Vol. 15 | No.

1 |108-115| January - March | 2022

ISSN: 0974-1496 | e-ISSN: 0976-0083 | CODEN: RJCABP
http://www.rasayanjournal.com
http://www.rasayanjournal.co.in

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES FROM

KEPOK BANANA PEEL WASTE (Musa paradisiaca F.) AS
ALTERNATIVE FUEL
Supriadi, S. Rahmawati, P. H. Abram, Afadil, N.G.A.M. Parwati
and Anggraini
Department of Mathematic's and Natural Sciences Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and
Education, Tadulako University, Jl. Soekarno Hatta Km 9 City of Palu, 94118, Central Sulawesi,
Indonesia

Corresponding Author: sittirahmawati.q3a@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Banana peel is a biomass waste that has the potential to be used as charcoal briquettes. Banana peels contain
lignocellulose, including 58.5% lignin, 41.8% cellulose and 38.1% hemicellulose, which are the main ingredients that
must be present in the raw material for charcoal briquettes. This study aims to identify the characteristics of charcoal
briquettes produced based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The adhesive used is sago flour with a
concentration of 5%, 10%, and 15% in 100 g of charcoal briquette raw material. The results obtained were the best
adhesive concentration used, namely 5%. By testing, it obtained several characteristics that meet the SNI, including a
density of 0.5957 g/cm3, a compressive strength of 4.8920 kg/cm2, and a calorific value of 10,815.9437 cal/g. At the
same time, the characteristics that did not meet SNI were water content of 8.465%, ash content of 27.850%, volatile
matter content of 46.967% and bound carbon content of 25.183%.
Keywords: Banana Peels, Charcoal Briquettes, Sago Flour.
RASĀYAN J. Chem., Vol. 15, No.1, 2022

INTRODUCTION
The main energy source used by humans is fossil fuels which were formed thousands of years ago and are
non-renewable energy. The need for fossil energy increases along with the increasing human population
and also the development of technology. In other words, if it is used continuously with an increasing
amount, it is possible that there will be a scarcity of energy sources that can even be depleted. 1 An alternative
to reducing the use of fossil fuels is urgently needed. One of them is making charcoal briquettes from
biomass. Biomass has the potential to be processed into alternative energy sources with relatively large
energy content, such as rambutan peel waste and durian skin waste. 2,3 Other solid organic waste (biomass)
which is very abundant and underutilized, one of which is banana peel waste, especially the kepok banana
(Musa paradisiaca F.). Kepok banana is a type of banana that is more delicious to eat after processing. In
the processing in Palu City, many Kepok bananas are used as snacks such as fried bananas, chips and banana
sticks. Banana peels can be used as compost, bioethanol raw material, animal feed, and charcoal briquettes.
However, in Palu City, the banana peel produced from this processing is underutilized, so it only becomes
waste.
The criteria that must be owned by a plant to become an energy fuel are cellulose and lignin content. 4 The
main ingredient that must be contained in the charcoal briquette raw material is lignocellulose.
Lignocellulose consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The lignocellulose content in banana peels
belonging to biomass includes 38.1% hemicellulose, 58.5% lignin and 41.8% cellulose.5 The adhesive
material used is sago flour. The content of sago flour as an adhesive material includes 27% amylose and
73% amylopectin. Amylose is hard, while amylopectin is sticky, so it is good to use for bonding. 5 The
advantage of charcoal briquettes is that the materials used are easy to obtain because of the abundant and
little to develop biomass waste. By making charcoal briquettes, it is hoped that it will be able to reduce
waste to become an environmentally friendly alternative fuel. The method of making briquettes is also
relatively easy and economical and uses simple tools. Based on the above background, research using
Rasayan J. Chem., 15(1), 108-115(2022)
http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2022.1516607 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 license.
 Vol. 15 | No. 1 |108-115| January - March | 2022

Kepok banana peel waste to be used as a charcoal briquette material using sago flour as an adhesive aim to
identify the characteristics of charcoal briquettes from Kepok banana peels based on the Indonesian
National Standard.
EXPERIMENTAL
Tools and Materials
The tools used in this study were large paint cans, digital balance, mortar and pestle, oven, desiccator, watch
glass, 70 mesh sieve, briquette printer, measuring cup, beaker, spatula, container (basin), calorimeter bomb,
calorimeter, spoon, gegep, stopwatch, and Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The materials used in this
research were banana peel waste, sago flour and sufficient water.

