COURSE FILE

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
(Subject Code: 18CE3231)
III B.Tech. (CSE) II Semester
Prepared by
V Goutham & N Kranthi Kumar

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)

CHEERYAL (V), KEESARA (M), MEDCHAL DIST. - 501 301

(Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, NEW DELHI, ACCREDITED BY NBA)

www.geethanjaliinstitutions.com

2021 – 2022

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)
CHEERYAL (V), KEESARA (M), MEDCHAL DIST. 501 301
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Name of the Subject : Building Technology

(COURSE CODE: 18CE3231) Programme: UG

Branch: Civil Engineering Version No: 03
Year: 3 Updated on:
19.02.2022
Semester: 2 No. of pages: 114
Classification status (Unrestricted/Restricted)
Distribution List:
Prepared by:
1) Name : V.Goutham 1) Name: N Kranthi Kumar
2) Sign. : 2) Sign :
3) Design: Professor 3) Design: Assistant Professor
4) Date : 05.09.2021 4) Date : 15.09.2021
Verified by: * For Q.C Only.
1) Name : 1) Name :
2) Sign : 2) Sign :
3) Design : 3) Design. :
4) Date : 4) Date :
Approved by: (HOD/CE)
1) Name : Dr.R. Prasanna Kumar
2) Sign :
 GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
CHEERYAL (V), KEESARA (M), MEDCHAL DIST. 501 301

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
CONTENTS
Section Item Page No.
1 Introduction
2 Syllabus
3 Vision of the Institute
4 Mission of the Institute
5 Vision of the Department
6 Mission of the Department
7 Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
8 Program Outcomes (POs)
9 Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
10 Course objectives and Course Outcomes (COs)
11 Brief note on the importance of the course
12 Prerequisites
13 Instructional Learning outcomes
14 COs mapping with POs and PSOs
15 Class Time Table
16 Individual Time Table
17 Lecture schedule with methodology being used
18 Detailed Notes
19 Additional Topics
20 Mid and External Question Papers
21 Question Bank
22 Assignment questions
23 Unit wise objective bits
24 Tutorials
25 References, Websites and E links
26 Scheme of Evaluation
27 Student List
28 Group wise student list for discussion topics
1. Introduction:
Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many naturally
occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have
been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-
made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of
building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these
materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry,
insulation, plumbing, and roofing work etc.
They provide the make-up of habitats and structures including homes. In history there are
trends in building materials from being: natural to becoming more man-made and
composite; biodegradable to imperishable; indigenous (local) to being transported
globally; repairable to disposable; and chosen for increased levels of fire-safety. These
trends tend to increase the initial and long term economic, ecological, energy, and social
costs of building materials.
Clay based buildings usually come in two distinct types. One being when the walls are made
directly with the mud mixture, and the other being walls built by stacking air-dried
building blocks called mud bricks Other uses of clay in building is combined with straws
to create light clay, wattle and daub, and mud plaster. Rock structures have existed for as
long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building material available, and is
usually readily available.
There are many types of rock throughout the world, all with differing attributes that make
them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of
protection too; its main drawback as a material is its weight. As stone is hard to keep
warm without using large amounts of heating resources. Dry-stone walls have been built
for as long as humans have put one stone on top of another. Eventually, different forms of
mortar were used to hold the stones together, cement being the most common place now.
2. Syllabus:
Unit –I Stones: Uses of stones as building materials, Characteristics of good building stones.
Types of building stones and their significance.
Bricks: Characteristics of good building bricks. Types of bricks and their significance.
Cement and concrete: Ingredients of cement –Types of cement, their properties and uses of
cement. Overview on concrete.
Unit –II
Building: Basic definitions, types, components, economy and design, principles of planning
of buildings and their importance, building bye-laws.
Ventilation: Definitions and importance of circulation; lighting and ventilation; how to
consider these aspects during planning of building.
UNIT–III
Repairs of buildings: Inspection, control measures and precautions for various construction
defects, general principles of design of openings, and various types of fire protection
measures to be considered while planning a building.
Vertical transportation in buildings: Types of vertical transportation, stairs, different forms
of stairs, planning of stair cases, other modes of vertical transportation- lifts, ramps,
escalators.
UNIT–IV
Prefabrication systems: prefabrication systems in residential buildings-walls, openings,
cupboards, shelves, etc., planning and modules and sizes of components in prefabrication.
Air conditioning: Process and classification of air conditioning, Dehumidification. Systems
of air conditioning, ventilation, functional requirements of ventilation.

UNIT-V
Acoustics: Acoustics, effect of noise, properties of noise and its measurements, principles of
acoustics of building, sound insulation- importance and measures.
Plumbing services: Water supply system. Maintenance of building pipe line, sanitary
innings principles governing design of building drainage.

Text Books:
1. Building Materials and Construction, P.C. Varghese, Prentice Hall India Learning Pvt
Ltd., 2015.
2. Building Construction, B.C.Punmia, Ashok Kumar Jain and Arun Kumar Jain, Laxmi
Publication, 2016.
Reference Books:
1. Building Materials, S.K. Duggal, New Age, 2016.
2. G.C. Sahu and Joygopal Jena, Building Materials and Construction, McGraw Hill
Education, 2015.
3. Engineering Materials and Building Construction, Rangwala, Charotar publishing house,
2015.
4. A Text book of Building Materials and Construction, S.P. Arora and S.P. Bindra, Dhanpat
Rai Publications, 2014.
3. 17. Lecture schedule with methodology being used:
NO. OF
S NO UNIT TOPIC TO BE COVERED PERI BB/ LCD
OD
Unit-1: BRICKS & STONES LEDP/
1 1
Introduction BB
2 Uses of stones as building materials 1 LEDP/
1 BB
LEDP/
3 Characteristics of good building stones
BB
1 LEDP/
4 Important types of building stones
BB
1 LEDP/
5 Significance of building stones
BB
1 LEDP/
6 Bricks: Characteristics of good building bricks
BB
1 LEDP/
7 I Types of bricks
BB
1 LEDP/
8 Significance of bricks
BB
9 Tutorial-1 1 LEDP/
1 BB
LEDP/
10 Tutorial-2
BB
UNIT–II: Building components & 1 LEDP/
11 Ventilation BB
Introduction
1
LEDP/
12 Basic definitions
BB

13 Types of buildings 1 LEDP/

BB
1
LEDP/
14 Components of building
BB
1 LEDP/
15 Economy and design of buildings
BB
Principles and planning of buildings ad their 1 LEDP/
16
II importance BB
1 LEDP/
17 Building bye-laws
BB
1 LEDP/
18 Ventilation:
BB
1 LEDP/
19 Definitions and importance of circulation
BB
1 LEDP/
20 Lighting and ventilation
BB
 How to consider these aspects during planning 1 LEDP/
21
of building. BB
LEDP/
22 UNIT III Repairs of buildings:
BB
2 Inspection of buildings 1 LEDP/
BB
Control measures and precautions for various 1
24 BB
construction defects,
25 General principles of design of openings 1 BB
1 LEDP/
26 Various types of fire protection
BB
Measures to be considered while planning a 1 LEDP/
27 III
building. BB
1 LEDP/
28 Vertical transportation in buildings
BB
1 LEDP/
29 Types of vertical transportation
BB
1 LEDP/
30 Stairs, different forms of stairs
BB
1 LEDP/
31 Planning of stair cases
BB
1 LEDP/
32 Other modes of vertical transportation
BB
1 LEDP/
33 Lifts, ramps, escalators.
BB
Tutorial-1 1 LEDP/
34 IV
BB
LEDP/
35 UNIT–IV: Prefabrication & Air conditioning
BB
1 LEDP/
36 Prefabrication systems in residential buildings- BB
walls, 1 LEDP/
37
Openings, cupboards, shelves, etc., BB
1
Planning and modules and sizes of components LEDP/
38
in prefabrication. BB
V
1 LEDP/
39 Air conditioning:
BB
1 LEDP/
40 Process and classification of air conditioning,
BB
1 LEDP/
41 Dehumidification.
BB
1 LEDP/
42 Systems of air conditioning
BB
Ventilation, functional requirements of 1
43
ventilation.
 UNIT-V : Acoustics & Plumbing 1 LEDP/
44
Introduction BB
1 LEDP/
45 Acoustics, effect of noise
BB
1 LEDP/
46 Properties of noise and its measurements
BB
1 LEDP/
47 Principles of acoustics of building
BB
1 LEDP/
48 Sound insulation.
BB
1 LEDP/
49 Importance and measures
BB
1 LEDP/
50 Tutorial-1
BB
1 LEDP/
51 Plumbing services:
BB
1 LEDP/
52 Water supply system.
BB
1 LEDP/
53 Maintenance of building pipe line
BB
1 LEDP/
54 sanitary fittings
BB
Principles governing design of building 1 LEDP/
55
drainage. BB
1 LEDP/
56 Tutorial 1
BB
18. Detailed Notes:
UNIT-I
Stones:
Bricks:
Cement:
..

CEMENT:

Introduction

 Cement is an extreme ground material having adhesive and cohesive properties which
provide a binding medium for the discrete ingredients.
 The processes used for the manufacture of cement can be classified as dry and wet.
 In the wet process, the limestone brought from the quarries is first crushed into
smaller fragments. Then, it is taken to a ball or tube mill where it is mixed with clay or
shale as the case may be and ground to a fine consistency of slurry with the addition of
 water. The slurry is stored in tanks under constant agitation and fed into huge firebrick
lined rotary kilns.

In the dry process, the raw materials are ground, mixed and fed to the rotary kiln in the dry
state

Chemical Composition

 The identification of the major complex compounds is largely based on R.H. Bogue's
work and hence these are called Bogue's compounds.

Bogue's Compounds

 Bogues Compounds when water is added to cement it reacts with the ingredients of
the cement chemically & results in the formation of complex chemical compounds terms
as BOGUES compounds. which are not for simultaneously.
 Tri-Calcium Aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3 or C3A) -------------------------8-12%
 Tetra Calcium Alumino Ferrate (4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 or C4AF)----6-10%
 Tri-Calcium Silicate (3CaO.SiO2 or C3S)---------------------------------30-50%
 Di-Calcium Silicate (2CaO.SiO2 or C2S)----------------------------------20-45%

1. Tri-Calcium Aluminate (3CaO.Al2O3 or C3A)

 Formed in 24 hrs of addition of water

  Max. evolution of heat of hydration
 check setting time of cement

2. Tetra Calcium Alumino Ferrate (4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 or C4AF)

 Formed within 24 hrs of addition of water

 The high heat of hydration in initial periods
3. Tri-Calcium Silicate (3CaO.SiO2 or C3S)

 Formed within week

 Responsible for initial strength of cement
 Contribute about 50-60% of the strength
 Content increase for the prefabricated concrete construction, Cold weathering
construction.
4. Di-Calcium Silicate (2CaO.SiO2 or C2S)

 Last compound formed during hydration of cement

 responsible for progressive later stage strength
 The structure requires later stages strength proportion of this component increase
 e.g. hydraulic structures, bridges.

