An Arabic Grammar Cheat Sheet

(based on al-Nahw al-Waadhih)

by
Introduction 7
ُ‫( اﻟْ ُﺠﻤَْﻠُﺔ اﻟْ ُﻤﻔِﯿَْﺪة‬The beneficial sentence) 11 7

‫اء اﻟْ ُﺠﻤَْﻠِﺔ‬

ُ ‫أﺟ َﺰ‬
ْ (The parts of a sentence) 15 7

‫ﺒﺎر َز َﻣﻨِِﻪ‬ ْ ْ
ِ ِ‫ﺎﻋﺘ‬ ِ ‫( ﺗَﻘ ِﺴﯿُْﻢ اﻟﻔِﻌ‬Division of the ‫ ﻓِﻌْﻞ‬in regards to its time) 21
ْ ‫ْﻞ ِﺑ‬ 8

ِ ‫( ْاﻟِﻔ ْﻌ ُﻞ ْاﻟ َﻤ‬The past tense verb) 21

‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ‬ 8

‫ﻀﺎر ُع‬ ْ ُ ْ
ِ ‫( اﻟِﻔ ْﻌﻞ اﻟ ُﻤ‬The present tense verb) 22 8
َ ْ (The command) 23
‫اﻷ ْﻣ ُﺮ‬ 8

‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋ ُﻞ‬
ِ (The doer) 29 8

‫اﻟﻤﻔْ ُﻌ ْﻮ ُل ِﺑِﻪ‬
َ (The direct object) 32 8

‫ﻔﺎﻋ ِﻞ َواﻟْ َﻤﻔْ ُﻌ ْﻮ ِل ِﺑِﻪ‬

ِ ْ‫اﻟﻤ َﻮ َازﻧََﺔ ﺑَﯿْ َﻦ اﻟ‬
ُ (Weighing between the ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
ِ and the ‫ )ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﻪ‬p. 36 8

‫( اﻟْ ُﻤﺒْﺘََﺪُأ َواﻟْ َﺨﺒ َُﺮ‬The subject and information) p. 37 8

‫( اﻟْ ُﺠﻤَْﻠُﺔ اﻟْ ِﻔ ْﻌِﻠﯿﱡﺔ‬The verbal sentence) 41 9

‫اﺳ ِﻤ ﱠﯿُﺔ‬
ْ ‫( اﻟْ ُﺠﻤَْﻠُﺔ‬The nominal sentence) 44 9

‫ﺎر ِع‬
ِ‫ﻀ‬ َ ‫ْﻞ اﻟْ ُﻤ‬
ِ ‫ﺼ ُﺐ اﻟﻔِﻌ‬ْ َ‫( ﻧ‬Nasb of the present tense verb) 48 9

‫ﺎر ِع‬
ِ‫ﻀ‬ َ ‫ْﻞ اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ ْ
ِ ‫( َﺟﺰُم اﻟﻔِﻌ‬Jazm of the present tense verb) 54 9

‫ﺎر ِع‬
ِ‫ﻀ‬ َ ‫ْﻞ اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ ْ
ِ ‫( َرﻓ ُﻊ اﻟﻔِﻌ‬The raf' of the present tense verb) 59 9

‫ﺎن َوَأ َﺧ َﻮاﺗُﻬﺎ‬َ ‫( َﻛ‬Kaana and its sisters) 63 9

‫( ِإ ﱠن َوَأ َﺧ َﻮاﺗُﻬَﺎ‬Inna and its sisters) 70 10

ِ ‫( َﺟ ﱡﺮ ا‬Jarr of the noun) 77

‫ﻻ ْﺳِﻢ‬ 10

‫ْﺖ‬ُ ‫( اﻟْﻨﱠﻌ‬The description) 84 10

‫ﺻ ِﺤﯿْ ِﺢ ْاﻵ ِﺧ ِﺮ َواﻟْ ُﻤ ْﻌﺘَ ﱢﻞ ْاﻵ ِﺧ ِﺮ‬ ْ ْ

ِ ‫( ﺗَﻘ ِﺴﯿُْﻢ اﻟﻔِﻌ‬Division of the verb into the sound in ending and the
َ ‫ْﻞ إﻟﻰ‬
defective in ending) 91 10

َ ‫( اﻟْ َﻤﺒْﻨِ ﱡﻲ َواﻟْ ُﻤﻌ‬The inflexible and flexible) 95

‫ْﺮ ُب‬ 10

‫ﺎء‬ ُ ‫( َأﻧْ َﻮ‬Kinds of inflexibility) 98

ِ َ‫اع اﻟْﺒِﻨ‬ 10

‫اب‬ ْ ‫اع‬
ِ ‫اﻹﻋ َﺮ‬ ُ ‫( أﻧْ َﻮ‬Kinds of states) 101 11

ِ ‫ْﻞ اﻟْ َﻤ‬

‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ‬ ُ َ
ْ ِ َ‫ال ﺑﻨ‬
ِ ‫ﺎء اﻟ ِﻔﻌ‬ ِ ‫( أ ْﺣ َﻮ‬Situations when building the past tense verb) 106 11
َ ْ َ‫ال ﺑﻨ‬ َ
‫ْﺮ‬ ِ ِ ُ ‫( أ ْﺣ َﻮ‬Situations when building the command) 110
ِ ‫ﺎء اﻷﻣ‬ 11

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‫ﺎر ِع‬ َ ‫ﺎء اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ ُ ‫( َأ ْﺣ َﻮ‬Situations when building the present tense verb) 116
ِ َ‫ال ِﺑﻨ‬
ِ‫ﻀ‬ 11

‫اب اﻟْ َﻤ َﺤﱢﻠ ﱡﻲ‬ُ ‫( ْاﻹ ْﻋ َﺮ‬Positional status) 122 11

ُ ‫ﻀﺎر ُع اﻟْ ُﻤ ْﻌﺘَ ﱡﻞ ْاﻵ ِﺧ ُﺮ َوَأ ْﺣ َﻮ‬ ْ ُ ْ
‫ال ِإ ْﻋ َﺮ ِاﺑِﻪ‬ ِ َ ‫( اﻟﻔِﻌْﻞ اﻟ ُﻤ‬The present tense verb with a defective ending and the
situations of its status) 125 12

‫ﻻ ْﺳُﻢ اﻟْ ُﻤ ْﻌﺘَ ﱡﻞ ْاﻵ ِﺧ ُﺮ‬

ِ ‫( ا‬The noun with a defective ending) 130 12

‫ال ِإ ْﻋ َﺮاﺑِِﻪ‬ ُ ‫ﺼ ْﻮ ُر َوَأ ْﺣ َﻮ‬

ُ ‫( ْاﻟ َﻤ ْﻘ‬The shortened noun and the situations of its status) 130 12

‫ال إِ ْﻋ َﺮاﺑِِﻪ‬ ُ ‫ص َوَأ ْﺣ َﻮ‬ ُ ‫( ْاﻟ َﻤﻨْﻘُ ْﻮ‬The decreased noun and the situations of its status) 133 12
ْ ‫ﻀﺎرع ِﺑَﺄ ْن اﻟْ ُﻤ‬
‫ﻀ َﻤ َﺮ ِة‬ َ ْ ُ ْ َ‫( ﻧ‬Nasb of the present tense verb using a hidden ‫ َ)أ ﱠن‬p. 137
ِ ِ ‫ﺼﺐ اﻟ ُﻤ‬ 12

‫( ﺑ َْﻌَﺪ َﻻِم اﻟ ﱠﺘ ْﻌِﻠﯿ ِْﻞ‬After the ‫ ل‬of causation) 137 12

‫( ﺑ َْﻌَﺪ َﻻِم ْاﻟ ُﺠ ُﺤ ْﻮِد‬After the ‫ ل‬of denial) 138 12

‫( ﺑ َْﻌَﺪ َأ ْو‬After ‫ )أو‬p. 140 13

‫( ﺑ َْﻌَﺪ َﺣﺘﱠﻰ‬After ‫)ﺣﺘﱠﻰ‬

َ p. 141 13

‫اﻟﺴﺒ َِﺒﯿِﱠﺔ‬
‫ﺎء ﱠ‬ِ َ‫( ﺑ َْﻌَﺪ ﻓ‬After the causative ‫ )ف‬p. 142 13

‫واو ْاﻟ َﻤ ِﻌ ِﯿﺔ‬

ِ ‫( ﺑ َْﻌَﺪ‬After the ‫ و‬of accompaniment) 143 13

‫ﺎر ِع‬
ِ‫ﻀ‬ َ ‫ْﻞ اﻟْ ُﻤ‬ ْ
ِ ‫( َﺟ َﻮ ِازُم اﻟﻔِﻌ‬The Jazm-izers of the present tense) 148 13
ً ‫اﺣ‬
‫ﺪا‬ ِ ‫ﻼ َو‬ ً ‫ﺰم ﻓِ ْﻌ‬
ُ ‫ات ﱠاﻟﺘِ ْﻲ ﺗَ ْﺠ‬
ُ ‫اﻷد َو‬
َ (The tools that jazm-ize a single verb) 148 13

‫ات ﱠاﻟﺘِ ْﻲ ﺗَ ْﺠ ِﺰُم ﻓِ ْﻌَﻠﯿ ِْﻦ‬ ُ ‫اﻷد َو‬

َ (The tools that jazm-ize two verbs) 151 13

‫ْﺴُﺔ َوإِ ْﻋ َﺮاﺑُﻬَﺎ‬ َ ‫ﺎل اﻟْ َﺨﻤ‬ُ ‫اﻷﻓْ َﻌ‬َ ْ (The 5 Verbs and their status) 156 13

‫ْﻊ‬ َ ْ َ ْ ‫( ﺗَﻘْ ِﺴﯿُْﻢ‬Division of the noun into the singular, dual and plural) 162
ٍ ‫اﻻﺳِﻢ ِإﻟﻰ ُﻣﻔ َﺮٍد َو ُﻣﺜﻨﻰ َو َﺟﻤ‬ 14
ْ َْ
ِ ‫( ﺗﻘ ِﺴﯿُْﻢ اﻟ َﺠﻤ‬Division of the plural) 165
‫ْﻊ‬ 14

‫اب اﻟْ ُﻤﺜَﻨﱠﻰ‬ ُ ‫( ِإ ْﻋ َﺮ‬The status of the dual) 168 14

‫ﺎﻟﻢ‬
ِ ‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ْﻊ اﻟْ ُﻤَﺬ ﱠﻛ ِﺮ ﱠ‬ ِ ‫اب َﺟﻤ‬ ُ ‫( ِإ ْﻋ َﺮ‬The status of the sound masculine plural) 172 14

‫ﺎﻟﻢ‬
ِ ‫اﻟﺴ‬ ‫ْﻊ اﻟْ ُﻤ َﺆﻧﱠ ِﺚ ﱠ‬ ِ ‫اب َﺟﻤ‬ ُ ‫( إِ ْﻋ َﺮ‬The status of the sound feminine plural) 176 14

‫ﺎف ِإَﻟﯿِْﻪ‬ ُ ‫ﻀ‬ َ ‫ﺎف َواﻟْ ُﻤ‬ ُ ‫ﻀ‬ َ ‫( اﻟْ ُﻤ‬The ‫ ُﻣﻀﺎف‬and ‫)ﻣﻀﺎف إﻟﯿﻪ‬ ُ p. 180 14

‫ْﺴُﺔ َوِإ ْﻋ َﺮاﺑُﻬﺎ‬ َ ‫ﺎء اﻟْ َﺨﻤ‬ُ ‫اﻷ ْﺳ َﻤ‬َ ْ (The 5 Nouns and their status) 185 15
ْ َْ ْ ‫ْﱠ‬ َ
‫ﺎل‬ِ ‫( َﻋﻼ َﻣ ُﺖ اﻟﺘﺄﻧِﯿْ ِﺚ ﻓِ ْﻲ اﻷﻓ َﻌ‬The signs of feminization in verbs) 189 15
َْ ْ
ِ ‫( َﻋَﻼ َﻣ ُﺖ اﻟْﺘﱠﺄﻧِﯿْ ِﺚ ﻓِ ْﻲ اﻷ ْﺳ‬The signs of feminization in nouns) 192
‫ﻤﺎء‬ 15

‫ْﺮﻓَُﺔ‬ ْ ُ ‫ﱠ‬
ِ ‫( اﻟﻨ ِﻜ َﺮة َواﻟ َﻤﻌ‬The indefinite and definite nouns) 195 15

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‫( اﻟْ َﻌَﻠُﻢ‬The proper name) 197 15

‫اﻟﻼم‬ َْ ُ ‫ْ ﱠ‬
ِ ‫( اﻟ ُﻤ َﻌﺮف ِﺑﺎﻷِﻟ ِﻒ َو‬The noun that is made definite using ‫ )ال‬p. 200 16
‫( ﱠ‬The pronoun) 202
‫اﻟﻀ ِﻤﯿْ ُﺮ‬ 16

‫ﺼ ُﻞ‬
ِ ‫اﻟﻀ ِﻤﯿ ُْﺮ ْاﻟ ُﻤﻨَْﻔ‬
‫( ﱠ‬The detached pronoun) 204 16

‫ﺼ ْﻞ‬
ِ ‫اﻟﻀ ِﻤﯿ ُْﺮ ْاﻟ ُﻤﺘﱠ‬
‫( ﱠ‬The attached pronoun) 208 16

‫اﻟﻀ ِﻤﯿ ُْﺮ ْاﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴﺘَﺘِ ُﺮ‬

‫( ﱠ‬The hidden pronoun) 213 17

‫ﺻ ْﻮ ُل‬
ُ ‫اﻻﺳُﻢ اﻟْ َﻤ ْﻮ‬
ْ (The relative pronoun) 217 17

ِ‫ﺎرة‬َ ‫اﻹ َﺷ‬

ِ ‫اﺳُﻢ‬ ْ (The demonstrative pronoun) 222 17

ِ َ‫( ﻧَﺎﺋِ ُﺐ اﻟْﻔ‬The substitute for the doer) 227

‫ﺎﻋ ِﻞ‬ 18

َ ‫ﺎﺳ َﺨُﺔ َوﻣﺎ‬

‫دام‬ ِ ‫ْﺮ ِار اﻟﻨﱠ‬َ ‫اﻻﺳ ِﺘﻤ‬
ْ ‫ﺎل‬ُ ‫( َأﻓْ َﻌ‬The verbs of continuity that abrograte the ‫ ُﻣﺒْﺘَﺪأ‬and ‫)ﻣﺎ َد َام‬
َ p. 231 18

‫( اﻟْ َﻤﻔْ ُﻌ ْﻮ ُل اﻟْ ُﻤ ْﻄَﻠ ُﻖ‬The absolute object) 236 18

َ ‫( اﻟْ َﻤﻔْ ُﻌ ْﻮ ُل‬The object of reason) 241
‫ﻷ ْﺟِﻠِﻪ‬ِ 18
َ ْ ُ َ ‫َ ُ ﱠ‬
ِ ‫ﻣﺎن َوﻇ ْﺮف اﻟﻤﻜ‬
‫ﺎن‬ ِ ‫( ﻇ ْﺮف اﻟﺰ‬The frame of time and the frame of place) 245 19
ُ
َ ‫( اﻟْ ُﻤﺒْﺘََﺪأ َواﻟْ َﺨﺒ َُﺮ َوﺗَ َﻄﺎﺑُﻘُﻬ‬The subject, the information and their agreement with each other) 253 19
‫ُﻤﺎ‬

‫( َﺧﺒ َُﺮ اﻟْ ُﻤﺒْﺘََﺪأ ِﺣﯿْ َﻦ ﯾ َُﻜ ْﻮ ُن ُﺟﻤَْﻠًﺔ َأ ْو ِﺷﺒَْﻪ ُﺟﻤَْﻠٍﺔ‬When the ‫ َﺧﺒَﺮ‬is a sentence or a pseudo-sentence) 257 19

