2022

-2023

CHEMISTRY
PROJECT
STUDY OF PURIFICATION OF WATER

A CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROGECT

Dhanushree.S.N
XII- I
2022-23
 Table of contents
 Bonafide Certificate

 Acknowledgement

 Introduction

 -Need of Water
 -Purification of Water
 -Need for a stable purification technique

 Theory

 -History of Water purification

 -Bleaching powder and its preparation
 -Use of Bleaching powder in Sterilization of water

 Conclusion

 Bibliography
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my sincere and hearty thanks to

the honourable principal, MRS.R. Shaila Balaji,

Our HOD MRS.R.S. Meena Parameswari and the management of

Maharishi Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School Hosur, for giving
me the oppurtunities and facilities to carry out my project
successfully.

I also express my sincere and hearty thanks to my chemistry

teacher , MRS.V. Sreeja who has been with me in each and every
point of time throughout the course of my project work. I extend my
sincere gratitude for her constant guidance without which this
project would not have been carried out successfully.

I would also like to thank the faculty members of chemistry

department for their moral support t clear any doubts that
arouse during the parts of my project.

I would like to thank my friends and fellow mates for guiding me

by giving idea of my project.

Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents for their
support an encouragement towards my career.
 Need of water
Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for
survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out various
metabolic processes in our body and also to carry out Hemoglobin
throughout the body.
A daily average of 1 gallon per man is sufficient for drinking and
cooking purposes. A horse, bullock, or mule drinks about 11
gallons at a time. standing up, an average allowance of 5 gallons
should be given for a man, and 10 gallons for a horse or a
camel. An elephant drinks 25 gallons, each mule or ox drinks 6
to 8 gallons, each sheep or pig 6 to 8 pints. These are minimum
quantities.
One cubic foot of water = 6 gallons (a gallon = 10 lbs.).
In order to fulfill such a huge demand of water, it needs to
be purified and supplied in a orderly and systematic way.
But with the increasing world population, the demand for
drinking water has also increased dramatically and therefore it is
very essential to identify resources of water from which we can
use water for drinking purposes. Many available resources of
water do not have it in drinkable form. Either the water contains
excess of Calcium or Magnesium salts or any other organic
impurity or it simply contains foreign particles which make it unfit
and unsafe for Drinking.
 Purification of Water

There are many methods for the purification of water. Some

of them are
1. Boiling
2. Filtration
3. Bleaching powder treatment
4. SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) ,etc

Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purification

technique in use today. While in normal households it is an
efficient technique; it cannot be used for industrial and large
scale purposes. It is because in normal households, the water to
be purified is very small in quantity and hence the water loss due
to evaporation is almost negligible. But in Industrial or large scale
purification of water the water loss due to evaporation will be
quite high and the amount of purified water obtained will be very
less.
Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles from water.
One major drawback of this purification process is that it
cannot be used for removing foreign chemicals and impurities
that are miscible with water.
SODIS or Solar Water Disinfection is recommended by the
United Nations for disinfection of water using soft drink
bottles, sunlight, and a black surface– at least in hot
nations with regularly intense sunlight.
Water-filled transparent bottles placed in a horizontal position
atop a flat surface in strong sunlight for around five hours will kill
microbes in the water. The process is made even more safe and
effective if the bottom half of the bottle or the surface it‟s lying
on is blackened, and/or the flat surface is made of plastic or
metal.
It‟s the combination of heat and ultraviolet light which kills
the organisms.
The major drawback of this purification technique is that it
cannot be used in countries with cold weather. Also, the time
consumed for Purification process is more and it also needs a
„blackened‟ surface, much like solar cookers.

Need for a stable purification technique

Therefore we need a purification technique which can be used

anytime and anywhere, does not require the use of any third
party content and which is also economically feasible on both
normal scale and large scale.
Hence we look at the method of purification of water using the
technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly known
as “Chlorination”.
THEORY
History of water purification in different parts of the world.

