KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA-04,MAHARAJPURA

BIOLOGY INVASTIGATORY PTOJECT

DRUG ADDICTION
(2022-2023)
SUBMITED BY:-
SALONI PATSARIYA

CLASS:-12TH ‘B’
CBSE ROLL NO.:
 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THIS ‘BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT’ON THE ‘DRUG ADDICTION’ HAS
BEEN SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED BY SALONI PATSARIYA OF CLASS XII-A UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MR.VIJAY NARAYAN IN PARTICULAR FULFILMENT OF THE CIRRICULUM OF THE CENTRAL SECONDARY
EDUCATION {CBSE} LEADING TO THE AWARD OF ANNUAL EXAMINATION OF THE YEAR 2022-23

TEACHER IN CHARGE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 acknwledgement
This is to acknowledge that this investigatory project would not have been successful
without the help of the source that are mention below.
It was a great opportunity making this investigatory project so at the onset a very great
thanks to our respected subject teacher Mrs Namita Deka (ma’am) without her guidance
this investigatory project would not have been possible. Lastly I would like to thank our
parents who really helped us in each and every movement, friends and everyone who is
directly or indirectly associated with the completion of this investigatory project of
biology
 contents
 ABSTRACT
 Classification of Drugs
 SOME HARMFUL DRUGS
 How drug addiction Begin?
 Smoking, Drinking and Use of Drugs
 Short-Term Effects
 Long-Term Effects
 HARMED CAUSED BY DRUGS
 Tobacco
 Effect of Nicotine
 Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke
 Alcohol
 Impact of Drinking Alcohol
 Health Problems
 CONCLUSIONS
 ABSTRACT
 Drug abuse, also called substance abuse or chemical abuse, is a disorder that
is characterized by a destructive pattern of using a substance that leads to
significant problems or distress. Teens are increasingly engaging in prescription
drug abuse, particularly narcotics (which are prescribed to relieve severe pain),
and stimulant medications, which treat conditions like attention deficit disorder
and narcolepsy.
 Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, all aviation
or treatment of a disease is called a drug. Drug is also known as a medicine.
Generally, the term drugs applied to any stimulating or depressing substance
that can be habituating or addictive. A drug, broadly speaking, can be
categorized in many ways; hard or soft, uppers or downers, addictive or non-
addictive, most harmful or least harmful, legal or illegal.
 Classification of Drugs
There are a large number of drugs on which people become dependent. These are classifies into four major groups: sedatives and tranquillizers, opiate
narcotics, stimulations and hallucinogens.
 SOME HARMFUL DRUGS
1. Heroin:
Commonly used as smack Heroin is chemically
diacetylmorphine which is a white, odorless, bitter
crystalline compound. This is obtained by acetylation of
morphine which is extracted from latex of poppy plant
Papaver somniferum. Generally taken by snorting and
injection, heroin is a depressant and slows down body
function.
2. Cannabinoids:
Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the
inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa. The flower
tops, leaves and the resin of the plant are used in
various combinations to produce marijuana, hashish,
charas and ganja. Generally taken by inhalation and oral
ingestion, these are known for their effects on
cardiovascular system of the body.
3. Cocaine:
It is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native
to South America. It interferes with the transport of the
neuro-transmitter dopamine. Cocaine, commonly called
coke or crack is usually snorted. It has the potent
stimulating action on central nervous system, producing
sense of euphoria and increased energy. Excessive
dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations.
 How drug addiction Begin?
 There are many factors that lead people to drug addiction.
 1. Curiosity: Frequent references to drugs by public media create curiosity for having a
personal experience of the drugs.
 2. Friend’s pressure: Frequent appreciation of drug experience by friends allures others
to start the use of drugs.
 3. Frustration and Depression: Some people start taking drugs to get relief from
frustration and depression.
 4. Desire for More Work: Students sometimes take drugs to keep awake the whole night
to prepare for examination. It is not desirable as it may cause mental breakdown.
 5. Looking for a Different World: A wrong notion that the drugs open up a new world
tempts some young pupils to start taking-drugs.
 6. Relief from Pain: A prolonged use of pain-relieving drugs with physician’s advice at
times leads to addiction.
 7. Family History: Children may take to drugs by seeing their elders in the family.
 8. Excitement and Adventure: The young take to drugs to satisfy their instinct for
excitement and adventure
Smoking, Drinking and Use of Drugs
Smoking and drinking and use of drugs frequently or regularly
are social diseases. Young people take to these habits for fun,
show off or curiosity, as an adventure or feeling of freedom, or
as a gesture of defiance against the elders who themselves
indulge in these activities but check the youngsters. Temporary
escape from the life problems and mental relaxation felt on
taking the drugs in the beginning increase people’s interest in
them. Soon they become habitual and find in difficult to leave.
The daily dose to get the desired effect increases with time.
 Short-Term Effects
 • Loss of appetite
 • Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature
 • Contracted blood vessels
 • Increased rate of breathing
 • Dilated pupils
 • Disturbed sleep patterns
 • Nausea
 • Hyperstimulation
 • Bizarre, erratic, sometimes violent behavior
 • Hallucinations, hyperexcitability, irritability
 • Tactile hallucination that creates the illusion of bugs burrowing under the skin
 • Intense euphoria
 • Anxiety and paranoia
 • Depression
