Lab Manual for Data Structures

Lab-1
Development of Arrays (Static, Dynamic and Multi-dimensional) in C++

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction 3
1.1 Basic Concepts about Data Structures 3
1.2 Arrays in C++ 3
1.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation 4
1.4 Multi Dimensional Arrays 4
1.5 Relevant Lecture Readings 4

2. Activity Time boxing 4

3. Objectives of the experiment 5

4. Concept Map 5
4.1 Arrays in C++ 5
4.2 Initializing Arrays 5
4.3 Accessing values from an array 6
4.4 Static Arrays 6
4.5 Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++ 6
4.6 Multi Dimensional Arrays 8
4.6.1 Two Dimensional Arrays in C++ 8
4.6.2 Three Dimensional Arrays in C++ 10

5. Homework before Lab 10

5.1 Problem Solution Modeling 10
5.2 Problem description: 10
5.3 Practices from home 11
5.3.1 Task-1 11
5.3.2 Task-2 11

6. Procedures & Tools 11

6.1 Tools 11
6.2 Editing, Compiling and Running programs in Visual Studio 2008 [Expected time =
5mins]11
6.3 Walk through Task [Expected time = 20mins] 11

7. Practice Tasks 13
7.5 Out comes 14

8. Evaluation Task (Unseen) [Expected time = 60mins for two tasks] 14

9. Evaluation criteria 14

10. Further Readings 14

10.1 C++ Tutorial Web Sites 14
10.2 Web sites containing supporting material 15

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 Lab 1: Development of Arrays (Static, Dynamicand Multi-dimensional)

Lab1: Development of Arrays (Static, Dynamicand

Multi-dimensional) in C++
1. Introduction

Objective of this lab is to provide you knowledge about development of arrays in C++.
You have come to know about the basic concepts about C++ language in courses: computer
programming and object oriented programming.You havelearned about the statements used in
this language like input/output statements, selection statements (if..else, switch) and iterative
statements/loops (while, do..while, for). Further you will also have knowledge about classes,
encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism.

In C++, every application/program contains a function called main(), which is a global

function. Execution of every program starts from this functions, so you have to write this
function in each C++ program. You may write other functions also in your program beside
main() function, which depends on modular solution you have developed to solve your problem.

1.1 Basic Concepts about Data Structures

A program is a set of instructions that processes data which is given as input to it. If we
need to develop a good (efficient) program, we need to organize data in computer’s memory in
effective way. This organized data is called a Data Structure.

Study of computer science includes the study of how data (information) is organized in
computer and how it can be manipulated and utilized by programs. It is extremely important for
you to understand the concepts of data (information) organization and manipulation. Data
structures for storing information are lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs and tables.

1.2 Arrays in C++

In C++ arrays are used to store such items whose data type is same. Normally arrays are
used to represent lists, trees and graphs; which are types of data structure. We can perform
different operations on arrays such as: inserting an item, removing an item, finding a value in
array, performing mathematical operations on elements of array etc. If we want to initialize any
global or local array by assigning some values to its element we can do so. We can access value
of an element of array in our program as it was a normal variable. We are allowed to read and
modify the values of these elements.

Static arrays are allocated memory at compile time and their size is fixed, it means it
cannot be changed latter during program execution. If we want to change the size of array at
program execution time, we will need to declare dynamic arrays. A dynamic array is allocated
memory using new operator and is used in the same way as a static array. Dynamic arrays are
accessed using pointers.

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1.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation

Assume you have a program which is used to store information about the employees of
some organization, when this program starts its execution we are not sure that how many number
of employee records will be stored in this program. Therefore how much memory is required for
this program is dependent on the fact that how many records we will enter when program will be
executing. So memory required by program is to be estimated at program execution time, so we
will need a memory allocation mechanism which is called dynamic memory allocation for this
program, which should allocate and de allocate memory at runtime according to requirements of
program.

