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Chapter 3 - Cyclone - Revised1

A cyclone separator uses centrifugal force to remove particulate matter from gas streams. It has four main parts: an inlet, cyclone body, dust discharge system, and outlet. Gas enters tangentially and spirals around the body, forcing particles to the walls where they are collected. Cyclones are low-cost but less efficient than other particulate controls. They are often used as a pre-cleaner before more effective devices.

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59 views

Chapter 3 - Cyclone - Revised1

A cyclone separator uses centrifugal force to remove particulate matter from gas streams. It has four main parts: an inlet, cyclone body, dust discharge system, and outlet. Gas enters tangentially and spirals around the body, forcing particles to the walls where they are collected. Cyclones are low-cost but less efficient than other particulate controls. They are often used as a pre-cleaner before more effective devices.

Uploaded by

tengku nuratiqah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Topic 3: Particulate Controls –

Cyclone Separator
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¡ Low-cost method of removing particulate matter from exhaust
gas streams

¡ Not as efficient as other devices

¡ Usually installed as pre-cleaner before more effective devices

¡ There are four major parts to a cyclone. The inlet, the cyclone
body, the dust discharge system and the outlet.

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a) Top inlet
b) Axial inlet
c) Bottom inlet

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¡ Particles enter the device with the flowing gas
¡ The gas stream turns a number of times in a helical
pattern
¡ The repeated turnings provide many opportunities for
particles to pass through the streamlines, thus hitting
the cyclone wall.
¡ Large particles crash into the wall
¡ Collected in a hopper
¡ Where the fine particles go?
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The Classical Cyclone Design (CCD) requires knowledge on

¡ CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
¡ PRESSURE DROP
¡ CUT DIAMETER
¡ COLLECTION EFFICIENCY

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¡ The particles are forced towards the cyclone wall by the
Centrifugal Force.
¡ The centrifugal force are opposed by the drag resistance
from the gas travelling out of the cyclone.
¡ For large particles, inertial momentum overcome the drag
resistance and the particles reach the cyclone walls. Gravity
cause the particles to travel into the bottom hopper.
¡ For small particles, the drag resistance overwhelms the inertial
momentum and causes the particles to leave the cyclone with
the exiting gas.

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¡ The larger the density rp, the greater the force, F.
¡ The larger particles dp, are more easily to be collected.
¡ This is why smaller cyclones are more efficient for collection of
smaller sized particles.

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A cyclone pressure drop results from the following factors:

1. Loss of pressure due to gas expansion as it enters the cyclone


2. Loss of pressure due to vortex formation
3. Loss of pressure due to wall friction
4. Regain of rotational kinetic energy as pressure energy

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¡ The cut diameter Dpc is defined as the size (diameter) of particles collected with 50% collection
efficiency.
¡ Cut diameter is one of the important indexes for evaluating dust performance in a cyclone
separator
¡ Collection efficiency for particles larger than Dpc will be greater than 50% while for smaller
particles than Dpc will be less.

Particle size > Dpc Collection efficiency >50%


Particle size < Dpc Collection efficiency< 50%

¡ The smaller the cut diameter in a cyclone separator, the better is its dust performance.

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¡ A frequently used expression for cut diameter is

Air viscosity = 1.983 x 10-5 kg/m-s

e.g. particle density of rubber wood is 600kg/m3

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Dp is the average particle size. e.g. if the size is in the range 10 -15µm, Dp = 12.5µm

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¡ A cyclone 100cm in diameter carrying a gas (essentially air) at
120oC with an inlet velocity of 10 m/sec removes 12.5µm
particles with 50% efficiency. Estimate the collection
efficiency of particles size range 20-30µm by using Lapple
diagram.

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¡ Removal efficiency of a cyclone for a given size particle is
very dependent on the cyclone dimensions.

¡ The overall length determines the number of turns of the


vortex. The greater the number of turns, the greater the
efficiency.

¡ The length and width of the inlet are also important, since
the smaller the inlet, the greater the inlet velocity
becomes.

¡ A greater inlet velocity gives greater efficiency but also


increases the pressure drop.

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¡ Small cyclones are more efficient than large
cyclones but have a higher pressure drop and are
limited with respect to volumetric flow rates.

¡ Stacking cyclones in series or in parallel can provide


further alternatives for improving overall collection
efficiency.

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¡ In sawmills to separate sawdust
¡ Oil refineries to separate oils and gases.
¡ Use extensively after spray drying (producing
dry powder from slurry) in food industry
¡ Smaller cyclones can be used to separate
airborne particles for analysis.

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1. Simple construction

2. No moving components

3. Little maintenance

4. Low investment and functioning costs


5. Temperature and pressure limitation are only dependent on the
materials of construction
6. Saves room

7. Dry collection and disposal

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High pressure drop (0.5 - 2.5 kPa), depending on of the construction
version

Low output for low particle diameter

Unable to handle sticky or tacky materials

Possibly noise nuisance

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