‫اﺳ ِﺦ ِﺣﯿْ َﻦ ﯾ َُﻜ ْﻮ ُن ُﺟﻤَْﻠًﺔ َأ ْو ِﺷﺒَْﻪ ُﺟﻤَْﻠٍﺔ‬

ِ ‫( َﺧﺒ َُﺮ اﻟﻨﱠ َﻮ‬When ‫ َﺧﺒَﺮ‬for one of the abrogrators of the ‫ ُﻣﺒْﺘََﺪأ‬is a sentence
or a pseudo-sentence) 263 19
َ ‫اﺿ ُﻊ ﻓَﺘْﺢ َﻫﻤ‬
‫ْﺰةِ ﱠان‬ ‫ ﱠ‬p. 267
ِ ‫( َﻣ َﻮ‬The places where fathah is placed on the hamzah of ‫)ان‬ 20
ِ
ْ َ ُ ْ َ (The infinitive that is interpreted from ‫ َأ ْن‬and the verb) 272
ِ ‫ﺼَﺪ ُر اﻟ ُﻤ َﺆ ﱠول ِﻣ ْﻦ أ ْن َواﻟﻔِﻌ‬
‫ْﻞ‬ ْ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ 20
َ ‫اﺿ ُﻊ َﻛ ْﺴﺮ َﻫﻤ‬
‫ْﺰةِ ﱠان‬ ‫ ﱠ‬p. 276
ِ ‫( َﻣ َﻮ‬The places where kasrah is placed on the hamzah of ‫)ان‬ 20
ِ
‫ﺻ ِﺤﯿْ ٍﺢ َو ُﻣ ْﻌﺘَ ﱟﻞ‬ ْ ْ
ِ ‫( ﺗَﻘ ِﺴﯿُْﻢ اﻟﻔِﻌ‬Division of the verb into sound and defective) 279
َ ‫ْﻞ ِإﻟﻰ‬ 21
ْ ْ َُ ِ ‫اﻟﺮﻓْﻊ اﻟْﺒَﺎر َزةُ اﻟْ ُﻤﺘﱠ‬ َ (The visible pronouns of ‫ َرﻓْﻊ‬that attach to verbs) 285
‫ﺎل‬ِ ‫ﺼﻠﺔ ﺑِﺎﻷﻓ َﻌ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﺿ َﻤﺎﺋِ ُﺮ ﱠ‬ 21

ِ‫َﺎر َزة‬ ْ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ْ َﱠ‬ ْ ْ ْ (Attaching sound and defective verbs to visible
ِ ‫اﻟﺼ ِﺤﯿْ َﺤِﺔ َواﻟ ُﻤ ْﻌﺘﻠِﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻀ َﻤﺎﺋِ ِﺮ اﻟﺒ‬
‫ﺎل ﱠ‬ِ ‫إﺳﻨَ ُﺎد اﻷﻓ َﻌ‬
pronouns) 289 21
ْ ُ ‫اﻟﺴﺎِﻟِﻢ َو ْاﻟ َﻤﻬ‬
‫اﻟﻀ َﻤﺎ ِﺋ ِﺮ‬ ِ َ‫ْﻤ ْﻮ ِز َواﻟ ِﻤﺜ‬
‫ﺎل إﻟﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫إﺳﻨَ ُﺎد ﱠ‬
ْ (Attaching the ‫ﺻﺤﯿْﺢ‬,
َ the hamzated and the ‫ ِﻣﺜﺎل‬to
pronouns) 289 22

‫َﺎر َز ِة‬ ْ ْ ‫ﺿ َﻤﺎﺋِﺮ ﱠ‬ ْ َ ‫إﺳﻨَ ُﺎد ْاﻟ ُﻤ‬

ِ ‫اﻟﺮﻓ ِﻊ اﻟﺒ‬ ِ َ ‫ﻀ ﱠﻌ ِﻒ َواﻷ ْﺟ َﻮ ِف إﻟﻰ‬ ْ (Attaching the doubled verb and the ‫أﺟ َﻮف‬
ْ to visible
pronouns of raf') 291 22

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 ‫َﺎر َز ِة‬ ْ ْ ‫ﺿ َﻤﺎﺋِﺮ ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ِ ‫إﺳﻨَ ُﺎد ْاﻟ َﻤ‬
ِ ‫اﻟﺮﻓ ِﻊ اﻟﺒ‬ ِ َ ‫ﺺ إﻟﻰ‬
ِ ‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ اﻟﻨِﻘ‬ ْ (Attaching the ‫ ﻧﺎﻗِﺺ‬past tense verb to visible pronouns
of raf') 295 22

‫َﺎر َز ِة‬ ْ ْ ‫ﺿ َﻤﺎﺋِﺮ ﱠ‬ َ ْ ‫إﺳﻨَ ُﺎد ْاﻟ ُﻤﻀﺎرع َو‬

َ ‫اﻷ ْﻣ ِﺮ اﻟﻨﱠِﻘ‬
ِ ‫اﻟﺮﻓ ِﻊ اﻟﺒ‬ ِ َ ‫ﺼﯿ ِْﻦ إﻟﻰ‬ ِِ ْ (Attaching the ‫ ﻧﺎﻗِﺺ‬present tense verbs and
commands to visible pronouns of raf') 299 22

‫( اﻟْ ُﻤ َﺠ ﱠﺮُد َواﻟْ َﻤ ِﺰﯾُْﺪ‬The bare and increased verbs) 304 23

ُ‫( ُﻣ َﺠ ﱠﺮُد اﻟﺜﱡَﻼﺛِ ﱢﻲ َو َﻣ ِﺰﯾُْﺪه‬the bare and increased tri-literals) 304 23

ُ‫َﺎﻋ ﱢﻲ َو َﻣ ِﺰﯾُْﺪه‬ ‫( ُﻣ َﺠ ﱠﺮُد ﱡ‬the bare and increased quadri-literals) 306

ِ ‫اﻟﺮﺑ‬ 23

‫ﺻ ِﻞ َواﻟْﻘَ ْﻄ ِﻊ‬ ْ ‫ْﺰﺗَﺎ اﻟْ َﻮ‬

َ ‫( َﻫﻤ‬The connective and cutting hamzahs) 309 23

‫ْﻞ اﻟْ ُﻤﺘَ َﻌﱢﺪ ْي‬ُ ‫اﻟﻼزُم َواﻟْﻔِﻌ‬‫ْ ُ ﱠ‬

ِ ‫( اﻟﻔِﻌْﻞ‬The intransitive verb and the transitive verb) 314 23

‫( أﻗْ َﺴ ُﺎم اﻟْ ُﻤﺘَ َﻌﱢﺪ ْي‬The types of the transitive verb) 315 23
َ ‫ْﻞ ِﺑﺎﻟْ َﻬﻤ‬
ْ ‫ْﺰ ِة َواﻟﺘﱠ‬ ْ ُ
‫ﻀ ِﻌﯿْ ِﻒ‬ ِ ‫( ﺗَﻌِْﺪﯾَﺔ اﻟ ِﻔﻌ‬Making the verb transitive using ‫ أ‬and doubling) 317 24

ِ َ‫اﺳُﻢ اﻟْﻔ‬
‫ﺎﻋ ِﻞ‬ ْ (The noun of the doer) 324 24

‫اﺳُﻢ اﻟْ َﻤﻔْ ُﻌ ْﻮ ِل‬

ْ (The noun of the object) 329 24

‫( اﻟْ ُﻤ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨَﻰ‬The exception) 333 24

‫( ْاﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨَﻰ ﺑ ﱠ‬The exception using ‫ﻻ‬
‫ﺈﻻ‬ ‫ )إ ﱠ‬p. 333 24
ِ ِ
ّ ‫اﻟﻤ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨَﻰ ﺑ‬
‫ﺈﻻ‬ ُ ‫( ُﺣ ْﻜُﻢ‬The rule for the exception made using ‫)إﻻ‬
ّ p. 334 24
ِ
‫( ْاﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨَﻰ ِﺑ َﻐﯿْﺮ َو ِﺳﻮى‬The exception made using ‫ َﻏﯿْﺮ‬and ‫)ﺳﻮى‬
ِ p. 336 25

‫( ْاﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨَﻰ ِﺑ َﺨﻼ َو َﻋَﺪا َو َﺣﺎﺷَﺎ‬The exception made using ‫ﺧﻼ‬,

َ 'adaa and ‫ )ﺣﺎﺷﺎ‬p. 338 25
ُ ‫( اﻟْ َﺤ‬The condition) 345
‫ﺎل‬ 25

‫ﺎل‬ ْ ُ ‫( أﻧْ َﻮ‬The kinds of conditions) 346

ِ ‫اع اﻟ َﺤ‬ 25

‫( اﻟﺘﱠﻤْﯿِﯿْ ُﺰ‬The distinction) 354 26

‫( ُﺣ ْﻜُﻢ اﻟﺘﱠﻤ ِْﯿﯿْ ِﺰ‬The rule for the distinction) 356 26

َ ‫( ُﺣ ْﻜُﻢ ﺗَ ْﻤ ِﯿﯿ ِْﺰ ْاﻟ َﻮ ْز ِن َو ْاﻟ َﻜﯿ ِْﻞ َو ْاﻟ ِﻤ‬The rule for distinguishing weight, volume and space) 356
‫ﺴﺎﺣِﺔ‬ 26

‫( ُﺣ ْﻜُﻢ ﺗَ ْﻤ ِﯿﯿ ِْﺰ ْاﻟ َﻌَﺪِد‬The rule for distinguishing numbers) 357 26
ً ‫ﱠﺰ َﻣْﻠ ُﺤ ْﻮ‬
‫ﻇﺎ‬ ُ ‫ﻛﺎن ْاﻟ ُﻤ َﻤﯿ‬
َ ‫( ُﺣ ْﻜُﻢ اﻟﺘﱠ ْﻤ ِﯿﯿ ِْﺰ إذا‬The rule for the ‫ ﺗَ ْﻤ ِﯿﯿْﺰ‬if the ‫ ُﻣ َﻤﯿّﺰ‬is inferred) 359 26

‫اﻟﻤﻨَ َﺎدى‬
ُ (The vocative) 364 26

‫اﻟﻤ ْﻤﻨُ ْﻮ ُع ِﻣﻦ ﱠ‬

‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف‬ َ (The partly flexible noun) 369 26

‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف‬ َ ‫( ْاﻟ َﻌَﻠُﻢ‬The proper name that is partly flexible) 369
‫اﻟﻤ ْﻤﻨُ ْﻮ ُع ِﻣﻦ ﱠ‬ 27

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 ‫اﻟﻤ ْﻤﻨُ ْﻮ َﻋُﺔ ِﻣﻦ ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف‬ َ ‫ﺼَﻔُﺔ‬
‫( ْاﻟ ﱢ‬The description that is partly flexible) 371 27
ْ
ِ ‫ﺼﯿ َْﻐِﺔ ُﻣﻨْﺘَﻬﻰ ْاﻟ َﺠ ُﻤ ْﻮ ِع َأ ْو َأِﻟ ِﻒ اﻟﺘﱠﺄﻧِﯿ‬
‫ْﺖ‬ ‫( ْاﻟ َﻤ ْﻤﻨُ ْﻮ ُع ِﻣﻦ ﱠ‬What is partly flexible due to the form of the
ِ ‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف ِﻟ‬
utmost plural or the ‫ ا‬used for feminization) 373 27

‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف ِﺑ ْﺎﻟ َﻜ ْﺴ َﺮ ِة‬

‫اﻟﻤ ْﻤﻨُ ْﻮ ِع ِﻣﻦ ﱠ‬
َ ‫( َﺟ ﱡﺮ‬Giving jarr to a partly flexible word using kasrah) 374 27

‫ْﺖ اﻟْ َﺤﻘِﯿْﻘِ ﱡﻲ َو ﱠ‬

‫اﻟﺴﺒ َِﺒ ﱡﻲ‬ ُ ‫( اﻟﻨﱠﻌ‬The true and the causal description) 378 28

ِ ‫( ُﻣ َﻄﺎﺑَﻘَُﺔ اﻟﻨﱠﻌ‬Agreement between the description and the described word) 379
‫ْﺖ َواﻟْ َﻤﻨْ ُﻌ ْﻮ ِت‬ 28

‫ْﺖ ِﺣﯿْ َﻦ ﯾ َُﻜ ْﻮ ُن ُﺟﻤَْﻠًﺔ‬

ُ ‫( اﻟﻨﱠﻌ‬The ‫ ﻧَﻌْﺖ‬when it's a sentence) 381 28

ِ ‫( اﻟﺘﱠ‬The emphasis) 387

‫ﻮﻛﯿُْﺪ‬ 28

‫ﺼ ِﻞ َواﻟْ ُﻤ ْﺴﺘَ ِﺘ ِﺮ‬

ِ ‫اﻟﻀ ِﻤﯿْ ِﺮ اﻟْ ُﻤﺘﱠ‬
‫( ﺗَ ْﻮ ِﻛﯿُْﺪ ﱠ‬Emphasizing the attached and the hidden pronoun) 390 28

‫( اﻟْ َﻌ ْﻄ ُﻒ‬The conjunction) 397 29

‫( َﻣﻌﺎﻧِﻲ ُﺣ ُﺮ ْو ِف اﻟْ َﻌ ْﻄ ِﻒ‬The meanings of the conjunctive particles) 398 29

‫اﻟﻤ ِﻌﯿﱠِﺔ‬
َ ‫او‬ُ ‫او اﻟْ َﻌ ْﻄ ِﻒ َو َو‬
ُ ‫( َو‬The conjunctive ‫ و‬and the ‫ و‬of accompaniment) 401 29

‫( اﻟْﺒََﺪ ُل‬The substitute) 406 29

‫اب‬ ْ
ِ ‫ﻬﺎم َواﻟ َﺠ َﻮ‬ ُ ‫( َأَد َو‬The tools used for questioning and answering) 411
ْ ِ ‫ات ا‬
ِ ‫ﻻ ْﺳﺘِﻔ‬ 30

‫َﻤ َﺰةُ َو َﻫ ْﻞ‬

ْ ‫( ْاﻟﻬ‬Hamzah and ْ‫ ) َﻫﻞ‬p. 411 30

‫ﻬﺎم‬ ْ ِ ‫ات ا‬
ِ ‫ﻻ ْﺳﺘِﻔ‬ ِ ‫( ﺑَِﻘﯿُﱠﺔ َأَد َو‬The remaining tools of questioning) 413 30

‫ﻬﺎم َواﻟﻨﱠﻔْ ُﻲ َﻣ ًﻌﺎ‬

ُ ْ‫ﻻ ْﺳﺘِﻔ‬
ِ ‫( ا‬Questioning and negation together) 415 30

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Introduction
‫اﻟﺴﻼم ﻋﻠﯿﻜﻢ ورﺣﻤﺔ اﷲ وﺑﺮﻛﺎﺗﻪ‬,

ِ ‫ اﻟﻨَ ْﺤ ُﻮ ْاﻟ َﻮ‬by Shaykhs Ali

Below is a list of grammar rules that I've extracted from a work called ‫اﺿ ُﺢ‬
al-Jarim and Mustafa Ameen. I haven't studied this book with any teachers, but I found out
about it when I was studying another book that they wrote, ُ‫اﺿ َﺤﺔ‬ َ ‫َﻼﻏُﺔ‬
ِ ‫اﻟﻮ‬ َ ‫اﻟﺒ‬.

Every section in the book brings examples and then mentions the rules derived from them. I
thought that it would be nice just to have a "cheat sheet" of rules I can go back to quickly review
without having to flip through 400 pages of examples and discussion. I've tried to keep it to just
the rules, adding examples only as necessary, because the expectation is that you've already
studied it in detail and just need to recap things. If you don't already know them, then head on
to the ​Arabic grammar series​ and start from there.

Note: The numbers at the end of the headings are the page numbers where they are found in
the original PDF. The rules are as mentioned by the original authors, unless stated otherwise.
Also, the numbering of the rules is slightly off because some numerals were skipped in the
original work. Lastly, I highly suggest that you not use this to actually cheat on an exam (I don't
think there's any realistic way to fit 20+ pages into that small a space anyhow...)

- Mustafa

‫( اْﻟ ُﺠ ْﻤَﻠ ُﺔ اْﻟ ُﻤ ِﻔْﯿَﺪ ُة‬The beneficial sentence) 11

1. The composite phrase that offers a complete benefit is called a ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ ُﻣِﻔﯿَْﺪة‬beneficial
sentence), or also ‫( َﻛﻼم‬speech)
2. The ‫ ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ ﻣﻔﯿﺪة‬could be composed of two words or more, and each word is considered to
be part of it

‫اء اْﻟ ُﺠ ْﻤَﻠ ِﺔ‬

ُ ‫أﺟ َﺰ‬
ْ (The parts of a sentence) 15
3. There are three kinds of words:
1. ‫اﺳﻢ‬
ْ (​ism) - a word used to name a person, animal, plant, non-living thing or
anything else
2. ‫​( ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬fi'l) - a word that denotes the occurrence of an action in a specific time
3. ‫​( َﺣ ْﺮف‬harf) - a word whose meaning does not completely manifest except in the
presence of other words.