 • Intense drug craving
 • Panic and psychosis
 • Convulsions, seizures and sudden death from high doses (even one time)
 Long-Term Effects
 Permanent damage to blood vessels of ear and brain, high blood pressure, leading to
heart attacks, strokes and death
 • Liver, kidney and lung damage
 • Respiratory failure
 • Infectious diseases and abscesses if injected
 • Malnutrition, weight loss
 • Auditory and tactile hallucinations
 • Sexual problems, reproductive damage and infertility (for both men and women)
 • Disorientation, apathy, confused exhaustion
 • Irritability and mood disturbances
 • Increased frequency of risky behavior
 • Delirium or psychosis
 • Severe depression
 • Tolerance and addiction (even after just one use)
HARMED CAUSED BY DRUGS
 Tobacco
 Sources:
 It is a native of South Africa, where the Red Indian first started
smoking. Now the tobacco plant has spread the world over. It has
large, quote to Lancelot leaves and terminal clusters of tubular,
white or pink flowers.
 Modes of Use:
 Tobacco is used for smoking, chewing and snuffing. Its main
stimulating component is poisonous volatile alkaid nicotine, which
causes addiction. Nicotine synthesis occurs in the roots of the
plant but it is stored in the leaves. The leaves contain 2 to 8%
nicotine. Inhaling tobacco smoke from cigars, cigarettes, biddies,
pipes and hubble-bubble is called smoking. Cigar is a roll of
tobacco leaf. Cigarette is cut tobacco wrapped in paper. Bidi is
tobacco wrapped. In a piece of leaf. Tobacco smoke is drawn
directly from pipe and through water is hubble-bubble. Smoking
may give some temporary relief to the strained nerves but in the
long run it proves a dangerous health hazard. The quantity of
nicotine contained in one cigar may prove fatal if injected
intravenously into a person. When smoked only 10% of the smoke
is inhaled. Hence, no immediate ill effect is observed. Smokers
may develop a physiological craving for nicotine and then they
cannot give up smoking.
 Effect of Nicotine:
 Nicotine is a low concentration.
 (i) Stimulates conduction of nerve impulses.
 (ii) Relaxes the muscles.
 (iii) Releases adrenaline, increasing heart beat rate
and pressure.
 (iv) Increased blood pressure due to smoking chances
the risk of heart diseases.
 (v) Retards fetal growth in expecting mothers and
 (vi) Causes tobacco addiction. High concentration of
nicotine paralyses nerve cells.
Harmful components of Tobacco Smoke:
 Besides the poisonous nicotine, the tobacco smoke contains carbon-monoxide,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tar.
 Other Effects:
 (i) Smoking affects economy:
 A smoker not only waste money, but also runs risk of burns and fires.
 (ii) Smoking mars personality:
 Teeth may become stained. Lips may get discolored and breath becomes foul. A
person with a cigarette hanging from the mouth look odd.
 (iii) Smoking is annoying to others:
 Cigarette smoke is quite annoying to non-smokers. It may prove even more
harmful to them. A smoker should avoid smoking. When in the company of non
smokers. A smoker makes the nearby people passive smokers through inhaling
smoke released by him.
 Alcohol
 An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol,
commonly known as alcohol, although in chemistry the
definition of alcohol includes many other compounds.
Ethanol is a centrally-acting drug with a depressant
effect. Beer is an alcoholic beverage and thus has the
same harmful effects as other kinds of alcohol,
depending on the quantity consumed
 Reasons for Drinking:
 • Psychological factors are curiosity, poor stress
control, escape from reality, poor impulse control, low
self – esteem, positive attitudes towards alcohol, to get
rid of problems, to overcome loneliness, relief from
tension and to gain courage.
 • Social factors are peer pressure, modeling, easy
availability of alcohol in the market, party culture, family
environment (Parent/s drinking alcohol), lack of family
support, to keep up social norms and to show their
masculinity.
Impact of Drinking Alcohol
 Unlike other foods, alcohol does not require digestion. When one drinks, alcohol is
absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the walls of the stomach and the
intestine.
 Once alcohol enters the bloodstream it circulates throughout the body. Alcohol is
metabolized in the liver and is changed to carbon dioxide, water and some calories
of energy which gets converted into fat. A small amount of alcohol goes out of the
body through breath, urine and sweat. Regular, excessive use of alcohol causes
acute and chronic problems related to health, occupation, family and social
relationships.
 Health Problems:
 Alcohol can damage every system of our body.
 Gastro intestinal system (stomach and intestines): Increased acid secretion leading to acidity, ulcers, gastritis, and
cancer
 Liver : Hepatitis, jaundice and vomiting of blood due to cirrhosis of liver, liver cancer, acute liver failure.
 Pancreas : Pancreatic damage due to inflammation of pancreas and acute pancreatitis leading to sudden death.
 Central nervous system: (brain and spinal cord): Permanent damage of brain resulting in memory disturbances,
other nervous problems, fits and mental illnesses.
 Cardio vascular system: High blood pressure, increased tendency to heart attacks, enlargement of the heart.
 Hangovers: Excessive drinking can lead to hangovers, thus causing problems like headache, nausea, vomit and
body aches.
 Weight gain: alcohol consumption in larger quantities can lead to weight gain, because alcoholic beverages are
usually high in calories.
 Weak immune system: alcohol consumption makes your immune system weak, thus making your body more
susceptible to infections.
 Cancer: alcohol when consumed in excessive quantities puts you at a higher risk of developing cancer
 Fetal alcohol syndrome: Drinking alcohol in pregnancy may cause the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (physical
abnormalities, growth retardation and developmental delay).
CONCLUSIONS