1

CHAPTER (1)
THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF ATOMS, PERIODIC TABLE AND
CHEMICAL BONDS
Dr. Hnin Hnin Than, Dr. Khin Cho Thant

þtcef;wGifausmif;om;^olrsm;taejzifhj'yfpifrsm;\
tufwrfrsm;wGifyg0ifaomelectrons rsm;\wnfaqmufykH? 4if;j'yfpifrsm;\
tvSnfhrSefZ,m;ESifh 4if;wdkYtcsif;csif; aygif;pyf&mwGif yg0ifaom
"gwfpnf;rsm;[lí (3)ydkif; avhvmMu&rnfjzpfygonf/ þtcef;rS
pmar;yGJar;cGeff;wGiff definitions, objectives, short questions

(2)rSwfwefESifY medium questions (4)rSwfwefwdkY

ar;avY½Sdonf/yxrqkH;taejzifh ydkifekdifpGm
usufrSwfxm;&rnfjzpfaom definitions tcsKdYudkaz:jyxm;ygw,f/
4if;wdkYudk ajzqdk&mwGif wdusrSefuefpGm
ajz&efESifYoabmw&m;rajymif;&efvdktyfygonf/
Definitions
1. Atoms
Atoms are indivisible and that it consists of three fundamental particles called
protons, electrons and neutrons.
2. Nucleus
The atom has a small, dense, positively charged centre called the nucleus. This
nucleus contains protons and neutrons. (or) Nucleus is the positively charged centre of
the atom.
3. Electrons
They are negatively charged particle move outside and around the nucleus in circular
orbits.
4. Protons
They are positively charged particles reside in the nucleus of the atom.
5. Neutrons
They are uncharged particles of the nucleus of the atom.
6. Atomic number
 2

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic number of an

element.
7. Mass number
The mass number of the element is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in
the nucleus of an atom of that element.
8. Isotopes
Isotopes are the atoms of the same element with different masses. (or) Atoms of the
same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
are called isotopes.
9. Valence electrons
The number of valence electrons of an atom of a given element is equal to the group
number of that element in the periodic table.
10. Valence
Valence is the number of electrons in the outermost shell, when the electrons in the
outermost shell is 4 or less than 4.
(or)
Valence is equal to (8 - number of electrons in the outermost shell) ,when the
electrons in the outermost shell are greater than 4.
11. Metals
All elements in s, d and f blocks are metals and that the elements below the broken
lines in p block are metals.
12. Non –metals
The elements above the broken lines in p block are non-metals.
13. Metalloids
For along each side of the dark line are elements that have the properties of both
metals and non-metals. These elements are called metalloids.
14. Transition elements
The elements in the central section of the periodic table are known as the transition
elements.
15. Noble gases
They are very inert. (ie. they do not combine with other elements in normal
condition.) All inert gases except helium have 8 electrons in their outermost shell. (or)
The noble gases or inert gases are neither electronegative nor electropositive .
16. Periodic table
 3

The elements may be arranged in a table in order of their atomic numbers, so that
elements with similar electronic structures or similar properties fall under one another
in a column. The electronic structures of the atoms of the elements vary periodically
with their atomic numbers. Hence the table is named the periodic table.

17. Group
Vertical columns are called groups.
18. Periods
Horizontal rows are called periods.
19. Electronic structure
The distribution of electrons in an atom of an element is called the electronic structure
of that element.
20. Complete electronic structure
The arrangement of all the electrons of an atom of the element in appropriate sub -
shell is called the complete electronic structure of that element.
21. Essential electronic structure
The arrangement of valence electrons of an atom of the element in appropriate sub -
shell is called the complete electronic structure of that element.
22. Electropositive Elements
Metals are the electropositive elements, they tend to lose electrons and form positive
ions.
23. Electronegative Elements
Non-metals are the electronegative elements, they tend to gain electrons and form
negative ions.
24. Ionization energy
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom to form a
gaseous ion is called ionization energy.
25. Electron affinity
The electron affinity of an element is the energy released when an electron is added to
a gaseous atom to form a gaseous ion.
26. Ionic bond (electrovalent bond)
An ionic bond is formed when there is complete transfer of an electron or electrons
from one atom to another resulting in the formation of cations and anions. These
 4