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 ِ ‫ِﺒﺎر َز َﻣﻨ‬
‫ِﻪ‬ ِ ‫ﺎﻋﺘ‬ ْ ‫( َﺗ ْﻘ ِﺴْﯿ ُﻢ اْﻟﻔ‬Division of the ‫ِﻌﻞ‬
ْ ‫ِﻌ ِﻞ ِﺑ‬ ْ ‫ ﻓ‬in regards to
its time) 21
ِ ‫ِﻌ ُﻞ اْﻟ َﻤ‬
‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ‬ ْ ‫( اْﻟﻔ‬The past tense verb) 21
4. The ‫( ِﻓ ْﻌﻞ ﻣﺎض‬complete action) is any ​fi'l that indicates the occurrence of an action in the
(‫ )ﻣﺎض‬past

ِ ‫ِﻌ ُﻞ اْﻟ ُﻤ‬

‫ﻀﺎر ُع‬ ْ ‫( اْﻟﻔ‬The present tense verb) 22
ِ ‫( ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ ُﻣ‬incomplete action) is any ​fi'l that indicates the occurrences of an action
5. The ‫ﻀﺎرع‬
ِ (present) or ‫( ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَ ْﻘﺒَﻞ‬future), and it must start with one of the four letters
in the ‫ﺣﺎﺿﺮ‬
used for the present tense (‫ ت‬- ‫ ي‬- ‫ ن‬- ‫)أ‬

َْ (The command) 23
‫اﻷ ْﻣ ُﺮ‬
ْ ‫( ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬command) is any ​fi'l that is used to seek something's occurrence in the
6. The ‫اﻷﻣ ِﺮ‬
future

‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋ ُﻞ‬
ِ (The doer) 29
ِ is a ​raf'-ized ​ism preceded by a ​fi'l, and denotes the meaning of the one who did
7. The ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
the action

‫اﻟﻤ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮ ُل ِﺑ ِﻪ‬
َ (The direct object) 32
8. The ‫ َﻣﻔُ ُﻌ ْﻮل ِﺑِﻪ‬is a ​nasb-ized ​ism that the doer's action occurred on

ِ ‫ازَﻧ َﺔ َﺑْﯿ َﻦ اْﻟ‬

‫ﻔﺎﻋ ِﻞ َواْﻟ َﻤ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮ ِل ِﺑ ِﻪ‬ َ ‫اﻟﻤ َﻮ‬
ُ (Weighing between the ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
ِ
and the ‫ )ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﻪ‬p. 36
● ِ or ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮل ِﺑِﻪ‬must be an ‫اﺳﻢ‬
Any ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
● The ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ِ is the one the ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬emanates from
● The ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮل ِﺑِﻪ‬is the one that action occurs on
● The ending of the ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬ ِ is in ‫َرﻓْﻊ‬
● The ending of the ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮل ِﺑِﻪ‬is in ‫ﺼﺐ‬ ْ ‫َﻧ‬

‫( اْﻟ ُﻤْﺒَﺘَﺪأُ َواْﻟ َﺨَﺒ ُﺮ‬The subject and information) p. 37

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9. The ‫( ُﻣﺒْﺘََﺪأ‬subject) is a ​raf'-ized ​ism at the beginning of the sentence
10. The ‫( َﺧﺒَﺮ‬information) is a ​raf'-ized ​ism that joins the ‫ ﻣﺒﺘﺪأ‬in forming a beneficial sentence

ْ ‫( اْﻟ ُﺠ ْﻤَﻠ ُﺔ اْﻟﻔ‬The verbal sentence) 41

‫ِﻌِﻠﱡﯿﺔ‬
11. Any ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ‬sentence) composed of a ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ‬and a ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬is called a ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ ﻓِ ْﻌِﻠﯿﱠﺔ‬verbal sentence)

‫اﺳ ِﻤﱠﯿ ُﺔ‬

ْ ‫( اْﻟ ُﺠ ْﻤَﻠ ُﺔ‬The nominal sentence) 44
12. Any ‫ ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ‬composed of a ‫ ُﻣﺒْﺘﺪأ‬and a ‫ َﺧﺒﺮ‬is called a ‫اﺳ ِﻤﯿﱠﺔ‬
ْ ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ‬noun sentence)

ِ ‫ِﻌ ِﻞ اْﻟ ُﻤ َﻀ‬

‫ﺎر ِع‬ ْ ‫​( َﻧ ْﺼ ُﺐ اﻟﻔ‬Nasb of the present tense verb) 48
13. A verb is ​nasb-ized if one the ​nasb-izers precedes it, and they are (‫ َﻛ ْﻲ‬- ‫ َإذ ْن‬- ‫ َﻟ ْﻦ‬- ‫َ)أ ْن‬

ِ ‫ِﻌ ِﻞ اْﻟ ُﻤ َﻀ‬

‫ﺎر ِع‬ ْ ‫​( َﺟ ْﺰ ُم اﻟﻔ‬Jazm of the present tense verb) 54
14. A verb is ​jazm-ized if one of the ​jazm-izers precedes it, such as one of the following
‫( ُﺣ ُﺮوف‬particles): ‫ﻟ ْﻢ‬,َ the ‫ ﻻ‬used for prohibition (‫ )ﻻ اﻟﻨﱠﺎ ِﻫﯿﱠﺔ‬and ‫ْإن‬
15. ‫ َﻟ ْﻢ‬and the ‫ ﻻ‬of prohibition ​jazm-ize a single ‫ﻓِﻌﻞ ُﻣﻀﺎرع‬, with the first negating a ‫'ﻓﻌﻞ‬s
occurrence in the past and the second forbids doing the action
16. ‫ ​ ْإن‬jazm-izes two ‫'ﻓِﻌﻞ ُﻣﻀﺎرع‬s and offers the meaning that the occurrence of the first
action is a condition for the occurrence of the second

ْ ‫( َر ْﻓ ُﻊ اﻟﻔ‬The ​raf' of the present tense verb) 59

ِ ‫ِﻌ ِﻞ اْﻟ ُﻤ َﻀ‬
‫ﺎر ِع‬
17. The ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is ​raf'-ized if no ​nasb-izer or ​jazm-izer precedes it

‫ﺎن َوَأ َﺧ َﻮاُﺗﻬﺎ‬

َ ‫​( َﻛ‬Kaana and its sisters) 63
َ enters the ‫ ُﻣﺒْﺘَﺪأ‬and ‫ﺧﺒَﺮ‬,
18. ‫ﻛﺎن‬ َ and ​raf'-izes the first (which is then called its ‫ )اﺳﻢ‬and
nasb-izes the second (which is called its ‫)ﺧﺒَﺮ‬ َ
19. Like ‫ ﻛﺎن‬in the previous rule are ‫ﺑﺎت‬ َ - ‫ َﻇ ﱠﻞ‬- ‫أﺿﺤﻰ‬
ْ - ‫ ْأﻣﺴﻰ‬- ‫َﺢ‬
َ ‫أﺻﺒ‬ َ ‫ َﻟﯿ‬- ‫ﺻﺎر‬,
ْ - ‫ْﺲ‬ َ and these are
َ َ َ
called ‫"( أﺧ َﻮات ﻛﺎن‬the sisters of ‫)ﻛﺎن‬
20. Each of these ‫'ﻓِﻌﻞ‬s has a ‫ﻀﺎرع‬
ِ ‫( ُﻣ‬imperfect tense) and ‫( ْأﻣﺮ‬command) that has the same
َ ‫ﻟﯿ‬,َ from which no ‫ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬or ‫ أﻣﺮ‬comes from
effect as its ‫( ﻣﺎض‬perfect tense), except ‫ْﺲ‬

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 ‫​( ِإ ﱠن َوَأ َﺧ َﻮاُﺗ َﻬﺎ‬Inna and its sisters) 70
21. ‫ َﻟ َﻌ ﱠﻞ‬- ‫ْﺖ‬ َ - ‫ ّأ ﱠن‬- ‫ إ ﱠن‬enter the ‫ ُﻣﺒْﺘََﺪأ‬and ‫ َﺧﺒَﺮ‬and ​nasb-ize the first (which is then called
َ ‫ َﻟﯿ‬- ‫ َﻟ ِﻜ ﱠﻦ‬- ‫ﻛﺄ ﱠن‬ ِ
their ‫ )اﺳﻢ‬and ​raf'-ize the second (which is called their‫)ﺧﺒَﺮ‬ َ

‫​( َﺟ ﱡﺮ ا ِﻻ ْﺳ ِﻢ‬Jarr of the noun) 77

َ ‫ ُﺣ ُﺮ ْوف‬precedes it: - ‫ ِب‬- ‫ ﻓﻲ‬- ‫ َﻋﻠﻰ‬- ‫ َﻋ ْﻦ‬- ‫ إﻟﻰ‬- ‫ِﻣ ْﻦ‬
22. An ‫ اﺳﻢ‬is ​jarr-ized if one of the following ‫اﻟﺠ ﱢﺮ‬
‫ِل‬

‫( اْﻟﱠﻨ ْﻌ ُﺖ‬The description) 84

23. The ‫( ﻧَ ْﻌﺖ‬description): An utterance that indicates a trait in an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬before it, and the
described ‫ اﺳﻢ‬is called the ‫َﻣﻨْ ُﻌ ْﻮت‬
24. The ‫ ﻧَ ْﻌﺖ‬follows the ‫ َﻣ ْﻨ ُﻌﻮت‬in its ​raf', ​nasb and ​jarr

‫ِﻌ ِﻞ إﻟﻰ َﺻ ِﺤْﯿ ِﺢ ْاﻵ ِﺧ ِﺮ َواْﻟ ُﻤ ْﻌَﺘ ﱢﻞ ْاﻵ ِﺧ ِﺮ‬

ْ ‫( َﺗ ْﻘ ِﺴْﯿ ُﻢ اْﻟﻔ‬Division of the
verb into the sound in ending and the defective in
ending) 91
َ ‫​( ﻓﻌﻞ ُﻣ ْﻌﺘَ ّﻞ‬fi'l with a defective ending) is a ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬whose ending is one of the three
25. The ‫اﻵﺧ ِﺮ‬
letters, ‫ ي‬- ‫ و‬- ‫ا‬, and these letters are called ‫اﻟﻌّﻠﺔ‬ ِ ‫أﺣ ُﺮف‬ْ ("defective letters")
26. The ‫اﻵﺧ ِﺮ‬
ِ ‫ﺻ ِﺤﯿْﺢ‬
َ ‫​( ﻓِﻌﻞ‬fi'l with a sound ending) is a ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬whose ending is not one of the ِ‫أﺣ َﺮف‬
ْ
‫اﻟﻌﱠﻠﺔ‬
ِ

‫ِﻲ َواْﻟ ُﻤ ْﻌ َﺮ ُب‬

‫( اْﻟ َﻤْﺒﻨ ﱡ‬The inflexible and flexible) 95
27. Words divide into two sections: (1) Whatever's ending is firmly upon one condition in all
constructions (and is called ‫)ﻣﺒْﻨِ ّﻲ‬
َ and (2) whatever's ending changing (and is called ‫)ﻣ ْﻌ َﺮب‬
ُ
28. All ‫'ﺣ ْﺮف‬s
َ are ‫ َﻣﺒْﻨِ ّﻲ‬words, and likewise for the ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ ﻣﺎض‬and ‫اﻷﻣ ِﺮ‬
ْ ‫ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬

ُ ‫( َأْﻧ َﻮ‬Kinds of inflexibility) 98

ِ ‫اع اْﻟِﺒَﻨ‬
‫ﺎء‬
َ - ‫ ﻓَﺘْ َﺤﺔ‬- ‫ﺳ ُﻜ ْﻮن‬,
29. The conditions that force the endings of ‫ َﻣﺒْﻨِ ّﻲ‬words are four: ‫ َﻛ ْﺴ َﺮة‬- ‫ﺿ ﱠﻤﺔ‬ ُ and
they are called ‫ﻨﺎء‬ ِ ِ ‫اﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻮاع‬ْ
‫ﻧ‬ ‫أ‬ (the types of fixated-ness)
30. The words whose endings are forced to one of these four are said to be ‫أو‬ ُ ‫َﻣﺒْﻨِﯿٌﱠﺔ َﻋﻠﻰ ﱡ‬
ِ ‫ﻮن‬ ِ ‫اﻟﺴﻜ‬
ْ
‫أو اﻟ َﻜ ْﺴ ِﺮ‬ ‫أو ﱠ‬ َْ ْ
ِ ‫اﻟﻀﱢﻢ‬ ِ ‫"( اﻟﻔﺘ ِﺢ‬Fixed upon ​sukoon, ​fathah, ​dhammah or ​kasrah")

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 ‫اب‬
ِ ‫اﻹﻋ َﺮ‬
ْ ‫اع‬ُ ‫( أْﻧ َﻮ‬Kinds of states) 101
31. The states that befall the ending of a ‫ ُﻣ ْﻌ َﺮب‬word are four: (1) ‫ َرﻓْﻊ‬- ​raf', (2) ‫ﺼﺐ‬ْ َ‫ ﻧ‬- ​nasb,
(3) ‫ َﺟ ّﺮ‬- ​jarr and (4) ‫ َﺟ ْﺰم‬- ​jazm, and they are called ‫اﻹﻋﺮاب‬
ْ ‫( أﻧْﻮاع‬the kind of status)
32. The primary indicator of status are four, and they are (1) ​dhammah, (2) ​fathah, (3)
kasrah and (4) ​sukoon. Other indicators of status can substitute for them
33. ‫ َر ْﻓﻊ‬and ‫ ﻧَﺼﺐ‬share in ‫'اﺳﻢ‬s and ‫' ِﻓ ْﻌﻞ‬s, ‫ َﺟ ّﺮ‬only applies to ‫'اﺳﻢ‬s
ْ and ‫ َﺟ ْﺰم‬only applies to ‫' ِﻓﻌﻞ‬s

ِ ‫ِﻌ ِﻞ اْﻟ َﻤ‬

‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ‬ ْ ‫ﺎء اْﻟﻔ‬ ُ ‫( َأ ْﺣ َﻮ‬Situations when building the
ِ ‫ال ِﺑَﻨ‬
past tense verb) 106
34. The ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ ﻣﺎض‬is fixed upon ​fathah...
35. except if the ‫ و‬of the plural is attached to it (it would then be fixed upon ​dhammah) or if
a voweled ‫ت‬,َ the ‫ ن‬of the feminine plural or the ‫ ﻧﺎ‬used for the doer is attached to it (in
those cases it would be fixed upon ​sukoon)

َْ ‫ﺎء‬
‫اﻷ ْﻣ ِﺮ‬ ُ ‫( َأ ْﺣ َﻮ‬Situations when building the
ِ ‫ال ِﺑَﻨ‬
command) 110
36. The ‫ ِﻓﻌﻞ اﻷﻣﺮ‬is fixed upon ​sukoon if it is ‫اﻵﺧﺮ‬
ِ ‫ﺻ ِﺤﯿْﺢ‬
َ and nothing is attached to the end of
it and likewise if the ‫ ن‬of the feminine plural comes at the end.
o It is fixed upon ​fathah if a ‫( ﻧﻮن اﻟﺘَ ْﻮ ِﻛﯿﺪ‬a ‫ ن‬of emphasis) is attached to the end
o ِ ‫ ُﻣ ْﻌﺘَ ّﻞ‬, it is fixed upon dropping the final defective letter.
If it ‫اﻵﺧ ِﺮ‬
o If the ‫ ا‬of the dual, ‫ و‬of the plural or ‫ ي‬of the feminine second person is
attached, then it's fixed upon dropping the ‫ن‬

ِ ‫ﺎء اْﻟ ُﻤ َﻀ‬

‫ﺎر ِع‬ ُ ‫( َأ ْﺣ َﻮ‬Situations when building the
ِ ‫ال ِﺑَﻨ‬
present tense verb) 116
37. The ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is fixed upon ​fathah if the ‫ ن‬of emphasis is attached to it, and fixed upon
sukoon if the ‫ ن‬of the feminine plural is attached and it is ‫( ُﻣ ْﻌ َﺮب‬given status) besides
that

‫اب اْﻟ َﻤ َﺤﱢﻠ ﱡﻲ‬

ُ ‫( ْاﻹ ْﻋ َﺮ‬Positional status) 122
38. When a ‫ْﻨﻲ‬ّ ‫ َﻣﺒ‬word falls in one of the states of ‫ ﺟﺰم‬- ‫ ﺟﺮ‬- ‫ ﻧﺼﺐ‬- ‫رﻓﻊ‬, its ending does not
change, and it's said: ‫"( ﻓﻲ َﻣ َﺤ ﱢﻞ رﻓﻊ أو ﻧﺼﺐ أو َﺟ ّﺮ أو ﺟﺰم‬in the position of
raf'/​nasb/​jarr/​jazm")

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 ُ ‫ﺎر ُع اْﻟ ُﻤ ْﻌَﺘ ﱡﻞ ْاﻵ ِﺧ ُﺮ َوَأ ْﺣ َﻮ‬
‫ال ِإ ْﻋ َﺮاِﺑ ِﻪ‬ ِ ‫ِﻌ ُﻞ اْﻟ ُﻤ َﻀ‬
ْ ‫( اْﻟﻔ‬The present tense
verb with a defective ending and the situations of its
status) 125
39. The ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ ُﻣﻀﺎرع‬with a defective ending is:
o raf'-ized using an implied ​dhammah on all three of the ‫ا‬, the ‫ و‬and the ‫ي‬
o nasb-ized using a ​fathah that's implied on ‫ ا‬and visible on the ‫ و‬and ‫ي‬
o jazm-ized by dropping the end