Making Charcoal
Charcoal used is charcoal from the banana peel of Kepok. Kepok banana peels are cleaned first and then
dried in the sun for 4 days to dry. The place to make charcoal is to use a large tin with a hole in the lid about
15 cm. Banana peel that is dry is put a little into the tin to start the fire. After burning well, another banana
peel is put to the full and closed. The banana peel is allowed to burn until it becomes charcoal, which is
indicated by no more smoke coming out. The charcoal obtained is weighed, then mashed and sieved using
a 70 mesh sieve. The charcoal that has been sieved is weighed as much as 100 g of the adhesive variation
used.

Making Charcoal Briquettes

The making of charcoal briquettes uses various adhesive concentrations, namely 5%, 10%, and 15% in 100
g of banana peel charcoal. Sago weighed by Table 1 is inserted into the basin, then added 25 mL of water
and stirred until well mixed. Heat 50 mL of water in a measuring cup to a boil and enter the sago that has
been mixed with water before. Stirred until it forms a gel then put in a bowl containing 100 g of charcoal
flour and stir until well mixed. The mixture is put into a charcoal briquette mold and pressed until it is solid.
Charcoal briquettes that have been printed are dried in the sun for ± 4 days.

Table-1: Comparison of the Mass of the Adhesive with the Volume of Water Used
No. Adhesives Concentration (%) Adhesive Material Mass (g) Water Volume (mL)
1 5 3.75 75
2 10 7.50 75
3 15 11.25 75

Testing of Charcoal Briquettes

Briquettes produced are tested to determine the quality in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard
(SNI). The main parameters of the briquette product quality test studied in this study were density,
compressive strength, moisture content, ash content, volatile substance content, bonded carbon content and
heating value.

Density of Charcoal Briquette

The principle of determining density or specific gravity is expressed in the results of the ratio between the
weight and volume of charcoal briquettes using the formula ASTM D440-86, namely 6:
( )
Density= (1)
( )

Compressive Strength of Charcoal Briquettes

A sample of briquettes under test is placed horizontally in the compression test fixture and is subjected to
load until the charcoal briquettes cracks. The compressive strength is calculated based on the following
formula: 2, 5
( )
Kt (kg / cm2) = (2)
( )
Kt = Compressive strength (kg / cm2)
F = Compressive force (N)
109
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES Supriadi et al.
 Vol. 15 | No. 1 |108-115| January - March | 2022

A = Sectional area (cm2)

1 kg /𝑐𝑚 = 9.807 N /𝑐𝑚

Moisture Content of Charcoal Briquettes

Content in principle is to evaporate part of the free water contained in the briquette until a balance of water
content is achieved with the surrounding air. The formula used to determine water content based on SNI
06-3730-1995 (Table-3) is as follows:
Moisture Content (%) = × 100% (3)
W1 = Loss of sample weight (g)
W2 = Sample weight (g)

The method of testing the moisture content is that the cup to be used is put in an oven at a temperature of
105°C until the weight of the plate is constant ± 30 minutes and cooled in a desiccator then weighed as the
weight of an empty cup. The charcoal briquette sample was put in as much as 2 g into a cup then oven for
30 minutes at a temperature of 105°C. After that, it is cooled in a desiccator and then weighed. Repeat steps
until sample weight are constant.

Ash Content of Charcoal Briquette

The Ash Content in charcoal briquettes consists of minerals that cannot be lost or evaporated during the
washing process. Ash content is calculated based on SNI 06-3730-1995 (Table-3) as follows:
Ash Content (%) = × 100% (4)
W1 = Ash weight (g)
W2 = Sample weight (g)
The ash content test is the plates to be used in an oven with a temperature of 105°C for 30 minutes until the
weight of the plates is constant. Then cooled in a desiccator and weighed. Put 1 g of the charcoal briquette
sample into the cup. Furthermore, the plate containing the sample is put into a furnace with a temperature
of 600°C for 3 hours. After that, it is cooled in a desiccator and the resulting ash is weighed.