Types of Cement

i. Ordinary Portland Cement

ii. Rapid Hardening Cement – IS: 8041-1990
iii. Extra Rapid Hardening Cement
iv. Low Heat Portland Cement - IS: 12600-1989
v. Portland Slag Cement – IS: 455-1989
vi. Portland Pozzolana Cement – IS: 1489-1991 (Part 1 and 2)
vii. Sulphate Resisting Portland Cement – IS: 12330-1988
viii. White Portland Cement – IS: 8042-1989
ix. Coloured Portland Cement - IS: 8042-1989
x. Hydrophobic Cement - IS: 8043-1991
xi. High Alumina Cement - IS: 6452-1989
xii. Super Sulphated Cement - IS: 6909-1990
xiii. Special Cements
a. Masonry Cement
b. Air Entraining Cement
c. Expansive Cement
d. Oil Well Cement

In addition to ordinary portland cement, there are many varieties of cement. Important
varieties are briefly explained below:
 (i) White Cement: The cement when made free from colouring oxides of iron,
manganese and chlorium results in white cement. In the manufacture of this cement, oil
fuel is used instead of coal for burning. White cement is used for the floor finishes,
plastering, ornamental works etc. In swimming pools white cement is used to replace
glazed tiles. It is used for fixing marbles and glazed tiles.

(ii) Coloured Cement: The cements of desired colours are produced by intimately mixing
pigments with ordinary cement. The chromium oxide gives green colour. Cobalt
produces blue colour. Iron oxide with different proportion produces brown, red or yellow
colour. The addition of manganese dioxide gives black or brown coloured cement. These
cements are used for giving finishing touches to floors, walls, window sills, roofs etc.

(iii) Quick Setting Cement: Quick setting cement is produced by reducing the percentage of
gypsum and adding a small amount of aluminium sulphate during the manufacture of
cement. Finer grinding also adds to the quick setting property. This cement starts setting
within 5 minutes after adding water and becomes hard mass within 30 minutes. This
cement is used to lay concrete under static or slowly running water.

(iv) Rapid Hardening Cement: This cement can be produced by increasing lime content
and burning at high temperatures while manufacturing cement. Grinding to very fine is
also necessary. Though the initial and final setting time of this cement is the same as that
of portland cement, it gains strength in the early days. This property helps in the earlier
removal of formworks and speed in construction activity.

(v) Low Heat Cement: In mass concrete works like the construction of dams, the heat
produced due to the hydration of cement will not get dispersed easily. This may give rise
to cracks. Hence in such constructions, it is preferable to use low heat cement. This
cement contains a low percentage (5%) of tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and a higher
percentage (46%) of dicalcium silicate (C2S).

(vi) Pozzolana Cement: Pozzolana is a volcanic powder found in Italy. It can be

processed from shales and certain types of clay also. In this cement pozzolana material is
10 to 30 per cent. It can resist the action of sulphate. It releases less heat during the
setting. It imparts a higher degree of water tightness. Its tensile strength is high but
compressive strength is low. It is used for mass concrete works. It is also used in sewage
line works.

(vii) Expanding Cement: This cement expands as it sets. This property is achieved
by adding expanding media like sulpho aluminate and a stabilizing agent to ordinary
cement. This is used for filling the cracks in concrete structures.

(viii) High Alumina Cement: It is manufactured by calcining a mixture of lime and bauxite.
It is more resistant to sulphate and acid attack. It develops almost full strength within 24
hours of adding water. It is used for underwater works.

(ix) Blast Furnace Cement: In the manufacture of pig iron, slag comes out as a
waste product. By grinding clinkers of cement with about 60 to 65 per cent of slag, this
cement is produced. The properties of this cement are more or less the same as ordinary
cement, but it is cheap since it utilises the waste product. This cement is durable but it
gains strength slowly and hence needs a longer period of curing.
(x) Acid Resistant Cement: This cement is produced by adding acid-resistant
aggregated such as quartz, quartzite, sodium silicate or soluble glass. This cement has
good resistance to the action of acid and water. It is commonly used in the construction of
chemical factories.

(xi) Sulphate Resistant Cement: By keeping the percentage of tricalcium aluminate C3A
below five per cent in ordinary cement this cement is produced. It is used in the
construction of structures that are likely to be damaged by alkaline conditions. Examples
of such structures are canals, culverts etc.

(xii) Fly Ash Blended Cement: Fly ash is a byproduct of thermal power stations. The
particles of fly ash are very minute and they fly in the air, creating air pollution problems.
Thermal power stations have to spend a lot of money to arrest fly ash and dispose of it
safely.

Uses of Cement

Cement is used widely for the construction of various structures. Some of them are listed
below:

(i) A cement slurry is used for filling cracks in concrete structures.

(ii) Cement mortar is used for masonry work, plastering and pointing.

(iii) Cement concrete is used for the construction of various structures like buildings, bridges.
water tanks, tunnels, docks, harbours, dams, etc.

(iv) Cement is used to manufacture lamp posts, telephone posts, railway sleepers, piles etc.

(v) For manufacturing cement pipes, garden seats, dust bins, flower pots etc. cement is
commonly used.

(vi) It is useful for the construction of roads, footpaths, courts for various sports etc.

(vii) it is used for ferrocement construction, decorative finishes.

UNIT-II
Types of Buildings:
Components of building:
Foundation: It is the lowest part of a structure below the ground level which is in direct
contact with the ground and transmits all dead, live and other loads to the soil in a way
that the soil is not stressed beyond its safe allowable bearing capacity.
Foundation are two types:
 Shallow Foundation
1. Strip
2. Individual
3. Mat
 Deep Foundation
1. Pile
2. Caisson
3. Cofferdam

Plinth
The portion of the building between the ground surrounding the building and the top of the
floor immediately above the ground is known as plinth.
The level of the surrounding ground is known as formation level and the level of the ground
floor of the building is known as plinth level (PL).
Walls
Walls are provided to enclose or divide the floor space in desire pattern. In addition, walls
provide privacy, security and give protection against sun, rain, cold and other adverse
effects of weather.
Walls can be broadly divided in two categories:
1.Non Load Bearing Walls: Do not carry load to foundation. Rather only use as partition
wall.
2.Load Bearing Walls: Participate in transferring load to foundation
Floors
Floors are flat supporting elements of a building. They divided a building into different levels
thereby creating more accommodation on a given plot or land.
The basic purpose of a floor is to provide a firm and dry platform for people and other items
like furniture, stores, equipment etc.
Floors are basically two types:
 Suspended Floor-- A suspended floor is a ground floor with a void underneath the
structure. The floor can be formed in various ways, using timber joists, precast concrete
panels, block and beam system or cast in-situ with reinforced concrete. However, the
floor structure is supported by external and internal walls
 Basement Floor: A basement is a room that's below ground level, underneath the
first floor

A floor basically consist of two parts:

 Sub-floor: Which is the foundation beneath the flooring material.
 Flooring

Doors, Windows etc.

A door may be defined as a barrier secured in an opening left in a wall to provide usual
means of access building, room or passage.
Types of doors:
1. Framed and Paneled Door
2. Glazed or Sash Door
3. Flush Door etc.

A window may be defined as an opening left in a wall for the purpose of providing day
light, vision and ventilation.
Types of windows:
1. Fixed Windows
2. Pivoted Windows
3. Bay Windows etc.
A stair may be defined as a structure comprising of a steps connecting one floor to another.
The different forms of stair may be classified under the following main heads:
1. Straight Stairs
2. Dog-Legged Stairs
3. Open-newel Stairs etc
Roof:
It is the uppermost component of a building and its main function is to cover the space below
and protect it from rain, snow, sun, wind etc.
Classification of Roofs: two main types,
1. Pitched or Sloped Roofs
2. Flat or Terraced Roofs

Lintel: Lintel is a horizontal building component that lies across an opening and holds the
weight of the structure above it. It is generally placed between two vertical supports

Principles of planning of buildings:

1) Aspect
2) Prospect
3) Privacy
4) Grouping
5) Roominess
6) Furniture requirement
7) Sanitation
8) Flexibility
9) Circulation
10) Elegance
11) Economy
12) Practical Considerations
1. Aspect is the positioning of rooms in buildings with respect to 4 directions in such a way
that the occupants of buildings would enjoy the natural comforts like sunshine, breeze,
scenery, etc. to the maximum possible extent.
1. A room receiving light and air from any particular direction is said to have
the aspect of that direction. All the rooms of a dwelling need a particular aspect.
Some necessary aspects of commonly constructed rooms are listed below: Living
Room: It should have a southern or south-east aspect. The sun is towards the south
during winter and north during summer which will provide sunshine during winter
and cooler during summertime.
2. Bedroom: It should have a west or south-west aspect, as the breeze required
particularly in summer would prevail from this side.
3. Kitchen: It should have an eastern aspect so as to admit morning
sun refresh and purify the air.
4. Gallery or Verandah: It should be north or north-east aspect.
5. Classroom, Reading Room: It should be laid with the north aspect as light received
from the north will be diffused and evenly distributed.

2.Prospect
Prospect in building planning is the view desired by the occupants of the building from
certain of the house. Prospect is dictated by surrounding peculiarities good or bad of the
selected site like a flower garden or garbage dumps, It demands the disposition of doors
and windows-like aspect. However, a good layout should not be disturbed for the sake
of good prospects only.
Certain projecting windows or a blind face of the bay with window openings at sides would
help for concealment of inside views of a building.
3.Roominess
Roominess is obtained by getting the maximum benefit from the minimum dimension of a
room without cramping the plan. By using every nook and corner of the building
advantage roominess is derived.

In residential buildings, considerable storage space is required for various purposes which are
provided by making space for wall cupboards, lofts, wooden shelves, etc.

A rectangular room is more useful than a square room in the same area.
The length and breadth ratio of a good room should be between 1.2 to 1.5. A ratio more
than that creates a bad effect. A small room should not be made unnecessary too high.
4.Grouping
Grouping in building planning means setting different rooms of a building according to their
inter-relationship of invitation and transition. The rooms arranged in the layout in a
proper correlation of their functions and in due proximity with each other.
Grouping In Residential Building Plan
 The dining room should be close to the kitchen.
 The kitchen should be kept away from the main living room.
 Main bedrooms should have independent and separate access from each room
towards the sanitary units.
 In an office building, hospitals, etc. the administrative department should be located
centrally for convenience and economy of services.

