FINAL REPORT BRAZIL

SYED SHARIM ROHAIL 70078216

GLOBALIZATION AND OUTSOURCING

Faculty of Management Sciences

Lahore Business School
ABOUT:

Brazil's official name is the Federal Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do
Brasil) is the largest country in South America and Latin America. With an area of 8.5 million
square kilometers (3,300,000 sq mi) and with over 217 million inhabitants, Brazil is the fifth
largest country in the world by land area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Brasilia
and its most populous city is São Paulo. The federation is made up of a union of 26 federal states
and counties. It is the largest country with Portuguese as an official language and the only
country in the Americas, one of the most multicultural and multi-ethnic, due to over a century of
massive immigration from around the world and is the country with the largest Roman Catholic
population. . Bordering the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers
(4,655 mi). It borders all other South American countries and territories except Ecuador and
Chile and covers about half of the continent. Its Amazon basin includes vast rainforests, home to
a wide variety of wildlife, various ecosystems, and vast natural resources that cover many
protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage places Brazil at the top of the list of 17
super-diverse countries and is a subject of considerable global interest, as environmental
degradation through processes such as deforestation has a direct impact. to global problems such
as climate change and loss of biodiversity.

The territory that later became Brazil was inhabited by many tribal states prior to the 1500
landings of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the explored land for the Portuguese
Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was
moved from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the status of a
kingdom when the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was established.
Independence was achieved in 1822 with the establishment of the Empire of Brazil, a unified
state ruled by a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system. The ratification of the first
constitution in 1824 led to the creation of a bicameral legislature, now known as the Congress.
Slavery was abolished in 1888. The country became a presidential republic in 1889 after a
military coup. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, after
which civilian government was resumed. Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1988,
defines the country as a democratic federal republic. Due to its rich culture and history, the
country ranks 13th in the world for the number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. As a major
non-NATO ally of the United States, Brazil is a regional and medium power and is also
classified as an emerging power. Classified as a developing country with a high human
development index, Brazil is considered an advanced emerging economy, having the twelfth
nominal GDP in the world and the ninth in terms of PPP, the largest in the world. Latin America.
As a World Bank upper middle-income economy and a newly industrialized country, Brazil
holds the largest share of global wealth in South America and is one of the world's great
granaries. World, has been the largest coffee producer for the past 150 years. However, the
country maintains notable levels of corruption, crime and social inequality. Brazil is a founding
member of the United Nations, G20, BRICS, Mercosul, Organization of American States,
Organization of Ibero-American States and the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Nations.

GEOGRAPHY:

Brazil occupies a large area along the east coast of South America and includes much of the
interior of the continent, sharing a land border with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and
Paraguay in the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and
Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and France (French Guiana Overseas) to the north. It shares
borders with all South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.

It also includes several oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint
Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz. Size, relief, climate and natural resources
make Brazil geographically diverse. Including the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, Brazil lies
between latitudes 6°N and 34°S and longitudes 28° and 74°W. Brazil is the fifth largest country
in the world and the third largest in the Americas; with a total area of 8,515,767,049 square
kilometers (3,287,956 sq mi), of which 55,455 square kilometers (21,411 sq mi) is water. Brazil
is also the longest country in the world, stretching 4,395 km (2,731 mi) from north to south and
is the only country in the world that runs through the equator and the Tropic of Cancer.

It spans four time zones; from UTC−5 including the state of Acre and the westernmost part of
the Amazonas, to UTC−4 in the western states, to UTC−3 in the eastern states (national time)
and UTC−2 in the Atlantic islands.
CLIMATE:

Brazil's climate covers a wide range of weather conditions over a large area and varied
topography, but much of the country is tropical. According to the Köppen system, Brazil is home
to six main climate subtypes:

desert, equatorial, tropical, semi-arid, oceanic and subtropical. Different climatic conditions
create different environments, from equatorial rainforests in the north and semi-arid deserts in
the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannahs in the south.
central Brazil. Many regions have markedly different sub-climates.

The equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no true dry season, but
there is some variation in the time of year when it rains the most. The average temperature is 25
°C (77 °F), with greater variation in temperature between day and night than between seasons.

In central Brazil, rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of the steppe climate. The area is as
large as the Amazon Basin but has a very different climate because it is located further south at
higher elevations. In the inland northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. Semi-arid
climates typically receive less than 800 millimeters (31.5 in), most of which typically fall
between three and five months of the year, and sometimes less, creating droughts prolonged
drought. The Grande Seca (Great Drought) of Brazil of 1877-1878, the worst in Brazilian
history, resulted in about half a million deaths. An equally devastating drought occurred in 1915.

South of Bahia, near the coast and further south of most of the State of São Paulo, the
distribution of precipitation is variable, with precipitation falling year-round. The south has
subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C
(64.4 °F); Winter frosts and snowfall are not uncommon in the higher regions. In 2020, the
Brazilian government has pledged to reduce its annual greenhouse gas emissions by 43% by
2030. The government also has a specific target of achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 if the
country receives 10 billion USD per year.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS:

The form of government is a democratic federal republic, with a presidential system. The
President is both Head of State and Head of Government of the Union and is elected for a term
of 4 years, eligible for re-election for a second consecutive term. The current president is Luiz
Inácio Lula da Silva. The president appoints the ministers of state who support the government.

The legislative chambers of each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The
National Assembly is the bicameral legislature of the Federation, consisting of the House of
Representatives and the Federal Senate. Judicial authorities exercise almost exclusively judicial
functions. The Economist Intelligence Unit's Democracy Index (2021) ranks Brazil as a
"defective democracy", 46th in its 2021 report, and Freedom House ranks Brazil as a free
country in its Freedom in the World report. 2021).

The political-administrative organization of the Federal Republic of Brazil consists of the

Federation, the States, the Federal Special Region and the municipalities. The Federation, the
State, the Federal District, and the municipalities are "domains of government". The federation is
based on five basic principles: sovereignty, citizenship, human dignity, and social valuesof work
and freedom of business, political pluralism.

LAW:

Brazilian law is based on the civil legal system and civil law concepts prevail over common law
practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-systematized laws also make up a
significant part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions establish interpretive guidelines;
however, they are rarely bound to other specific cases. The doctrinal works and works of
academic jurists have been powerfully influential in the creation of law and in judicial matters.
Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing the entrance exam. The legal
system is based on the Federal Constitution promulgated on October 5, 1988, and the basic law
of Brazil. All other laws and court decisions are subject to its rules. As of July 2022, there have
been 124 amendments. The states have their own constitutions, which may not conflict with the
federal constitution. Municipalities and Federal Districts have "organizational laws" (leis
orgânicas), which operate similarly to a constitution. Legislatures are the primary source of law,
although in some matters the judicial and executive bodies can enact legislation. Jurisdiction is
administered by judicial authorities, although in rare cases the Federal Constitution authorizes
the Federal Senate to make court decisions. There are also specialized military, labor, and
electoral courts. The highest court is the Federal Supreme Court.

The system has been criticized in recent decades for slow decision-making. Appeals cases can
take years to resolve and in some cases more than a decade passes before final decisions are
made. However, the Supreme Federal Court was the first court in the world to broadcast its
hearings on television, as well as via YouTube. In December 2009, the Supreme Court took to
twitter to display the items on the ministers' agenda, to inform about the Court's day-to-day
operations and the most important decisions it made.

FOREIGN POLICY:

Brazil's international relations are based on Article 4 of the Federal Constitution, which
establishes non-intervention, self-determination, international cooperation and the peaceful
settlement of conflicts as the guiding principles of Brazil's relationship with other countries and
multilateral organizations. According to the Constitution, the President has ultimate authority
over foreign policy, while the Congress is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic
nominations and international treaties, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.

Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's position as a regional power in Latin
America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power. Brazilian foreign
policy has generally been based on the principles of multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement,
and non-intervention in the affairs of other countries. Brazil is a founding member state of the
Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone
Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of Lusophone nations
across four continents, where Portuguese is an official language.