Volatile Content of Charcoal Briquettes

Levels of volatile substances are obtained by evaporating all volatile substances in charcoal briquette
powder other than water. The content of volatile substances is expressed in% based on SNI 01-6235-2000
(Table-3) as follows:
Volatile Content (%) = × 100% (5)
W1 = Original sample weight (g)
W2 = Weight after heating (g)
The method of testing for volatile substances, namely the plate to be used, is oven first at 105°C for 30
minutes until the weight of the plate is constant. Then it is cooled in a desiccator and weighed. Then 1 g of
charcoal briquette sample was put into a cup and heated in a furnace at 950°C for 3 hours until the weight
was constant. After that it is cooled in a desiccator and weighed.
Bonded Carbon Content of Charcoal Briquettes
Carbon is the fraction of carbon (C) in the briquette, apart from the fraction of water, volatile substances
and ash. Bound carbon content is stated in SNI 06-3730-1995 (Table-3) as follows:
Bound carbon content (%) =(100%)-(ash content+volatile substance content)% (6)
Calorific value of Charcoal Briquettes
Calorific value test Charcoal briquettes are carried out using a bomb calorimeter. The equation used to
determine the heating value is as follows:2, 5
( × ) ( × ∗) ( × ∗ )
Calorific Value (cal/g) = (7)
110
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES Supriadi et al.
 Vol. 15 | No. 1 |108-115| January - March | 2022

C = Heat capacity of benzoic acid (cal/g)

T = Combustion temperature (℃)
Pks = Length of residual wire (cm)
Pk * = Correction of wire length (2.3 cal/cm)
𝑉 = Volume titration (mL)
𝑉∗ = Correction of the titration volume (1 cal/mL)
A = Sample mass (g)
The calorimeter tube is cleaned first. Then the empty capsule is weighed and the sample is inserted and then
weighed again. After that, the capsule was tied using a 10 cm long nichrome wire and connected to the two
electrodes of the calorimeter bomb. The prepared sample was put into the calorimeter bomb and closed
tightly. Then O2 gas is injected into the calorimeter bomb until the pressure is 30 atm then put into a bucket
filled with 2 liters of water. The hamber calorimeter bomb is closed and connected to the electrode and
stirrer cable to the operating system. The operating system is switched on by pressing the on button, then
the temperature is set to zero and pressing the fire button marked sample burning begins, then the
temperature is recorded every 15 seconds. The calorimeter bomb is removed from the chamber, then the
gas is removed (until it is completely used up) and opened the lid. The remaining wire that is burned is
measured and the combustion results are rinsed with distilled water and collected in the erlenmeyer, then 3
drops of pp indicator are added and titrated with Na2 CO3 0.1 N. Recorded the volume of the titration5.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The characteristics analysis obtained from the Kepok banana peel charcoal briquettes made using sago
starch adhesives of various concentrations met several Indonesian National Standards (SNI). The results
obtained are presented in Table-2.
Charcoal briquettes are made using several concentrations, including 5%, 10% and 15%. The masses of
adhesive used were 3.75 g, 7.50 g, and 11.25 g per 100 g. mixture of banana peel charcoal flour with 75
mL water volume. The concentration variation was carried out to find the right adhesive concentration for
charcoal briquettes, where the adhesive concentration also determines the quality of the charcoal briquettes.
A good mixture of raw materials and adhesives is one that is evenly mixed, water does not seep out when
printing and does not change too much size when dry.7

Table-2: Data Analysis of the Characteristics of Kepok Banana Peel Charcoal Briquettes
Concentration of Adhesive (%) 5 10 15
Mass of adhesive/100 g of charcoal 3.750 7.50 11.25
Density (g / cm3) 0.596 0.569 0, 594
Compressive Firmness (kg/cm2) 4,892 4,616 6,862
Moisture Content (%) 8,465 8,350 9,170
Ash Content (%) 27,850 25,588 24,888
Volatile Substances (%) 46,967 51,283 52,588
Bonded Carbon Content (%) 16,718 14,780 13,535
Calorific Value (cal/g) 10,815,944 10,795,181 10,063,326
Density of Charcoal Briquettes
Density is the result of the ratio between mass and volume. The density value affects the burning rate and
calorific value of the briquettes. The higher the density, the higher the firing rate, and the better the quality
of the briquette. From Table-2 it can be seen that the charcoal briquettes that have the highest density are
charcoal briquettes with an adhesive concentration of 5%, which is 0.5957 g/cm 3, while charcoal briquettes
with an adhesive concentration of 10% have a density of 0.5689 g/cm3 and adhesive concentration 15% had
a density of 0.5941 g/cm3.
The amount of pressure applied when printing briquettes and the particle size of raw materials and adhesives
can affect density. In addition, it affects the efficiency of burning charcoal briquettes as fuel.2,8 Therefore,
before mixing it with the charcoal adhesive, it is sieved first using a 70 mesh sieve so that the particle size
is the same and the resulting mixture is homogeneous. Charcoal briquettes density obtained ranged from
111
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES Supriadi et al.
 Vol. 15 | No. 1 |108-115| January - March | 2022

0.5689 to 0.5957 g/cm3 has met the national standards of Indonesia. Similar density values have been
reported for rambutan peel biomass briquettes.2 The minimum density of charcoal briquettes is 0.4407
g/cm3 (SNI, Table-3).

