Geometric Series Test Conditions Converges Diverges No Conc.

𝑎(1 − 𝑟 )
𝑎𝑟 = Nth term 𝐴𝑛𝑦 𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ lim 𝑢 ≠ 0 N/A lim 𝑎 ≠ 0 lim 𝑎 = 0
1−𝑟 → →

𝑎 1
𝑎𝑟 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝑟| < 1 P-series 𝑝>1 N/A N/A
1−𝑟 𝑛
Telescoping Series 𝑎
lim = 𝐿 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛;
Ratio → 𝑎 𝐿<1 𝐿>1 𝐿=1
(𝑢 − 𝑢 ) 𝑜𝑟 (𝑢 −𝑢 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑛!, 2 , 𝑛
lim (𝑎 ) = 𝐿 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛;
Root → 𝐿<1 𝐿>1 𝐿=1
(𝑢 − 𝑢 ) = lim (𝑢 − 𝑢 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 2 , 𝑛
→
𝑖) 𝑎 > 0
Useful Results Alt series (−1) 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 (−1) 𝑎 𝑖𝑖) 𝑎 < 𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑑𝑜𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑂𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑖𝑖) ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠
(𝑛 + 1)! = (𝑛 + 1)𝑛! 𝑖𝑖𝑖) lim 𝑎 = 0 (𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑁𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚)
→
lim 𝑎 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 & 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
→
𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑎)
lim 𝑛 = 1 𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
→ 𝑛+1
lim 𝑟 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 − 1 < 𝑟 < 1
→ 𝑑
lim 1 + = 𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ∈ ℝ 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑖𝑠 𝑅: 𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑛𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑎)
→ 𝑑𝑥
lim = 0, lim = ∞ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 > 1 𝐼𝑓 |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝑅 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 Result Both the ‘differentiated’ and ‘integrated’
→ →
𝐼𝑓 |𝑥 − 𝑎| > 𝑅 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 Both series above have the same radius of
lim = 0, lim = ∞ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛼 > 0 Interval of convergence is the set of x convergence as the original series
→ →
! for which the power series converge𝑠
lim = 0, lim = ∞ 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ∈ ℝ 𝑇𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
→ ! →
!
Ste𝑝 1: 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓 ( )𝑎
lim = 0, lim =∞ 𝐿 = 0 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥, 𝑅 = ∞ (𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑖𝑠 𝑇𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓
→ → ! 𝑛+1
𝐼𝑓 ∑ 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∑ 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝐿 = ∞ 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑓 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎
= 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 0 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝛼, 𝛽, (𝛼𝑎 +𝛽𝑏 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠
𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠:
(𝛼𝑎 +𝛽𝑏 ) = 𝛼 𝑎 +𝛽 𝑏 𝑐 (𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑐 , 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, 𝑅 = 0
1
= 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 |𝑥| < 1
Mixed Derivative Theorem 𝐿 > 0, 𝐿 ≠ ∞, 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐿 1−𝑥
𝑓 =𝑓 < 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑅 1
Chain Rule 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝑅, 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝐿 = 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 ± 𝑅 = (−1) 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 |𝑥| < 1
1+𝑥
If z is a function of x and y and both x and y 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 − 𝑅 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑅 Interval of con.
are functions of an independent variable t, then: Converg𝑒𝑛𝑡 Converg𝑒𝑛𝑡 [𝑎 − 𝑅, 𝑎 + 𝑅] 1
Converg𝑒𝑛𝑡 Diverg𝑒𝑛𝑡 [𝑎 − 𝑅, 𝑎 + 𝑅) 𝑒 = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑥
𝑑𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑘
= × + × Diverg𝑒𝑛𝑡 Converg𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑎 − 𝑅, 𝑎 + 𝑅]
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡
Diverg𝑒𝑛𝑡 Diverg𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑎 − 𝑅, 𝑎 + 𝑅) (−1)
If z is a function of x and y and both x and y are sin(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑥
functions of independent variables s, t, then: L’Hospital’s rule (2𝑘 + 1)!
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥) (−1)
= × + × 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = × + × lim = lim cos(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑥
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡 → 𝑔(𝑥) → 𝑔′(𝑥)
(2𝑘)!