‫( ا ِﻻ ْﺳ ُﻢ اْﻟ ُﻤ ْﻌَﺘ ﱡﻞ ْاﻵ ِﺧ ُﺮ‬The noun with a defective ending)

130
ُ ‫( اْﻟ َﻤ ْﻘ ُﺼ ْﻮ ُر َوأَ ْﺣ َﻮ‬The shortened noun and the situations of its
‫ال إِ ْﻋ َﺮ ِاﺑ ِﻪ‬
status) 130
ُ ‫ َﻣ ْﻘ‬is any ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that is ‫ ُﻣ ْﻌ َﺮب‬and ends with a mandatory (i.e. not additional) ​alif
40. The ‫ﺼ ْﻮر‬
41. All the three vowels are implied on the end of a ‫ ﻣﻘﺼﻮر‬word

ُ ‫ص َوأَ ْﺣ َﻮ‬
‫ال ِإ ْﻋ َﺮ ِاﺑ ِﻪ‬ ُ ‫( اْﻟ َﻤْﻨ ُﻘ ْﻮ‬The decreased noun and the situations of its
status) 133
42. The ‫ َﻣﻨْﻘُﻮص‬is any ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that is ‫ ُﻣ ْﻌﺮب‬and ends with a mandatory ‫ي‬, and the letter before it
has a ​kasrah on it
43. The ​dhammah and ​kasrah are implied on the ending of a ‫ ﻣﻨﻘﻮص‬word in the states of ​raf'
and ​jarr. As for ​nasb, it's done using an apparent ​fathah on the end

‫ﺎر ِع ِﺑَﺄ ْن اْﻟ ُﻤ ْﻀ َﻤ َﺮ ِة‬

ِ ‫​( َﻧ ْﺼ ُﺐ اْﻟ ُﻤ َﻀ‬Nasb of the present tense
verb using a hidden ‫)أ ﱠن‬ َ p. 137
‫( َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻻ ِم اﻟﱠﺘ ْﻌِﻠْﯿ ِﻞ‬After the ‫ ل‬of causation) 137
44. After a ‫ﻻم اﻟﺘَ ْﻌِﻠﯿﻞ‬, the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is ​nasb-ized using a permissively hidden ‫أن‬

‫( َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻻ ِم اْﻟ ُﺠ ُﺤ ْﻮ ِد‬After the ‫ ل‬of denial) 138

45. After a ‫ﻻم اﻟﺠﺤﻮد‬, the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is ​nasb-ized using a forcibly hidden ‫أن‬

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 ‫( َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ أَ ْو‬After ‫ )أو‬p. 140
ّ the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is ​nasb-ized using a
46. After an ‫ أو‬that comes with the meaning of ‫ إﻟﻰ‬or ‫إﻻ‬,
forcibly hidden ‫أن‬

‫( َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َﺣﱠﺘﻰ‬After ‫)ﺣﱠﺘﻰ‬
َ p. 141
47. After ‫ﺣﺘّﻰ‬,
َ the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is ​nasb-ized using a forcibly hidden ‫أن‬

‫اﻟﺴَﺒِﺒﱠﯿ ِﺔ‬
‫ﺎء ﱠ‬ِ ‫( َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ َﻓ‬After the causative ‫ )ف‬p. 142
48. After a ‫ ﻓﺎء َﺳﺒ َِﺒﯿﺔ‬that is preceded by a negation or request, the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is ​nasb-ized
using a forcibly hidden ‫أن‬

ِ ‫واو اْﻟ َﻤ ِﻌ‬

‫ﯿﺔ‬ ِ ‫( َﺑ ْﻌ َﺪ‬After the ‫ و‬of accompaniment) 143
49. After a ‫ واو ﻣﻌﯿﺔ‬that is preceded by a negation or request, the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is ​nasb-ized
using a forcibly hidden ‫أن‬

ِ ‫ِﻌ ِﻞ اْﻟ ُﻤ َﻀ‬

‫ﺎر ِع‬ ْ ‫از ُم اْﻟﻔ‬
ِ ‫( َﺟ َﻮ‬The ​Jazm-izers of the present
tense) 148
‫اﺣﺪًا‬
ِ ‫ِﻌ ًﻼ َو‬ ْ ‫ات اﱠﻟﺘ‬
ُ ‫ِﻲ َﺗ ْﺠ‬
ْ ‫ﺰم ﻓ‬ ُ ‫اﻷد َو‬
َ (The tools that ​jazm-ize a single verb) 148
50. From the tools that ​jazm-ize a single ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬are ‫ َﻟ ﱠﻤﺎ‬and the ‫( ﻻم اﻷﻣﺮ‬the ‫ ل‬used for
commands). The former offers the meaning of negation like ‫ﻟ ْﻢ‬,َ except that this negation
has lasted until the present time. The latter makes the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬offer the meaning of a
command

‫ِﻌَﻠْﯿ ِﻦ‬ ْ ‫ات اﱠﻟﺘ‬

ْ ‫ِﻲ َﺗ ْﺠ ِﺰ ُم ﻓ‬ ُ ‫اﻷد َو‬
َ (The tools that ​jazm-ize two verbs) 151
51. The tools that ​jazm-ize two ‫'ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬s are 12:
o ‫إن‬ْ and ‫( ْإذﻣﺎ‬both are ‫'ﺣﺮف‬s)
o ‫ َأ ّي‬- ‫ َﻛﯿَْﻔﻤﺎ‬- ‫ َﺣﯿْﺜُﻤﺎ‬- ‫ أﻧﱠﻰ‬- ‫ َأﯾ َْﻦ‬- ‫ أﯾﱠﺎن‬- ‫ َﻣﺘﻰ‬- ‫ َﻣﻬْﻤﺎ‬- ‫ ﻣﺎ‬- ‫( َﻣ ْﻦ‬all are ‫'اﺳﻢ‬s)

‫ﺎل اْﻟ َﺨ ْﻤ َﺴ ُﺔ َوِإ ْﻋ َﺮاُﺑ َﻬﺎ‬ َْ (The 5 Verbs and their status)
ُ ‫اﻷ ْﻓ َﻌ‬
156
َ ‫ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬are any ‫ ُﻣﻀﺎرع‬that has the ‫ و‬of the plural, the ‫ ا‬of the dual or the ‫ ي‬of the
52. ‫اﻟﺨ ْﻤ َﺴﺔ‬
feminine second person attached to the end of it

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13
 َ ‫ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل‬are ​raf'-ized using ‫ ن‬and are ​nasb-ized and ​jazm-ized by dropping it
53. ‫اﻟﺨ ْﻤ َﺴﺔ‬

‫ﻨﻰ َو َﺟ ْﻤ ٍﻊ‬‫اﻻﺳ ِﻢ ِإَﻟﻰ ُﻣ ْﻔ َﺮٍد َو ُﻣَﺜ‬

ْ ‫( َﺗ ْﻘ ِﺴْﯿ ُﻢ‬Division of the noun into
the singular, dual and plural) 162
54. The ‫ اﺳﻢ‬divides into three branches: ‫( ُﻣ ْﻔ َﺮٌد‬singular), ‫ﻰ‬‫( ُﻣﺜَﻨ‬dual) and ‫( َﺟ ْﻤ ٌﻊ‬plural). The ‫ﻣﻔﺮد‬
indicates a single entity, the dual indicates two entities (by adding ‫ ِان‬or ‫ ﯾ ِْﻦ‬to the end)
and the plural indicates more than two

‫( َﺗ ْﻘ ِﺴْﯿ ُﻢ اْﻟ َﺠ ْﻤ ِﻊ‬Division of the plural) 165

55. The ‫( ﺟﻤﻊ‬plural) divides into three:
1. ‫( َﺟ ْﻤﻊ اﻟﺘﱠ ْﻜ ِﺴﯿ ِْﺮ‬broken plural) - Indicates more than two by altering the form of the
singular
2. ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ‬‫( َﺟ ْﻤﻊ ْاﻟ ُﻤَﺬ ﱠﻛ ِﺮ ﱢ‬sound masculine plural) - Indicates more than two by adding ‫ْو َن‬
or ‫ ﯾ َْﻦ‬to the end
3. ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ‬‫( َﺟ ْﻤﻊ ْاﻟ ُﻤ َﺆ ﱠﻧ ِﺚ ﱢ‬sound feminine plural) - Indicates more than two feminine
objects by adding ‫ ات‬to the end

‫اب اْﻟ ُﻤَﺜﱠﻨﻰ‬

ُ ‫( ِإ ْﻋ َﺮ‬The status of the dual) 168
56. The ‫ﻰ‬‫ ُﻣﺜَﻨ‬is ​raf'-ized using ‫ ا‬and n
​ asb-ized and ​jarr-ized using ‫ي‬

‫ﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫اب َﺟ ْﻤ ِﻊ اْﻟ ُﻤَﺬ ﱠﻛ ِﺮ ﱠ‬

ِ ‫اﻟﺴ‬ ُ ‫( ِإ ْﻋ َﺮ‬The status of the sound
masculine plural) 172
ّ ‫ َﺟ ْﻤﻊ ْاﻟ‬is ​raf'-ized using ‫ و‬and n
57. The ‫ﻤﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ‬ ​ asb-ized and ​jarr-ized using ‫ي‬

‫ﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫اب َﺟ ْﻤ ِﻊ اْﻟ ُﻤ َﺆﱠﻧ ِﺚ ﱠ‬

ِ ‫اﻟﺴ‬ ُ ‫( ِإ ْﻋ َﺮ‬The status of the sound
feminine plural) 176
58. The ‫ َﺟ ْﻤﻊ ْاﻟ ُﻤﺆﻧﱢﺚ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ‬is ​raf'-ized using d
​ hammah and ​nasb-ized and ​jarr-ized using ​kasrah

‫ﺎف ِإَﻟْﯿ ِﻪ‬

ُ ‫ﺎف َواْﻟ ُﻤ َﻀ‬
ُ ‫( اْﻟ ُﻤ َﻀ‬The ‫ ُﻣﻀﺎف‬and ‫)ﻣﻀﺎف إﻟﯿﻪ‬
ُ p. 180
59. The ‫ ُﻣﻀﺎف‬is an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that is associated to an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬after it, so it becomes a definite noun
because of this association, or it becomes specific
60. If the ‫ ﻣﻀﺎف‬had a ​tanwin before this association was made, it drops it. If it's a ‫ ُﻣﺜﻨﻰ‬or a
‫ﺟﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﻢ‬, then it drops it ‫ ن‬at the end
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61. The ‫ ُﻣﻀﺎف َإﻟﯿِْﻪ‬is an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that comes after the ‫ ُﻣﻀﺎف‬and is ​jarr-ized

‫ﺎء اْﻟ َﺨ ْﻤ َﺴ ُﺔ َوِإ ْﻋ َﺮاُﺑﻬﺎ‬ َْ (The 5 Nouns and their status)

ُ ‫اﻷ ْﺳ َﻤ‬
185
ْ (The 5 Nouns) are: ‫ ُذ ْو‬-‫ ﻓُ ْﻮ‬- ‫ َﺣٌﻢ‬- ‫ َأ ٌخ‬- ‫أب‬
62. ‫اﻷﺳﻤﺎء ْاﻟ َﺨ ْﻤ َﺴﺔ‬ ٌ
63. ‫ اﻷﺳﻤﺎء اﻟﺨﻤﺴﺔ‬are ​raf'-ized using ‫و‬, ​nasb-ized using ‫ ا‬and ​jarr-ized using ‫ي‬, and the
condition for giving them status this way is that they are ‫ ُﻣﻀﺎف‬to something that is not
the ‫ ي‬of the first person

َْ ‫ِﻲ‬
ِ ‫اﻷ ْﻓ َﻌ‬
‫ﺎل‬ ْ ‫( َﻋَﻼ َﻣ ُﺖ اْﻟﱠﺘْﺄِﻧْﯿ ِﺚ ﻓ‬The signs of feminization in
verbs) 189
64. If the ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
ِ of the ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬is feminine, the ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬is feminine
65. The sign of feminization in the ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ ﻣﺎض‬is a silent ‫ ْت‬at the end
66. The sign of feminization in the ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎرع‬is a voweled ‫ ت‬at its beginning

‫ﻤﺎء‬ َْ ‫ِﻲ‬
ِ ‫اﻷ ْﺳ‬ ْ ‫( َﻋَﻼ َﻣ ُﺖ اْﻟﱠﺘْﺄِﻧْﯿ ِﺚ ﻓ‬The signs of feminization in
nouns) 192
67. The signs of feminization in an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬are three: (1) A ‫ ت‬that is voweled, (2) ‫​( ى‬alif
maqsurah) or (3) ‫​( اء‬alif mamdoodah)
68. A feminine noun could be devoid of signs of feminization

‫( اﻟﱠﻨ ِﻜ َﺮ ُة َواْﻟ َﻤ ْﻌ ِﺮَﻓ ُﺔ‬The indefinite and definite nouns) 195

69. The ‫( ﻧَ ِﻜ َﺮة‬indefinite noun) is an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that does not indicate a specific entity
70. The ‫( َﻣ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ‬definite noun) is an ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that does indicate a specific entity

‫( اْﻟ َﻌَﻠ ُﻢ‬The proper name) 197

71. The ‫ َﻋَﻠﻢ‬is a definite noun by which a person, place, animal or anything else is named
with

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 ‫اﻟﻼم‬ َْ ‫( اْﻟ ُﻤ َﻌ ﱠﺮ ُف ِﺑ‬The noun that is made definite
ِ ‫ِﻒ َو‬
ِ ‫ﺎﻷﻟ‬
using ‫ )ال‬p. 200
72. When ‫ ال‬enters an indefinite noun, it makes it a definite noun

‫( ﱠ‬The pronoun) 202

‫اﻟﻀ ِﻤْﯿ ُﺮ‬
73. The ‫ﺿ ِﻤﯿﺮ‬َ is a definite noun that indicates the ‫( ُﻣﺘَ َﻜﱢﻠﻢ‬first person), ‫ﺨﺎﻃﺐ‬
َ ‫( ُﻣ‬second person)
or ‫( ﻏﺎﺋِﺐ‬third person)

‫اﻟﻀ ِﻤْﯿ ُﺮ اْﻟ ُﻤْﻨ َﻔ ِﺼ ُﻞ‬

‫( ﱠ‬The detached pronoun) 204
74. The ‫ﺼﻞ‬ِ ‫ﺿ ِﻤﯿْﺮ ُﻣﻨَْﻔ‬
َ is what's possible to utter by itself without being attached to another
word
75. The detached pronouns in ‫ َرﻓْﻊ‬form are:
o First person: ‫( َأﻧﺎ‬singular) and ‫( ﻧَ ْﺤ ُﻦ‬dual and plural)
o Second person (masculine): ‫( َأﻧْ َﺖ‬singular), ‫( َأﻧْﺘُﻤﺎ‬dual) and ‫( َأﻧْﺘُْﻢ‬plural)
o Second person (feminine): ‫ـﺖ‬ ِ ْ‫( َأﻧ‬singular), ‫( َأﻧْﺘُﻤﺎ‬dual) and ‫( َأﻧْﺘُ ﱠﻦ‬plural)
o Third person (masculine): ‫( ُﻫ َﻮ‬singular), ‫( ُﻫﻤﺎ‬dual) and ‫( ُﻫ ْﻢ‬plural)
o Third person (feminine): ‫( ِﻫ َﻲ‬singular), ‫( ُﻫﻤﺎ‬dual) and ‫( ُﻫ ﱠﻦ‬plural)
ْ َ‫ ﻧ‬form are:
76. The detached pronouns in ‫ﺼﺐ‬
o َ ‫( ِإﯾ‬singular) and ‫( ِإﯾﱠﺎﻧَﺎ‬dual and plural)
First person: ‫ﱠﺎي‬
o Second person (masculine): ‫ﱠﺎك‬ َ ‫( إﯾ‬singular), ‫ﱠﺎﻛ َﻤﺎ‬
ُ ‫( إﯾ‬dual) and ‫ﱠﺎﻛ ْﻢ‬ُ ‫( إﯾ‬plural)
ِ ِ ِ
o Second person (feminine): ‫ﱠﺎك‬ ‫ﯾ‬
ِ ِ‫إ‬ (singular), ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬ ُ
‫ﱠﺎﻛ‬
َ ِ ‫ﯾ‬‫إ‬ (dual) and ‫ﻦ‬‫ﱠ‬ ُ
‫ﱠﺎﻛ‬‫ﯾ‬‫إ‬
ِ (plural)
o Third person (masculine): ُ‫( ِإﯾﱠﺎه‬singular), ‫( ِإﯾﱠﺎ ُﻫﻤﺎ‬dual) and ‫( ِإﯾﱠﺎ ُﻫ ْﻢ‬plural)
o Third person (feminine): ‫( ِإﯾﱠﺎ َﻫﺎ‬singular), ‫( ِإﯾﱠﺎ ُﻫﻤﺎ‬dual) and ‫( ِإﯾﱠﺎ ُﻫ ﱠﻦ‬plural)