5.Circulation
Access or internal connection between rooms on the same floor or between floors is known
a circulation. Circulation between rooms of the same floor is called horizontal
circulation like- passages, corridors, halls, etc. Circulation between various floors is
known as vertical circulation, like- stairs, lifts, etc.
Horizontal Circulation should be independent, short, and straight not invade the property of
any room. All the passages should be well ventilated and lighted.
Stairs should also be well lighted and ventilated and properly planned in regard to width, rise,
and tread. Stairs should not have winder steps.
6.Sanitation
Sanitation of building not only associated with urinals, bath-rooms, wash-basins, sinks but
also the overall lighting and ventilation. All the parts of a building should have
well lighting and ventilation to maintain good hygienic conditions. This could be done in
a natural way or in an artificial way (air condition).
Necessary provision to facilitate the cleaning of the building be installed. Washing closets,
lavatories, urinals, bathrooms like sanitary conveniences should be installed adequate in
number in relation to the occupant load.
7.Elegance
Elegance is the overall effect produced by elevation and general layout of the plan of a
building. To get good elegance of a building it is better if elevation is developed first and
then the plan is adjusted accordingly.
Selection of site or open plot for the construction of building greatly affects the elegance.
Building located in depression will give bad elegance whereas building on an elevated
spot gives an impressive appearance. Buildings located on backward sloping upwards
ground give good elevation & elegance.
8.Privacy
Privacy is an important part of building planning. Privacy may be from one part to another of
the same building or could be f From neighboring buildings, streets, etc.
In residential buildings, every room should have certain privacy which can be secured
carefully planning the entrance, path-ways, and drives.
Proper grouping of rooms, good positioning of doors and windows, lobbies, or screens can
give required internal privacy. Toilet rooms, bedrooms, w.c. and urinals should
have absolute privacy.
9.Flexibility
Flexibility means planning the rooms in such a way that though originally designed for a
specific purpose, may be used for other purposes also when desired.
For designing houses for middle-class families or other buildings where the economy is the
main consideration flexibility should always be considered.
10.Economy
The economy is a major factor in building planning. To fit the proposed scheme within
the limitations of the resources and funds certain alterations and omissions in the
original plan have to make. But while considering the economy, the
required strength and durability of the structure should not be compromised.
Some simple economy achieving approaches in buildings are,
 Simple elevation, dispensing of porches, lobbies, etc.
 Steeper rise to the stair, wider steps in the stair.
 Reducing the story height to a bare minimum.
 Standardization of sizes of various components and materials.

Practical Consideration
Besides all the Principles of planning discussed, the following practical points should be
additionally considered,
1. The strength, stability, convenience, and comfort of the occupants of the building,
should be considered first.
2. Provisions for future extensions without dismantling should be made in the planning.
3. The building should be strong and capable to withstand the likely adverse effects
of natural agencies (earthquake, flood, storm, etc.)
4. Elevation should be simple yet attractive. Too many porches may give good
elevation for some time, but in the end, simple designs fit better for generations.
5. The larger size of the room should always be considered as far as possible as it can
be shortened by providing partitions but smaller rooms cannot be enlarged easily.
Building by-laws and Regulations :
Ventilation:
 UNIT III
Maintenance: Maintenance is the act of keeping something in good condition by checking or
repairing it regularly.
Repair: Repair is the process of restoring something that is damaged or deteriorated or
broken, to good condition.
Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation is the process of returning a building or an area to its previous
good conditions.

Two facets of maintenance

The two facets of maintenance are
i) Prevention
ii) Repair

Assessment procedure for evaluating a damaged structure

 Physical Inspection of damaged structure.

 Preparation and documenting the damages.

 Collection of samples and carrying out tests both in situ and in laboratory.

 Studying the documents including structural aspects.

 Estimation of loads acting on the structure

 Estimation of environmental effects including soil structure interaction.

 Diagnosis

 Taking preventive steps not to cause further damage

 Retrospective analysis to get the diagnosis confirmed

 Assessment of structural adequacy

 Estimation on future use

 Remedial measures necessary to strength and repairing the structure.

 Post repair evaluation through tests

 Load test to study the behavior

 Choice of course of action for the restoration of structure.

A simple flow chart incorporating the above points in presented in Figure

The causes of deterioration

 Deterioration due to corrosion
 Environmental effects
 Poor quality material used
 Quality of supervision
 Design and construction flaws

Deterioration due to corrosion

 Spelling of concrete cover
 Cracks parallel to the reinforcement
 Spelling at edges
 Swelling of concrete
 Dislocation
 Internal cracking and reduction in area of steel reinforcement.

Environmental effects
 Micro-cracks present in the concrete are the sources ofingress of moistures atmospheric
 carbon dioxide into the concrete which attack reinforcement and with various ingredients
of concrete.
 In aggressive environment concrete structure will be severely reduces.

Poor quality material used

 Quality of materials, to be used in construction, should be ensured by means various tests
as specified in the IS codes.
 Alkali-aggregate reaction and sulphate attack results in early deterioration.
 Clayey materials in the fine aggregates weaken the mortar aggregate bond and reduce
the strength.
 Salinity causes corrosion of reinforcing bars as well as deterioration of concrete.

Quality of supervision
 Construction work should be carried out as per the laid down specification.
 Adherence to specified water-cement ratio controls strength, permeability durability of
concrete.
 Insufficient vibration may result in porous and honey combined concrete, whereas excess
vibration may cause segregation.

Design and construction flaws

 Design of concrete structures governs the performance ofconcrete structures.
 Well designed and detailed concrete structure will show less deterioration in comparison
with poorly designed and detailed concrete, in the similar condition.
 The beam-column joints are particularly prone to defective concrete, if detailing and
placing of reinforcement is not done properly.
 Inadequate concrete cover may lead to carbonation depth reaching up to the reinforcement,
thus, increasing the risk of corrosion of the reinforcement.

Physical inspection of damaged structure

 Some of the use full information may be obtained from the Physical inspection of
damaged structure, like nature of distress, type of distress, extent damage and its
classification etc,
 Their causes preparing and documenting the damages, collecting the samples for
laboratory testing and analysis, planning for in situ testing, special environmental effects
which have not been considered at the design stage and information on the loads acting
on the existing structure at the time of damage may be, obtained.
 To stop further damages, preventive measure necessary may be planned which may
warrent urgent execution.
The steps in selecting a repair procedure

 Consider total cost

 Do repair job in time
 If defects are few & isolated repair on an individual basis.
 Otherwise do in generalized manner
 Ensure the repair prevents further development of defects
 Incase of lost strength, repairs should restore the strength
 If appearance is a problem, the number of applicable types of repairs become limited &
the repairs must be covered
 Repair works should not interface with facilities of the structure
 Take care in addition of section to a member and in redistributing live loads and other live
load moments.
 After selecting a suitable method of repairs, and after considering all the ramifications of
its application, the
 last step is to prepare plans & specification and proceed with the work.

The cause for deterioration of concrete structure

a) Inspect & observe the structure
b) Observe in bad & good weather
c) Compare with other constructions on the area or elsewhere & be patient
d) Study the problem & allow enough time to do the job

The factors to be considered by the designer at the construction site

 Minimum and maximum temperatures
 temperature cycles
 exposure to ultra violet radiation
 amount of moisture
 wet/dry cycles
 presence of aggressive chemicals

The steps in repair aspect

1. finding the deterioration
2. determining the cause
3. evaluating the strength of existing building or structure
4. evaluating the need of repair
5. Selecting & implementing a repair procedure
The repair aspect of maintenance.
1. Finding the deterioration
2. Determining the cause
3. Evaluating the strength of existing building or structure
 Fixed percentage method
 Analysis of the Actual stress condition
 Load test
4. evaluating the need of repair
5. Selecting & implementing a repair procedure.
The prevention aspect of maintenance.
Of the two considerations – prevention & repair, prevention is more important.
These 3 points Proper Materials, Proper Details, Proper Construction require knowledge of
what is improper at a site or construction; about the various ways of deterioration and about
their causes. But these are some general considerations that should be taken into account for
both the construction of new concrete structures and the repair of deteriorated structures.
They are as follows

The following factors should be considered by the designer at the construction site.

• Minimum and maximum temperatures

• Temperature cycles

• Exposure to ultra violet radiation

• Amount of moisture

• Wet/dry cycles

• Presence of aggressive chemicals

 Combine only materials with similar properties

 Assess the limitations of a particular material in its functional context.

 Protect materials from general deterioration

 Design level Factors

TYPES OF MAINTENANCE

1. Planned schedule maintenance (planned well in advance)

2. Preventive maintenance(planned to protect preventing failure)
3. Condition based maintenance(work done after inspection)
4. Fixed time maintenance(done at interval of time)
5. Opportunity maintenance(work when possible within the limits of operational demand)
6. Routine maintenance(daily, weekly etc.,)
7. Shutdown maintenance(maintenance after demolition)
8. Emergency maintenance(unexpected failure after natural calamities)

INSPECTION OF STRUCTURES

o Collection of data for investigation

o Study of documents related to structures
o Preliminary inspections such as spalling , deflections.
o Detailed inspection
 Field testing
 Laboratory testing
o Structural analysis of buildings
o Assessment of structures
o Repair options
 Non repair
 Aesthetic repair
  Structural repair
 Replacement

Steps in inspection and repair of concrete structures

The following items are more important when making these inspections:

 Reasons for conducting inspections

 Preliminary inspections
 Detailed inspections
Various aspects of investigation in on going site

 Spot inspection
 Progress inspection
 Periodic inspection
 Inspection by clerk of the work
 Full time inspection
Various aspects of investigation in existing site

 Initial inspection
 Routine inspections
 Event driven inspection (include photos, load rating, repair recommendations, loads
restrictions)
 In depth inspections
 Special inspections
Types of defects

The defect can be divided into two categories, which are:

a) Structural defect b) Non-structural defect

a) Structural defect: Basic imperfection implies any deformity in an auxiliary component of

a building that is owing to blemished plan, inadequate or flawed workmanship or deficient
material and once in a while any blend of these. Building structure incorporates earth holding
dividers, sections, bars and level sections. (Northern Territory Consolidated Regulation)
According to the Engineering Encyclopedia, basic imperfection can be classified as splits in
establishments (Substructure), breaks in floor or pieces (superstructure), and breaks in
dividers (superstructure). These imperfections can be caused by shameful soil investigation,
improper site determination, and the utilization of deficient materials. The greater part of the
auxiliary issue can be stayed away from by inferring the correct and detail of the outline and
arranging. Auxiliary deformities in a building can happen after some time because of
crumbling, wear and tear, over-burdening, and poor support. They should be repaired to keep
up the building's structure and to keep any further disappointments. Consistent investigation
is the way to securing the "wellbeing" of a building's structure. Basic deformity that
dependably happens are steel consumption, splits, and redirection.
b) Non-structural defect: As per Northern Territory Consolidated Regulation, a non-basic
deformity in a private building is depicted as an imperfection in a non-basic component of the
working subsequently of blemished private building work. As per the Engineering
Encyclopedia, non-auxiliary deformity incorporates imperfection in block work, moistness in
old structures, and imperfections in mortar works.

Types of Defect
EROSION OF MORTAR
Joints Basically, the principle capacity of a mortar joint is to try and out abnormalities of
individual squares, regardless of whether they are of stones or blocks. In the meantime, it
gives some grip between the pieces. Rotted mortar can be expelled persuasively by the
utilization of a mechanical plate or deliberately raked out by utilizing a blade or spike
physically.

PEELING PAINT
Peeling paint for the most part happens on building veneers, principally on put dividers,
segments and different regions which are presented to unnecessary rain and suddenness. A
few structures situated close to the ocean may confront a substantially more serious hazard
once the indications of peeling paint are obvious on the outside dividers.