Tangent & Normal Directional Derivative
Linear Approximation at point (𝑥 , 𝑦 ): 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑢 = 𝑢 𝑖 + 𝑢 𝑗, (−1)
ln(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 |𝑥| < 1
= 𝑓(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) + 𝑓 (𝑥 , 𝑦 )(𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + 𝑓 (𝑥 , 𝑦 )(𝑦 − 𝑦 ) 𝐷 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑢 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) + 𝑢 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑘
A vector equation of the tangent plane at P(a, b, f(a, b)) is: 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑢
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 = ⋅ 1
𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑎 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑢 ln(1 − 𝑥) = − 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 |𝑥| < 1
𝑟 ⋅ 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) ⋅ 𝑏 𝑘
Double integrals over rectangles
−1 −1 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) 𝛼
An equation of the normal line at P(a, b, f(a, b)) is: 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 |𝑥| < 1
𝑎 𝑘
𝑥 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑦 = 𝑏 + 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑡, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ 𝛼 𝛼(𝛼 − 1)(𝛼 − 2). . (𝛼 − 𝑘 + 1)
= 𝑎(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑏(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑧 𝑓(𝑎, 𝑏) −1 𝑘 𝑘!
𝛼
Local Maxima/Minima Double integrals over general regions 𝑘 = 1,2, . . . 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =1
If 𝑓 has a local maximum/minimum at an interior 0
Type I Domain {(x, y): a ≤ x ≤ b,
point (𝑎, 𝑏) of its domain, then 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) = g(x) ≤ y ≤ h(x)} (−1)
tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 |𝑥| ≤ 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 0 ( ) 2𝑘 + 1
(critical point) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝑇𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 (𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒) 𝑛
( )
Derivative Test for Nature of Critical Points Type II Domain {(x, y): c ≤ y ≤ d, 𝑓 ( )𝑎
Let (𝑎, 𝑏) be a critical point of f and let: 𝑃 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑎)
g(y) ≤ x ≤ h(y)} 𝑘!
𝐷=𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏)𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) − (𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏)) ( ) n − degree polynomial approximation for
𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑖𝑓 𝐷 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) < 0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 f near x = a
𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑖𝑓 𝐷 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (𝑎, 𝑏) > 0 ( )
Double integrals in polar coordinates
𝑚𝑎𝑥 Change of Order of Integration: (r, θ): g(θ) ≤ r ≤ h(θ)
𝑓 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑡 (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑖𝑓 𝐷 < 0 (𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡) Draw the domain of integration: Polar Regions ,
𝑚𝑖𝑛 and α ≤ θ ≤ β
𝐼𝑓 𝐷 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 If given integral is of Type I, rewrite as Type II etc
Lagrange Multipliers Type I Type II 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 =
The maximum/minimum value of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) subject to
( )
constraint 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 occurs at a point (𝑥, 𝑦) such that: 𝑓(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ, 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ) 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑θ
𝑓 = 𝜆𝑔 , 𝑓 = 𝜆𝑔 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜆 ( )
𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟 (r, θ): a ≤ r ≤ b
Polar Rectangles ,
More generally, to find extrema of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) and α ≤ θ ≤ β
subject to: 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑘,
𝑤𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠:
𝛻𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝜆𝛻𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) [𝑠𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑘 Volume between two solids
Gradient The volume of the solid between two surfaces 𝑧 =
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑧 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑧 = ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) over a region D on the 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧): plane , where ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) ≥ 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) on 𝐷 , is
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦:
𝛻𝑓 =(𝑓 , 𝑓 , 𝑓 ) ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴
 Line integrals of vector fields Motion along space curves
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐹 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐶: 𝑟(𝑡), 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑓 (𝑡) 𝑓 (𝑡)
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡) ; 𝑟 (𝑡) = 𝑔 (𝑡) ; 𝑟 (𝑡) = 𝑔 (𝑡)
𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐹(𝑟(𝑡)) ⋅ 𝑟′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐹𝑇𝐶 𝛻𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝐹 𝑟(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑟(𝑎))
ℎ(𝑡) ℎ (𝑡) ℎ (𝑡)