‫اﻟﻀ ِﻤْﯿ ُﺮ اْﻟ ُﻤﱠﺘ ِﺼ ْﻞ‬

‫( ﱠ‬The attached pronoun) 208
77. The ‫ﺼﻞ‬ِ ‫ﺿ ِﻤﯿْﺮ ُﻣﺘﱠ‬
َ is not uttered by itself and is always attached to another word
78. The pronouns attached to verbs and that are in ‫ َرﻓْﻊ‬are:
o ‫ت‬
o ‫ ا‬for the dual
o ‫ و‬for the plural
o ‫ ن‬of the feminine plural
o the ‫ ي‬of the singular feminine second person
79. The ‫ ي‬of the singular first person, the ‫ ك‬of the 2 second person and the ‫ ه‬of the third
ْ َ‫ﻧ‬, and
person: When they are attached to a ‫( ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬verb) they are in the position of ‫ﺼﺐ‬
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 when they are attached to an ‫( ِا ْﺳﻢ‬noun) or the ‫( ُﺣ ُﺮ ْوف ْاﻟ َﺠ َِﺮ‬the particles of ​jarr) they are
in the position of ‫َﺟ ّﺮ‬
80. The pronoun ‫ ﻧﺎ‬is sometimes in the position of ‫رﻓْﻊ‬, َ sometimes in ‫ﺼﺐ‬ ْ َ‫ﻧ‬, sometimes in ‫َﺟ ّﺮ‬

ُ ‫اﻟﻀ ِﻤْﯿ ُﺮ اْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴَﺘﺘ‬

‫ِﺮ‬ ‫( ﱠ‬The hidden pronoun) 213
81. ‫اﻟﻤ ْﺴﺘَﺘِﺮ‬ َ is a pronoun that attaches to a ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬without being apparent in pronunciation
ُ ‫اﻟﻀ ِﻤﯿْﺮ‬
82. The hidden pronoun in the ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ ﻣﺎض‬has the implication of ‫( ُﻫ َﻮ‬masculine third person) or
‫( ِﻫ َﻲ‬feminine third person)
83. The hidden pronoun in the ‫ﻀﺎرع‬
ِ ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ ُﻣ‬varies in implication varies along with letter used
to start the ‫ُﻣﻀﺎرع‬
84. The hidden pronoun in the ‫اﻷﻣﺮ‬
ْ ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ْ always implies ‫( أ ْﻧ َﺖ‬the second person)

‫اﻻﺳ ُﻢ اْﻟ َﻤ ْﻮ ُﺻ ْﻮ ُل‬

ْ (The relative pronoun) 217
85. The ‫ﺻ ْﻮل‬
ُ ‫اﺳﻢ َﻣ ْﻮ‬
ْ is a definite noun whose intent is signalled using a sentence after it that is
called the ‫ﺻَﻠﺔ‬ ِ (link)
86. The ‫ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ِ must contain a pronoun in it that goes back to the ‫ﺻ ْﻮل‬
ُ ‫ﻣ ْﻮ‬,
َ and this pronoun is
called the ‫( ﻋﺎﺋِﺪ‬returner)
87. The ‫ﺻ ْﻮَﻟﺔ‬
ُ ‫( أﺳﻤﺎء َﻣ ْﻮ‬relative pronouns) are:
o ‫ ﱠاﻟِﺬ ْي‬- Masculine singular
o ‫ ﱠاﻟﺘِ ْﻲ‬- Feminine singular
‫ﺬان‬ ‫ﱠ‬
o ِ ‫ اﻟ‬- Masculine dual
‫ﱠ‬
o ِ َ‫ اﻟﺘ‬- Feminine dual
‫ﺎن‬
o ‫ ﱠاﻟِﺬﯾ َْﻦ‬- Masculine plural
o ‫ ﱠاﻟﻼﺗِ ْﻲ‬- Feminine plural
o ‫ َﻣ ْﻦ‬- Intelligent beings
o ‫ ﻣﺎ‬- Non-intelligent beings

َ ‫اﻹ َﺷ‬
‫ﺎر ِة‬ ِ ‫اﺳ ُﻢ‬
ْ (The demonstrative pronoun) 222
ْ
َ ‫اﻹ َﺷ‬
88. ‫ﺎر ِة‬ ِ ‫أﺳﻤﺎء‬
ْ (Demonstrative pronouns) are nouns that indicate something specific that is
pointed to
89. The ‫ أﺳﻤﺎء اﻹﺷﺎرة‬are:
o ‫ َذا‬- Masculine singular
o ‫ ِذ ِه‬- Feminine singular
o ‫ َذ ِان‬- Masculine dual
o ‫ﺎن‬ِ َ‫ ﺗ‬- Feminine dual
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 ‫وﻻء‬ ُ
o ِ ‫ أ‬- Intelligent plurals (masculine or feminine)
90. The ‫ اﺳﻢ إﺷﺎرة‬for the masculine dual or feminine dual is treated like duals, such that it's
with ‫ ا‬in the state of ‫ رﻓﻊ‬and with ‫ ي‬in the states of ‫ ﻧَﺼﺐ‬and ‫ﺟﺮ‬
َ

ِ ‫ِﺐ اْﻟ َﻔ‬

‫ﺎﻋ ِﻞ‬ ُ ‫( َﻧﺎﺋ‬The substitute for the doer) 227
ِ ‫ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ اﻟَﻔ‬is a ​raf'-ized ‫ اﺳﻢ‬that occupies the place of the ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
91. The ‫ﺎﻋ ِﻞ‬ ِ after it's been dropped
92. When the ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬is attached to the ‫ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬and it's a ‫( ﻣﺎض‬complete action), its beginning
takes a ​dhammah and the letter before the end takes a ​kasrah. If the ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬is ‫ﻀﺎرع‬ ِ ‫ﻣ‬,
ُ its
beginning takes a ​dhammah and the letter before the end takes a ​fathah. The ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬that
these changes occur in is called ‫ُﻮل‬ ْ
ِ ‫( َﻣﺒْﻨِ ﱞﻲ ِﻟﻠ َﻤ ْﺠﻬ‬built for the passive)
93. If the ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
ِ ‫ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ‬is feminine, the ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ‬is feminine

َ ‫ﺎﺳ َﺨ ُﺔ َوﻣﺎ‬
‫دام‬ ِ ‫ار اﻟﱠﻨ‬
ِ ‫ِﻤ َﺮ‬
ْ ‫اﻻﺳﺘ‬
ْ ‫ﺎل‬ُ ‫( َأ ْﻓ َﻌ‬The verbs of continuity
that abrograte the ‫ ُﻣْﺒَﺘﺪأ‬and ‫)ﻣﺎ َد َام‬ َ p. 231
َ ‫​( ﻣﺎ‬maa zaala), ‫​( ﻣﺎ ﺑَﺮ َح‬maa bariha), ‫​( ﻣﺎ اﻧَْﻔ ﱠﻚ‬maa-nfakka), ‫ﻣﺎ ﻓَﺘِ َﺊ‬
َ in effect are ‫زال‬
94. Like ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ِ
َ ‫​( ﻣﺎ‬maa daama). They enter upon both the ‫ ُﻣﺒْﺘََﺪأ‬and ‫ َﺧﺒَﺮ‬and ​raf'-ize
(​maa fati'a), and ‫دام‬
the first (which is then called their ‫ )اﺳﻢ‬and ​nasb-ize the second (which is called their ‫َﺧﺒَﺮ‬
)
95. ‫دام‬
َ ‫ ﻣﺎ‬indicates the length of the interval of what's before it. The following give the
meaning of continuity in the ascription of the ‫ َﺧﺒَﺮ‬to the ‫ اﺳﻢ‬and are called the ‫أﻓْ َﻌﺎل‬
‫ﺮار‬
ِ ‫( ِاﻻ ْﺳ ِﻤ‬verbs of continuity)
o ‫زال‬ َ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
o ‫ﻣﺎ ﺑ َِﺮ َح‬
o ‫ﻣﺎ اﻧَْﻔ ﱠﻚ‬
o ‫ﻣﺎ ﻓَ ِﺘ َﺊ‬
ْ ‫ أﻓْﻌﺎل‬must be preceded by a tool used for negation and ‫دام‬
96. The ‫اﻻﺳﺘِ ْﻤﺮار‬ َ must be preceded
by the ‫ ﻣﺎ‬that gives the meaning of time

‫( اْﻟ َﻤ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮ ُل اْﻟ ُﻤ ْﻄَﻠ ُﻖ‬The absolute object) 236

97. The ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮل ُﻣ ْﻄَﻠﻖ‬is a ​nasb-ized noun that agrees with the ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ‬in its pronunciation and it
comes after the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬to emphasize it or to clarify its kind or number

ِ ‫( اْﻟ َﻤ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮ ُل ِ َﻷ ْﺟﻠ‬The object of reason) 241

‫ِﻪ‬
98. The ‫ َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮل ِﻷ ْﺟِﻠِﻪ‬is a ​nasb-ized noun that clarifies the reason for the action and the cause
for its occurrence

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18
 ‫ﺎن‬ َ ‫ﻣﺎن َو َﻇ ْﺮ ُف اْﻟ‬
ِ ‫ﻤﻜ‬ ‫( َﻇ ْﺮ ُف ﱠ‬The frame of time and the
ِ ‫اﻟﺰ‬
frame of place) 245
‫ﱠ‬ َ
ِ ‫ ﻇ ْﺮف اﻟﺰ‬is a ​nasb-ized noun that clarifies the time that the action occurred in
99. The ‫ﻣﺎن‬
ْ َ
100. ِ ‫ ﻇ ْﺮف اﻟ َﻤ‬is a ​nasb-ized noun that clarifies the place that the action occurred in
The ‫ﻜﺎن‬

‫( اْﻟ ُﻤْﺒَﺘَﺪأُ َواْﻟ َﺨَﺒ ُﺮ َوَﺗ َﻄﺎُﺑ ُﻘ ُﻬ َﻤﺎ‬The subject, the information and
their agreement with each other) 253
101. The ‫ َﺧﺒَﺮ‬matches the ‫ ُﻣﺒْﺘََﺪأ‬in its being singular, dual or plural and in its masculinity or
femininity
102. If the ‫ ُﻣﺒْﺘَﺪأ‬is a plural of non-intelligent beings, it's allowed to inform about it using
the plural or the feminine singular

‫( َﺧَﺒ ُﺮ اْﻟ ُﻤْﺒَﺘَﺪأ ِﺣْﯿ َﻦ َﯾ ُﻜ ْﻮ ُن ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠ ًﺔ َأ ْو ِﺷْﺒ َﻪ ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠ ٍﺔ‬When the ‫ َﺧَﺒﺮ‬is a
sentence or a pseudo-sentence) 257
103. Just like how the ‫ ﺧﺒﺮ‬can be a ‫( ُﻣ ْﻔ َﺮد‬single word), it can also be a:
1. ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ ﻓِ ْﻌِﻠﯿﱠﺔ‬verbal sentence)
2. ‫اﺳ ِﻤﯿﱠﺔ‬ْ ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ‬nominal sentence)
3. ‫( ِﺷﺒْﻪ ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠٍﺔ‬i.e. ‫[ َﻇ ْﺮف‬frame of time or place] or ‫ﺟﺎر َو َﻣ ْﺠ ُﺮور‬
ّ [particle of ‫ َﺟ ّﺮ‬followed
by a ​jarr-ized noun])
104. The ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ‬sentence) of the ‫ َﺧﺒَﺮ‬must contain a pronoun that ties it to the ‫ُﻣﺒْﺘََﺪأ‬

‫اﺳ ِﺦ ِﺣْﯿ َﻦ َﯾ ُﻜ ْﻮ ُن ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠ ًﺔ َأ ْو ِﺷْﺒ َﻪ ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠ ٍﺔ‬

ِ ‫( َﺧَﺒ ُﺮ اﻟﱠﻨ َﻮ‬When ‫ َﺧَﺒﺮ‬for one
of the abrogrators of the ‫ ُﻣْﺒَﺘَﺪأ‬is a sentence or a
pseudo-sentence) 263
105. َ and the ‫ َﺧﺒَﺮ‬of ‫ ﱠإن‬can be a ‫( ُﻣ ْﻔ َﺮد‬single word), they can also
Just like how the ‫ َﺧﺒَﺮ‬of ‫ﻛﺎن‬
be a:
1. a ‫ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ ﻓِ ْﻌِﻠﯿﱠﺔ‬
2. ‫اﺳ ِﻤﯿﱠﺔ‬ْ ‫ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ‬
3. ‫ِﺷﺒْﻪ ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠٍﺔ‬

UltimateArabic.com
19
 ‫اﺿ ُﻊ َﻓْﺘ ِﺢ َﻫ ْﻤ َﺰ ِة ﱠ‬
‫ان‬ ِ ‫( َﻣ َﻮ‬The places where ​fathah is placed
on the ​hamzah of ‫)ان‬ ‫ ﱠ‬p. 267
106. The ‫ ا‬of ‫ ﱠان‬is given ​fathah when it, its ‫ أﺳﻢ‬and its ‫ َﺧﺒَﺮ‬take the place of the ‫ﺼَﺪر‬ ْ ‫َﻣ‬
(infinitive of the verb)
107. The ‫ﺼَﺪر‬ْ ‫ َﻣ‬that is formed from ‫أ ﱠن‬,َ its ‫ أﺳﻢ‬and its‫ َﺧﺒَﺮ‬is called the ‫ﺼَﺪر ُﻣ َﺆ ﱠول‬
ْ ‫َﻣ‬
(interpretative infinitive)
108. The ‫ﺼَﺪر ُﻣ ُﺆ ﱠول‬
ْ ‫ َﻣ‬can be a
o ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
ِ
o ‫َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮل ِﺑِﻪ‬
o ِ ‫ﻧﺎ ِﺋﺐ ْاﻟ‬
‫ﻔﺎﻋ ِﻞ‬
o jarr-ized by one of the ‫ُﺣ ُﺮ ْوف ْاﻟ َﺠ ﱢﺮ‬

ْ ‫اﻟﻤ ْﺼَﺪ ُر اْﻟ ُﻤ َﺆ ﱠو ُل ِﻣ ْﻦ َأ ْن َواْﻟﻔ‬

‫ِﻌ ِﻞ‬ َ (The infinitive that is
interpreted from ‫ َأ ْن‬and the verb) 272
109. ‫ َأ ْن‬is a ‫ﺼَﺪ ِر ّي‬
ْ ‫( َﺣ ْﺮف َﻣ‬infinitive particle) that is interpreted along with the ‫ ِﻓ ْﻌﻞ‬after it to
be a ‫ﺼَﺪر‬ ْ ‫َﻣ‬
110. ْ ‫ َﻣ‬that interpreted from ‫ ْأن‬and the ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬can be a
The ‫ﺼَﺪر ُﻣ َﺆ ﱠول‬
o ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬
ِ
o ِ ‫ﻧﺎﺋِﺐ ْاﻟ‬
‫ﻔﺎﻋ ِﻞ‬
o ‫ُﻣﺒْﺘََﺪأ‬
o ‫َﺧﺒَﺮ‬
o ‫َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮل ِﺑِﻪ‬
o jarr-ized by one of the ‫ُﺣ ُﺮ ْوف ْاﻟ َﺠ ﱢﺮ‬

‫اﺿ ُﻊ َﻛ ْﺴ ِﺮ َﻫ ْﻤ َﺰ ِة ﱠ‬
‫ان‬ ِ ‫( َﻣ َﻮ‬The places where ​kasrah is placed
on the ​hamzah of ‫)ان‬ ‫ ﱠ‬p. 276
111. The ‫ ا‬of ‫ ﱠان‬takes a ​kasrah when it and the ‫( َﻣ ْﻌ ُﻤﻮل‬the word it affects) cannot be
interpreted together as a ‫ﺼﺪر‬ ْ ‫ﻣ‬,
َ and that is mandatory when:
1. It falls at the beginning of the sentence
2. It falls after ‫ َﻗ ْﻮل‬and words that derive from ‫ﻗَ ْﻮل‬
3. It falls in the beginning of the ‫ﺻَﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﱢ‬sentence