oppositely charged ions are held together by an electrostatic attraction called ionic
bond.
27. Covalent bond
In a covalent bond between two atoms, the electrons are not actually gained or lost by
the atoms concerned. The two electrons forming a covalent bond are shared between
the two atoms. The coordinate or dative bond is also a special type of covalent bond.
28. Metallic bond
In a metallic bond, valence electrons of the atoms are very loosely held, forming a
common electron cloud. The positively charged metallic ions resulting by loss of
valence electrons are held together by the attractive force of these electron cloud. It is
called a metallic bond.
29. Dative bond
A coordinate bond is a special type of covalent bond. A coordinate bond is formed
when one of the participant atoms possesses a lone pair of electrons. This lone pair is
donated to an atom needing them to build up or complete an electron octet or duplet
of great stability.
30. Octet Rule
In forming a chemical bond, atoms gain, lose or share electrons in such a way to attain
the stable electronic structure of noble gases, i.e.,to have eight electrons in the
outermost shell. This is known as octet rule.

atmufwGif4if;wdkUESifhygwfoufí ar;wwfaom objectives

rsm;udkvnf; ajzqdkjyxm; ygw,f/

Objectives
Fill in the blanks.
1. The mass and charge of proton is ------ and ------.
2. The atom as a whole is -------.
3. Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the ---------.
4. The mass of the neutron is so small that it can be considered--------.
5. In an atom, the number of protons must be equal to the number of --------.
6. --------move round the nucleus in definite orbits or shells.
7. Each shell or energy level can contain a ------- number of electrons.
8. The maximum number of electrons in each shell can be calculated by the formula
-------.
 5

9. For number 3 shell (M shell), the maximum number of electrons it could contain
is --------.
10. d sub-shell can have the maximum number of -------electrons and d stand for -----.
11. In the modern periodic table, there are ------ vertical columns and ------- horizontal
rows.
12. Elements in the same group have the same number of ------- in the outermost shell
of their atoms.
13. The elements in the group I A except -------- are called alkali metals.
14. The ------- gases have the highest ionization energy.
15. The general essential electronic structure of noble gases is -------.
16. The elements in the group VII B except -------- are called halogens.
17. The elements are arranged in order of their ------- in the periodic table.
18. AlCl3 reacts with NH3 to form ------- bond.
19. ------ bond is formed when a metal reacts with non-metal.
20. The ionization energy of Be is abnormally -------- than B.
Answers
1. 1 amu, positive (+1) 2. neutral 3. nucleus 4. negligible 5. electrons
6. Electrons 7. limited 8. 2n 2 9. 18 10. 10, diffuse 11. 18,7 12. electrons
13. hydrogen 14. noble 15. ns2 np6 16. hydrogen 17. atomic number 18. dative
19. Ionic 20. greater
Write TRUE or FALSE for the following statement.
1. The negative charge of the electrons balance the positive charge of the nucleus in
an atom.
2. Noble gases are non-metals.
3. Atoms are electrically neutral.
4. The atomic number of an element changes.
5. The shell nearest to the nucleus has the highest energy.
6. The negative ion is always smaller than its parent atom.
7. All elements in the same period have the same number of shell.
8. The fluorine atom has the highest electron affinities.
9. In general, the closer the shell to the nucleus, the lower is its energy.
10. When one or more electrons are added to a neutral atom, a positive ion is formed.
Answer
 6