In 1854 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread through

water. The outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand
filters were installed. British scientist John Snow found that the
direct cause of the outbreak was water pump contamination by
sewage water. He applied chlorine to purify the water, and this
paved the way for water disinfection. Since the water in the
pump had tasted and smelled normal, the conclusion was finally
drawn that good taste and smell alone do not guarantee safe
drinking water. This discovery led to governments starting to
install municipal water filters (sand filters and chlorination), and
hence the first government regulation of public water.
In the 1890s America started building large sand filters to
protect public health. These turned out to be a success. Instead
of slow sand filtration, rapid sand filtration was now applied.
Filter capacity was improved by cleaning it with powerful jet
steam.
Subsequently, Dr. Fuller found that rapid sand filtration worked
much better when it was preceded by coagulation and
sedimentation techniques. Meanwhile, such waterborne
illnesses as cholera and typhoid became less and less common
as water chlorination won terrain throughout the world.
But the victory obtained by the invention of chlorination did not
last long. After some time the negative effects of this element
were discovered. Chlorine vaporizes much faster than water, and
it was linked to the aggravation and cause of respiratory
disease. Water experts started looking for alternative water
disinfectants. In 1902 calcium hypo chlorite and ferric chloride
were mixed in a drinking water supply in Belgium, resulting in
both coagulation and disinfection.
The treatment and distribution of water for safe use is one of
the greatest achievements of the twentieth century. Before
cities
 began routinely treating drinking water with chlorine (starting
with Chicago and Jersey City in US in 1908), cholera, typhoid
fever, dysentery and hepatitis A killed thousands of U.S. residents
annually. Drinking water chlorination and filtration have helped to
virtually eliminate these diseases in the U.S. and other developed
countries. Meeting the goal of clean, safe drinking water requires
a multi-barrier approach that includes: protecting source water
from contamination, appropriately treating raw water, and
ensuring safe distribution of treated water to consumers‟ taps.
During the treatment process, chlorine is added to drinking water
as elemental chlorine (chlorine gas), sodium hypochlorite
solution or dry calcium hypochlorite. When applied to water, each
of these forms “free chlorine,” which destroys pathogenic
(disease- causing) organisms.
Almost all systems that disinfect their water use some type of
chlorine-based process, either alone or in combination with other
disinfectants. In addition to controlling disease-causing
organisms, chlorination offers a number of benefits including:
 Reduces many disagreeable tastes and odors;
 Eliminates slime bacteria, molds and algae that commonly grow
in water supply reservoirs, on the walls of water mains and in
storage tanks;
 Removes chemical compounds that have unpleasant tastes
and hinder disinfection; and
 Helps remove iron and manganese from raw water.
As importantly, only chlorine-based chemicals provide
“residual disinfectant” levels that prevent microbial re-growth
and help protect treated water throughout the distribution
system.
For more than a century, the safety of drinking water supplies
has been greatly improved by the addition of bleaching powder.
Disinfecting our drinking water ensures it is free of the
microorganisms that can cause serious and life-threatening
diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever. To this day,
bleaching powder remains the most commonly used drinking
water disinfectant, and the disinfectant for which we have the
most scientific information. Bleaching powder is added as part of
the drinking water treatment process. However, bleaching
powder also reacts with the organic matter, naturally present in
water, such as decaying leaves. This chemical reaction forms a
group of chemicals known as disinfection by-products. Current
scientific data shows that the benefits of bleaching our drinking
water (less disease) are much greater than any health risks from
THMs and other by-products. Although other disinfectants are
available, bleaching powder remains the choice of water
treatment experts. When used with modern water filtration
methods, chlorine is effective against virtually all
microorganisms. Bleaching powder is easy to apply and small
amounts of the chemical remain in the water as it travels in the
distribution system from the treatment plant to the consumer‟s
tap, this level of effectiveness ensures that microorganisms
cannot recontaminate the water after it leaves the treatment.
 CONCLUSION

We have conclude from the project that there are various

methods of purification of water. Today, we know that water is
present everywhere on earth in different forms but due to human
activities water is being polluted day by day not only 97% of
earth’s water is in oceans which is not suitable for drinking or any
other purpose. So there is very small volume of water is left, to
utilize that humans are using best ways to purify it. And in
present time humans are capable to purify water and all the
methods to purify it are mentioned in the project.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 The Medical front-”Water Supply”

http://www.vlib.us/medical/sancamp/water.htm
 “Chemistry Projects” http://www.icbse.com
 How to live on Very,Very Little-”Clean drinking water: How
to develop low cost sources of drinking water just about
anywhere”
http://www.jmooneyham.com/watp.html
 Calcium Hypochloride
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleaching_powder
 Water Treatment
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment Bleach
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach 7.Drinking
Water Treatment:Continuous Chlorination
 Chlorination of Drinking Water
http://www.water-
research.net/watertreatment/chlorination.htm
 Chlorination Of Drinking Water (2)
www.edstrom.com/doclib/mi4174.pdf
 Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering
Service, Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, N.Y.
 ”Treatment Systems for Household Water Supplies:
Chlorination,” North Dakota State University Extension
Service
 ”Water Treatment Notes: Chlorination of Drinking
Water,” Cornell Cooperative Extension, New York State
College of Human Ecology,USA