CRACKING OF WALLS / LEANING WALLS

Aside from conveying loads from rooftops and floors to establishments, outer dividers might
be unsafe to a building on the off chance that they are fundamentally unsound. Splits in
divider, either vertical or corner to corner, are regular indications of basic unsteadiness

UNSTABLE FOUNDATIONS
Establishments are a piece of a building which disseminates loads from rooftops, dividers and
floors on to the earth beneath. They are fundamentally vital to the lasting of a building and if
this is missing there is no point of spending substantial wholes of cash on other shallow
reclamation work

ROOF DEFECTS
Other than being one of the principle structures in a building, rooftop may go about as a
climate shield, offering assurance to clients or tenants from rain and sun. Subsequently, it is
critical to treat any maturing rooftop tiles.

HONEYCOMBING
Honeycombing alludes to voids in cement caused by the mortar not filling the spaces between
the coarse total particles. It normally winds up noticeably clear when the formwork is
stripped, uncovering a harsh and "stony" solid surface with air voids between the coarse total.
Once in a while, be that as it may, a surface skin of mortar veils the degree of the deformity.
Honeycombing may broaden some profundity into the part. Honeycombing is dependably a
stylish issue, and relying upon the profundity and degree may diminish both the toughness
execution and the auxiliary quality of the part. Arrangement of honeycombing is because of
the nearness of air and rise at the surface of formwork and results a detachment amongst
totals and bond blend. This issue will harm the solid and more genuine assault the support bar
in cement.

DAMPNESS
Dampness can be a genuine matter, especially to structures situated close water sources. Does
it break down building structures as well as harms to decorations. The primary driver of
clamminess is water entering a working through various courses. Water infiltration happens
usually through dividers presented to winning wet wind or rain. With the presence of gravity,
water may infiltrate through vessels or splits between mortar joints, and blocks or squares
before working up trap dampness behind hard renders. Water may likewise drive additionally
up the divider to rise at a more elevated amount. Clamminess additionally happens in dividers
because of different components, for example, spilling canals or down funnels, faulty
channels, burst pipes and buildup because of lacking ventilation.

Defects in concrete

 Cracking
 Spalling
 Corrosion
 Buckling
 Bearing failure
 Defects by weld and rivets
Classification of cracks

Cracks based on their width

 Fine less than 0.1 mm
 Thin 0.1 t0 0.3 mm
 Medium 0.3 to 0.7 mm
 Wide 0.7 to 2.0 mm
 Very wide greater than 2 mm

Methods of repair of cracks

 Non structural or surface cracks
 Very heavy cracks
 RCC band (crack arrestor)
 Cracks over arch openings
 Stitching
 Cracks at RCC and masonry walls

Repair for strengthening of RCC structural members

 Cracks in RCC member – by adding reinforcing steel with proper key and bonding with
old member.
 Cracks due to shear – occurs 45 degree to the axis of members and corrected by adding
diagonal shear rft. In the form of dowels.
 Cracks at support or at mid – span bottom – occurs due to insufficient steel and they are
corrected by adding required nos. of steel.
 Pressure grouting – cement slurry or admixtures are applied with high pressure.
 Cracks in foundations due to settlement – cured by grouting method by increasing the
bearing capacity of soil.

The types of building repair and maintenance service works

 Day to day repairs service facilities
 Annual repairs
 Special repairs
 Additions and Alterations
 Preventive maintenance
Day to Day Repairs
Day to day repairs include service repairs which arises from time to time in the services
of the buildings such as in plumbing works, water supply, etc.
Examples for such repairs are removing chokage of drainage pipes, manholes, restoration
of water supply, replacement of blown fuses, repairs to faulty switches, watering of plants,
lawn mowing, hedge cutting, sweeping of leaf falls etc.
The purpose of this maintenance service is to ensure satisfactory continuous functioning
of various services in the buildings.

Annual Repairs
This maintenance service is carried out to maintain the aesthetics of buildings and
services as well as to preserve their life, some works like white washing, distempering,
painting, cleaning of lines, tanks etc. are carried out periodically. These works are planned on
year to year basis.
Special Repairs
Special repairs of building are undertaken to replace the existing parts of buildings and
services which get deteriorated on ageing of buildings. It is necessary to prevent the structure
& services from deterioration and restore it back to its original conditions to the extent
possible.
Additions and Alterations
 The works of additions/alterations are carried out in buildings to suit the special
requirements of occupants for functional efficiency. The facilities in buildings are updated by
carrying out such works.
Preventive maintenance
Preventive maintenance is carried out to avoid breakdown of machinery and occurrence
of maintenance problems in buildings and services. Works of preventive maintenance are
carried out on the basis of regular inspection survey. Preventive maintenance includes works
to prevent deterioration of building parts (which depends on climatic conditions), pollution,
fungi, the insect attack, subsidence, flooding, intensity of usage, careless usage, seepage, etc..
Various types of fire protection
measures:
Fire Safety Measures in Buildings
Fire safety is a fundamental consideration in building design and management,
but unfortunately, one that is often overlooked—firewalls are today more likely to be
associated with IT security than with physical safety.

1. Provide adequate means of escape

The first rule of fire management requires sufficient escape routes out of the building,
in accordance with its scale and occupancy. The number, size and location of exits are
specified in the National Building Code (NBC) 2005, a detailed set of guidelines for
constructing, maintaining and operating buildings of all types. Office occupiers must
additionally ensure that staircases, stairwells and corridors are well-maintained, ventilated
and free of obstacles in order to be effective in an emergency.
2. Outline clear pathways to exit doors
Getting to exits is as important as providing enough exits. NBC guidelines specify the
maximum distance a person must travel in order to access a fire exit, and the importance of
photo-luminescent signage to enable evacuation at night. Refuge areas such as terraces are
critical for high-rises where people can safely congregate, when asked to leave the building in
phases.
3. Install smoke detection systems
The first few minutes of a fire are crucial in containing it. Automatic fire alarm
systems such as smoke and heat detectors are mandatory elements in international building
codes, and particularly useful in spotting fires during times when occupancy in the building is
low.
4. Maintain smoke suppression systems
Fire extinguishers are only useful if they work, so check them regularly. High-rise
buildings, which are harder to access and evacuate, should consider installing automatic
sprinkler systems.
5. Conduct regular fire drills
Preventing panic in an emergency is as important as staying away from flames and
fumes. Regular fire drills familiarize people with emergency evacuation methods at little cost.
Nominate a fire safety officer in every building to ensure that this becomes standard
operating procedure.
6. Use flame-retardant materials in interiors
Materials used in the interiors can save or endanger lives. The combination of wood,
paper and textiles makes workstations highly combustible. Fabrics can be made flame-
retardant, however, so that they self-extinguish when lit.
7. Make your office accessible to firefighters
Grilled windows are a widespread urban phenomenon. Occupants of offices in
residential buildings with few exits should be wary of locking themselves into confined
spaces.
8. Keep the building plans handy
It is imperative to make multiple copies of your building plan available, especially
during an emergency.
9. Ask the local fire brigade to assess safety
Fire departments, for a nominal fee, will independently assess your building’s level of
fire safety. Storage of hazardous or inflammable materials, old and unstable structures,
inadequate escape routes or electricity overloads are potential death traps that are best
assessed by professionals.
10. Comply with National Building Code
“Green buildings" are in vogue but safe structures are sadly not. Both the Mumbai
Fire Brigade and BMC commissioner concede that 80% of buildings likely violate accepted
codes of building safety, with ignorance and personal whims leading to illegal modifications
after gaining requisite occupancy permission.
Vertical transportation in buildings:
Types of vertical transportation:
Straight Stairs
Quarter turn stairs

Half turn stairs

Bifurcated stairs
Ramps:
Escalators:
 UNIT-IV
Prefabrication systems: prefabrication systems in residential buildings-walls, openings,
cupboards, shelves, etc., planning and modules and sizes of components in prefabrication.

Introduction : Need for prefabrication - Principles Materials – Modular Co-Ordination

Standarixation – System Production Importation Freedom.
 Defination :
Prefabrication is the Practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory
or other Manufacturing site and transporting complete assemblies to the construction site
where the structure is to / be located.
 Process of Prefabrication :

An example from house building illustrates the process of prefabrication. The

Conventional method of building a house is to transport bricks timber, cement, sand, Steel
and construction aggregate etc., to the site, and to construct the house on site from these
materials.

In prefabricated Construction. Only the foundations are constructed in this waywhile

sections of (walls, floors, roof are Prefabricated with window & door frames included).-
transported to the site lifted into place by a crane and bolted together.

 Uses of Prefabrication :

1. The most widely used from of prefabrication in building and civil engineering is
the use of Prefabricated Concrete & prefabricated steel sections in structures where a
particulars part on form is repeated many line.
2. Pouring Concrete section in a factory brings the advantages of being able to re-
use moulds and the concrete cab be mixed on the spot without having to be transported to
and pumped wet on a congested construction site.
3. Prefabricating Steel sections reduces on site cutting and welding costs as well
as the
associated hazard’s.
4. Prefabrication techniques are wood in the construction of apartment slacks and
housing developments with repeated housing units.
5. The technique is also used in office blocks, warehouses and factory buildings.
6. Prefabricated Steel and glass sections are widely used for the exterior of large
buildings.
7. Prefabricated bridge elements and systems offer bridge designers & Contractors
significant advantages in terms of construction time, safety environmental impact
construct liability and cost.
8. Prefabrication can also help minimize the impact from bridge building.
9. Radio bowers for mobile phone and other service often consist of multiple
prefabricated sections.
10. Prefabricated has become widely used in the assembly of aircraft and space
craft with component such as wings and fuselage sections after being manufactured in
different countries or states from the final assembly site

 Advantages of Prefabrication :
 Self supporting readymade components are used. So. The need for work
shutteringand scaffolding is greatly reduced.
 Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner allowing an
earlierreturn of the capital invested.
 On site construction and congestion is mini mixed.
 Quality control can be easier in a factory assembly line setting than a
constructionsite setting.
 Prefabrication can be located where skilled labour is more readily available
andcosts of labour, power, materials, space and overheads are lower.
 Time spend in bad weather or hazardous environments at the construction
site isminimized.
 Disadvantages of Prefabrication :
1. Careful handling of Prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel
andglass panels is required.
2. Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of the
joining ofprefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint.
3. Similarly, leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.
4. Transportation costs may be higher for Voluminow. Prefabricated sections
than forthe materials of which they are made, which can often be packed more efficiently.
5. Large Prefabricated Structures require heavy-duty cranes & Precision
measurementand handling to place in position.
6. Large group of buildings from the same type of Prefabricated elements tend to
lookdrab and monotonous.
7. Local jobs are last.

