Unit-2 (HTML) - 1

MCA : 3RD SEM
RCA-302 : WEB TECHNOLOGY

RAM GOPAL GUPTA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DISCLAIMER
Contents of the tutorial, shown image(s) (if shown here) and movie(s) (if shown here)
are just compilation of research work/creation of various authors/organizations.
Contents are collected from various research papers, reports, books, websites and other
sources.
RCA-302: WEB TECHNOLOGY

UNIT-2
:HTML:
HTML is an acronym which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language which is used for creating web
pages and web applications.
Hyper Text: HyperText simply means "Text within Text." A text has a link within it, is a hypertext.
Whenever you click on a link which brings you to a new webpage, you have clicked on a hypertext.
HyperText is a way to link two or more web pages (HTML documents) with each other.
Markup language: A markup language is a computer language that is used to apply layout and
formatting conventions to a text document. Markup language makes text more interactive and
dynamic. It can turn text into images, tables, links, etc.
Web Page: A web page is a document which is commonly written in HTML and translated by a web
browser. A web page can be identified by entering an URL. A Web page can be of the static or
dynamic type. With the help of HTML only, we can create static web pages.
Hence, HTML is a markup language which is used for creating attractive web pages with the help of
styling, and which looks in a nice format on a web browser. An HTML document is made of many
HTML tags and each HTML tag contains different content.
HTML Versions
Since the time HTML was invented there are lots of HTML versions in market, the brief introduction
about the HTML version is given below:
1. HTML 1.0: The first version of HTML was 1.0, which was the barebones version of HTML
language, and it was released in1991.
2. HTML 2.0: This was the next version which was released in 1995, and it was standard
language version for website design. HTML 2.0 was able to support extra features such as
form-based file upload, form elements such as text box, option button, etc.

3. HTML 3.2: HTML 3.2 version was published by W3C in early 1997. This version was
capable of creating tables and providing support for extra options for form elements. It can
also support a web page with complex mathematical equations. It became an official standard
for any browser till January 1997. Today it is practically supported by most of the browsers.
4. HTML 4.01: HTML 4.01 version was released on December 1999, and it is a very stable
version of HTML language. This version is the current official standard, and it provides
added support for stylesheets (CSS) and scripting ability for various multimedia elements.
5. HTML5 : HTML5 is the newest version of HyperText Markup language. The first draft of
this version was announced in January 2008. There are two major organizations one is W3C
(World Wide Web Consortium), and another one is WHATWG( Web Hypertext Application
Technology Working Group) which are involved in the development of HTML 5 version, and
still, it is under development.
HTML text Editors
 An HTML file is a text file, so to create an HTML file we can use any text editors.
 Text editors are the programs which allow editing in a written text, hence to create a web
page we need to write our code in some text editor.
 There are various types of text editors available which you can directly download, but for a
beginner, the best text editor is Notepad in Windows OS.
 After learning the basics, you can easily use other professional text editors which are,
Notepad++, Sublime Text, Vim, etc.
 In our lectures, we will use Notepad editor.
 Save html files with extension either .htm or .html

HTML page sample code:
<!DOCTYPE>
<html>
<head>
<title>Web page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Write Your First Heading</h1>
<p>Write Your First Paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Description of HTML Example
<!DOCTYPE>: It defines the document type or it instruct the browser about the version of HTML.
<html > :This tag informs the browser that it is an HTML document. Text between html tag
describes the web document. It is a container for all other elements of HTML.
<head>: It should be the first element inside the <html> element, which contains the
metadata(information about the document). It must be closed before the body tag opens.
<title>: As its name suggested, it is used to add title of that HTML page which appears at the top of
the browser window. It must be placed inside the head tag and should close immediately. (Optional)
<body> : Text between body tag describes the body content of the page that is visible to the end
user. This tag contains the main content of the HTML document.
<h1> : Text between <h1> tag describes the first level heading of the webpage.
<p> : Text between <p> tag describes the paragraph of the webpage.

Building blocks of HTML
An HTML document consist of its basic building blocks which are:
 Tags: An HTML tag surrounds the content and apply meaning to it. It is written between <
and > brackets.
 Attribute: An attribute in HTML provides extra information about the element, and it is
applied within the start tag. An HTML attribute contains two fields: name & value.
Syntax
<tag name attribute_name= " attr_value"> content </ tag name>
HTML Tags
HTML tags are like keywords which defines that how web browser will format and display the
content. With the help of tags, a web browser can distinguish between an HTML content and a
simple content. HTML tags contain three main parts: opening tag, content and closing tag. But some
HTML tags are unclosed tags.
When a web browser reads an HTML document, browser reads it from top to bottom and left to
right. HTML tags are used to create HTML documents and render their properties. Each HTML tags
have different properties.
An HTML file must have some essential tags so that web browser can differentiate between a simple
text and HTML text. You can use as many tags you want as per your code requirement.
 All HTML tags must enclosed within < > these brackets.
 Every tag in HTML perform different tasks.
 If you have used an open tag <tag>, then you must use a close tag </tag> (except some tags)