(a) (b) (c)

Fig.-1: (a) Banana Skin Charcoal Flour, Sago Flour Gel Adhesives, (c) Banana Skin Charcoal
Briquettes
Compressive Strength of Charcoal Briquettes Press
Compressive Strength is the resistance of charcoal briquettes to external pressure so that the charcoal
briquettes are broken or crushed. The higher the compressive strength value, the better the resistance to
external pressure and the charcoal briquettes are not easily crushed.6 The results obtained in this study are
shown in Table-2. Charcoal briquettes which have the highest compressive strength are charcoal briquettes
with an adhesive concentration of 15%, namely 6.8623 kg/cm 2, while the adhesive concentration of 5% has
a compressive strength of 4.8920. kg/cm2 and the concentration of adhesive 10% of 4.6164 kg/cm2.
Compressive strength is measured using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Charcoal briquettes are
stressed vertically and the pressure applied is measured until the charcoal briquettes are crushed. The
compressive strength is related to density, the higher the density, the higher the compressive strength 5. The
density of charcoal briquettes decreased at 10% adhesive concentration then increased at 15%
concentration. However, in this case the adhesive concentration of 15% had the highest compressive
strength, while the highest density was the adhesive concentration of 5%. The differences obtained can be
caused by several things, including the unequal arrangement of particles, the mixture between the material
and the adhesive that has not been evenly distributed before printing and the pressure used in the printing
of charcoal briquettes is different. In addition, the compressive strength of charcoal briquettes is influenced
by the factor of compressive force and the surface area of the compressed plane, the size of the particles of
the material and the adhesive used9. The results obtained in this study ranged from 4.6164 to 6.8623 kg/cm 2,
meeting the national standards of Indonesia (SNI 19-4791-1998). The minimum compressibility of charcoal
briquettes is 3 kg/cm2 (SNI, Table-3).
Water Content of Charcoal Briquettes
The water content is contained in charcoal briquettes. Water content affects the quality of charcoal
briquettes. The lower the water content value, the better the quality of the charcoal briquettes. The high
water content will make the charcoal briquettes more difficult to ignite and the calorific value will be
lower.10 Table-2 shows the highest water content possessed by briquettes with an adhesive concentration of
15%, namely 9.17%, while the adhesive concentration of 5% has a water content of 8.465% and an adhesive
concentration of 10% of 8.35%.
The high water content obtained is thought to be due to the drying process of charcoal briquettes using
sunlight for 4 days so that the water in the charcoal briquette pores cannot evaporate completely. Banana
peels used as charcoal briquettes have a moisture content value of 10.76% 9. Another factor that causes the
high moisture content of charcoal briquettes is the adhesive content. Before it is mixed with charcoal
briquettes, the adhesive is first cooked with boiling water so that it forms a gel. The results obtained were
due to the fact that the mixture was not evenly stirred on the charcoal briquette material before printing. In
addition, the adhesive properties used are easy to absorb water from the air because it is not resistant to
moisture and sago starch itself has a moisture content of 14%.6 The results obtained did not meet the
standards (SNI 01-6235-2000), where the maximum water content was 8%. The resulting charcoal
briquettes have a moisture content above 8% with a range of 8.35% -9.17% (SNI, Table-3). The value of
the water content produced is still lower than the value of the water content of coconut shell briquettes
(11.7%).11
112
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES Supriadi et al.
 Vol. 15 | No. 1 |108-115| January - March | 2022

