Exam in Antenna Theory

Time: 18 March 2010, at 8.00–13.00.

1. a) If the complex electric field is denoted E(r), find the corresponding instantaneous (time-
dependent) electric field E(r,t). (1p)
b) The array factor of a N-element uniform array can be written

sin N2 ψ


AF =
,
sin 21 ψ

where ψ = kd cos θ + β is the progressive (total) phase shift. Specify the condition for β
for a
i) broadside array; ii) end-fire-array; iii) phased (or scanning) array. (2p)
c) A half-wavelength dipole has the input impedance (73 + j42.5) Ω. What is the input
impedance of a quarter-wavelength monopole placed directly above an infinite perfect
electric conductor? (1p)
d) A folded half-wavelength dipole has an input resistance of approximately
i) 50 Ω; ii) 75 Ω; iii) 150 Ω; iv) 300 Ω; v) 600 Ω (1p)

2. Consider a very thin finite length dipole of length l which is symmetrically positioned about
the origin with its length directed along the z axis according to the figure. In the far-field region
the condition that the maximum phase error should be less than π /8 defines the inner boundary
of that region to be r = 2l 2 /λ . For r ≤ 2l 2 /λ , we are in the radiating near-field region and
the far-field approximation is not valid. By allowing a maximum phase error of less than π /8,
show that the inner boundary of this region is at r = 0.62 l 3 /λ .
p

Hint: The vector potential is given by

µ e− jkR ′
Z
A= Ie (x′ , y′ , z′ ) dl .
4π R
Expand R, where the higher order terms become more important as the distance to the antenna
decreases. Note that r′ = z′ ẑ.
z
R
l/2
r
r θ
y

φ
x

−l/2

Continued. P.t.o.→

1
3. An infinitesimal horizontal electric dipole of length l and constant electric current I0 is placed
parallel to the y axis a height h = λ /2 above an infinite electric ground plane.
a) Find the spherical E- and H-field components radiated by the dipole in the far-zone.
b) Find the angles of all the nulls of the total field.

4. A four-element uniform array has its elements placed along the z axis with distance d = λ /2
between them according to the figure below.
sin(2ψ )
a) Derive the array factor and show that it can be written as , where ψ is the
sin(ψ /2)
progressive phase shift between the elements.
b) In order to obtain maximum radiation along the direction θ = 0◦ , where θ is measured
from the positive z axis, determine the progressive phase shift ψ .
c) Find all the nulls of the array factor.

y
d

x
d

5. Two identical constant current loops with radius a are placed a distance d apart according to
the figure below. Determine the smallest radius a and the smallest separation d so that nulls are
formed in the directions θ = 0◦ , 60◦ , 90◦ , 120◦ , and 180◦ , where θ is the angle measured from
the positive z axis.
z

a
y
d

x a

6. Design a linear array of isotropic elements placed along the z axis such that the nulls of the
array factor occur at θ = 60◦ , θ = 90◦ , and θ = 120◦ . Assume that the elements are spaced a
distance d = λ /4 apart and that β = 45◦ .
a) Sketch and label the visible region on the unit circle.
b) Find the required number of elements.
c) Determine the excitation coefficients.
N
Hint: The array factor of an N-element linear array is given by AF = ∑ an ej(n−1)ψ , where
n=1
ψ = kd cos θ + β . Use the representation z = ejψ .