An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to

other developing countries. Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide
financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet
non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels. Total aid is estimated to be around
$1 billion per year, which includes. In addition, Brazil already managed a peacekeeping mission
in Haiti ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the World Food Program ($300
million). This is in addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to multilateral
development agencies. The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India. The Brazilian
South-South aid has been described as a "global model in waiting".

ECONOMY:

Brazil's upper-middle income mixed market economy is rich in natural resources. It has the
largest national economy in Latin America, the tenth-largest economy in the world by nominal
GDP, and the ninth-largest by PPP. After rapid growth in preceding decades, the country entered
an ongoing recession in 2014 amid a political corruption scandal and nationwide protests. A
developing country, Brazil has a labor force of roughly 100 million, which is the world's fifth-
largest; with a high unemployment rate of 14.4% as of 2021. Its foreign exchange reserves are
the tenth-highest in the world. The B3 in São Paulo is the largest stock exchange in Brazil. In
regards to poverty, about 1.9% of the total population lives at $2.15 a day, while about 19% live
at $6.85 a day. Brazil's economy suffers from endemic corruption and high income inequality.
The Brazilian real is the national currency.

Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry, and a wide range of services. The
large service sector accounts for about 72.7% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector
(20.7%), while the agriculture sector is by far the smallest, making up 6.6% of total GDP.

Brazil is one of the largest producers of various agricultural commodities and also has a large
cooperative sector that provides 50% of the food in the country. It has been the world's largest
producer of coffee for the last 150 years. Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugarcane, soy,
coffee and orange; is one of the top 5 producers of maize, cotton, lemon, tobacco, pineapple,
banana, beans, coconut, watermelon and papaya; and is one of the top 10 world producers of
cocoa, cashew, mango, rice, tomato, sorghum, tangerine, avocado, persimmon, and guava,
among others. Regarding livestock, it is one of the 5 largest producers of chicken meat, beef,
pork and cow's milk in the world. In the mining sector, Brazil is among the largest producers of
iron ore, copper, gold, bauxite, manganese, tin, niobium, and nickel. In terms of precious stones,
Brazil is the world's largest producer of amethyst, topaz, agate and one of the main producers of
tourmaline, emerald, aquamarine, garnet and opal. The country is a major exporter of soy, iron
ore, pulp (cellulose), maize, beef, chicken meat, soybean meal, sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton,
orange juice, footwear, airplanes, cars, vehicle parts, gold, ethanol, semi-finished iron, among
other products.

Brazil is the world's 24th-largest exporter and 26th-largest importer as of 2021. China is its
largest trading partner, accounting for 32% of the total trade. Other large trading partners include
the United States, Argentina, the Netherlands and Canada. Its automotive industry is the eighth-
largest in the world. In the food industry, Brazil was the second-largest exporter of processed
foods in the world in 2019. The country was the second-largest producer of pulp in the world and
the eighth-largest producer of paper in 2016. In the footwear industry, Brazil was the fourth-
largest producer in 2019. It was also the ninth-largest producer of steel in the world. In 2018, the
chemical industry of Brazil was the eighth-largest in the world. Although, it was among the five
largest world producers in 2013, Brazil's textile industry is very little integrated into world trade.

The tertiary sector (trade and services) represented 75.8% of the country's GDP in 2018,
according to the IBGE. The service sector was responsible for 60% of GDP and trade for 13%. It
covers a wide range of activities: commerce, accommodation and catering, transport,
communications, financial services, real estate activities and services provided to businesses,
public administration (urban cleaning, sanitation, etc.) and other services such as education,
social and health services, research and development, sports activities, etc., since it consists of
activities complementary to other sectors. Micro and small businesses represent 30% of the
country's GDP. In the commercial sector, for example, they represent 53% of the GDP within the
activities of the sector.