Ash Content of Charcoal Briquettes

Ash is an inorganic compound other than carbon that is left behind after the complete combustion of
charcoal briquettes at a temperature of 600°C. Ash content affects the quality and calorific value of charcoal
briquettes. The higher the ash produced by a charcoal briquette, the lower its calorific value. High ash
content indicates non-combustible material and remains as an impurity. 10 It can be seen in Table-2 that the
highest ash content is owned by charcoal briquettes with an adhesive concentration of 5% of 27.850% then
decreases at an adhesive concentration of 10% of 25.588% and continues to decrease at an adhesive
concentration of 15% of 24.888%.
The ash content decreases with increasing adhesive concentration. The resulting high ash content is thought
to be from the material used. The charcoal of raw materials uses a conventional carbonization process so
that the resulting temperature does not reach the optimum temperature. This is because the materials burned
in charcoal conventionally have a tendency to interact with the air in the environment so that the biomass
is decomposed into ash.10 The results obtained were not in accordance with the standards (SNI 01-6235-
2000), the maximum ash content of the briquettes was 8%. While the ash content produced in this study is
far from standard, namely in the range of 24.888% -27.850% (SNI, Table-3). The ash content value obtained
was much higher than the ash content value for charcoal briquettes from rambutan skin (6,21%) 2,
corncob{6,39%)7, madan wood (3,9%) and coconut shell (4,5%).11

Content of Volatile Charcoal Briquettes

Substances are ingredients in charcoal briquettes that are volatile as a product of decomposition compounds
other than water.2 The level of volatile substances affects the intensity of the flame and also the perfection
of combustion. The higher the volatile substance content, the charcoal briquettes will be more flammable
and will cause a lot of smoke when ignited.10 Table-2 shows that charcoal briquettes have the highest level
of flying substance with an adhesive concentration of 15% of 52.588%, while for the adhesive concentration
of 10% is 51.283% and adhesive concentration of 5% is 46.967%.
The high and low levels of charcoal briquette volatile matter produced are influenced by the type of raw
material so that the different types of raw materials have a significant effect on the content of charcoal
briquette volatile matter.2 The raw material used is banana peel which has a volatile content of 90.03% in
the dry sample analysis of the raw material, this value is very high so that this material burns quickly and
the ignition time is shorter. This raw material is good for the ignition process. 12 The content of the briquettes
of the banana peel charcoal briquettes increased with the increasing concentration of the adhesive used. The
high level of volatile substances is thought to be due to the conventional carbonation process by burning
banana peels in a closed tube so that the burning time and temperature cannot be controlled. As a result, the
charcoal process does not occur optimally. The high and low levels of volatile substances are influenced by
time and temperature in the carbonation process which is used is 500 ° C for an optimal carbonation
process.10 The results of the volatile content obtained from this study did not meet the standards (SNI 01-
6235-2000). Where the standard for volatile substances is a maximum of 15%, while the results obtained
are far from the standard range of 46.967% -52.588% (SNI, Table-3). The value of volatile matter obtained
was much higher than the value of volatile matter content of charcoal briquettes from rambutan peel
(16.33%)2, corn cobs (16.72%)7, madan wood (20.3%) and coconut shell (11,3).11

Carbon Bonded Content of Charcoal Briquettes

Carbon is the fraction of carbon (C) bound in charcoal briquettes in addition to the fraction of water,
vaporizers and ash. The content of bound carbon affects the quality of the charcoal briquettes produced.
The higher the value of bonded carbon, the better the quality of the charcoal briquettes and the higher the
calorific value. The content of bound carbon is influenced by the ash content and the content of volatile
substances, if the value of both is low, the resulting bound carbon content is high. High value of bonded
carbon will result in less smoke.10, 13 Table-2 shows that the highest bonded carbon content is owned by
charcoal briquettes with an adhesive concentration of 5% of 25.183%, while the adhesive concentration of
10% is 23.130% and an adhesive concentration of 15% is 22.525%.
The results of carbon content bound to charcoal briquettes tended to be low, given the high ash content and
volatile substances content of charcoal briquettes. Presumably because the charcoal process is less than
113
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES Supriadi et al.
 Vol. 15 | No. 1 |108-115| January - March | 2022