Principles:

 The Main reasons to choose Precast Construction method over conventional in

method.
1. Economy in large scale project with high degree of repetition in work
construction.
2. Special requirement in finishing.
3. Consistency in structural quality control.
4. Fast speed of construction.
5. Constraints in availability of site resources(e.g. materials & Laborites )
6. Other space & environmental constraints.
7. Overall assessment of some or all of the above factors which points to the
superiority of adopting precast construction over convention method.
The following details gives. The cost implications of precast construction &conventional in
situ method.
8. Large groups of buildings from the same type of prefabricated elements tend to
 look drab and monotonous.
1. Local Jobs are last.
 The main reasons to choose. Precast Construction method over conventional in situ
method.
1. Economy in large scale project with high degree of repetition in work execution.
2. Special architectural requirement in finishing.
3. Colysistonay in structural quality control.
4. Fast speed of construction.
5. Constraints in availability of site resources ce.g.materials & labour etc..
6. Other space & environmental constraints.
7. Overall assessment of some or all of the above factors which points to the
superiority ofadopting precast construction over conventional method
The following details gives the cost implications of precast construction &conventional
in situ method.

 Prefabrication Elements :
1. Flooring / Roofing system.
2. Priciest Beams
3. Precast Columns
4. Precast walk panels.
5. recast Stabs.
 Classification :

The Prefabrication is classified as follow from the view of degree of Precast construction.

1. Small prefabrication
2. Medium Prefabrication
3. Large Prefabrication
4. Cast in Site Prefabrication
5. Off-Site (or) factory Prefabrication
6. Open system of prefabrication
7. Closed system of prefabrication
8. Partial prefabrication
9. Total prefabrication
 Small Prefabrication :
The first 3 types are mainly classified according to their degree of precast

Elements using in that construction for eg.:brick is a small unit precast and used inbuilding.

This is called as small prefabrication. That the degree of precast element is very low.

 Medium Prefabrication :
Suppose the roofing systems and horizontal members are provided with pretested elements
those construction are known as medium prefabricated construction here th degree of
precast elements are moderate.
 Large Prefabrication :
In large prefabrication most of the members like wall panels, roofing / flooring Systems,
beams and columns are prefabricated. Here degree of precast elements are high.
 Cast – in – site prefabrication : OFF – site (factory) prefabrication :
One of the main factor which affect the factory prefabrication is transport. The width of mad
walls, mode of transport, vehicles are the factors which prefabrication is to be done on
site on factory.

Suppose the factory situated at a long distance from the construction site and the vehicle have
to cross a congested traffic with heavy weighed elements the cost in side prefabrication
is preferred even though the same condition are the cast in site prefabrication is preferred
only when number of houses and more for small elements the conveyance is easier with
normal type of lorry and trailers. Therefore we can adopt factory (or) OFF site
prefabrication for this type of construction.
 Open system of prefabrication :
In the total prefabrication systems, the space framers are casted as a single unit and erected at
the site. The wall fitting and other fixing are done on site. This type of construction is
known as open system of prefabrication.
 Closed system of prefabrication :
In this system the whole things are casted with fixings and erected on their position.
 Partial prefabrication :
In this method of construction the building element (mostly horizontal) required are precast
and then erected. Since the costing of horizontal elements (roof
/ floor) often take there time due to erection of from work the completion of the building is
delayed and hence this method is restored. In most of the building sites this method is
popular more. Son in industrial buildings where the elements have longer spans. Use of
double tees, channel units, cored stabs, slabs, hyperboloid shall etc., are some of the
horizontal elements.

This method is efficient when the elements are readily available when the building reached
the roof level. The delay caused due to erection of formwork, delay due to removal
eliminated completely in this method of construction Suitable for any type of building
provided lifting and erection equipments are available.
 Total Prefabrication :
Very high speed can be achieved by using this method of construction. The method can be
employed for frame type of construction or for panel type of or the total prefabrication
can be on site or off-site. The choice of these two methods depend on the situations when
the factory produced elements are transported and erected site we call if off-site
prefabrication. If this method is to be adopted then we have a very good transportation of
the products to site. If the elements are cast near the building site and erected, the
transportation of elements can be eliminated, but we have consider the space availability
for establish such facilities though it is temporary. The choice of the method of
construction also depends on the following;
1. Type of equipment available for erection and transport.
2. Type of structural scheme ( linear elements or panel)
3. Type of connections between elements.

Special equipment devised for special method construction.

Modular coordination means the interdependent arrangement of a dimension based on a

primaryvalue accepted as a module. The strict observance of rules of modular
coordination facilitated,

1. Assembly of single components into large components.

2. Fewest possible different types of component.
3. Minimum wastage of cutting needed.

Modular coordination is the basis for a standardization of a mass production ofcomponent. A

set of rules would be adequate for meeting the requirements of conventional and
prefabricated construction. These rules are adaptable for,
a. The planning grid in both directions of the horizontal plan shall be
1. 3M for residential and institutional buildings,
WALL SYSTEM:
Structural scheme with precast large panel walls can be classified as

1) Cross wall system

2) Longitudinal wall system
CROSS WALL SYSTEM:
In this system the cross walls are load bearing walls. The facade walls are non- load
bearing. This system is suitable for high rise buildings.
LONGITUDINAL WALL SYSTEM:
In this system, cross walls are non-bearing, longitudinal walls are load bearing. This
system is suitable for low rise buildings. A combination of the above systems with all
load bearing walls can also be adopted.
Precast concrete walls could be
1) Homogeneous walls
2) Non-homogeneous walls
Homogeneous walls:

The walls could be solid or ribbed.

Non-homogeneous walls:
Based on the structural functions of the walls, the walls could be classified as
a. Load bearing walls
b. Non-load bearing walls
c. Shear walls
Based on their locations and functional requirements the walls are further classified as
(i) External walls which can be load or non-load bearing depending upon the
layout. They are usually non-homogeneous walls of sandwiched type to impart better
thermal comforts.
(ii) Internal walls which provide resistance against vertical loads, horizontal loads,
fire etc. and are normally homogeneous.
TYPES OF PRECAST FLOORS:
Depending upon the composition of units, precast flooring units could be
homogeneous or non-homogeneous.
1) Homogeneous floors could be solid slabs, cored slabs, ribbed or waffle slabs.
2) Non-homogeneous floors could be multilayered ones with combinations of

light weight concrete or reinforced / pre stressed concrete with filled blocks.
Depending upon the way, the loads are transferred the precast floors could be classified
as one way or two way systems.
ONE WAY SYSTEM:-
One way system transfers loads to the supporting members in one direction only. The
precast elements of this category are channel slabs, hollow core slabs, hollow blocks and
hollow plank system, channels and tiles system, light weight cellular concrete slab etc.
TWO WAY SYSTEMS:-
Transfer loads in both the direction imparting loads on the four edges. The precast
element under this category are room sized panels two way ribbed or waffle slab
system etc..
STAIR CASE SYSTEM:-
Stair case system consists of single flights with inbuilt risers and treads in the element
only. The flights are normally unidirectional transferring the loads to supporting landing
slabs or load bearing walls.
BOX TYPE SYSTEM:-
In this system, room size unit are prefabricated and erected at site. This system derives its
stability and stuffiness from the box limits which are formed by four adjacent walls.
Walls are joined to make rigid connections among themselves. The box unit rest as plinth
foundation which may be of conventional type of pre-cast type.
MATERIALS USED:
Prefabricated building materials are used for buildings that are manufactured off site and
shipped later to assemble at the final location some of the commonly used
prefabricated building. The materials used in the prefabricated components are many. The
modern trend is to use concrete steel, treated wood, aluminium cellular concrete, light
weight concrete, ceramic products etc. While choosing the materials for
prefabrication the following special characteristics are to be considered.
• Light weight for easy handling and transport and to economic an sections
and sizes of foundations
• Thermal insulation property
• Easy workability

• Durability in all weather conditions

• Non combustibility
• Economy in cost
• Sound insulation

21
CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS
• Easy availability

• Light weight for easy handling and transport and to economies on sections
and seizes of foundations.
• Thermal insulation property
• Easy workability
• Durability to all weather conditions

• Non combustibility

• Economy in cost

Large panel structure

All the main part of a building, including exterior wall and interior wall, floor slab, roofs, and
staircase, may be made up from large panel structure are used in two main design
schemes, frame-panel and panel building. In frame-panel building, all the base loads are
borne by the building’s frame, and as enclosure element. Frameless buildings are
assembled from panels that perform the load bearing and enclosing functions
simultaneously.
• Large panel structure for Exterior wall
• Large panel structure for Interior wall.
• Large panel structure for floor slab
• Large panel structure for Roof element.
a) Large panel structure for Exterior wall;
• Large panel structure for exterior walls consist of panel one or two stories in
height and one or two rooms in width. The panel may be blind (without openings) or with
window or door openings.
• In terms of design, the wall panels may be single layer (solid) and
multilayer(sand witch) Solid panels are manufactured from materials that have
insulating properties and at the same time can perform supporting functions for example,
light weight concrete, cellular concrete, and hollow ceramic stone.
• Sandwich wall panels are made with two or three layers: their thickness depends
on the climate conditions of the regions and the physic technical properties of the
materials used for the insulating layer and for the exterior layer.
• The surface of exterior wall panels is covered with decorative mortar or is faced
with ceramic or other finishing tiles.
• After assembly, the joints between panel are filled with mortar or with
lightweight or ordinary concrete and then sealed with packing and special mastics.
b) Large panel structure for Interior walls:
• The large panel structure of interior walls may be non load bearing or load
bearing.
• In the first case, they are made from gypsum slag concrete or from other
materials that act as enclosures. In the case of load bearing structure, the wall panels,
which combine enclosing and load bearing function, are made from heavy or lightweight,
silicate or cellular concrete, or vibration set brick or ceramic work.
• The dimensions of the panels are determined by the dimensions of the rooms (in
apartment houses), their height is equal to the height of a story, the width is equal to the
depth or width of a room, and the thickness of the walls between rooms is usually 10-14
cm(between apartment 14-18 cm)
 c) Large panel structure for floor slab:
• The large panel structure of floor slabs are usually made from reinforced concrete, the
area of the floor slabs in apartment buildings usually equals the area of one room and be as great as
30 sq.m.
• Flagging panels have an area of 5-8 sq m. The large panel floor slabs of housing public,
and administrative building are of both the solid and sandwich types in the latter, provision is made
fora sound insulation layer to reduce air and impact notice.
• Composite floor panels, consisting of a load bearing reinforced concrete panel
combinedwith a floor or ceiling panel and soundproofing, insulating, and other layer, are often used in
• The weight of large panel structure depends on the method of dividing the
building into prefabricated element; it is usually 1.5-7.5 tons.
• Large panel structure of a high rise apartment building consist of (1) foundation
slab,(2) exterior wall panel,(3) interior wall panel, (4) floor slab,(5) deck ,(6) exterior
panel in the process of installation
• At the joints, the panels have to which steel connecting pieces are welded, thus
linkingtogether all the panels and providing general stability of the building.
• Large panel structures are used in the construction of high rise building.
3
5
7
9
 UNIT V

Acoustics

Building acoustics is the science of controlling noise in buildings. This includes the
minimization of noise transmission from one space to another and the control of the
characteristics of sound within spaces themselves.

