 0 P B 0 , S5 : OCB 0 A, S6 : BA0 P C 0 y
O B
On S1 , n̂ = −k̂ and z = 0 so that
A C0
f~ = x2 î + y 2 ĵ and hence
x
ZZ ZZ
f~. n̂ dS = (x2 î + y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂).(−k̂) dS
S1 S1
=0
On S2 , n̂ = k̂ and z = 1 so that f~ = x2 î + y 2 ĵ + k̂ and thus
ZZ ZZ ZZ
dx dy
f~. n̂ dS = (x2 î + y 2 ĵ + k̂).(k̂) dS = (1)
S2 S2 S2 |k̂.n̂|
Z 1Z 1
= dx dy
0 0
=1
On S3 , n̂ = −î and x = 0 so that f~ = y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂ .

ZZ ZZ ZZ
~
f . n̂ dS = 2 2
(y ĵ + z k̂).(−î) dS = 0 dS
S3 S3 S3
= 0.
On S4 , n̂ = î and x = 1 so that f~ = î + y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂ .
ZZ ZZ Z 1 Z 1
dy dz
f~. n̂ dS = (î + y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂).(î) dS = (1)
S4 S4 0 0 |î.n̂|
Z 1Z 1
= dy dz = 1 .
0 0
On S5 , n̂ = −ĵ and y = 0 so that f~ = x2 î + z 2 k̂ .

ZZ ZZ Z 1 Z 1
f~. n̂ dS = (x2 î + z 2 k̂).(−ĵ) dS = (0) dS = 0 .
S5 S5 0 0
19
On S6 , n̂ = ĵ and y = 1 so that f~ = x2 î + ĵ + z 2 k̂ .
ZZ ZZ Z 1 Z 1
dx dz
f~. n̂ dS = (x2 î + ĵ + z 2 k̂).(ĵ) dS = (1)
S6 S4 0 0 |ĵ.n̂|
Z 1Z 1
= dx dz = 1 .
0 0
ZZ
Hence, f~. n̂ dS = 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 3 .
S
Further,
ZZZ Z 1 Z 1 Z 1
( div f~ ) dV = ∇.(x2 î + y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂) dx dy dz
V 0 0 0
Z 1Z 1Z 1
∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ .(x2 î + y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂) dx dy dz
0 0 0 ∂x ∂y ∂z
Z 1Z 1Z 1
= (2x + 2y + 2z) dx dy dz
0 0 0
1 11 Z 1Z 1
x2
Z Z
1
=2 + xy + xz dy dz = 2 y+z+ dy dz
0 0 2 0 0 0 2
Z 1 2 1
y 1
=2 + yz + y dz
0 2 2 0
Z 1
=2 (1 + z) dz
0
= 3.
Hence, Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

Z
15. Apply Gauss divergence theorem to evaluate f~. dS,
~ where f~ = 4x î −
S
2y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂ and S is the closed surface bounded by x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 0 and
z = 3.
We have,
div f~ = ∇.f~

∂ ∂ ∂
= î + ĵ + k̂ .(4x î − 2y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂)
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 4 − 4y + 2z.
20
By Gauss divergence theorem,

Z Z
~ ~
f . dS = (div f~) dV
S V
ZZZ
= (4 − 4y + 2z) dx dy dz
V
√
Z 2 Z 4−x2 Z 3
= √ (4 − 4y + 2z) dz dy dx = 84π.
−2 − 4−x2 0
Z
16. Apply Gauss divergence theorem to evaluate f~. dS,
~ where the vector field
S
f~ = yz 2 î + zx2 ĵ + 2z 2 k̂ and S is the closed surface bounded by the xy-plane
and the upper half of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 above the plane.
Ans. 16 π
17. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for f~ = (x2 −yz)î+(y 2 −zx)ĵ +(z 2 −xy)k̂,
where S is the closed surface of the rectangular parallelopiped formed by the
planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 2, z = 0 and z = 3.
To verify Gauss theorem, we show that
ZZ ZZZ Y
~
f . n̂ dS = ~
div f .dV
S V
C A0
We evaluate the surface integral over S by B0 P