1.4 Multi Dimensional Arrays

Some timethe data which we need to process in our program is more easily interpretable
if represented in the form of a table. A table is a structure which contains some rows and some
columns, on intersection of each row and a column some data is stored. Examples of such data
representations may be a parcel weight-location chart used by some post office; a public
transport rent chart and representation of a digital image etc. So we may easily understand this
data representation if we use a two dimensional array to represent it (remember a two
dimensional array is a special case of a multi dimensional array).

Some time data to be represented is based on more than two dimensions, for example if
we need to represent the sales of some departmental stores by product, year of sale and location
wise, it can be easily represented by a three dimensional structure, which may be logically
represented as a cube. To represent such data we will use three dimensional arrays.

1.5 Relevant Lecture Readings

a) Revise Lecture No. 1 and 2 available at \\dataserver\jinnah$\ in instructor’s folder.

b) From books: C++ Data Structures by Nell Dale (Page79-85) and Data structures
using C++ by D. S. Malik (Page130-135).
c) From books: C++ Data Structures by Nell Dale (Page 99-102) and Data structures
using C++ by D. S. Malik (Page 138-145).

2. Activity Time boxing

Table 1: Activity Time Boxing

Task No. Activity Name Activity time Total Time
5.1 Design Evaluation 15 mins 15 mins
6.2 Editing and compiling a C++ 5mins 5mins
program in Visual Studio 2008
6.3 Walk Through Task 20mins 20mins
7 Practice tasks 15mins for task 1,2 and 20 mins 70mins
for task 3, 4
9 Evaluation Task 60mins for all assigned task 60mins

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3. Objectives of the experiment

 To get basic understanding of static and dynamic arrays in C++.

 To get basic understanding of dynamic memory allocation and multi-dimensional arrays
in C++

4. Concept Map
This concept map will help students to understand the main concepts of topic covered in
lab.

4.1 Arrays in C++

In C++ arrays are used to store such items whose data type is same. Normally arrays are
used to represent lists, trees and graphs; which are types of data structure. We may perform
different operations on arrays such as: inserting an item, removing an item, finding a value in
array, performing mathematical operations on elements of array etc.

Example:

An array named “Numbers” containing five elements of type integer (int) can be defined
as:

int Numbers [5];

Figure 1 represents the logical representation of this array, which shows elements of the
array are located consecutively:

Figure 1: Logical representation of an array of integer elements.

4.2 Initializing Arrays

When an array is declared in a local scope, if not specified otherwise, its elements are not
initialized by some value by default. Elements of global and static arrays are automatically
initialized by their default values (zeros for numeric data types).

If we want to initialize any global or local array by assigning some values to its element
we can do so. Following example represents the initialization of an array of 5 integer elements.

Example:

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int Numbers [5] = { 16, 2, 77, 40, 12071 };

OR
int Numbers [] = { 16, 2, 77, 40, 12071 };

Figure 2 represents the above initialized array with values.

Figure 2: An array initialized by values.

4.3 Accessing values from an array

We can access value of an element of array in our program as it was a normal variable.
We are allowed to read and modify the values of these elements. Following the previous
examples in which Numbers array has 5 elements and each of those elements was of type int, the
name which we can use to refer to each element is the following:

For example, to store the value 25 in the third element of Numbers, we could write the following
statement:

Numbers [2] = 75;

To pass the value of the third element of Numbers to a variable called a, we could write:

a = Numbers[2];

4.4 Static Arrays

Static arrays are allocated memory at compile time and their size is fixed, it means it
cannot be changed latter during program execution. For example two int arrays are declared, one
initialized and one without initialization.

int a[10];
int b[5] {8, 20, 25, 9, 14};

4.5 Dynamic Memory Allocation in C++

Dynamic memory allocation in C++ is performed using new and delete operators. These
operators can be used with primitive data types (int, float, char etc) as well as with user defined
data types (UDT), such as classes. Following examples illustrate usage of new and delete
operators for primitive as well as user defined data types.