HTML Tags are of two types: container tags and empty tags
Container tags are those tags which are having opening and closing tags and may contain content in
between such as <htnl>…</html>, <body>…..</body>, <p>….</p> etc.
Empty tags are those tags which does not have closing tag such as <br>, <hr> etc.
DIFFERENT TAGS EXAMPLES
<HEAD>
<META charset="UTF-8">
<META name="description" content="Page for HTML Tags">
<META name="keywords" content="HTML, TAGS, STYLE”>
<META name="author" content="RG GUPTA">
</HEAD>
<H1>…. </H1>
<H2>…. </H2>
<H3>…. </H3>
<H4>…. </H4>
<H5>…. </H5>
<H6>…. </H6>
<B>…</B>
<I>….</I>
<U>….</U>
<FONT>…….</FONT>
<A>…..</A>
<OL><LI>…..</LI></OL>

<UL><LI>….</LI></UL>
<IMG>
<BR>
<HR>
<TABLE> ….. </TABLE>
<TR>…… </TR>
<TH>…..</TH>
<TD>…..</TD>
<FORM>…..</FORM>
<INPUT>
<SELECT>…..</SELECT>
<OPTION>……</OPTION>
<FRAMESET>……</FRAMESET>
<FRAME>
<IFRAME>…...</IFRAME>

CHARACTER ENTITIES/ HTML ENTITIES:
Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with character entities.
Some characters are reserved in HTML. If you use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your
text, the browser might mix them with tags. Character entities are used to display reserved characters
in HTML.
Some Useful HTML Character Entities
Result Description Entity Name Entity Number
non-breaking space
< less than < <
> greater than > >
& ampersand & &
" double quotation mark " "
' single quotation mark (apostrophe) ' '
¢ cent ¢ ¢
£ pound £ £
¥ yen ¥ ¥
€ euro € €
© copyright © ©
® registered trademark ® ®

Web Browser Architecture:
There are a lot of web browser available in the market. All of them interpret and display information
on the screen however their capabilities and structure varies depending upon implementation. But the
most basic component that all web browser must exhibit are listed below:
 Controller/Dispatcher
 Interpreter
 Client Programs
Controller works as a control unit in CPU. It takes input from the keyboard or mouse, interpret it and
make other services to work on the basis of input it receives.
Interpreter receives the information from the controller and execute the instruction line by line.
Some interpreter are mandatory while some are optional For example, HTML interpreter program is
mandatory and java interpreter is optional.
Client Program describes the specific protocol that will be used to access a particular service.
Following are the client programs tat are commonly used:
 HTTP
 SMTP
 FTP
 NNTP
 POP


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MCA : 3RD SEM

RCA-302 : WEB TECHNOLOGY

RCA-302: WEB TECHNOLOGY

pages and web applications.

dynamic. It can turn text into images, tables, links, etc.

HTML tags and each HTML tag contains different content.

about the HTML version is given below:

language, and it was released in1991.

RCA-302: WEB TECHNOLOGY

still, it is under development.

HTML text Editors

page we need to write our code in some text editor.

beginner, the best text editor is Notepad in Windows OS.

Notepad++, Sublime Text, Vim, etc.

 In our lectures, we will use Notepad editor.

 Save html files with extension either .htm or .html

RCA-302: WEB TECHNOLOGY

<title>Web page title</title>

<h1>Write Your First Heading</h1>

<p>Write Your First Paragraph.</p>

Description of HTML Example

RCA-302: WEB TECHNOLOGY

An HTML document consist of its basic building blocks which are:

and > brackets.

<tag name attribute_name= " attr_value"> content </ tag name>

HTML tags are unclosed tags.

have different properties.

 Every tag in HTML perform different tasks.

RCA-302: WEB TECHNOLOGY

between such as <htnl>…</html>, <body>…..</body>, <p>….</p> etc.

DIFFERENT TAGS EXAMPLES

<META name="description" content="Page for HTML Tags">

<META name="keywords" content="HTML, TAGS, STYLE”>

<META name="author" content="RG GUPTA">

RCA-302: WEB TECHNOLOGY

<TABLE> ….. </TABLE>

RCA-302: WEB TECHNOLOGY

Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with character entities.

Some Useful HTML Character Entities

Result Description Entity Name Entity Number

non-breaking space &nbsp; &#160;

< less than &lt; &#60;

> greater than &gt; &#62;

& ampersand &amp; &#38;

" double quotation mark &quot; &#34;

' single quotation mark (apostrophe) &apos; &#39;

¢ cent &cent; &#162;

£ pound &pound; &#163;

¥ yen &yen; &#165;

€ euro &euro; &#8364;

© copyright &copy; &#169;

® registered trademark &reg; &#174;

RCA-302: WEB TECHNOLOGY

make other services to work on the basis of input it receives.

mandatory and java interpreter is optional.

Following are the client programs tat are commonly used:

RCA-302: WEB TECHNOLOGY

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non-breaking space

< less than < <

> greater than > >

& ampersand & &

" double quotation mark " "

' single quotation mark (apostrophe) ' '

¢ cent ¢ ¢

£ pound £ £

¥ yen ¥ ¥

€ euro € €

© copyright © ©

® registered trademark ® ®