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Introduction To Operational Amplifier

The document provides an introduction to operational amplifiers (op-amps). It describes op-amps as active circuits that can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, etc. It then discusses the symbol for op-amps, common op-amp IC 741, the equivalent circuit of a non-ideal op-amp showing input/output voltages and resistances, typical parameter ranges for op-amps, using feedback for op-amps to control voltage gain, the three modes of op-amp operation, and the ideal characteristics of an op-amp.

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Sumangil, Maria Margarita P.
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92 views

Introduction To Operational Amplifier

The document provides an introduction to operational amplifiers (op-amps). It describes op-amps as active circuits that can perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, etc. It then discusses the symbol for op-amps, common op-amp IC 741, the equivalent circuit of a non-ideal op-amp showing input/output voltages and resistances, typical parameter ranges for op-amps, using feedback for op-amps to control voltage gain, the three modes of op-amp operation, and the ideal characteristics of an op-amp.

Uploaded by

Sumangil, Maria Margarita P.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Operational Amplifier

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)


is an active circuit element designed to perform
mathematical operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, differentiation, and integration
Operational Amplifier Symbol
Operational Amplifier
• Op-Amps are commercially available in integrated circuit packages in
several forms
IC 741
The most commonly used op-amp is IC741. The 741 op-amp is a
voltage amplifier, it inverts the input voltage at the output, can be
found almost everywhere in electronic circuits.
Equivalent Circuit of Non-Ideal Op-Amp
Where:
𝑉− = Inverting Input
𝑉+ = Non-Inverting Input
𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Output Voltage
.
𝐴𝑉
.

𝑑 𝑉𝑑 = Differential Input Voltage


𝑅𝑖𝑛 = Input Resistance
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = Output Resistance
𝑽𝒅 = 𝑽+ − 𝑽− 𝐴 = Open Loop Voltage Gain
𝑽𝒐 = 𝑨𝑽𝒅 = 𝑨( 𝑽+ − 𝑽− )
Typical Ranges for Op-Amp Parameters

Parameter Typical Range Ideal Values

Open-Loop Gain, A 105 to 108 ∞

Input Resistance, 𝑅𝑖 105 to 1013 Ω ∞Ω

Output Resistance, 𝑅𝑜 10 to 100 Ω 0Ω

Supply Voltage, 𝑉𝑐𝑐 5 to 24V


Feedback for Op-Amp

𝑹. 𝒇.
. .

𝑹𝒊
. .
.
.
. .
.

𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑜𝑝 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛


𝑅𝑓
𝑉0 = 𝑉𝑖
𝑅𝑖
Limitation of Op-Amp
• The Magnitude of output 𝑉𝑜 cannot exceed 𝑉𝑐𝑐

𝑉𝑜
3 Modes of Operation 𝑉𝑐𝑐

1. Positive Saturation, 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝑐𝑐


𝑉𝑑
2. Linear Region, −𝑉𝑐𝑐 ≤ 𝑉𝑜 ≤ 𝑉𝑐𝑐
3. Negative Region, 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑉𝑐𝑐 −𝑉𝑐𝑐
Ideal Op-Amp
𝑖− = 0
1. Infinite Open-Loop Gain
2. Infinite Input Resistance
𝑖+ = 0
3. Zero Output Resistance

𝒊− = 𝟎 and 𝒊+ = 𝟎

𝑽𝒅 = 𝑽− + 𝑽+ = 𝟎
or
𝑽− = 𝑽+

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