1.TRUE 2. TRUE 3. TRUE 4. FALSE 5. FALSE 6. FALSE 7. TRUE

8. FALSE 9. TRUE 10. FALSE

þtcef;ESifYywfoufaom (2)rSwfwef ar;cGef;rsm;

ajzqdkEdkif&ef twGuf oifcef;pm wcef;vHk;
udkaMunufpGmavYvmusufrSwfxm;zdkYvdkygw,f/ atmufwGif
ar;avY½Sdaom erlem ar;cGef; wcsKdYudkajzjyxm;ygw,f/
Answer the following short questions.
1. What type of bond exist in the solid metals?
Ans: Metallic bond exist in the solid metals.
2. What elements are the most likely to form covalent compound?
Ans: Non-metals are the most likely to form covalent compound.
3. Determine the number of neutrons and electrons in atom of .

Ans: no: of neutrons = 28-13 = 15 , no: of electrons = 13

4. Arrange the following elements in order of their increasing of electronegativity.
oxygen, carbon, fluorine, nitrogen
Ans: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine
increasing electronegativity
5. Which has the larger radius between C and O?
Ans: C has the larger radius than O. Because atomic size decreases from left to right
and C is left of O.
6. What do we call bonding which involves electron sharing?
Ans: The bond which involves electron sharing is called covalent bond.
7. Which particle contains 18 neutrons, 17 protons and 17 electrons?
Ans: The particle is chlorine.
8. How are the elements arranged in the periodic table?
Ans: The elements may be arranged in a table in order of their atomic numbers, so
that elements with similar electronic structures or similar properties fall under one
another in a column.
9. What type of bonding do we find in a molecule?
Ans: Covalent bond is found in a molecule.
10. In the neutral atom of an element, the number of certain particle or particles is equal
to the atomic number. Name the particle or particles.
 7

Ans: Protons and electrons

11. Explain why the ionization energy of 4Be is greater than 5B.
Ans: The ionization energy of 4Be is greater than 5B because
4Be = 1s22s2 ( full-filled subshell) 5B= 1s22s22p1
It is more difficult to remove an electron from full-filled subshell of 4Be.
12. The electron affinity of fluorine is abnormally smaller than chlorine .Why?
Ans: The electron affinity of fluorine is abnormally smaller than chlorine because
fluorine atom is so small that the incoming electron is affected by strong repulsion
from the nine electrons already around the nucleus.
13. Explain why the ionization energy of 7N is greater than 8O.
Ans: The ionization energy of 7N is greater than 8O because
7N = 1s22s22p3 ( half-filled subshell) 8O= 1s22s22p4
It is more difficult to remove an electron from half-filled subshell of 7N than 8O.

txufygar;cGef;3aMumif;( No.11,12,13) onftcef;(1)&Sd exception case

3rsLd;jzpfjyD; od&SdrSwfom; xm;&efvdktyfygonf/

14. 11Na,9F, 12Mg, 13Al, 17Cl, 18Ar
Classify the above elements as alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, noble gas
and give your classification.
Ans: Alkali metal = 11Na (Because it is a group IA element.)
Alkaline earth metal = 12Mg (Because it is a group IIA element.)
Halogen = 17Cl (Because it is a group VIIB element.)
Noble gas = 18Ar (Because it is a group 0 element.)

txufygar;cGef;udktvG,fwulajzqdk&eftwGufrl
atmufygZ,m;udkaz:jyxm;ygonf/
Type of element Metal/ non- Group Elements
metal number
Alkali metals Metal IA Li, Na, K (except H)
Alkaline earth metal Metal IIA Be, Mg, Ca
Halogen Non-metal VII B F, Cl, Br, I ( except H)
Noble gases or inert gases Non-metal 0 He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe

atmufwGifar;avY&Sd aom
(4)rSwfwefar;cGef;tcsKdYESifYtajzrsm;udkajzqdkjyxm;ygw,f/
 8

Q. An atom A has an atomic number 19 whereas an atom B has an atomic number 17.
Write down the
(i) essential electronic structures of each atom
(ii) position in the periodic table of each atom
(iii) chief valence of each atom
(iv) type of each of the atom.