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 ‫ِﻌ ِﻞ ِإﻟﻰ َﺻ ِﺤْﯿ ٍﺢ َو ُﻣ ْﻌَﺘ ﱟﻞ‬
ْ ‫( َﺗ ْﻘ ِﺴْﯿ ُﻢ اْﻟﻔ‬Division of the verb into
sound and defective) 279
112. The ‫ﺻ ِﺤﯿْﺢ‬ َ ‫( ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬sound verb) is when all of its root letters are sound letters, and it has
three kinds:
1. ‫اﻟﺴﺎِﻟﻢ‬
َ (safe) - Is not ‫ْﻤﻮز‬ ُ ‫ َﻣﻬ‬or ‫ﻀ ﱠﻌﻒ‬ َ
َ ‫( ُﻣ‬e.g. ‫)ﺷ ِﺮ َب‬
2. ‫ْﻤ ْﻮز‬ ُ ‫اﻟﻤﻬ‬َ (hamzated) - One of its root letters is ‫( ء‬e.g. ‫)ﺳَﺎ َل‬
َ
3. ‫ﻀ ﱠﻌﻒ‬ ُ (doubled) -The second and third letters are the same (e.g. ‫)ﻋﱠﺪ‬
َ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ َ
113. The ‫( ِﻓ ْﻌﻞ ُﻣ ْﻌﺘَ ّﻞ‬defective verb) is when some of the root letters are ‫اﻟﻌﱠﻠﺔ‬
ِ ‫أﺣ ُﺮف‬
ْ (defective
letters), and it has five varieties:
ِ - The first root letter is defective (e.g. ‫)و َﺟَﺪ‬
1. ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬ َ
2. ‫اﻷﺟ َﻮف‬
ْ - The middle letter is defective (e.g. ‫ﺎل‬ َ َ‫)ﻗ‬
3. ‫ اﻟﻨَﺎﻗِﺺ‬- The final letter is defective (e.g. ‫)ﺧ ِﺸ َﻲ‬ َ
4. ‫ اﻟﻠِﻔﯿْﻒ ْاﻟ َﻤ ْﻔ ُﺮ ْوق‬- The first and final letters are defective (e.g. ‫)و َﻋﻰ‬
َ
5. ‫ اﻟﻠِﻔﯿْﻒ ْاﻟ َﻤ ْﻘ ُﺮ ْون‬- The middle and final letters are defective (e.g. ‫)ﻃ َﻮى‬
َ

ِ ‫ﺎر َز ُة اْﻟ ُﻤﱠﺘ ِﺼَﻠ ُﺔ ِﺑ ْﺎﻷ ْﻓ َﻌ‬

‫ﺎل‬ ِ ‫اﻟﺮ ْﻓ ِﻊ اْﻟَﺒ‬
‫ِﺮ ﱠ‬ُ ‫( َﺿ َﻤﺎﺋ‬The visible pronouns
of ‫ َر ْﻓﻊ‬that attach to verbs) 285
114. The visible pronouns of ‫ َرﻓْﻊ‬that attach to the end of a ‫( ﻣﺎض‬complete action) are:
o ‫ت‬
o ‫ﻧﺎ‬
o The ‫ ا‬of the dual
o The ‫ و‬of the masculine plural
o The ‫ ن‬of the feminine plural
115. The visible pronouns of ‫ رﻓﻊ‬that attach to the end of a ‫ﻀﺎرع‬
ِ ‫( ُﻣ‬incomplete action)
and the ‫( ْأﻣﺮ‬command) are:
o The ‫ ي‬of the feminine singular second person
o The ‫ ا‬of the dual
o The ‫ و‬of the masculine plural
o The ‫ ن‬of the feminine plural

ِ ‫ِﺮ اْﻟَﺒ‬
‫ﺎر َز ِة‬ ‫اﻟﺼ ِﺤْﯿ َﺤ ِﺔ َواْﻟ ُﻤ ْﻌَﺘﱠﻠ ِﺔ إﻟﻰ ﱠ‬
ِ ‫اﻟﻀ َﻤﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﺎل ﱠ‬ِ ‫إﺳَﻨ ُﺎد ْاﻷ ْﻓ َﻌ‬
ْ (Attaching
sound and defective verbs to visible pronouns) 289

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 ‫ِﺮ‬
ِ ‫اﻟﻀ َﻤﺎﺋ‬ ِ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟ ِِﻢ َواْﻟ َﻤ ْﻬ ُﻤ ْﻮ ِز َواْﻟ ِﻤَﺜ‬
‫ﺎل إﻟﻰ ﱠ‬ ‫إﺳَﻨ ُﺎد ﱠ‬
ْ (Attaching the ‫ﺻﺤْﯿﺢ‬,
َ the hamzated
and the ‫ ِﻣﺜﺎل‬to pronouns) 289
116. ُ ‫ َﻣﻬ‬or a ‫ ِﻣﺜﺎل‬verb to one of the visible pronouns of of ‫( رﻓﻊ‬e.g. ‫)ﺳ ْﺄﻟ َﺖ‬,
If the ‫ﺳﺎﻟﻢ‬, a ‫ْﻤ ْﻮز‬ َ
then no changes occur in the verb

ْ ‫إﺳَﻨ ُﺎد اْﻟ ُﻤ َﻀ ﱠﻌ ِﻒ َو ْاﻷ ْﺟ َﻮ ِف إﻟﻰ َﺿ َﻤﺎﺋِﺮ ﱠ‬

ِ ‫اﻟﺮﻓ ِﻊ اْﻟَﺒ‬
‫ﺎر َز ِة‬ ِ ْ (Attaching the doubled verb
and the ‫أﺟ َﻮف‬ ْ to visible pronouns of ​raf') 291
117. َ ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ُﻣ‬is attached to a pronoun of ‫ َرﻓْﻊ‬that is voweled the ‫( إدﻏﺎم‬assimilation of
If a ‫ﻀ ﱠﻌﻒ‬
the second and third letters) is broken up (e.g. ‫)ﺷَﻘ ْﻘﻨَﺎ‬
َ
118. If the final letter of a ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ أﺟﻮف‬is marked with a ​sukoon, the middle letter is dropped
(e.g. ‫)ﻗُْﻠ ُﺖ‬

ْ ‫ﺎﺿ ْﻲ اﻟﱠﻨﻘِﺺ إﻟﻰ َﺿ َﻤﺎﺋِﺮ ﱠ‬

ِ ‫اﻟﺮﻓ ِﻊ اْﻟَﺒ‬
‫ﺎر َز ِة‬ ِ ِ ِ ‫إﺳَﻨ ُﺎد اْﻟ َﻤ‬
ْ (Attaching the ‫ ﻧﺎﻗِﺺ‬past tense
verb to visible pronouns of ​raf') 295
119. If a ‫ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬past tense verb is attached to the ‫ و‬of the masculine plural - the defective
letter is dropped and the ​fathah before the ‫ و‬stays if the dropped letter was an ​alif (e.g.
َ and if the dropped letter was not an ​alif, a ​dhammah is placed before the ‫( و‬e.g.
‫)د َﻋ ْﻮا‬,
ُ
‫ َﺧﺸ ْﻮا‬and ‫)ﺳ ُﺮ ْوا‬
َ
120. If the final letter of a ‫ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬past tense verb is ‫ ي‬or ‫ و‬and it is attached to a visible
pronoun besides the ‫ و‬of the masculine plural, no changes occur (e.g. ‫ْﺖ‬ َ ‫ َﺧ ِﺸﯿ‬and ‫)ﺳ ُﺮ ْو َت‬
َ
121. If the final letter of a ‫ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬past tense verb is ​alif and it is attached to a visible
pronoun besides the ‫ و‬of the masculine plural: If it is ‫( ﺛُﻼﺛِ ّﻲ‬coming from a triliteral root),
the ​alif is taken back to its original root letter (i.e. ‫)د َﻋ ْﻮ َت‬.
َ Otherwise, it is converted to a
‫( ي‬e.g. ‫ْﺖ‬ َ ‫)اﻋﺘََﻠﯿ‬
ْ

ْ ‫ِﺼْﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ َﺿ َﻤﺎﺋِﺮ ﱠ‬ َْ

ِ ‫اﻟﺮﻓ ِﻊ اْﻟَﺒ‬
‫ﺎر َز ِة‬ ِ ِ َ ‫ﻀﺎر ِع َواﻷ ْﻣ ِﺮ اﻟﱠﻨﻘ‬
ِ ‫إﺳَﻨ ُﺎد اْﻟ ُﻤ‬
ْ (Attaching the ‫ﻧﺎﻗِﺺ‬
present tense verbs and commands to visible pronouns of ​raf') 299
122. The ‫ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬present tense verb that has either an ​alif, a ‫ ي‬or a ‫ و‬at its end: If it's
attached to ‫ ي‬of the feminine singular second person or the ‫ و‬of the masculine plural,
the defective letter is dropped (e.g. ‫ ﺗُﺒِْﺪﯾ َْﻦ‬and ‫ )ﯾ َْﺪ ُﻋ ْﻮ َن‬and the ​fathah of the letter before it
stays, if an ​alif was dropped (e.g. ‫ ﺗَ ْﺴ َﻌﯿ َْﻦ‬and ‫َﺴ َﻌ ْﻮ َن‬
ْ ‫)ﯾ‬
123. The ‫ ﻧﺎﻗِﺺ‬present tense verb with an ​alif at the end: If it's attached to the ​alif of the
dual or the ‫ ن‬of the feminine plural, the ​alif is converted to a ‫( ي‬e.g. ‫َﺎن‬ ْ ‫ ﯾ‬and ‫َﺴ َﻌﯿَﯿ َْﻦ‬
ِ ‫َﺴ َﻌﯿ‬ ْ ‫)ﯾ‬
124. The ‫ ﻧﺎﻗِﺺ‬present tense verb with a ‫ ي‬or ‫ و‬at the end: If it's attached to the ​alif of the
ِ ‫ ﯾُﺒِْﺪﯾ‬and ‫)ﯾ َْﺪ ُﻋ ْﻮ َن‬
dual or the ‫ ن‬of the feminine plural, that will not cause any changes (e.g. ‫َﺎن‬

‫( اْﻟ ُﻤ َﺠ ﱠﺮُد َواْﻟ َﻤ ِﺰْﯾُﺪ‬The bare and increased verbs) 304

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 ‫( ُﻣ َﺠ ﱠﺮُد ﱡ‬the bare and increased tri-literals) 304
‫اﻟﺜَﻼﺛ ﱢ‬
‫ِﻲ َو َﻣ ِﺰْﯾُﺪ ُه‬
125. The ‫( ِﻓ ْﻌﻞ ُﻣ َﺠ ﱠﺮد‬bare verb) has all of its letters as root letters (e.g. ‫)ﻓَ ِﻬَﻢ‬
126. The ‫( ﻓِﻌﻞ َﻣ ِﺰﯾْﺪ ﻓِ ِﯿﻪ‬increased verb) has one or more additional letters added to the root
letters (e.g. ‫)أﻓْﻬََﻢ‬
127. The ‫( ﺛُﻼﺛِ ّﻲ‬verb with three-letter root) can have one, two or three letters added to it

‫ﺎﻋ ﱢﻲ َو َﻣ ِﺰْﯾُﺪ ُه‬ ‫( ُﻣ َﺠ ﱠﺮُد ﱡ‬the bare and increased quadri-literals) 306
ِ ‫اﻟﺮَﺑ‬
128. The ‫ﺑﺎﻋ ّﻲ‬
ِ ‫( ُر‬verb with four-letter root) can have one or two letters added to it

‫( َﻫ ْﻤ َﺰَﺗﺎ اْﻟ َﻮ ْﺻ ِﻞ َواْﻟ َﻘ ْﻄ ِﻊ‬The connective and cutting

hamzahs) 309
129. ‫ﺻ ِﻞ‬ ْ ‫اﻟﻮ‬ َ ‫( َﻫ ْﻤ َﺰة‬connective ​hamzah) is added to the beginning of a word to allow
pronunciation of a silent letter. It is established in the beginning of talk and it drops in
the middle of talk. It is in ‫ﻤﺎﺳ ّﻲ‬ ِ ‫( ﻣﺎض ُﺧ‬five-letter) and ‫ﺪاﺳ ّﻲ‬
ِ ‫( ُﺳ‬six-letter) past tense verbs,
their command forms, their ‫'ﻣﺼﺪر‬s and the command of a ‫ ﺛُﻠﺜِ ّﻲ‬verb
130. ‫( َﻫ ْﻤ َﺰة ْاﻟَﻘ ْﻄ ِﻊ‬The ​hamzah of cutting) is established in both the beginning and the
middle of the talk, like the ​hamzah of the past tense ‫ﺑﺎﻋ ّﻲ‬ ِ ‫( ُر‬four-letter verb), its
command its ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬, the ​hamzahs in nouns and particles (except some nouns and ‫)ال‬

‫ِﻌ ُﻞ اْﻟ ُﻤَﺘ َﻌﱢﺪ ْي‬

ْ ‫اﻟﻼ ِز ُم َواْﻟﻔ‬
‫ِﻌ ُﻞ ﱠ‬
ْ ‫( اْﻟﻔ‬The intransitive verb and the
transitive verb) 314
131. ِ (intransitive) and the ‫( ُﻣﺘَ َﻌﱟﺪ‬transitive)
The ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ‬falls into the ‫ﻻزم‬
132. ِ ‫ ﻓِﻌﻞ‬does not ​nasb-ize a direct object and the ‫ ﻓﻌﻞ ُﻣﺘَ َﻌﱟﺪ‬does
The ‫ﻻزم‬

‫( ْأﻗ َﺴ ُﺎم اْﻟ ُﻤَﺘ َﻌﱢﺪ ْي‬The types of the transitive verb) 315
133. A ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ ُﻣﺘَ َﻌﱟﺪ‬can be one of four types:
1. Nasb-izes one ‫( َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌﻮل ِﺑِﻪ‬direct object)
2. Nasb-izes two objects that were originally a ‫ ُﻣﺒْﺘََﺪأ‬and ‫َﺧﺒَﺮ‬
▪ ‫​( َﻇ ﱠﻦ‬thanna), ‫​( َﺣ ِﺴ َﺐ‬hasiba), ‫ﺎل‬ َ ‫​( َﺧ‬khaala), ‫​( َز َﻋَﻢ‬za'ama), ‫​( َﺟ َﻌ َﻞ‬ja'ala), ‫َﻋﱠﺪ‬
(​'adda), ‫​( َﺣﺠﺎ‬hajaa) and ‫​( َﻫ ْﺐ‬hab) --> These give the meaning of doubt
while leaning to the view that something is probably true
▪ ‫​( َرأى‬ra-aaa), ‫'​( َﻋِﻠَﻢ‬alima), ‫​( َو َﺟَﺪ‬wajada), ‫​( ْأﻟ َﻔﻰ‬alfaa), ‫​( َد َرى‬daraa), ‫ﺗَ َﻌﱠﻠَﻢ‬
(​ta'allama) --> These give the meaning of complete certainty

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 ▪ ‫​( َرﱠد‬radda), ‫​( ﺗَ َﺮ َك‬taraka), ‫​( ﺗَ ِﺨَﺬ‬takhidha), ‫​( اﺗﱠ َﺨَﺬ‬ittakhada), ‫​( َﺟ َﻌ َﻞ‬ja'ala) and
‫(​ َو َﻫ َﺐ‬wahaba) --> These give of the meaning of changing something
from one state to another
3. Nasb-izes two objects that were not originally a ‫ ُﻣﺒْﺘََﺪأ‬and ‫ﺧﺒَﺮ‬, َ such as ‫أﻋ َﻈﻰ‬ ْ
َ َ َ
(​a'taa), ‫​( َﺳﺄل‬sa-ala), and ‫​( ﻛﺴﺎ‬kasaa)
4. Nasb-izes three objects: ‫​( أرى‬araa), ‫أﻋَﻠَﻢ‬ ْ (​a'lama), ‫​( أ ْﻧﺒََﺎ‬anba-a), ‫​( ﻧَﺒَﱠﺄ‬nabba-a), ‫َأ ْﺧﺒ ََﺮ‬
(​akhbara), ‫​( َﺧﺒ َﱠﺮ‬khabbara), and ‫​( َﺣﱠﺪ َث‬haddatha)

ْ ‫( َﺗ ْﻌِﺪَﯾ ُﺔ اْﻟﻔ‬Making the verb transitive

‫ِﻌ ِﻞ ِﺑﺎْﻟ َﻬ ْﻤ َﺰ ِة َواﻟﱠﺘ ْﻀ ِﻌْﯿ ِﻒ‬
using ‫ أ‬and doubling) 317
134. If a ​hamzah is added to the beginning of a ‫ ﺛُﻼﺛِ ّﻲ‬verb (e.g. ‫ َ)أﻓْﻬََﻢ‬or its second letter is
doubled (e.g. ‫ﱠﻞ‬َ ‫)ﺳﻬ‬,َ it will become ‫ ُﻣﺘَ َﻌﱟﺪ‬against one object if it was previously ‫ﻻزم‬,
ِ and
will become ‫ ُﻣﺘَ َﻌﱟﺪ‬against two objects if it was previously ‫ ُﻣﺘَ َﻌﱟﺪ‬against one object

