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Physics Projjecc Epicc

1) The document describes the construction of a line following robot using an Arduino microcontroller to demonstrate the working of logic gates and infrared sensors. 2) The robot is able to sense a black line using two IR sensors and signal the Arduino to drive the motors to turn left, right, or move forward accordingly. 3) Basic logic gates are the building blocks of digital electronics and are widely used in microcontrollers and other devices. The line following robot shows their functionality.

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Rahul Avdhani
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48 views

Physics Projjecc Epicc

1) The document describes the construction of a line following robot using an Arduino microcontroller to demonstrate the working of logic gates and infrared sensors. 2) The robot is able to sense a black line using two IR sensors and signal the Arduino to drive the motors to turn left, right, or move forward accordingly. 3) Basic logic gates are the building blocks of digital electronics and are widely used in microcontrollers and other devices. The line following robot shows their functionality.

Uploaded by

Rahul Avdhani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Nsn memorial senior secondary school

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT


LINE FOLLOWING ROBOT

Academic year: 2022-23

Submitted by: Svadhit S

Class: XII B

Register No:

1
N.S.N. MEMORIAL SENIOR
SECONDARY SCHOOL
CHENNAI
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified to be the bonafide project work in ……………………………………


done by ……………………………………………………. of standard ………………
during the academic year 20__ -20__
Register No:…………………….

Signature of the Principal School Seal

Submitted for the Senior Secondary Practical Examination


held on……………………… at N.S.N. Memorial Senior Secondary
School, Chennai-64

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL


EXAMINER

2
INDEX

S.NO CONTENTS PG.NO

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4

2 OBJECTIVE 5

3 INTRODUCTION 6

4 PROCEDURE 10

5 WORKING OF THE ROBOT 10

6 APPLICATIONS 12

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 14

3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I extend my hearty thanks to Mrs. C.P. Nirmala Bai my


physics mentor, who guided me to the successful
completion of this dissertation. I take this opportunity to
thank my teacher for her valuable guidance, constant
encouragement, constructive feedback and immersive
motivation which has sustained my effort at all stages of
this project.

Name of the student:

Register number:

Signature:

4
OBJECTIVE

To construct a line follower robot using Arduino to


demonstrate the working of logic gates and infrared
sensors.

5
INTRODUCTION

LOGIC GATES IN ARDUINO:

Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It
is an electronic circuit having one or more than one input and
only one output. Based on this, logic gates are named as AND
gate, OR gate, NOT gate etc.

NOT Gate:

The NOT gate is the simplest of all the gates, it is also the only
gate that only has one input.

This type of gate is sometimes referred to as an “Inverter”, and


from the truth table because the output of the NOT gate is the
inverse of its input. In other words, it changes zeros into ones
and ones into zeros.

AND Gate:

The AND gate has an output of zero unless all of its inputs are at
one.

OR Gate:

The output of the OR gate is one whenever any of its inputs are
set to one.

NAND Gate:

A NAND Gate is simply an AND gate with an inverted output.


The operation is exactly opposite to that of the AND gate. The
output is one unless all of the inputs are one .

6
NOR Gate:

A NOR gate is just an OR gate with an inverted output. The only


situation in which a NOR gate will output a one is if both of the
inputs are zero.

CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN THE WORKING OF LINE


FOLLOWER:
Concept of working of a line follower is related to reflection of
light. We use the behaviour of light at black and white surfaces.
When light falls on a white surface it is almost fully reflected and
in case of black surface light is completely absorbed. This

7
behaviour of light is used in building a line follower robot.

In this Arduino based line follower robot we have used IR


Transmitters and IR receivers also called photodiodes. They are
used for sending and receiving light. IR transmits infrared lights.
When infrared rays fall on white surface, they are reflected back
and received by photodiodes which generates some voltage
changes. When IR light falls on a black surface, light is absorbed
by the black surface and no rays are reflected back, thus the
photodiode does not receive any light or rays.

The IR sensor returns an input of ‘binary 1’ to the Arduino when


it senses a white surface (Reflecting surface) and ‘binary 0’ when
it senses the black line (Non-reflecting surface).

8
AIM:
To construct a line follower robot using Arduino microcontroller
to demonstrate the working of logic gates and infrared sensors .

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Metal chassis with wheels, Arduino Uno(Microcontroller), 12V


Battery, L298 Motor Driver module, 2 Infrared sensors, Switch,
Connecting Wires, Double Sided Tape, White Chart Paper,
Insulation Tape and Soldering Iron

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE:

Step 1: Connect the circuit as shown in the schematic.


Step 2: Use the Arduino IDE Application to write the program
code.

9
Step 3: Upload the code to the Arduino and connect it to the
batteries or you can even use a power bank to run the Arduino.
Step 4: Test it on a black path.
WORKING:

Working of a line follower is very interesting. Line follower robot


senses black line by using a sensor and then sends the signal to
the Arduino. Then the Arduino drives the motor according to
sensors' output.

Here in this project, we are using two IR sensor modules on


both sides (left and right) of the robot.

1. When both the left and right sensor senses white then
the robot moves forward.

2. If the left sensor senses a black line, then the


robot turns left.

3. If the right sensor senses a black line, then the


robot turns to the right until both sensors come
at white surface. When white surface is sensed,
the robot starts moving forward again

10
11
WORKING OF THE ROBOT

PHOTO OF THE WORKING MODEL

UTILITY VALUE:
Basic logic gates are widely used, both with and without
microcontrollers. For simple circuits, they can offer both cost
and performance advantages.  They can also be used along with
CPU’s and MCU’s to create very complex designs or to simplify
programming. 

Microcontrollers and microprocessors use thousands, even


millions, of these gates. Basic gates are the underlying

12
foundations of all digital electronic devices and components.

APPLICATIONS:

Line followers are being used in various industries;


-Industrial application: Packages can be carried or delivered by
line followers in warehouses, airports, restaurants etc.

-Automobile Industries: The line follower can also be used in


cars, taxis and buses to create an autonomous transport system.

-Household application: It can be used for cleaning and


transport of household items throughout the house.

-Guidance: It can also be used as guidance for physically


challenged people, helping them go about their daily lives as
normal people would.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The components must be handled with care, so as to not
break them or cause any damage.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Circuit connections may be wrong.
2. Errors may arise in the code for the Arduino.

RESULT:
The working of logic gates has been successfully demonstrated

13
by the construction of a line follower robot.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/
definition/logic-gate-AND-OR-XOR-NOT-
NAND-NOR-and-XNOR

 https://projecthub.arduino.cc/

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Passive_infrared_sensor#:~:text=A
%20passive%20infrared%20sensor
%20(PIR,alarms%20and%20automatic
%20lighting%20applications.

14

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