• Brazilian Real

• 1 Brazilian Real equals 42.23 Pakistani Rupee

• 1 Brazilian Real equals 0.19 United States Dollar

• GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate

• Total $3.680 trillion

• Per capita $17,208

 • GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate

• Total $1.833 trillion

• Per capita $8,570

• GDP growth rate 4.6% (2021)

• GDP 1.609 trillion USD (2021)

TOURISM:

Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economy of several regions of the country.
The country had 6.36 million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the international tourist
arrivals as the main destination in South America and second in Latin America after Mexico.
Revenues from international tourists reached US$6 billion in 2010, showing a recovery from the
2008–2009 economic crises. Historical records of 5.4 million visitors and US$6.8 billion in
receipts were reached in 2011. In the list of world tourist destinations, in 2018, Brazil was the
48th most visited country, with 6.6 million tourists (and revenues of 5.9 billion dollars).

Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of ecotourism with leisure and
recreation, mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as cultural tourism. Among the
most popular destinations are the Amazon Rainforest, beaches and dunes in the Northeast
Region, the Pantanal in the Center-West Region, beaches at Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina,
cultural tourism in Minas Gerais and business trips to São Paulo.

In terms of the 2015 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), which is a
measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the travel and tourism
industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in the 28st place at the world's level, third in the
Americas, after Canada and United States.

Brazil's main competitive advantages are its natural resources, which ranked 1st on this criteria
out of all countries considered, and ranked 23rd for its cultural resources, due to its many World
Heritage Sites. The TTCI report notes Brazil's main weaknesses: its ground transport
infrastructure remains underdeveloped (ranked 116th), with the quality of roads ranking in 105th
place; and the country continues to suffer from a lack of price competitiveness (ranked 114th),
due in part to high ticket taxes and airport charges, as well as high prices and high taxation.
Safety and security have improved significantly: 75th in 2011, up from 128th in 2008.

TRANSPORTATION:

Brazilian roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The road system totaled
1,720,000 km (1,068,758 mi) in 2019. The total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km
(22,056 mi) in 1967 to 215,000 km (133,595 mi) in 2018. The country has about 14,000 km
(8,699 mi) of divided highways, 5,000 km (3,107 mi) only in the State of São Paulo. Currently
it's possible to travel from Rio Grande, in the extreme south of the country, to Brasília (2,580 km
(1,603 mi)) or Casimiro de Abreu, in the state of Rio de Janeiro (2,045 km (1,271 mi)), only on
divided highways. The first investments in road infrastructure have given up in the 1920s, the
government of Washington Luís, being pursued in the governments of Getúlio Vargas and
Eurico Gaspar Dutra. President Juscelino Kubitschek (1956–61), who designed and built the
capital Brasília, was another supporter of highways.

Brazil's railway system has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway
construction. The total length of railway track was 30,875 km (19,185 mi) in 2002, as compared
with 31,848 km (19,789 mi) in 1970. Most of the railway system belonged to the Federal
Railroad Corporation RFFSA, which was privatized in 2007. The São Paulo Metro was the first
underground transit system in Brazil. The other metro systems are in Rio de Janeiro, Porto
Alegre, Recife, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Salvador and Fortaleza. The country has an extensive
rail network of 28,538 kilometers (17,733 miles) in length, the tenth largest network in the
world. Currently, the Brazilian government, unlike the past, seeks to encourage this mode of
transport; an example of this incentive is the project of the Rio–São Paulo high-speed rail, that
will connect the two main cities of the country to carry passengers.

There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second largest number in
the world, after the United States. São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport, near São Paulo, is
the largest and busiest airport with nearly 20 million passengers annually, while handling the
vast majority of commercial traffic for the country. For freight transport waterways are of
importance, e.g. the industrial zones of Manaus can be reached only by means of the Solimões–
Amazonas waterway (3,250 kilometers or 2,020 miles in length, with a minimum depth of six
meters or 20 feet). The country also has 50,000 kilometers (31,000 miles) of waterways. Coastal
shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free
ports at Santos. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de
Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus and São Francisco do Sul are the most important. Bulk
carriers have to wait up to 18 days before being serviced, container ships 36.3 hours on average.