For int data type, new operator can be used as:

int *pointer;

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pointer = new int;

*pointer = 5;
delete pointer;

Above code will create a pointer variable named “pointer” which is pointing to a dynamic
variable of int type created by new operator. After the creation of variable a constant value 5 is
assigned to this variable using the pointer variable, because a dynamic variable does not have a
name to be referenced. When dynamic variable is used and is no more required, we can de
allocate its memory by using delete operator. With delete operator we use name of pointer
variable which is pointing to that dynamic variable required to be de allocated.

We may allocate and de allocates memory space dynamically to an array of integers.

Following example illustrates this concept.

int size;

cout<< "Enter size of array: ";

cin>> size;

int* array = new int[size];

for(int i = 0; i < size; i++)

{
array[i] = i+1;
cout<< array[i] << " ";
}

delete [] array;

new and delete operators can be used with a user defined type or class/struct as well.
Assume following is a class definition for which we need to create a dynamic object.

class Rectangle {
private: int x, y;
public:
voidset_values (int,int);
int area () {return (x*y);}
};

void Rectangle::set_values (int a, int b) {

x = a;
y = b;
}

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Following code segment creates and destroys a dynamic object of above described class.

Rectangle *ptr = new Rectangle();

ptr->set_values(3,5);
cout<<ptr->area();
deleteptr;

4.6 Multi Dimensional Arrays

An array of arrays is called a multi dimensional array. Number of dimensions in a multi

dimensional array is represented by number of subscripts in definition of that array. A multi
dimensional array can represent data from different dimensions point of view. For example
product sales information of departmental store from product, location/city and year of sale
dimensions point of view is an example of multi dimensional array. It can be logical represented
by following figure 1.

Figure 1: A logical representation of a multi dimensional (3 dimensional) array.

4.6.1 Two Dimensional Arrays in C++

A two dimensional array is a specific case of multi dimensional array in which two
subscripts are involved in definition of array. For example “Numbers” represents an array of 3
per 5 elements. The way to declare this array in C++ should be:

int numbers [3][5];

Following figure 2 shows a logical representation of a two dimensional array “numbers”.

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Figure 2: A logical representation of a two dimensional array.

Indices of first subscripts are logical represented as rows and indices of second subscripts
are logically represented as columns. Now for example the way to reference the second element
vertically and fourth horizontally in an expression would be:
numbers [1][3];

Following figure 3 shows the element in the two dimensional array which is referred
above.

Figure 3: Referencing an element in two dimensional arrays.

To assign some value to elements of a two-dimensional array, we simply use two

subscripts:

numbers[1][3] = 7;

To initialize a two-dimensional array, it is easiest way to use nested braces, with each set
of numbers representing a row:

int numbers[3][5] =
{{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, }, // row 0
{ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, }, // row 1
{ 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 } // row 2 };

We may initialize a two dimensional array of type int by values 0 by using following
statement. Remember that we have to specify the size of array in terms of rows and columns for
proper initialization.

int numbers[3][5] = { 0 };

Two dimensional arrays can be created and accessed using pointers to pointers.
Following code segment provides information that such array usage.

int **a = new int*[height];

for(int i=0; i < height; i++ )
a[i] = new int[width];

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The above code segment declares an array of integer pointers to integer pointers. The first
thing we do is then make a point to an array of integer pointers. Then we have to loop through all
of those pointers and assign them to an array of ints of size width. What this does is create an
array in the size of Height x Width.

4.6.2 Three Dimensional Arrays in C++

Multi dimensional arrays may be larger than two dimensions, arrays which have 3
dimensions are called multi dimensional arrays, they can be logical represented by a cube shape.
An array representing product sales for departmental stores at five cities/locations, 10 products
and containing sale information for 7 years can be declared as:

floatproductSales [5][10][7];

Where first subscript represents the location/city number, second subscript represents the
product number and third subscript represents the year number for which product sale
information will be stored in this array.

Three dimensional arrays cannot be easily initialized as compared to two dimensional

arrays initialization, so normally they are initialized by zero/blank value and then further
initialization is performed by using nested loops.

5. Homework before Lab

This homework will help students to study the concepts of topic before start of lab.