Building acoustics are an important consideration in the design, operation and construction of
most buildings, and can have a significant impact on health and wellbeing,
communication and productivity. They can be particularly significant in spaces such as
concert halls, recording studios, lecture theatres, and so on, where
the quality of sound and its intelligibility are very important.

Building acoustics can be influenced by:

 The geometry and volume of a space.

 The sound absorption, transmission and reflection characteristics of surfaces
enclosing the space and within the space.
 The sound absorption, transmission and reflection characteristics
of materials separating spaces.
 The generation of sound inside or outside the space.
 Airborne sound transmission.
 Impact noise.

Noise

When the sound wave is non periodic, irregular and of very short duration, it produces
displeasing effect such sound is known as noise.

A noise is an abrupt sound of complex character with an irregular period and amplitude
originating from a source of non-periodic motion.

Effects of noise

Following are the effects of noise:

 It crates discomfort
 It has adverse effect on blood pressure, muscular strain and on sleep.
 It leads to fatigue and decreases the efficiency of persons.
 It takes away essence of music and speech,
 It disturbs concentration.
 Prolonged exposure to noise may result in temporary deafness or even nervous
breakdown.
 Reduction in noise increases output of labor.

11
Principles of acoustics of buildings

Some of the general planning principles and factors which play an important role in creating
good acoustical conditions are as follows:

Site selection and planning: In selecting a site for building, which deserves the acoustical
design and treatment, noises prevailing or foreseeable in that area should be considered
for their effects on the acoustical conditions in the building.
Some of the important sources of objectionable noise are automobile traffic on busy streets,
traffic on highways, railways, airports, industrial establishments, etc.

Volume: The volume of the room should be in proportion to the intensity of sounds to be
generated in it. The volume of musical concert should be quite large so the sufficient
space is made available for proper distribution of music.
In planning the volume of the hall, height is greater importance than either length or breadth.
This is on account of the fact that a small increase in height results in considerable
increase in the volume.

Shape: The shape of the room is more important consideration in the acoustic design of an
auditorium as it is the governing factor in correcting the defects, like echoes, sound foci,
dead spots.etc which are due to the reflection of sound waves. The increasing use of
sound amplifiers has made the shape aspect of planning all the more important.

Treatment of interior surfaces: Along with the overall shape and size of the auditorium, the
treatment of interior surfaces i.e, ceiling and sidewalls also play an influential part in the
acoustical design. The ceiling and side walls should provide favorable reflections or
reinforce the sound that reaches the rear parts of a large auditorium. Ceiling splays or
spread outs and appropriately tilted portions of the ceilings can be arranged or devised to
the reinforce the sound.

Reverberation: The time of reverberation is another factor which affects the good acoustics
of a building.
A shorter optimum reverberation period is required for reproduced sound such as of
gramophone, sound films etc, than that of the original one. This is on account o the fact
that there is already some reverberation present which has been introduced at the time of
recording.

Seats, seating arrangement and audience: In fact, the seat and seating arrangement i.e,
furnishings and the audience contribute to a great extent to the absorption present in the
room. In this, the audience may be largest contributors to the absorption from the
audience present in the hall. To ensure optimum absorption from the audience, the seats
of required absorption are arranges so that the heads in one row do not intercept the
passage of direct sound to the persons in the row immediately behind them

Sound absorption: To keep the optimum reverberation time within limits sound absorbing
materials or acoustic materials are used. However, to make effective use of these sound
absorbing materials, the zone of their installation should be very carefully decided.
Generally, the absorptive material should be distributed over the surfaces rather than
concentrated over some points.
The part of these materials should be used on the ends or one side and part on the floor and
ceiling of the hall or auditorium.

Sound insulation
It is used to indicate the reduction obtained when sound passes from one room to another
room or from one side of partition to the other side. It is basically a function of partition
construction and the construction surrounding structure.
Constructional measures
 Walls and partitions
These wall constructions should act as vertical barriers in the transmission of air borne sound
or noise. To achieve this objective, the following methods of wall construction can be
adopted depending upon the extent of sound insulation required:
(i) rigid and homogeneous partitions
(ii) partitions of porous materials
(iii) Hollow and composite partition walls

 Floors and ceilings

These floors and ceilings are required to act as horizontal barriers in the transmission of both
air-borne and impact sounds or noises. In most of the cases, where the ceilings and floors
construction is of solid type like R.C.C floors, they offer adequate insulation against air-
borne sounds.
 Windows and doors
In case of windows, sound insulation of single windows is improved by making them as air
tight as possible by filling the air space at the edges of such panes with sound absorbing
material. Sound insulation further increases with increase in thickness of glass. Excellent
sound insulation or reduction is obtained by constructing glazed windows with double or
triple panes of glass.
 Insulating sanitary fittings
For improved insulation, water closets should not be fixed above a living room or next to a
bed room unless the latter is well insulated.
 Machine mounting or insulations of machinery
The machines or mechanical equipments such as refrigerators, lifts, fans, etc create vibrations
in an adjoining building and are transmitted further away as structure borne sound. To
reduce this structure borne sound, the machines should be insulated by resting them on
resilient supports or mountings such as steel springs, rubber, cork, etc.
PLUMBING SERVICES:
● The services like water supply, drainage, sanitation etc. are sometimes known
as plumbing services.
● Plumbing is a general term indicating the practice, materials and fixtures used in
the installation or maintenance of all piping, fixtures, appliances and other appurtenances
used in connection with water supply system as well as sanitary and storm water drainage
system.
● The plumbing system comprises the entire system of piping, fixtures and
appliances etc used for water supply and drainage.
● Thus a plumbing water supply system comprises of water supply and
distribution pipes, taps, valves, storage tanks etc., while plumbing drainage system
consists of wash basins, water closets, urinals, traps, soil waste pipes, vent pipes, septic
tanks etc.
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM:

13
 Water is collected from the water main through a service connection. The layout of water
distribution piping may be a horizontal or vertical arrangement of limited height and in
which underground mains under pressure supply water to the fixture inlets. Such a system
is known as unfed system. Alternatively, water is first collected in underground
tank(suction tank) and then it is pumped to elevated storage tanks, usually situated at the
top of the building. From these elevated storage tanks, water can flow down and feed the
fixtures.
General considerations:
While laying out the pipe lines, the following considerations should be kept in mind:
● The lines should be so laid that there is no risk involved in the contaminating of
water supply. For this, following three things are necessary:
a) There is no cross-connection anywhere between pipe carrying possible water
and the pipe carrying used water or waste water.
b) There should be no back flow from any cistern or appliance towards the source
of supply.
c) Water supply pipes and waste water pipes should not be laid very close to each
other.
● The pipe line should be properly protected against any damage to achieve this,
underground pipeline should be enclosed in a cement mortar so that its rusting by soil
bacteria is prevented and also it should have earth cover of at least 60cm. When pipe is
laid above ground, it should run clear of water. Also, when it crosses a wall, it should be
contained in suitable sleeve for the entire length of the crossing.
● In the unfed system, pipe should carry water under adequate pressure. For this,
lay out of pipe should be simple and direct as far as possible. The pipes should be laid out
as straight as possible.
Estimation of water requirements:
For residential buildings, Indian Standard recommends that a water requirement of 135
litres per head per day may be assumed. Out of this, 90 litres may be taken for domestic
purposes while the balance 45 litres are taken for flushing requirements.

Water requirements for buildings other than residencies

Type of building Rate per head per day in litres
Factories where bathrooms are required to be 45
provided
Factories where no bathrooms are required to be 30
provided
Hospital (including laundry) per bed.
(i) Number of beds not exceeding 100 340
(ii) Number of beds exceeding 100 450
Nurses homes and medical quarters 135
Hostels 135
Hotels (per bed) 180
Offices 45
Restaurants (per seat) 70
Cinemas, concert halls and theatres (per seat) 15
Schools
(i) Day schools 45
(ii) Boarding schools 135

SANITARY FITITNGS:
 The following fittings are commonly used in buildings, for efficient collection and removal
of waste water to the house drain:
(i) Wash basins
(ii) Sinks
(iii) Bath tubs
(iv) Water closets
(v) Urinals
(vi) Flushing cisterns.
Wash basins:
These are usually made up of pottery or porcelain ware. Sometimes, they are also made of
porcelain enamelled cast iron, pressed steel or plastic, especially where number of users
are more. An ordinary wash basin is mounted on brackets fixed on wall, while a pedestal
type basin is mounted on pedestal rising from the wall. They are available in different
shapes and sizes. Normally, a wash basin is provided with two taps – one for hot water
and the other for cold water mounted at its top. It has an oval shaped bowl, with an
overflow slot at the top. The waste pipe with a metallic strainer is provided at the bottom
of the bowl.
Sink:
While a wash basin is used for washing hands, face etc., a sink is used in kitchen or
laboratory. These may be made of glazed fire clay, stainless steel, metal, porcelain or
enamelled pressed steel. They are manufactured in various sizes and shapes, though
rectangular shape is quite common in kitchens. It may also have a drain board attached to
it. A sink may also be constructed of cast-in-situ concrete, provided with a grating of
brass or nickel, may discharge over a floor trap or nahni trap.
Bath tub:
These are usually made of iron or steel coated with enamel, enamelled porcelain or of plastic
material. They may also be made of cast-in-situ concrete finished with marble chips or
terrazzo, or else may be made of marble slabs properly jointed at the side. It has a length
varying from 1.7-1.85 m, width between 0.7-0.75 m and depth near waste
pipe varying from 0.43-0.45 m. The overall height may vary between 0.58-0.6 m. It is
provided with outlet and overflow pipes, usually of 40 mm diameter. A trap with proper
water seal is used at the outlet.
Water closets:
Water closets are designed to receive and discharge human excreta directly from the person
using it. The appliance is connected to the soil pipe by means of a suitable trap. It is
usually connected to a flushing cistern to flush the closet and discharge the human
excreta to the soil pipe. Water closets ar of three types.
(i) Indian-type
(ii) European type
(iii) Anglo-Indian type.

(i) Indian type W.C. :

This is a simple in construction and working, but is used in squatting position. It is usually
made of porcelain. The pan and trap are available in two different pieces. The trap has an
opening for antisiphonage pipe. It is fixed in squatting position just at floor level. Since,
the excreta does not directly fall into the trap, there are chances for it to become foul. The
excreta may stick to the surface of the pan if the flushing is not proper. The flush water
enters the rim of the pan through an opening provided in the front of the pan. The
flushing cistern is normally kept 2m above the closet.

15
(ii) European type W.C. :
It is usually made of porcelain. It is a wash down water closet, provided with a seat and a
cover. The pan has flushing rim to spread the flush water. The excreta directly fall in the
trap, and therefore there are fewer chances of excreta becoming foul. The pedestal type
European W.C. also known as commode is commonly used. The closet is fitted with
either a P-trap or S-trap. It can also be used at upper floors, while in case of Indian type
W.C., the upper floor has to be depressed to receive the pan fixed at floor level.
Generally, a low level flushing cistern is used with the European type W.C.