DEMOGRAPHICS:

The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million (22.31
inhabitants per square kilometer or 57.8/sq mi), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1 and
83.75% of the population defined as urban. The population is heavily concentrated in the
Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions,
while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up
64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants.

The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478. From
1880 to 1930, 4 million Europeans arrived. Brazil's population increased significantly between
1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the mortality rate, even though the birth rate underwent a
slight decline. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the
1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years and to
72.6 years in 2007. It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between
1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050
thus completing the demographic transition.

In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48% and among the youth (ages 15–19) 1.74%. It was highest
(20.30%) in the Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor.[357] Illiteracy was high
(24.18%) among the rural population and lower (9.05%) among the urban population.

RELIGION:

Christianity is the country's predominant faith, with Roman Catholicism being its largest
denomination. Brazil has the world's largest Catholic population. According to the 2010
Demographic Census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion), 64.63% of the
population followed Roman Catholicism; 22.2% Protestantism; 2.0% Kardecist, spiritism; 3.2%
other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 8.0% had no religion.

Religion in Brazil was formed from the meeting of the Catholic Church with the religious
traditions of enslaved African peoples and indigenous peoples. This confluence of faiths during
the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic
practices within the overarching umbrella of Brazilian Catholic Church, characterized by
traditional Portuguese festivities,

Religious pluralism increased during the 20th century, and the Protestant community has grown
to include over 22% of the population. The most common Protestant denominations are
Evangelical Pentecostal ones. Other Protestant branches with a notable presence in the country
include the Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, Lutherans and the Reformed tradition. In recent
decades, Protestantism, particularly in forms of Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, has spread in
Brazil, while the proportion of Catholics has dropped significantly. After Protestantism,
individuals professing no religion are also a significant group, exceeding 8% of the population as
of the 2010 census. The cities of Boa Vista, Salvador, and Porto Velho have the greatest
proportion of Irreligious residents in Brazil. Teresina, Fortaleza, and Florianópolis were the most
Roman Catholic in the country. Greater Rio de Janeiro, not including the city proper, is the most
irreligious and least Roman Catholic Brazilian periphery, while Greater Porto Alegre and Greater
Fortaleza are on the opposite sides of the lists, respectively.

In October 2009, the Brazilian Senate approved and enacted by the President of Brazil in
February 2010, an agreement with the Vatican, in which the Legal Statute of the Catholic Church
in Brazil is recognized. The agreement confirmed norms that were normally complied with
regarding religious education in public elementary schools (which also ensures the teaching of
other beliefs), marriage and spiritual assistance in prisons and hospitals. The project was
criticized by parliamentarians who understood the end of the secular state with the approval of
the agreement.
CULTURE:

The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties
with the Portuguese Empire. Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese
language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles. The culture was, however, also
strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.

Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and
other European as well as Japanese, Jewish and Arab immigrants who arrived in large numbers
in the South and Southeast of Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries. The indigenous
Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language,
cuisine, music, dance and religion.

Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque
(the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century) to Romanticism, Modernism,
Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism. Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth
of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since
the 1960s

IMPORT EXPORT TRENDS BRAZIL (LATEST 2022)

OVER VIEW:

In November 2022 Brazil exported $28.2B and imported $21.5B, resulting in a positive trade
balance of $6.67B. Between November 2021 and November 2022 the exports of Brazil have
increased by $7.69B (37.6%) from $20.5B to $28.2B, while imports decreased by $-120M (-
0.55%) from $21.6B to $21.5B.

ORIGINS:

In November 2022 the exports of Brazil were mainly from São Paulo ($5.48B), Rio de Janeiro
($4.17B), Minas Gerais ($3.1B), Mato Grosso ($2.08B), and Rio Grande do Sul ($1.88B), while
imports destinations were mainly São Paulo ($6.4B), Santa Catarina ($2.58B), Rio de Janeiro
($2.27B), Paraná ($1.6B), and Rio Grande do Sul ($1.48B).
TRADE:

In November 2022, the top exports of Brazil were Crude Petroleum ($4.58B), Iron Ore ($2B),
Corn ($1.74B), Raw Sugar ($1.66B), and Soybeans ($1.62B). In November 2022 the top imports
of Brazil were Refined Petroleum ($1.36B), Crude Petroleum ($977M), Nitrogenous Fertilizers
($594M), Motor vehicles; parts and accessories (8701... ($586M), and Gas Turbines ($503M).