ِ ‫اﺳ ُﻢ اْﻟ َﻔ‬

‫ﺎﻋ ِﻞ‬ ْ (The noun of the doer) 324
135. ‫اﻟﻔﺎﻋ ِﻞ‬
ِ ‫اﺳﻢ‬ ْ (the noun of the doer) is formed to indicate what does the action. From the
ِ َ‫ﻓ‬. Otherwise, it is in the form of the ‫ﻀﺎرع‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬, it is in the form of ‫ﺎﻋﻞ‬ ِ ‫ ُﻣ‬along with (1) the
substitution of ‫ م‬for the initial letter used for the present tense and (2) ​kasrah on the
letter before the final letter (e.g. ‫)ﻣ ْﻜ ِﺮم‬
ُ

‫اﺳ ُﻢ اْﻟ َﻤ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮ ِل‬

ْ (The noun of the object) 329
136. ‫اﺳﻢ ْاﻟ َﻤ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮ ِل‬
ْ (the noun of the object) is formed to indicate what action happens to.
From the ‫ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬, it is in the form of ‫ﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮل‬. ِ ‫اﺳﻢ ْاﻟ‬
َ Otherwise, it is in the form of the ‫ﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ْ along
with ​fathah on the letter before the final letter (e.g. ‫)ﻣﻜ َﺮم‬ ْ ُ

‫( اْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴَﺘْﺜَﻨﻰ‬The exception) 333

‫( اْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴَﺘْﺜَﻨﻰ ِﺑﺈ ﱠﻻ‬The exception using ‫ )إِ ﱠﻻ‬p. 333
137. The noun that comes after ‫إﻻ‬ ّ is called ‫اﻟﻤ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨَﻰ‬
ُ (the exception). The noun that comes
before it and covers what is after it in meaning is called ‫"( ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨًﻰ ِﻣﻨْﻪ‬excepted from")
138. ‫اﻟﻤ ْﺴﺘَ ْﺜﻨَﻰ ِﺑﺈﻻ‬ ّ is a noun mentioned after ‫ إﻻ‬that opposes the
ُ (the exception using ‫)إﻻ‬
stipulation found in what is before it

‫اﻟﻤ ْﺴَﺘْﺜَﻨﻰ ِﺑﺈ ّﻻ‬

ُ ‫( ُﺣ ْﻜ ُﻢ‬The rule for the exception made using ‫ )إ ّﻻ‬p. 334
139. If the ‫ ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨﻰ ِﻣﻨُْﻪ‬is mentioned and the speech is ‫( ُﻣﺜْﺒَﺖ‬positive/affirmed), then the
ْ
‫ ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَﺜﻨَﻰ‬must be in ​nasb (e.g. ‫اﺣَﺪ ًة‬ ّ ‫اﻟﺤ ﱠﻤ ُﺎم‬
ِ ‫إﻻ َو‬ َ ‫)ﻃﺎر‬
َ
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140. If the ‫ ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨﻰ ِﻣﻨُْﻪ‬is mentioned and the speech is ‫( َﻣﻨِْﻔ ّﻲ‬negative), then the ‫ ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨﻰ‬can be
in ​nasb on the basis of exception (e.g. ‫اﻷو َل‬ ‫إﻻ ﱠ‬ّ ‫)ﻣﺎ َﺳﱠﻠ ْﻤ ُﺖ َﻋَﻠﻰ ْاﻟَﻘ ِﺎد ِﻣﯿ َْﻦ‬
َ or it can follow the ‫ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨﻰ‬
ْ
‫ ِﻣﻨُﻪ‬in status (e.g. ‫اﻷو ِل‬ ّ َ ْ َ ُ ‫ﱠ‬
‫)ﻣﺎ َﺳﻠ ْﻤﺖ َﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘ ِﺎد ِﻣﯿ َْﻦ إﻻ ﱠ‬َ
141. If the ‫ ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨﻰ ِﻣﻨُْﻪ‬is omitted, the ‫ ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَﺜْﻨﻰ‬is given status according to what its placement
calls for, as if ‫ إﻻ‬wasn't there (e.g. ‫إﻻ ْاﻷ ْﺧﯿﺎ َر‬ ّ ‫ْﺖ‬
ُ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺒ‬
َ ‫)ﻣﺎ‬ َ

‫( اْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴَﺘْﺜَﻨﻰ ِﺑ َﻐْﯿﺮ َو ِﺳﻮى‬The exception made using ‫ َﻏْﯿﺮ‬and ‫)ﺳﻮى‬

ِ p. 336
142. Exceptions are made using ‫ َﻏﯿْﺮ‬and ‫ﺳﻮى‬. ِ They give ​jarr to what's after them using
‫( إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬i.e. the word after them is ‫)ﻣﻀﺎف َإﻟﯿِْﻪ‬,
ُ and status is given to them the same way it is
given to the word after ‫[ إﻻ‬Note: The ​Ajurroomiyyah also mentions ‫ ُﺳﻮى‬and ‫]ﺳﻮاء‬ َ

‫( اْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴَﺘْﺜَﻨﻰ ِﺑ َﺨﻼ َو َﻋ َﺪا َو َﺣﺎﺷَﺎ‬The exception made using ‫ﺧﻼ‬,

َ ​'adaa and ‫)ﺣﺎﺷﺎ‬
p. 338
143. Exceptions are made using ‫​( َﺧَﻼ‬khalaa), ‫​'( َﻋَﺪا‬adaa) and ‫​( ﺣﺎﺷﺎ‬haashaa). They
nasb-ize the noun after them on the basis that they are ‫( أﻓْ َﻌﺎل‬verbs) or they j​ arr-ize on
the basis that they are ‫ﺣ ُﺮ ْوف ْاﻟ َﺠ ﱢﺮ‬.
ُ If ‫ ﻣﺎ‬precedes ‫ َﺧﻼ‬or ‫ﻋﺪا‬,
َ then ​nasb is mandatory

ُ ‫( اْﻟ َﺤ‬The condition) 345

‫ﺎل‬
144. The ‫( َﺣﺎل‬condition) is a ​nasb-ized noun that clarifies the situation of ‫( ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬doer) or
the ‫( َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮل ِﺑﻪ‬direct object) at the time of the action, and the ‫ ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‬and the ‫ﻣﻔﻌﻮل ﺑﻪ‬
ُ each
called ‫ﺤﺎل‬ ْ
ِ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟ‬ ِ (the possessor of the condition)

ِ ‫اع اْﻟ َﺤ‬

‫ﺎل‬ ُ ‫( أْﻧ َﻮ‬The kinds of conditions) 346
145. The ‫ ﺣﺎل‬can come as:
1. ‫( ُﻣ ْﻔ َﺮد‬single word) - ‫ﺿﺎﺣ ًﻜﺎ‬
ِ ‫ﺟﺎء ُﻣ َﺤ ﱠﻤٌﺪ‬
َ
ْ ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ‬noun sentence) - ُ‫أﺧ ْﻮه‬
2. ‫اﺳ ِﻤﯿﱠﺔ‬ ُ ‫ﺟﺎء ُﻣ َﺤ ﱠﻤٌﺪ َﻣ َﻌُﻪ‬
َ
3. ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ ﻓِ ْﻌَﻠﯿﱠﺔ‬verbal sentence) - ‫َﻀ َﺤ ُﻚ‬
ْ ‫ﺎء ُﻣ َﺤ ﱠﻤٌﺪ ﯾ‬ َ ‫َﺟ‬
4. ‫( َﻇ ْﺮف‬frame of time or place)
َ ‫( ﺟﺎر‬a particle of ​jarr followed by a ​jarr-ized noun)
5. ‫وﻣ ْﺠ ُﺮور‬
146. If the ‫ ﺣﺎل‬is a ‫ﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ‬,
ُ then it must have something to tie it to the ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ اﻟﺤﺎل‬, either ‫ و‬by
َ
itself, a ‫( ﺿ ِﻤﯿﺮ‬pronoun) by itself, or both together

‫( اﻟﱠﺘ ْﻤِﯿْﯿ ُﺰ‬The distinction) 354

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147. The ‫( ﺗَ ْﻤ ِﯿﯿْﺰ‬distinction) is a noun that is mentioned to clarify the intent of a preceding
word that multiple things can be intended by
148. The ‫( ُﻣ َﻤﯿﱠﺰ‬distinguished word) is either (1) ‫( َﻣْﻠﻔُ ْﻮظ‬pronounced/mentioned) or (2) ‫َﻣْﻠ ُﺤ ْﻮظ‬
(noticed/inferred). The first is what's mentioned in the sentence (i.e. measures of
weight, volume, space, or numbers), and the second is understood from the sentence
without being mentioned (e.g. ‫ﻮاء‬ ُ ‫اﻟﻤ‬
ً ‫ﻜﺎن َﻫ‬ َ ‫ﺎب‬ َ
َ ‫)ﻃ‬

‫( ُﺣ ْﻜ ُﻢ اﻟﱠﺘ ْﻤِﯿْﯿ ِﺰ‬The rule for the distinction) 356

َ ‫( ُﺣ ْﻜ ُﻢ َﺗ ْﻤِﯿْﯿ ِﺰ اْﻟ َﻮ ْز ِن َواْﻟ َﻜْﯿ ِﻞ َواْﻟ ِﻤ‬The rule for distinguishing weight,
‫ﺴﺎﺣ ِﺔ‬
volume and space) 356
149. It's allowed for the ‫ ﺗَ ْﻤ ِﯿﯿْﺰ‬of weight, volume or space to be in ​nasb or to be ​jarr-ized as
a ‫( ُﻣﻀﺎف َإﻟﯿْﻪ‬e.g. ‫ْﺖ ِر ْﻃ َﻞ َﻟﺒ ٍَﻦ‬
ُ ‫)اﺷﺘَ َﺮﯾ‬ ٍ
ً ‫ْﺖ ر ْﻃ‬
ْ or ​jarr-ized using ‫( ِﻣ ْﻦ‬e.g. ‫ﻼ ِﻣ ْﻦ ﻟﺒَﻦ‬ ُ ْ
ِ ‫)اﺷﺘَ َﺮﯾ‬

‫( ُﺣ ْﻜ ُﻢ َﺗ ْﻤِﯿْﯿ ِﺰ اْﻟ َﻌ َﺪ ِد‬The rule for distinguishing numbers) 357

150. The ‫ ﺗَ ْﻤ ِﯿﯿْﺰ‬of numbers must be:
o ٍ ‫َﻊ ﺗُﱠﻔ‬
in ​jarr and plural for numbers 3-9 (e.g. ‫ﺎﺣﺎت‬ َ ‫َ)أ َﻛْﻠ ُﺖ َأرﺑ‬
o in ​nasb and singular for numbers 11-99 (e.g. ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ً ‫اﻟﺸﻬْﺮ َﺛﻼﺛُ ْﻮ َن ﯾ َْﻮ‬
‫) ِﻓ ْﻲ ﱠ‬
ِ
o in ​jarr and singular for 100 and 1000 (e.g. ‫ﻄﺎر ِﻣﺎﺋُِﺔ ِر ْﻃ ٍﻞ‬ ْْ
ِ ‫)ﻓِﻲ اﻟِﻘﻨ‬

‫ﻛﺎن اْﻟ ُﻤ َﻤﱠﯿ ُﺰ َﻣْﻠ ُﺤ ْﻮﻇًﺎ‬

َ ‫( ُﺣ ْﻜ ُﻢ اﻟﱠﺘ ْﻤِﯿْﯿ ِﺰ إذا‬The rule for the ‫ َﺗ ْﻤِﯿْﯿﺰ‬if the ‫ ُﻣ َﻤّﯿﺰ‬is
inferred) 359
151. If the ‫ ُﻣ َﻤﯿﱠﺰ‬is inferred and not mentioned, the ‫ ﺗَ ْﻤ ِﯿﯿْﺰ‬is put in ​nasb

‫اﻟﻤَﻨ َﺎدى‬
ُ (The vocative) 364
152. The ‫ﻨﺎدى‬ َ ‫( ُﻣ‬vocative) is a noun that's mentioned after ‫ ﯾﺎ‬or one of its siblings,
requesting the approach of who/what that noun signifies
153. The ‫ ُﻣﻨﺎدى‬is in ​nasb if it is ‫( ُﻣﻀﺎف‬e.g. ‫)ﯾَﺎ َﻃﺎِﻟ َﺐ ْاﻟ ِﻌْﻠِﻢ‬, a ‫ﻀﺎف‬ ِ ‫( َﺷﺒِﯿﻪ ﺑِ ْﺎﻟ ُﻤ‬something that
resembles a ‫)ﻣﻀﺎف‬ ُ ً
ُ (e.g. ‫ )ﯾﺎ َﺣ ِﻤﯿْﺪا ﻓِ ْﻌﻠُﻪ‬or a ‫ﺼ ْﻮَد ٍة‬ ْ
ُ ‫( ﻧَ ِﻜ َﺮة َﻏﯿْﺮ َﻣﻘ‬unintended indefinite noun) (e.g.
‫ﻼ‬ً ِ‫)ﯾﺎ ﻏﺎﻓ‬. It is fixed on ​raf' if it is (1) a ‫ﺼ ْﻮَدة‬ ُ ‫( ﻧَ ِﻜ َﺮة َﻣ ْﻘ‬intended indefinite noun) or (2) a
singular proper name (e.g. ‫)ﯾَﺎ َزﯾُْﺪ‬. What's meant by "singular" is whatever is neither a
‫ ُﻣﻀﺎف‬nor something that resembles a ‫ُﻣﻀﺎف‬

‫اﻟﻤ ْﻤُﻨ ْﻮ ُع ِﻣﻦ ﱠ‬

‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف‬ َ (The partly flexible noun) 369
‫اﻟﻤ ْﻤُﻨ ْﻮ ُع ِﻣﻦ ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف‬ َ ‫( اْﻟ َﻌَﻠ ُﻢ‬The proper name that is partly flexible) 369
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154. The ‫( َﻋَﻠﻢ‬proper name) is ‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف‬ ّ ‫( َﻣ ْﻤﻨُ ْﻮع ِﻣﻦ‬prevented from having a ‫ )ﺗَﻨْ ِﻮﯾْﻦ‬and is given
jarr using a ​fathah instead of a k​ asrah if it is:
1. ‫( ُﻣ َﺆﻧﱠﺚ‬feminine) - e.g. ‫َزﯾْﻨَ ُﺐ‬
ْ (non-Arab) - e.g. ‫ﻤﺎﻋﯿ َْﻞ‬
2. ‫أﻋ َﺠ ِﻤ ّﻲ‬ ِ ‫إﺳ‬
ْ
ً ‫ﱠ‬
3. ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺮﻛﺐ َﺗ ْﺮ ِﻛﯿْﺒﺎ َﻣ ِﺰﯾ‬ ُ ‫ﺎﺿﯿ‬
ُ (composed from words mixed together) - e.g ‫ْﺨﺎن‬ ِ َ‫ﻗ‬
4. added to using ‫ ان‬at the end - e.g. ‫ﻤﺎن‬ ُ ْ‫ُﻋﺜ‬
5. on the pattern of a ‫ ﻓِ ْﻌﻞ‬- e.g. ‫َأ ْﺣ َﻤُﺪ‬
6. ‫( ُﻣَﺬ ّﻛﺮ‬masculine) with three letters, the first having ​dhammah and the second
having ​fathah - e.g. ‫ُﻋ َﻤ ُﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻤ ْﻤُﻨ ْﻮ َﻋ ُﺔ ِﻣﻦ ﱠ‬

‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف‬ َ ‫( اْﻟ ﱢﺼ َﻔ ُﺔ‬The description that is partly flexible) 371
155. The ‫ﺻَﻔﺔ‬ِ (descriptive word) is ‫اﻟﺼﺮ ِف‬
ْ ‫ َﻣ ْﻤﻨُ ْﻮع ِﻣﻦ‬and is given ​jarr using a ​fathah instead
of a ​kasrah if it is:
ُ ‫َﻋ ْﻄ َﺸ‬
1. On the pattern of ‫ ﻓَ ْﻌﻼن‬- e.g. ‫ﺎن‬
2. On the pattern of ‫ َأﻓْ َﻌﻞ‬- e.g. ‫َﻖ‬
ُ ‫َأ ْﺳﺒ‬
3. From ‫ﻣ ْﻮ َﺣﺪ‬/‫ﺣﺎد‬
َ ‫"( ُأ‬one by one") up to ‫ﻣ ْﻌ َﺸﺮ‬/‫ﺸﺎر‬
َ ‫"( ُﻋ‬ten by ten")