5.1 Problem Solution Modeling

After studying the introduction and concept map sections you should be ready to provide
the solution of following problems. Design the solutions of the problems in C++ and
bring your code to lab so that lab instructor should assess and grade it.

5.2 Problem description:

Design a program which should contain two arrays, both arrays should contain elements
of type integer (int). One of these arrays should be a static array and other should be a
dynamic array. User will provide numerical values as input for these arrays. Your
program should read value form each element and add these values to a single variable.
After completion of addition operation for two arrays, value of this variable should be
displayed on computer screen.

5.3 Practices from home

5.3.1 Task-1
Make a list of features of static and dynamic arrays in C++, which should provide

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difference between these two types of arrays.

5.3.2 Task-2
Provide comparison between dynamic memory allocation schemes in C++ and Java,
provide differences and similarities.

6. Procedures & Tools

This section provides information about tools and programming procedures used for the
lab.

6.1 Tools
Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 with Visual C++ compiler configured.

6.2 Editing, Compiling and Running programs in Visual Studio 2008[Expected time = 5mins]

You are required to use Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 environment for programming on
data structures. It is expected that you are already familiar with this environment in your courses
of Computer Programming and Object Oriented Programming. You should be able to write code
in source code files (cpp files) and perform compilation of code. Beside that you are also
required to be proficient in performing line by line debugging and break point based debugging
to remove the errors from your code.

6.3 Walk through Task [Expected time = 20mins]

Following program represents the concept related to static and dynamic arrays; you are
required to type this program in editor of Visual Studio 2008, compile and run to see the output
of this program.Figure 3 shows the source code window of this program in Visual Studio 2008.

Figure 3: A program about static and dynamic arrays in Visual Studio 2008.

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Output of this program is shown in figure 4, when program is compiled and executed.

Figure 4: Output window displaying results of program after compilation.

Figure 5: Use of two dimensional arrays in Microsoft Visual Studio 2008.

Figure 6 represents the output of this program when executed.

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Figure 6: Output window displaying values of elements of two dimensional arrays in Microsoft Visual Studio
2008.

7. Practice Tasks
This section will provide information about the practice tasks which are required to be performed
in lab session. Design solutions of problems discussed in each task and placesolution code in a
folder specified by your lab instructor.

7.1 Write a program to swap two numbers using pointers.

7.2 Create a dynamic array of user defined size. Now move the largest number in the array to
first position. Print the array after moving the number. All array operations should be done using
pointers.

7.3 Write a program to create a dynamic array of user defined size. Array should be character
type. Write a function RemoveVowels() that should remove all the vowels in the array. All array
operations should be done using pointers.

7.4 Write a program to create a dynamic array of user defined size. Size should be in the
range of 0 to 15. Write a function FindLarge that should ask user to enter a non-negative number.
Function should find the next largest number than the input number in the list.
Sample input:
Enter size: 5

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After insertion:
13 4 55 29 32

Sample output:
Enter number: 15
Next largest number from 15 is: 29

7.5 Out comes

After completing this lab, student will be able to understand and develop programs related to
static and dynamic arraysin C++ using Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 environment.

8. Evaluation Task (Unseen) [Expected time = 60mins for

two tasks]

The lab instructor will give you unseen task depending upon the progress of the class.

9. Evaluation criteria
The evaluation criteria for this lab will be based on the completion of the following tasks. Each
task is assigned the marks percentage which will be evaluated by the instructor in the lab whether
the student has finished the complete/partial task(s).

Table 2: Evaluation of the Lab

Sr. No. Task No Description Marks
1 4 Problem Modeling 20
2 6 Procedures and Tools 10
3 7 Practice tasks and Testing 35
4 8 Evaluation Tasks (Unseen) 20
5 Comments 5
6 Good Programming Practices 10

10. Further Readings

10.1 C++ Tutorial Web Sites

1. http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/
2. http://www.learncpp.com/
3. http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cplusplus/

10.2 Web sites containing supporting material

1.http://www.compgeom.com/~piyush/teach/3330/slides/
2.http://www.stroustrup.com/Programming/lecture-slides.html

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