(iii) Anglo- Indian W.C. :

The main advantage of Indian type is that it can be used in squatting position since it is fixed
at floor level, while an European W.C. which is fixed at about 40 cm higher than the floor
level, cannot be conveniently used in squatting position. Since the legs of the user cannot
rest on thin rim conveniently. However, the defect with Indian W.C. is that the excreta do
not fall directly in the trap. An Anglo-Indian W.C. removes both these defects. The closet
is fixed at about 40 cm above the floor level. However, the upper rim of the pan is
properly enlarged so that the legs can rest on it while using in the squatting position. The
inner shape of the pan is intermediate between the two types, with wider top area of the
trap. The excreta directly fall in the water contained by the trap. The top flushing rim and
seat etc., are similar to the European type.
Urinals:
These are usually two types: (i) bowl type and (ii) slab or stall type. The former type is used
in residential buildings while the later type is used in public buildings. A stall urinal
normally has more than one unit, with a centre spacing of 0.6 to 0.7m., the best types of
urinals are made of enamelled fireclay, others of salt glazed stoneware, marble, slate and
in cement. The contents of urinals are collected and discharged into the soil pipe through
floor trap (nahni trap). Automatic flushing cisterns are generally provided for stall type
urinals, which operates at regular interval of 10 to 15 minutes.
Flushing cisterns:
These are used for flushing out water closets and urinals. These are made of either cast iron
or of porcelain. For Indian type W.C. cast iron flushing cistern is normally used, fixed at
about 2 m above the floor level. For European type W.C., and Anglo-Indian type closets,
porcelain cisterns are normally used, fixed at about 60 cm above floor levels. The low
level flushing cisterns, made of porcelain is decent in look and operates very easily by
simply turning a handle.
These cisterns are of two types: (i) valve less siphonic type and (ii) valve fitted siphonic
type. Bell type flushing cistern, commonly used with Indian type closets, is the typical
example of valve less siphonic cistern.
A bell type flushing cistern consists of the following parts:
1) A bell or dome
2) A float
3) A lever with a chain
4) Inlet, outlet and overflow pipes and
5) Cast iron casing.
The bell is connected to the flushing chain through a lever. The float is so set that when
the discharge level is reached; the float rod closes the inlet cock. When the chain is
pulled, the bell is lifted up, thus splashing the water. The splashing of water takes away
some air with it, causing partial vacuum in the top of the bell. Siphonic action thus starts,
and water in the cistern enters the bell through holes provided at its bottom. When the
tank is emptied, air enters from the bottom and siphonic action is broken. The lowering of
 the float results in the opening of the inlet cock, and water thus enters the cistern. It
should be noted that the chain should be released immediately after the pull; otherwise
the partial vacuum caused by splashing water may be destroyed by the entry of air from
the flush pipe. The capacity of a bell type flushing cistern may vary between 5-15 litres.

PRINCIPLES GOVERNING DESIGN OF BUILDING DRAINAGE:

The following principles are adopted for the efficient drainage system:
1) The lavatory blocks should be so located that the length of drainage line is
minimum. In the case of multi-storeyed building they should be located one above the
other. At least one wall of lavatory block should be an outside wall, to facilitate the fixing
of soil and vent pipes.
2) The drainage pipes should be laid by the side of the building rather than below
the building.
3) All the drains should be aligned straight between successive inspection
chambers. All sharp bends and junctions should be avoided except through chambers.
4) The slope of the drains should be sufficient to develop self cleaning velocity.
5) The size of the drain should be sufficient, so that flooding of the drain does not
take place while handling the maximum discharge.
6) The drainage system should contain enough number of traps at suitable
locations.
7) The house drain should be disconnected to the public sewer by the provision of
an intercepting trap. This will avoid the entry of foul gases from entering the house
drainage system. It should be seen that the public sewer is deeper than the house drain.
8) Rain water pipes should drain out rain water directly into the street gutters from
where it is carried to the storm water drain.
9) All the connections should be water tight.
10) The entire drainage system should be properly ventilated from the starting point
to the final point of disposal. It should permit free circulation of air.
11) All the materials and fittings of the drainage system should be hard, strong and
resistant to corrosive action. They should be non-absorbent type.
12) The entire system should be so designed that the possibilities of formation of air
locks, siphonage, under deposits etc., are minimized.
**********
19. Additional Topics

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS:

Earthquake causes ground motions in random fashion, both horizontally and vertically and
also in all directions radiating from the epicenter. The intensity, duration of seismic
vibrations depends upon magnitude of the earthquake, its depth of focus, distance from
epicenter etc A characteristics It is therefore essential to ensure (i) stability, (ii) strength
(iii) serviceability by means of design of the building. Earthquake causes shaking of the
ground so that a building resting on it will experience motion at its base and leads to
collapse finally due to the resulting inertia forces.

From Newton’s first law of motion even though the base of the building moves with the
ground, the roof has of tendency to stay in its original position. But since the walls and
columns are connected to it, they drag the roof along with them. This gives rise to inertia
forces on the roof element

17
Structural elements such as floor slabs, walls, columns and foundations and the connections
between them must be designed to safely transfer these inertia forces through them. Walls
or columns are the critical elements in transferring the inertia forces. But, in traditional
construction, slabs and beams receive more care and attention during design and
construction than walls and columns. Failure of masonry walls have been observed
because of their thin and materials used for it, in the past due to earthquake effect. Hence,
importance also is to be given for walls and columns.

Twist in buildings due to earthquake induces more damage of window frames and walls. It is
best to minimize this twist by ensuring that buildings have symmetry in plan. Indian
Seismic Code (IS 1893: 2002) has provisions to come certain issues.
INDIAN SEISMIC CODES for earthquake resistant building: An earthquake resistant
building has the following virtues:

(i)Good structural configuration: Its size, shape and structural system carrying loads are such
that they ensure a direct and smooth flow of inertia forces to the ground.

(ii) Adequate stiffness: Load resistant system is to be followed so that the earthquake induced
deformations in it do not damage under low to moderate shaking.

(iii) Lateral strength: The maximum lateral (horizontal) force can resist the damage induced
by an earthquake.

(iv) Good ductility: Favorable design and detailing strategies resist the building from the
earthquakes.

Considerable factors in case of earthquake zones:

Walls transfer loads to each other at their junctions and hence the masonry courses from the
walls meeting at corners must have good interlocking. Large openings weaken walls from
carrying the inertia forces and it is best to keep all openings as small as possible and as
far away from the corners as possible. A variety of masonry units are used in the country
e.g. clay bricks, concrete blocks, stone blocks. Since bricks are inherently porous and
absorb water resulting in poor bond between brick and mortar. Hence, bricks with low
porosity are to be used to minimize the amount of water drawn away from the mortar.
Various mortars are used e.g. mud, cement – sand, cement-sand-lime. Bricks must be
stronger than mortar. Excessive thickness of mortar is not desirable. Indian Standards
prescribe the preferred types and grades of bricks and mortars to be used in buildings in
each seismic zone. Wall thickness should not exceed 450 mm. Round stone boulders
should not be used in the construction. Since the earthquake force is a function of mass,
the building shall be as light as possible. As far as possible, the parts of the building
should be tied together in such a manner that the building acts as one unit. Projecting
parts shall be avoided as far as possible. If the projecting parts cannot be avoided, they
shall be properly reinforced and firmly tied to the main structure and their design shall be
in accordance with IS 1893: 2002.

Buildings having plans with shapes like L – T – E – Y shall preferably be separated into
rectangular parts by providing separation sections at appropriate places. Structures shall
not be founded on loose soils which will subside during an earthquake.
20. University/Mid Question Papers

Previous question papers

19
 Set 1
Code No: 16CE4136

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)

IV B.Tech(ECE/ME) I Semester II Mid-Term Examinations, February 2021

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Time: 45 Min Max. Marks: 20

Note: Answer All Questions. (2 x 10 = 20)

Qno. Question Marks CO BTL

a) Explain control measures for various construction defects. BTL

5 CO3
2
1
BTL
b) Briefly describe various types of stairs. 5 CO3
2

a) Explain in detail about prefabrication in BTL

5 CO4
buildings. 2
2
b) Explain systems of air conditioning.
BTL
5 CO4
2

a) Explain about acoustics of building and requirements of a BTL

5 CO5
good acoustic material. 2
3
b) Explain water distribution system. What are the general
BTL
considerations while laying out a pipe line? 5 CO5
2
.

21
 Set 2
Code No: 16CE4136

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)

IV B.Tech(ECE/ME) I Semester II Mid-Term Examinations, February 2021

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Time: 45 Min Max. Marks: 20

Note: Answer All Questions. (2 x 10 = 20)

Qno. Question Marks CO BTL

a) Describe briefly Escalators and Ramps

BTL
5 CO3
2
1
BTL
b) Explain components of stair with help of neat sketch. 5 CO3
2

a) Explain classification of air conditioning. BTL

5 CO4
2
2
b) What are the essentials of comfort air conditioning?
BTL
5 CO4
2

a) Write a note on noise. What are its effects? BTL

5 CO5
2
3
b) Explain various types sanitary fittings and traps BTL
5 CO5
commonly used in house drainage system. 2

Set 1
Code No: 16CE4136

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)

 IV B.Tech(ECE/ME) I Semester II Mid-Term Examinations, February 2021

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Objective
Name………………. Roll No………………….

Time: 15 Min Max. Marks: 5

Note: Answer All Questions. (10 x 0.5= 5)

CO 1,5 1M
3
CO 2,3,7,8 2M
4
CO 4,5,9,10 2M
5
Qno. Question
A Stair turning through two right angles is known as a _______ stair. [ ]
1. a) Straight b) Three Quarter Turn
c) Spiral d) Dog-legged
What is humidification? [ ]
a) The process of increasing the moisture of the air.
b) The hot air when cooled with contact in water.
2.
c) The warm air taken out when brought in contact with water
d) The air-water cooling done to cool down the warm water.

For winter air conditioning, the relative humidity should not be more than [ ]
a) 40% c) 60%
3.
b) 75% d) 90%

_________of sound is affected by frequency of sound. [ ]

a) Loudness b) Intensity
4.
c) Pitch d) None

What is the minimum diameter of Soil pipe used in drainage system? [ ]

a) 50 mm b) 75 mm
5.
c) 100 mm d) 105 mm

A _____________is a sloping surface and it is adopted as a substitute for stair for

6. easy connection between the floors.

7. For summer air conditioning, the relative humidity should not be less than
___________.

8. The process of extracting moisture from the cooled air is called _____________.

23
9. Velocity of sound wave in air medium is _______ m/s.

A ______________ is a depressed or bent fitting provided in a drainage system

10. always remains full of water maintaining water seal.
Set 2
Code No: 16CE4136

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)

IV B.Tech(ECE/ME) I Semester II Mid-Term Examinations, February 2021

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Objective
Name………………. Roll No………………….