Answer:
Element Essential electronic Position of element Chief Type of
structure Group Period Valence atom
A
19 4s1 IA 4 1 Alkali
metal
B
17 3s 3p2 5
VII B 3 1 halogen

Q. From the following elements,

, , ,
(i) Which two elements would form a covalent compound?
Give the electron dot-cross formula for the above compound.
(ii) What type of bond is formed between and ?
Give the most likely formula for the above compound.
(iii) Which elements are non-metals from the above list?
(iv) Which element is an inert gas?
(v) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
Answer:
(i) Covalent compound is formed between and .
12
6 C (2.4) (2.8.7)
Valence = 4 valence = 1 CCl4
 9

(ii) Ionic (electrovalent) bond is formed between and .

(2.8.1) (2.8.7)
Valence = 1 valence = 1 NaCl
(iii) , and are non-metals.

(iv) is an inert gas.

(v) has the highest electron affinity.

Q. The following elements are given and answer the following questions.
12Mg , 17 Cl
(i) Name the type of bonding exists between above two elements.
(ii) Write down the chemical formula of the compound formed.
(iii) Write down the electron dot-cross formula of the above compound.
Answer
(i) Ionic bond is formed between 12 Mg and9F.
(ii) Mg + F MgF2
Valence =2 valence = 1
(iii)

Q. Write down the complete and essential electronic structure of 6C and 17Cl. Find the value
of (n) in the compound of 6C (2.4), CCln and draw the electron dot-cross structure of the
compound.
Answer
Complete electronic structure of 6C = 1s2 2s2 2p2
 10

Complete electronic structure of 17Cl = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Essential electronic structure of 6C = 2s2 2p2
Essential electronic structure of 17Cl = 3s2 3p5
6C (2.4) 17Cl (2.8.7) CCl4 (n=1)
Valence = 4 valence = 1

txufygar;cGef;rsm;udkajzqdk&mwGif complete and essential electronic

structure [kar;cGef;wGifygaeygvQuf integer electronic structure

jzifhajzqdkygu vkH;0trSwf &rnfr[kwfyg/ OyrmComplete electronic structure

of 6C = 2.4 and 17Cl = 2.8.7 uJhodkUomajzqdkxm;jyD; sub-shell

jzifhajzxm;jcif; r&Sdygu vHk;0trSwf&rnfr[kwfyg/xdkYtjyif complete

and essential electronic structure rsm;udka&;&mwGiffrSm;,Gif;wwfaom

tcsufudktenf;i,f½Sif;jyvdkonf/ Oyrm Ne
10 \ complete electronic structure

a&;&mwGif 1s2 2s2 2p6 [ka&;&rnfYtpm; 1 s2 2s2 2p6[lí shell number udk s,p

wdkYESifY½G,fwlrxm;yJ atmufwGif subscript

jzifYrSm;,Gif;a&;wwfonfudkowdjyKoifYygonf/xyfrHowdjyK&efrS
m electronic structure ar;cGef;wGif diagram

[kqdkyguyHkjzifhajzrSomtrSwf&rnfjzpfaMumif; ESifh electronic

structure 3rsLd;udkuGJjym;pGmodem;vnf&efvdkygonf/ xdkYtjyif Ionic

compound ESifh covalent compound wdkY\ characteristics properties

rsm;udkEIdif;,SOfí avhvm usufrSwf xm;&efvnf;vdkygonf/

 11

atmufazmfjyyg periodic table twGif;½Sd trends rsm;udkvnf; ydkifEdkif

pGm avYvm xm;&efvdktyfygonf/

Electron Affinity increases

Ionization Energy increases
Atomic size decreases

Atomic size increases

Ionization Energy decreases

Electron Affinity decreases

txufyg azmfjycsuf tm;vHk;udk ydkifEdkifpGm avhvm

xm;ygu þtcef; twGuf trSwf jynfh &Edkifrnfjzpfonf/