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝐹 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝐶 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 Position Velocity Acceleration
𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑏 Integrals of Vector Valued Functions:
2𝐷 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑖 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑗, 𝐶: 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑡)𝑗 𝑟(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑖 + 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑗 ℎ(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑘
𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) ⋅ 𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑄 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) ⋅ 𝑦 (𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 Tangent Lines at the point where 𝑡 = 𝑡 :
𝑓(𝑡 ) 𝑓′(𝑡 )
3𝐷 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑖 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑗 + 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑘
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑡)𝑗 + 𝑧(𝑡)𝑘 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑔(𝑡 ) + 𝑡 𝑔′(𝑡 ) , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
ℎ(𝑡 ) ℎ′(𝑡 )
𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑟 = Differentiation rules
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑣(𝑡)) = 𝑢′(𝑡) + 𝑣′(𝑡) 𝐶=0
𝑃(𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑧(𝑡)) ⋅ 𝑥 (𝑡) + 𝑄 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑧(𝑡) ⋅ 𝑦 (𝑡) + 𝑅((𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑧(𝑡)) ⋅ 𝑧′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑑
Conservative fields 𝑓(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑓′(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡) + 𝑓(𝑡)𝑢′(𝑡) 𝑡 = 𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐴 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐹 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑢(𝑡) ⋅ 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑢′(𝑡) ⋅ 𝑣(𝑡) + 𝑣′(𝑡) ⋅ 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑐𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑐 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐹 = 𝛻𝑓 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠: 𝑑 𝑑
𝑢(𝑡) × 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑢′(𝑡) × 𝑣(𝑡) + 𝑣′(𝑡) × 𝑢(𝑡) 𝑢(𝑓(𝑡)) = 𝑓′(𝑡)𝑢(𝑓(𝑡))
𝐹 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑄𝑗 + 𝑅𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = 0: 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑃 = 𝑄 , 𝑄 = 𝑅 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 = 𝑃 Parametric Equations
𝐹 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑄𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛: 𝑃 = 𝑄 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴(𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ):
(1 − 𝑡)𝑥 + 𝑡𝑥
Line integrals of Conservative vector fields
𝐼𝑓 𝐹 = 𝛻𝑓; 𝐶: 𝑟(𝑡), 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟(𝑎)𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑟(𝑏), 𝑟(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑡)𝑦 + 𝑡𝑦 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 1
(1 − 𝑡)𝑧 + 𝑡𝑧
∫ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑓 𝑟(𝑏) − 𝑓 𝑟(𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 ∮ 𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑟 = 0
𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = 1 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
Green’s theorem for 2D fields Vector Functions Circular Arcs
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑄𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶: 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑡)𝑗, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑟(𝑡) = ,𝛼 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝛽
𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐹 ⋅ 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑗 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝛼, 𝛽 (𝑒𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑟, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (−𝑟, 0) 𝛼 = 0, 𝛽 = 𝜋
𝑟(𝑦) = ℎ(𝑦)𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 Arc Length
𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛′𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚: ∮ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ − 𝑑𝐴 𝑟(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑘 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑖 + 𝑔(𝑡) 𝑗 + ℎ(𝑡) 𝑘, 𝑎 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 𝑖𝑠
𝐼𝑓 𝑄 − 𝑃 = 1 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛: 𝑟(𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑔(𝑦, 𝑧)𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘
𝑟(𝑥, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑧)𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 𝐿= 𝑓′(𝑡) + 𝑔′(𝑡) + ℎ′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = |𝑟(𝑡)| 𝑑𝑡
1
𝐴= 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏 𝑖𝑠
Curl & Divergence Smooth Curves
𝐿= 1 + 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑖 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑗 + 𝑅(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑘
𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑃 𝑟 (𝑡) ≠ 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡 Line integrals
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = 𝛻 × 𝐹 = − 𝑖+ − 𝑗+ − 𝑘 𝑟 (𝑡) 𝑖𝑠