dividing the surface into six sub-surfaces.
S1 : OAC 0 B, S2 : CB 0 P A0 , S3 : OBA0 C
O B X
S4 : AC 0 P B 0 , S5 : OCB 0 A, S6 : BA0 P C 0
A C0
Z
21
On S1 , n̂ = −k̂ and z = 0 so that

f~ = x2 î + y 2 ĵ − xy k̂ and thus
Z Z
~
f . n̂ dS = (x2 î + y 2 ĵ − xy k̂).(−k̂) dS
S1 S1
Z 2 Z 1
= xy dx dy = 1
0 0
On S2 , n̂ = k̂ and z = 1 so that f~ = (x2 − y)î + (y 2 − x)ĵ + (1 − xy)k̂ and thus

Z Z
f~. n̂ dS = [(x2 − y)î + (y 2 − x)ĵ + (1 − xy)k̂]. (k̂) dS
S2 S2
Z2 Z 1
dx dy
= (1 − xy)
0 0 |k̂.n̂|
Z 2 Z 1
= (1 − xy)dx dy
0 0
= 17
On S3 , n̂ = −î and x = 0 so that f~ = −yz î + y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂ .

Z Z
f~. n̂ dS = (−yz î + y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂).(−î) dS
S3 S3
Z 3 Z 2
= yz dy dz
0 0
= 9.
On S4 , n̂ = î and x = 1 so that f~ = (1 − yz)î + (y 2 − z)ĵ + (z 2 − y)k̂ .

Z Z
~
f . n̂ dS = [(1 − yz)î + (y 2 − z)ĵ + (z 2 − y)k̂].(î) dS
S4 S4
Z 3 Z 2
dy dz
= (1 − yz)
0 0 |î.n̂|
Z 3 Z 2
= (1 − yz)dy dz = −3 .
0 0
On S5 , n̂ = −ĵ and y = 0 so that f~ = x2 î − zx ĵ + z 2 k̂ .

Z Z
~
f . n̂ dS = (x2 î − zx ĵ + z 2 k̂).(−ĵ) dS
S5 S5
Z 3 Z 1
9
= zx dx dz = .
0 0 4
22
On S6 , n̂ = ĵ and y = 1 so that f~ = (x2 − z)î + (1 − zx)ĵ + (z 2 − x)k̂ .

Z Z
f~. n̂ dS = [(x2 − z)î + (1 − zx)ĵ + (z 2 − x)k̂].(ĵ) dS
S6 S4
Z 3 Z 1
dx dz
= (1 − zx)
0 0 |ĵ.n̂|
Z 3 Z 1
39
= (1 − zx)dx dz = .
0 0 4
ZZ
9 39
Hence, f~. n̂ dS = 1 + 17 + 9 − 3 + + = 36 .
S 4 4
Further,
ZZZ ZZZ
~
( div f ) dV = ∇.[(x2 − yz)î + (y 2 − zx)ĵ + (z 2 − xy)k̂] dV
V V
Z 3Z 2Z 1
∂ 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
= (x − yz) + (y − zx) + (z − xy) dx dy dz
0 0 0 ∂x ∂y ∂z
Z 3Z 2Z 1
=2 (x + y + z) dx dy dz
0 0 0
3 2 1 Z 3Z 2
x2
Z Z
1
=2 + xy + xz dy dz = 2 y+z+ dy dz
0 0 2 0 0 0 2
Z 3 2 2
y 1
=2 + yz + y dz
0 2 2 0
Z 3
3
(3 + 2z) dz = 2 3z + z 2 0