‫ِﻒ اﻟﱠﺘْﺄِﻧْﯿ ِﺖ‬

ِ ‫ِﺼْﯿ َﻐ ِﺔ ُﻣْﻨَﺘﻬﻰ اْﻟ َﺠ ُﻤ ْﻮ ِع أَ ْو أَﻟ‬ ‫( اْﻟ َﻤ ْﻤُﻨ ْﻮ ُع ِﻣﻦ ﱠ‬What is partly flexible
ِ ‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف ﻟ‬
due to the form of the utmost plural or the ‫ ا‬used for feminization)
373
156. A noun is ‫اﻟﺼﺮ ِف‬
ْ ‫ َﻣ ْﻤﻨُ ْﻮع ِﻣﻦ‬if it:
1. is in the form of ‫اﻟﻤﻨْﺘَﻬﻰ ْاﻟ َﺠ ُﻤ ْﻮع‬
ُ ‫ﺻﯿ َْﻐﺔ‬
ِ (the utmost/extreme plural) - i.e. a broken
plural that has an additional ‫ ا‬followed by two or three letters (e.g. ‫ َﻣَﺪ ِار ُس‬and
‫)ﻋﺼﺎﻓِﯿ ُْﺮ‬
َ
2. ends using ‫ْﺚ ْاﻟ َﻤ ْﻤُﺪ ْوَدة‬ِ ‫( أِﻟﻒ اﻟﺘﺄﻧِﯿ‬the elongated ​alif of feminization) - i.e. feminine
noun that ends with ‫( اء‬e.g. ‫)ﺻ ْﺤ َﺮا ُء‬ َ
3. ends using ‫ﺼ ْﻮ َرة‬ ْ ْ
ُ ‫ْﺚ اﻟ َﻤﻘ‬ ​ lif of feminization) - i.e. feminine
ِ ‫( أِﻟﻒ اﻟﺘﺄﻧِﯿ‬the shortened a
noun that ends with ‫( ى‬e.g. ‫)ﻧُ ْﻌ َﻤﻰ‬

‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف ِﺑﺎْﻟ َﻜ ْﺴ َﺮ ِة‬

‫اﻟﻤ ْﻤُﻨ ْﻮ ِع ِﻣﻦ ﱠ‬
َ ‫( َﺟ ﱡﺮ‬Giving ​jarr to a partly flexible word using
kasrah) 374
157. ‫ َﻣ ْﻤﻨُ ْﻮع ِﻣﻦ ﱠ‬is given ​jarr using ​kasrah if it is ‫ ُﻣﻀﺎف‬or starts with ‫ال‬
The ‫اﻟﺼ ْﺮ ِف‬

‫اﻟﺴَﺒِﺒ ﱡﻲ‬ ‫( اﻟﱠﻨ ْﻌ ُﺖ اْﻟ َﺤ ِﻘْﯿﻘ ﱡ‬The true and the causal
‫ِﻲ َو ﱠ‬
description) 378
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27
158. The ‫( ﻧَ ْﻌﺖ‬description) is two kinds: ‫( َﺣِﻘﯿِْﻘ ّﻲ‬true) and ‫( َﺳﺒ َِﺒ ّﻲ‬causal). The ‫ َﺣِﻘﯿِْﻘ ّﻲ‬indicates a
trait that actually resides in the ‫( َﻣﺘْﺒ ُْﻮع‬word it follows). The ‫ َﺳﺒَﺒِ ّﻲ‬indicates a trait in a
noun that is tied to the ‫( َﻣﺘْﺒ ُْﻮع‬e.g. ‫ﺼﺎن ْاﻟ َﺠ ِﻤﯿ َْﻞ َﺳ ْﺮ ُﺟُﻪ‬
َ ‫ْﺖ ْاﻟ ِﺤ‬
ُ ‫)ر ِﻛﺒ‬
َ

‫( ُﻣ َﻄﺎَﺑ َﻘ ُﺔ اﻟﱠﻨ ْﻌ ِﺖ َواْﻟ َﻤْﻨ ُﻌ ْﻮ ِت‬Agreement between the

description and the described word) 379
159. The ‫ ﻧَ ْﻌﺖ‬in both of its kinds follows the ‫( َﻣﻨْ ُﻌ ْﻮت‬word that is described) in its ​raf', ​nasb
and ​jarr, and its being definite (‫)ﻣ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ‬ َ or indefinite (‫)ﻧَ ِﻜ َﺮة‬
160. In addition to the above, the ‫ ﻧَ ْﻌﺖ َﺣِﻘﯿِْﻘ ّﻲ‬follows the ‫ َﻣﻨْ ُﻌ ْﻮت‬in its ‫( إﻓْﺮاد‬singularity), ‫ْﺖ‬
ْ ‫ﺗَﺜْﻨِﯿ‬
‫ﱠ‬ َ ‫ﱠ‬
(dualness), and ‫( َﺟ ْﻤﻊ‬plurality), and its being ‫( ُﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬masculine) or ‫( ُﻣ َﺆﻧﺚ‬feminine)
161. The ‫ ﻧَ ْﻌﺖ َﺳﺒَﺒِ ّﻲ‬is ‫( ُﻣ ْﻔ َﺮد‬singular), and what's after it is considered in regards to whether
it is ‫ ُﻣَﺬ ﱠﻛﺮ‬or ‫ُﻣ َﺆﻧّﺖ‬

‫( اﻟﱠﻨ ْﻌ ُﺖ ِﺣْﯿ َﻦ َﯾ ُﻜ ْﻮ ُن ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠ ًﺔ‬The ‫ َﻧ ْﻌﺖ‬when it's a sentence) 381

162. A ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ‬sentence) after a ‫ ﻧَ ِﻜ َﺮة‬is a ‫ﺻَﻔﺔ‬
ِ (trait/description), and after a ‫ َﻣ ْﻌ ِﺮﻓَﺔ‬is a ‫ﺣﺎل‬
(condition)

ِ ‫( اﻟﱠﺘ‬The emphasis) 387

‫ﻮﻛْﯿُﺪ‬
163. The ‫( ﺗَ ْﻮ ِﻛﯿْﺪ‬emphasis) is a follow-up word that is mentioned in the talk to ward off
what the listener might presume that is not intended by it, and it is two kinds: ‫( َﻣ ْﻌﻨَ ِﻮ ّي‬by
meaning) and ‫( َﻟ ْﻔ ِﻈ ّﻲ‬by wording)
164. The ‫ ﺗَ ْﻮ ِﻛﯿﺪ َﻣ ْﻌﻨَ ِﻮي‬occurs using phrases, each of which connect to a ‫ﺿ ِﻤﯿْﺮ‬
َ (pronoun) that
‫ﱠ‬
agrees with the ‫( ُﻣ َﺆﻛﺪ‬noun that is being emphasized)
o ‫ ِﻛْﻠﺘَﺎ‬- ‫ ِﻛﻼ‬- ‫ َﺟ ِﻤﯿْﻊ‬- ‫ ُﻛ ّﻞ‬- ‫ َﻋﯿْﻦ‬- ‫ﻧَ ْﻔﺲ‬
165. The ‫ ﺗَ ْﻮ ِﻛﯿْﺪ َﻟ ْﻔ ِﻈ ّﻲ‬occurs by repeating the phrase, whether an ‫( اﺳﻢ‬e.g. ‫ﺎح‬ َ ‫ﺎح اﻟﺘﱢ‬
َ ‫ﻤﺴ‬ َ ‫ﻤﺴ‬ َ ‫ْﺖ اﻟﺘﱢ‬ُ ‫)رَأﯾ‬,
َ
ْ
a ‫( ﻓِﻌﻞ‬e.g. ‫ﻀ َﺮ اﻟﻐِﺎ ُب‬ َ ‫ﻀ َﺮ َﺣ‬
َ ‫)ﺣ‬ ْ َ َ ُ ْ ُ ْ
َ a ‫( َﺣ ْﺮف‬e.g. ‫ ﻻ أ ُﺧ ْﻮ ُن اﻟ َﻌﻬَْﺪ‬,‫)ﻻ‬, or a ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤﻠﺔ‬e.g. ‫)أﻧْ َﺖ اﻟ َﻤﻠ ْﻮُم أﻧْ َﺖ اﻟ َﻤﻠ ْﻮُم‬

ِ ‫اﻟﻀ ِﻤْﯿ ِﺮ اْﻟ ُﻤﱠﺘ ِﺼ ِﻞ َواْﻟ ُﻤ ْﺴَﺘﺘ‬

‫ِﺮ‬ ‫( َﺗ ْﻮ ِﻛْﯿُﺪ ﱠ‬Emphasizing the attached
and the hidden pronoun) 390
166. The ‫ﺼﻞ‬ِ ‫ﺿ ِﻤﯿﺮ ُﻣﺘﱠ‬
َ (attached pronoun) and ‫ﺿ ِﻤﯿْﺮ ُﻣ ْﺴﺘَﺘِﺮ‬ َ (hidden pronoun) are emphasized
by ‫ َﻟ ْﻔﻆ‬using a detached (‫ﺼﻞ‬ َ ْ ْ ُ
ِ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫)ﻣ‬
ُ pronoun of ​
r af' (e.g. ‫ﺐ‬ ِ ‫)ﻗ ْﻤ ُﺖ أﻧﺎ ِﺑﺎﻟ‬
ِ ‫ﻮاﺟ‬
167. The attached and hidden pronouns of ​raf' are not given emphasis using ‫ ﻧَ ْﻔﺲ‬and ‫َﻋﯿْﻦ‬
except after emphasizing it using a detached (‫ﺼﻞ‬ ُ pronoun of ​raf' (e.g. ‫اﻓْﺘَ ْﺢ َأﻧْ َﺖ ﻧَ ْﻔ ُﺴ َﻚ‬
ِ ‫)ﻣﻨَْﻔ‬
ُ‫)اﻟﻨﱠﺎﻓَِﺬة‬

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 ‫( اْﻟ َﻌ ْﻄ ُﻒ‬The conjunction) 397
168. The ‫( َﻋ ْﻄﻒ‬conjunction) is a follower that has one of these ‫( ُﺣ ُﺮ ْوف‬particles) between
it and the word it follows
ْ ‫ ﺑ‬- ‫ ﻻ‬- ‫ َأ ْم‬- ‫ َأ ْو‬- ‫ ﺛُﱠﻢ‬- ‫ َف‬- ‫َو‬
o ‫ َﺣﺘﱠﻰ‬- ‫ َﻟ ِﻜ ْﻦ‬- ‫َﻞ‬

‫( َﻣﻌﺎﻧِﻲ ُﺣ ُﺮ ْو ِف اْﻟ َﻌ ْﻄ ِﻒ‬The meanings of the conjunctive

particles) 398
169. The ‫( ُﺣ ُﺮ ْوف ْاﻟ َﻌ ْﻄ ِﻒ‬conjunctive particles) are nine:
1. ‫ َو‬- for general combination
2. ‫ َف‬- for ordering with immediate follow-up
3. ‫ ﺛَُﻢ‬- for ordering with delay in follow-up
4. ‫ أو‬- for doubt or offering a choice
5. ‫ َأ ْم‬- for seeking something to be specified
6. ‫ ﻻ‬- for negation
ْ ‫ ﺑ‬- for turning away from one thing to another
7. ‫َﻞ‬
8. ‫ َﻟ ِﻜ ْﻦ‬- for correction
9. ‫ َﺣﺘﱠﻰ‬- for limits (up to/including)

‫اﻟﻤ ِﻌﱠﯿ ِﺔ‬

َ ‫او‬ُ ‫او اْﻟ َﻌ ْﻄ ِﻒ َو َو‬
ُ ‫( َو‬The conjunctive ‫ و‬and the ‫ و‬of
accompaniment) 401
170. The conjunctive ‫ و‬offers that what's after and before share in having the same
stipulation applied to them, and the noun after ‫ و‬follows what's before the ‫ و‬in status
171. The ‫( واو اﻟﻤﻌﯿﺔ‬the ‫ و‬of accompaniment) does not indicate that what's before and
after it share in having the same stipulation applied to them. Rather, it gives the
meaning of togetherness, and the noun after the ‫ و‬will always be in ​nasb, on the basis
that it is a ‫( َﻣ ْﻔ ُﻌ ْﻮل َﻣ َﻌﻪ‬object of accompaniment)
172. The ‫ و‬is specifically for accompaniment if something prevents it from being an ‫َﻋ ْﻄﻒ‬
(conjunction)
173. The ‫ و‬is specifically for ‫ ﻋﻄﻒ‬after an action that can only arise from multiple entities
174. If ‫ ﻋﻄﻒ‬is correct, but not required, the ‫ و‬can be for either ‫ ﻋﻄﻒ‬or ‫َﻣ ِﻌﯿّﺔ‬
(accompaniment)

‫( اْﻟَﺒَﺪ ُل‬The substitute) 406

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175. The ‫( ﺑََﺪل‬substitute) is a grammatical follower that is paved for using a noun before it
that isn't actually intended itself, and it is several kinds:
o ِ ‫( ﺑََﺪل ُﻣ‬congruent substitute)
‫ﻄﺎﺑﻖ‬
o ‫ﺾ‬ٍ ‫( ﺑََﺪل ﺑ َْﻌ‬partial substitute)
o ‫ﻤﺎل‬
ٍ ِ‫اﺷﺘ‬ ْ ‫( ﺑََﺪل‬substituting something for what contains it)
ْ ْ
176. ‫ﺾ‬ ِ ‫ ﺑََﺪل اﻟﺒ َْﻌ‬and ‫ﻤﺎل‬
ِ ِ‫ ﺑََﺪل اِﻟﺸﺘ‬require a ‫ﺿﻤﯿﺮ‬ ِ that goes back to what they substitute for
َ ُُ ْ
(e.g. ‫اﻟﺪﻧ َﻦ ﺛﻠﺜُﻪ‬ ُ
‫ﻀﯿْﺖ ﱠ‬ َ ‫ ﻗ‬and ُ‫ﺎﻋ َﺮ إﻧْ َﺸ َﺎده‬
َ ‫)ﺳ ْﻤ ْﻌ ُﺖ ﱠ‬
ِ ‫اﻟﺸ‬ َ

ِ ‫ﻬﺎم َواْﻟ َﺠ َﻮ‬

‫اب‬ ْ ُ ‫( َأَد َو‬The tools used for questioning
ِ ‫ات ا ِﻻ ْﺳﺘِﻔ‬
and answering) 411
‫​( اْﻟ َﻬ ْﻤ َﺰ ُة َو َﻫ ْﻞ‬Hamzah andْ ‫)ﻫﻞ‬
َ p. 411
177. Questions are asked about what's enclosed in the ‫( ُﺟ ْﻤَﻠﺔ‬sentence) using ‫ أ‬and ‫ َﻫ ْﻞ‬, and
the answer will be ‫ ﻧَ َﻌ ْﻢ‬or ‫ َﺟﯿْﺮ‬or ‫ َأ َﺟ ْﻞ‬in the affirmative and ‫ ﻻ‬in the negative
178. ‫ َأ‬is also used ask questions about one of two or more things, and the answer will be
to specify one or the other

‫ﻬﺎم‬ ْ ِ ‫( َﺑ ِﻘﱠﯿ ُﺔ أَ َد َو‬The remaining tools of questioning) 413

ِ ‫ات ا ِﻻ ْﺳﺘِﻔ‬
179. There are other ‫( أدوات‬tools) used to ask questions besides ‫ َأ‬and ‫ َﻫ ْﻞ‬and some of the
most well-known are:
o ‫ َﻣ ْﻦ‬- for intelligent beings
o ‫ َﻣﺎ‬- for non-intelligent beings
o ‫ َﻣﺘَﻰ‬- for time
o ‫ َأﯾ َْﻦ‬- for place
o ‫ْﻒ‬ َ ‫ َﻛﯿ‬- for how/situation
o ‫ َﻛ ْﻢ‬- for number
o ‫ َأ ّي‬- for any of the above
180. If the ‫( أداة ِاﻻ ْﺳﺘِ ْﻔﻬﺎم‬tool used for questioning) is one of the above seven, the answer
will be to specify what was asked about

‫ﻬﺎم َواﻟﱠﻨ ْﻔ ُﻲ َﻣ ًﻌﺎ‬

ُ ‫( ا ِﻻ ْﺳﺘ ِْﻔ‬Questioning and negation together)
415
181. Negative ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻻﺳﺘِﻔﻬﺎﻣﯿﺔ‬
ُ (interrogative sentences) start with the ‫أداة اﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎم‬
immediately followed by the ‫( أداة اﻟﻨَ ْﻔ ِﻲ‬tool of negation)

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182. Negative interrogative sentences are answered using ‫ ﺑَﻠﻰ‬in the affirmative and ‫ ﻧَ َﻌ ْﻢ‬in
the negative

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