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑄 𝜕𝑅 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2𝐷 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡) (𝑥 (𝑡)) + (𝑦 (𝑡)) 𝑑𝑡
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐹 = 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐹 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3𝐷 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑥(𝑡), 𝑦(𝑡), 𝑧(𝑡) 𝑥′(𝑡) + 𝑦′(𝑡) + 𝑧′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
Calculus Formulae
Function Derivative Function Integral Parametric Surfaces
(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑥(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑖 + 𝑦(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑗 + 𝑧(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑘
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑛(𝑓′(𝑥)) 𝑓(𝑥) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶(𝑛 ≠ 1)
(𝑛 + 1)𝑎 𝑧 = 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑟(𝑢, 𝑣) = 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑣𝑗 + 𝑔(𝑢, 𝑣)𝑘
1 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑟(𝑢 , 𝑣 ) = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘
sin(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓′(𝑥) ⋅ cos(𝑓(𝑥)) sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 − cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶 𝐴 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 = 𝑟 × 𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 (𝑢 , 𝑣 )
𝑎 𝑥
1
cos(𝑓(𝑥)) −𝑓′(𝑥) ⋅ sin(𝑓(𝑥)) cos(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 (sin(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝐶 𝐴 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑟 ⋅ 𝑛 = 𝑦 ⋅ 𝑛
𝑎 𝑧
1
tan(𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑓′(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (𝑓(𝑥)) tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 ln|sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)| + 𝐶 Calculus Rules
𝑎
1 csc(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) Differentiation Integration
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑓 ′(𝑥) 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑓 (𝑥) csc(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 − ln +𝐶 (𝑓𝑔) = 𝑓 𝑔 + 𝑔′𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑔 + 𝑔′𝑓
𝑎 + cot(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
1 sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) (𝑓 ⋅ 𝑔) = 𝑓 (𝑔) ⋅ 𝑔′ 𝑔 𝑔
sec f (x) 𝑓 ′(𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑓 (𝑥) sec(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 ln +𝐶 If y is a function of x and g(y) is a 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 + tan(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)
1 function of y, then
cot f (x) −𝑓′(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (𝑓(𝑥)) cot(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥 ln|csc(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)| + 𝐶 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) ⋅ 𝑔 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑎 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑔′(𝑦)
1 ( 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 ( )
𝑓′(𝑥)𝑒 ( ) 𝑒( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 )
+𝐶 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑎 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑓′(𝑥) 1 1 = ÷ & = ÷
ln f (x) 𝑑𝑥 ln|𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| + 𝐶 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑓(𝑥) (𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑎 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑓′(𝑥) 1 𝑥+𝑏
𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝐶 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 − (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑎 + (𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑏) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓′(𝑥) −1 𝑥+𝑏 Trigonometric identities
𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑓(𝑥)) − 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 +𝐶
1 − (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑎 + (𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 − 1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝐴 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝐴 − 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝐴)
𝑓′(𝑥) 1 1 𝑥+𝑏 1 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 +𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝐴 1
1 + (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑎 + (𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝐴)
Vectors 2
Polar notation
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝜃 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑢 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣 𝑦
𝑃 = (𝑥, 𝑦) ≡ (𝑟, 𝜃) 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
|𝑢| = 𝑥 +𝑦 +𝑧 |𝑢 − 𝑣| = (𝑥 − 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 − 𝑦 ) + (𝑧 − 𝑧 ) 𝑥
Scalar (Dot) Product 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ≡ 𝑟
𝑢⋅𝑣 =𝑥 𝑥 +𝑦 𝑦 +𝑧 𝑧 𝑢 ⋅ 𝑢 = |𝑢| 𝑢⋅𝑣 𝑟 =𝑥 +𝑦
cos 𝜃 = = 𝑓(𝜃)
𝑢 ⋅ 𝑣 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 ⊥ 𝑣 𝑢 = 𝜆𝑣 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 ∥ 𝑣 |𝑢||𝑣|
Vector (cross) Product
|𝑢 × 𝑣| = |𝑢||𝑣|sin 𝜃 (𝑢 × 𝑣) ⊥ 𝑢 & 𝑣 𝑢 × 𝑢 = 0 𝑖 × 𝑗 = 𝑘, 𝑗 × 𝑘 = 𝑖, 𝑘 × 𝑖 = 𝑗
𝑢 × 𝑣 = (𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑦 𝑧 )𝑖 + (𝑧 𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑥 )𝑗 + 𝑦𝑥 −𝑥 𝑦 𝑘