=2
0
= 36 .
Hence, Gauss divergence theorem is verified for the given vector field.
Z
18. Apply Gauss divergence theorem to evaluate f~. n̂ dS , where f~ = y 2 z 2 î +
S
z 2 x2 ĵ + x2 y 2 k̂ and S is the upper part of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 above
the xy-plane.
πa6
Ans.
12
19. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for f~ = y î + x ĵ + z 2 k̂ over the cylindrical
region bounded by x2 + y 2 = 9, z = 0 and z = 2.
Note: Unsolved problems would be either solved in the classes or left as exer-
cises. Use this material as supplementary to class lectures.
23

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LECTURE NOTES

Course Code: MA101

Syllabus: MA101 Mathematics-I

If K is an arbitrary constant vector, we have

For example, if f~(t) = t2 î − et−1 ĵ + 2(t + 1)k̂, then

If f~ = f1 î + f2 ĵ + f3 k̂ and d~r = dx î + dy ĵ + dz k̂, then

Then, we can write

Substituting y = x3 , where x varies from 1 to 2, we obtain

y = 2t, z = t3 from the point (0, 0, 0) to (1, 2, 1).

= −(zdz + x2 dy)î − (xydz − x2 dx)ĵ + (xydy + zdx)k̂

Substituting y = x so that dy = dx, where x varies from 0 to 1, we obtain

10. Find the work done by the force f~ = z î + x ĵ + y k̂ when it displaces a

The parametric equations of the curve are x = cos t, y = sin t, z = t.

where n̂ is a unit outward normal at P to S.

If f~ = f1 (x, y, z)î + f2 (x, y, z)ĵ + f3 (x, y, z)k̂ so that δv = δx δy δz, then

where C is described in the anti-clockwise direction.

where n̂ is the unit external normal vector at any point of S.

Deduction of Green’s theorem from Stoke’s theorem

f~. d~r = (f1 î + f2 ĵ).(dx î + dy ĵ) = f1 dx + f2 dy

Substituting these in (2), we obtain

Gauss Divergence Theorem

where n̂ is the outward drawn unit normal vector to the surface S.

Interchanging g and h, we obtain

Substracting (7) from (6), we obtain

Along C1 , y = x2 so that dy = 2x dx, x varies from 0 to 1.

Along C2 , y = x so that dy = dx, x varies from 1 to 0. Therefore,

Let OP QR be the rectangle bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a, y = b so

Along OP , y = 0 so that dy = 0 and x varies from 0 to a. Therefore,

Along P Q, x = a so that dx = 0 and y varies from 0 to b. Therefore,

Along QR, y = b so that dy = 0 and x varies from a to 0. Therefore,

Along RO, x = 0 so that dx = 0 and y varies from b to 0. Therefore,

6î + 2ĵ + 3k̂ 1

where S is the surface of 4P QR.

13. Verify Stoke’s theorem when f~ = (y − z + 2) î + (yz + 4) ĵ − zx k̂ and S is

14. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for f~ = x2 î + y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂, where S is the

To verify Gauss theorem, we show that

On S3 , n̂ = −î and x = 0 so that f~ = y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂ .

On S5 , n̂ = −ĵ and y = 0 so that f~ = x2 î + z 2 k̂ .

Hence, Gauss divergence theorem is verified.

By Gauss divergence theorem,

We evaluate the surface integral over S by B0 P

On S1 , n̂ = −k̂ and z = 0 so that

On S2 , n̂ = k̂ and z = 1 so that f~ = (x2 − y)î + (y 2 − x)ĵ + (1 − xy)k̂ and thus

On S3 , n̂ = −î and x = 0 so that f~ = −yz î + y 2 ĵ + z 2 k̂ .

On S4 , n̂ = î and x = 1 so that f~ = (1 − yz)î + (y 2 − z)ĵ + (z 2 − y)k̂ .

On S5 , n̂ = −ĵ and y = 0 so that f~ = x2 î − zx ĵ + z 2 k̂ .

On S6 , n̂ = ĵ and y = 1 so that f~ = (x2 − z)î + (1 − zx)ĵ + (z 2 − x)k̂ .

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