optimal because it is carried out using conventional methods as previously discussed in the volatile matter
content test.10 The bonded carbon content obtained did not meet the standards (SNI 06-3730-1995) at all
adhesive concentrations. The bound carbon content according to the standard is 80% (SNI, Table-3).
Calorific Value of Charcoal Briquettes
The calorific value is the main test parameter in making charcoal briquettes. The calorific value can
determine the quality of charcoal briquettes. The higher the calorific value obtained, the better the quality
of the charcoal briquettes produced. The factors that influence the high and low calorific value of the
briquettes are moisture content, ash content, fly substance content and bound carbon content. In addition,
raw materials and adhesive materials also affect the calorific value of charcoal briquettes. 10 Table-2 shows
the highest calorific value obtained by charcoal briquettes with a concentration of 15% of 13,063.3264
cal/g, then the adhesive concentration of 5% is 10,815.9437 cal/g and the adhesive concentration of 10% is
10,795,1807 cal/g. The results obtained are not in accordance with research8, which used the raw material
of nipah fruit peel with sago starch adhesive, where the calorific value decreases along with the increasing
concentration of adhesive on charcoal briquettes. Paisal's study6 also found that the calorific value of sago
stem bark charcoal briquettes decreased with the increasing concentration of sago starch adhesive. The
difference in the results obtained is presumably because the raw materials used are different because the
raw materials have their respective characteristics.
The calorific value generated in this study ranged from 10,795,1807-13,063,3264 cal/g fulfilling the
standard (SNI01-6235-2000) with a minimum calorific value of 5000 cal/g (SNI, Table-3).

Table-3: Comparison of Test Results with Standardization of Charcoal Briquettes from Japan, England, America,
Indonesia
Characteristics of Charcoal
Japan America England SNI
Briquettes
Density (g/cm3) 1.0–2.0 0.84 1 0.4407
Compressive strength (kg/cm2) 60 12.7 62 3
Moisture content (%) 6–8 3–4 6 8
Ash content (%) 3–6 8–10 18 8
Volatile substance content (%) 15-30 16 19 15
Bound carbon content (%) 60-80 75 58 80
Calorific value (cal/g) 6000 – 7000 6500 7000 ≥5000

CONCLUSION
Charcoal briquettes produced in this study meet several characteristics in accordance with SNI. From the
test results, the best adhesive concentration is 5%. The characteristics of charcoal briquettes produced by
charcoal briquettes with a concentration of 5% that meet the SNI are a density of 0.5957 g/cm 3, a
compressive strength of 4.8920 kg/cm2, and a calorific value of 10,815.9437 cal/g. While the characteristics
that did not meet the SNI were water content of 8.465%, ash content of 27.850%, volatile matter content of
46.967% and bound carbon content of 25.183%.
REFERENCES
1. G. O. Donuata, F. K. Serangmo, and I. Gauru, Jurnal Teknik Mesin, 2(2), 47(2019),
https://doi.org/10.32511/jtm.v2i2.336
2. S. Rahmawati, Prosiding Simposium Nasional Inovasi dan Pembelajaran Sains 2013 (SNIPS 2013),
pp.251-255 (2013).
3. M. Faisal, A. R. Yelvia Sunarti and H. Desvita, Rasayan Journal of Chemistry, 11(2), 871(2018),
https://doi.org/10.7324/RJC.2018.1123035
4. D. Y. Sukowati, Pendipa Journal of Science Education, 3(3), 142(2019),
https://doi.org/10.33369/pendipa.3.3.142-145
5. A. O. Ifelebuegu, A. Johnson, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 47(11),
964(2017), https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2017.1318620
6. A. A. Safana, N. Abdullah, and F. Sulaiman. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 30(1), 130(2018),
https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2018.0007
114
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES Supriadi et al.
 Vol. 15 | No. 1 |108-115| January - March | 2022

7. S. Rahmawati, Pathuddin, J. Sakung, Suherman, A. Fudholi, and L. Sushmita, The 1st International
Conference on Lesson Study of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (ICOLSSTEM
2019), IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1563(012022), 1742(2020),
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1563/1/012022
8. S. Frodeson, G. Henriksson, and J. Berghel, Elsevier: Biomass and Bioenergy,122, 322(2019),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.01.048
9. I. Qistina, D. Sukandar and T. Trilaksono, Jurnal Kimia Valensi, 2(2), 136(2016),
https://doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i2.4054
10.H. Anizar, E. Sribudiani and S. Somadona, Perennial, 16(1), 11(2020)
11.N. Kongprasert, P. Wangphanich and A. Jutilarptavorn Procedia Manufacturing, 30, 128(2019),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.019
12.S. R. Sjarif, Journal of Industrial Technology Research, 9(2), 97(2017)
13.M. Faisal, A. Gani, F. Mulana, H. Desvita and S. Kamaruzzaman, Rasayan Journal of Chemistry,
13(1), 514(2020), https://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2020.1315507
[RJC-6607/2021]

115
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARCOAL BRIQUETTES Supriadi et al.