DESTINATIONS:

In November 2022, Brazil exported mostly to China ($7.11B), United States ($2.81B), Argentina
($1.19B), Netherlands ($915M), and Spain ($893M), and imported mostly from China ($5B),
United States ($3.6B), Argentina ($1.25B), Germany ($1.06B), and India ($680M).

GROWTH:

In November 2022, the increase in Brazil's year-by-year exports was explained primarily by an
increase in exports to China ($473M or 12.9%), Argentina ($166M or 28%), and Indonesia
($163M or 122%), and product exports increase in Iron Ore ($1.06B or 60.8%), Raw Sugar
($138M or 29.3%), and Coffee ($110M or 30.6%). In November 2022, the decrease in Brazil's
year-by-year imports was explained primarily by an decrease in imports from China ($-1.58B or
-31.3%), Brazil ($-228M or -91.3%), and Germany ($-197M or -19.4%), and product imports
decrease in Special Purpose Ships ($-1.65B or -79.3%), Refined Petroleum ($-286M or -24.7%),
and Flexible Metal Tubing ($-150M or -89.9%).

BRAZIL-PAKISTAN:

In 2020, Brazil exported $1B to Pakistan. The main products that Brazil exported to Pakistan are
Raw Cotton ($418M), Soybeans ($417M), and Scrap Iron ($22.8M). During the last 25 years the
exports of Brazil to Pakistan have increased at an annualized rate of 9.33%, from $108M in 1995
to $1B in 2020.

In 2020, Brazil did not export any services to Pakistan.

PAKISTAN-BRAZIL:

In 2020, Pakistan exported $80.9M to Brazil. The main products that Pakistan exported to Brazil
were House Linens ($8.81M), Medical Instruments ($6.66M), and Light Pure Woven Cotton
($6.26M). During the last 25 years the exports of Pakistan to Brazil have increased at an
annualized rate of 0.67%, from $68.5M in 1995 to $80.9M in 2020.

In 2020, Pakistan did not export any services to Brazil.

OVERVIEW:

In November 2022, Brazil exported $124M and imported $7.43M from Pakistan, resulting in a
positive trade balance of $117M. Between November 2021 and November 2022 the exports of
Brazil have increased by $83.4M (204%) from $40.8M to $124M, while imports decreased by $-
3.35M (-31.1%) from $10.8M to $7.43M.

ORIGINS:

In November 2022 the exports of Brazil were mainly from Mato Grosso ($80.9M), Bahia
($11.7M), Paraná ($7.81M), Goiás ($7.28M), and São Paulo ($5.15M), while imports
destinations were mainly São Paulo ($3.9M), Santa Catarina ($2.08M), Paraná ($500k), Bahia
($284k), and Rio Grande do Sul ($165k).

TRADE:

In November 2022, the top exports of Brazil to Pakistan were Raw Cotton ($105M), Soybean Oil
($12.4M), Pepper ($1.57M), Dried Legumes ($1.27M), and Liquid Pumps ($1.22M). In
November 2022 the top imports of Brazil from Pakistan were Medical Instruments ($1.49M),
Light Pure Woven Cotton ($705k), Sports Equipment ($635k), Knit Gloves ($555k), and Knit
Men's Suits ($525k).

GROWTH:

In November 2022, the increase in Brazil's year-by-year exports to Pakistan was explained
primarily by an increase in product exports in Pepper ($2.37M or 618%), Dried Legumes ($462k
or 277%), and Refined Petroleum ($420k or 36.4k%). In November 2022, the decrease in
Brazil's year-by-year imports from Pakistan was explained primarily by an decrease in product
imports in Knit T-shirts ($-376k or -77.8%), Sports Equipment ($-304k or -52.9%), and Non-
Knit Men's Suits ($-264k or -61.2%).