Time:15 Min Max. Marks: 5

Note: Answer All Questions. (10 x 0.5= 5 )

CO 5 &10 1M
3
CO 1,2,6 &7 2M
4
CO 3,4,8 &9 2M
5
Qno. Question
What is humidification? [
]
a) The process of increasing the moisture of the air.
1. b) The hot air when cooled with contact in water.
c) The warm air taken out when brought in contact with water
d) The air-water cooling done to cool down the warm water.

For winter air conditioning, the relative humidity should not be more than [
]
2. a) 40% c) 60%
b) 75% d) 90%

_________of sound is affected by frequency of sound. [

]
3. a) Loudness b) Intensity
c) Pitch d) None

What is the minimum diameter of Soil pipe used in drainage system? [

]
4. a) 50 mm b) 75 mm
c) 100 mm d) 105 mm

A Stair turning through two right angles is known as a _______ stair. [

]
5.
a) Straight b) Three Quarter Turn
c) Spiral d) Dog-legged

25
6. For summer air conditioning, the relative humidity should not be less than
___________.

7. The process of extracting moisture from the cooled air is called _____________.

8. Velocity of sound wave in air medium is _______ m/s.

9. A ______________ is a depressed or bent fitting provided in a drainage system

always remains full of water maintaining water seal.

10. A _____________is a sloping surface and it is adopted as a substitute for stair for
easy connection between the floors.
 Set 3
Code No: 16CE4136

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)

IV B.Tech(ECE/ME) I Semester II Mid-Term Examinations, February 2021

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Objective
Name………………. Roll No………………….

Time: 15 Min Max. Marks:5

Note: Answer All Questions. (10 x 0.5= 5)

CO3 4 &9 1M
CO4 1,5,6 & 10 2M
CO5 2,3,7 &8 2M

Qno. Question
For winter air conditioning, the relative humidity should not be more than [ ]
a) 40% c) 60%
1.
b) 75% d) 90%

_________of sound is affected by frequency of sound. [ ]

a) Loudness b) Intensity
2.
c) Pitch d) None

What is the minimum diameter of Soil pipe used in drainage system? [ ]

a) 50 mm b) 75 mm
3.
c) 100 mm d) 105 mm

A Stair turning through two right angles is known as a _______ stair. [ ]

4. a) Straight b) Three Quarter Turn
c) Spiral d) Dog-legged
What is humidification? [ ]
a) The process of increasing the moisture of the air.
5. b) The hot air when cooled with contact in water.
c) The warm air taken out when brought in contact with water
d) The air-water cooling done to cool down the warm water.
6. The process of extracting moisture from the cooled air is called _____________.

7. Velocity of sound wave in air medium is _______ m/s.

8. A ______________ is a depressed or bent fitting provided in a drainage system always

remains full of water maintaining water seal.

27
9. A _____________is a sloping surface and it is adopted as a substitute for stair for easy
connection between the floors.

10. For summer air conditioning, the relative humidity should not be less than ___________.
 Set 4
Code No: 16CE4136

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)

IV B.Tech(ECE/ME) I Semester II Mid-Term Examinations, February 2021

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Objective
Name………………. Roll No………………….

Time: 15 Min Max. Marks: 5

Note: Answer All Questions. (10 x 0.5= 5)

CO3 3&8 1M
CO4 4,5,9 & 10 2M
CO5 1,2,6 & 7 2M

Qno. Question
_________of sound is affected by frequency of sound. [ ]
a) Loudness b) Intensity
1.
c) Pitch d) None

What is the minimum diameter of Soil pipe used in drainage system? [ ]

a) 50 mm b) 75 mm
2.
c) 100 mm d) 105 mm

A Stair turning through two right angles is known as a _______ stair. [ ]

3. a) Straight b) Three Quarter Turn
c) Spiral d) Dog-legged
What is humidification? [ ]
a) The process of increasing the moisture of the air.
4. b) The hot air when cooled with contact in water.
c) The warm air taken out when brought in contact with water
d) The air-water cooling done to cool down the warm water.
For winter air conditioning, the relative humidity should not be more than [ ]
5. a) 40% c) 60%
b) 75% d) 90%

6. Velocity of sound wave in air medium is _______ m/s.

7. A ______________ is a depressed or bent fitting provided in a drainage system always

remains full of water maintaining water seal.

8. A _____________is a sloping surface and it is adopted as a substitute for stair for easy
connection between the floors.

29
9. For summer air conditioning, the relative humidity should not be less than ___________.

The process of extracting moisture from the cooled air is called _____________.
10.

Code No: 16CE4136 Set 1

Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)
IV B. Tech. (ECE & Mechanical) I Semester I Mid-Term Examinations, AUG- 2019
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Time: 100 Min Max. Marks: 15
Note: Answer All Questions. (3 x 5 = 15)

1 Explain the characteristics of a good building stone. 5 marks CO1 BTL2

 (OR)
2 Compare stones and bricks as building materials. 5 marks CO1 BTL2

3 Explain the principles of planning of buildings. 5 marks CO2 BTL2

(OR)
4 How do you consider the aspects of lighting and ventilation 5 marks CO2 BTL2
during the planning of buildings.

5 What control measures and precautions would you adopt to 5 marks CO3 BTL2
avoid construction defects.
(OR)
6 What type of fire protection measures would you consider 5 marks CO3 BTL2
while planning a building?

31
 Code No: 16CE4136 Set 2
Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)
IV B. Tech. (ECE & Mechanical) I Semester I Mid-Term Examinations, AUG- 2019
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Time: 100 Min Max. Marks: 15
Note: Answer All Questions. (3 x 5 = 15)

1 Explain the characteristics of good building bricks. 5Marks CO1 BTL2

(OR)
2 What are various types of cement and their corresponding uses? 5marks CO1 BTL1

3 What are the various building bye-laws considered in the planning 5marks CO2 BTL1
of buildings?
(OR)
4 Why are lighting and ventilation important? How are they 5marks CO2 BTL2
incorporated in the planning of a building?

5 What are the general principles adopted in the design of openings 5marks CO3 BTL1
in a building ?
(OR)
6 List out the fire protection measures that are adopted while 5marks CO3 BTL1
planning for a building.
 Code No: 16CE4136 Set 1
Name: __________________ Roll No. __________________
Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)
IV B. Tech. (ECE& Mechanical)I Semester, I Mid-Term Examinations, AUG- 2019
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Time: 20 Min Max. Marks: 10
Answer all questions. All questions carry equal marks.

CO No 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 16, 17 4 marks
CO No 2 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18 4 marks
CO No 3 9, 10, 19, 20 2 marks
I. Choose the correct alternative:

1. The most important purpose of frog in the brick is to [ ]

A. embossmanufacture’s name B. reduce the weights of brick
C. formkeyed joint between brick and mortar D. improve insulation by providing hollows
2. Marble is a/an [ ]
A. igneous rock B. sedimentaryrock
C. metamorphic rock D. artificialrock
3. The most suitable stone for construction of basement of a building [ ]
A. granite B. lime stone
C. sand stone D. marble
4. The preferred Water–Cement ratio so as to avoid repairs in future and so as to
[ ]
attains good strength of concrete ,is
A. less than 0.25 B. around 0.5
C. around 1.0 D. more than 1.0
5. The Weight of a cement bag available in the market [ ]
A. 25 kg B. 50 kg
C. 75 kg D. 100 kg
6. The increase in grades of cement from 33 grade to 43 grade and then to 53 grade is
[ ]
as a result of increase in
A. fineness of cement particles B. coarseness of cement particles
C. weight of cement particles D. brightness of cement particles
7. The beam cast over the door and window openings, is called [ ]
A. plinthbeam B. lintelbeam
C. teebeam D.None of these
8. Ventilators are provided in a building,for making provision for [ ]
A. escape of hot air B. escape of leaked cooking gas
C. entry of fresh air D. None of these
9. Building maintenance is the activity aimed at [ ]
A. control deterioration and extend its life B. winning prizes in competitions
C. complying the building bye laws D. None of these
10. Anti-corrosive paints and varnishing are the preventive measures taken up in case [ ]

33
 of
A. stones and bricks B. bricks and wooden parts
C. metal parts and flooring D. metal parts and wooden parts
II. Fill in the blanks:

Provision of a window opposite to another window or a door opposite to a window in

11.
parallel walls of a room, is called _________________

12. A building is broadly divided into sub-structure and _____________________.

Following the building bye-laws, the free spaces left all around the building till the
13.
boundary lines on four sides, are called _________________________.

Plinth Area of a building is equal to the carpet area of the building plus the area of
14.
_______________

A wall which is constructed to divide the space within a building into rooms, is called
15.
_______________

From the time of adding water to the mixture of cement, sand and aggregate, the
16. concrete should be placed in position (eg: slab, beam, column etc) within 30
minutes. This duration of 30 minutes, is called ________________________.

The bricks are soaked in water before using them in the brick masonry (wall
17.
construction) so as to prevent them from absorbing water from __________.

18. The supply of fresh air into an enclosed space, is called _____________________

The cracks at the lower corners of the window openings could be avoided by providing
19.
_____________________ at the window sill levels.

Fire Buckets, Portable Fire extinguishers and _________________________ are the

20.
three major fire extinguishing measures in buildings.
 Code No: 16CE4136 Set 1
Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)
IV B. Tech. (ECE & Mechanical) I Semester II Mid-Term Examinations, Oct- 2019
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Time: 100 Min Max. Marks: 15
Note: Answer All Questions. (3 x 5 = 15)

1 Explain about various types of vertical transportation in buildings. [5M] [CO 3] [BTL
2]
(OR)
2 Explain with neat sketches about different types of staircases. [5M] [CO 3] [BTL
2]

3 What are the advantages of prefabrication systems? Specify the various areas of
construction wherein this prefabrication could be implemented. [5M]
[CO 4] [BTL 2]

(OR)
4 Explain about various classifications of air conditioning systems. [5M] [CO 4] [BTL
2]

5 Write a brief not on the principles of acoustics in Buildings. [5M] [CO 5] [BTL
2]
(OR)
6 Explain about the sanitary system, drainage system and their maintenance in residential
buildings.
[5M] [CO 5] [BTL
2]

35
 Code No: 16CE4136 Set 2
Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)
IV B. Tech. (ECE & Mechanical) I Semester II Mid-Term Examinations, Oct- 2019
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Time: 100 Min Max. Marks: 15
Note: Answer All Questions. (3 x 5 = 15)

1 Explain with neat sketches about different types of staircases. [5M] [CO 3] [BTL
2]
(OR)
2 What are the differences between staircases, lifts, ramps and escalators as the modes of
vertical transpiration.
[5M] [CO 3] [BTL
2]

3 Explain about various prefabrication systems in residential buildings.

[5M] [CO 4] [BTL
2]
(OR)
4 List out the salient points of various essential processes of air conditioning.
[5M] [CO 4] [BTL 2]

5 Write a brief note on the measures of sound insulation and its importance.
[5M] [CO 5] [BTL 2]
(OR)
6 Explain about the water supply system and its maintenance in residential buildings.
[5M] [CO 5] [BTL
2]
 Code No: 16CE4136 Set 1
Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad (Autonomous)
IV B. Tech. (ECE& Mechanical)I Semester, I Mid-Term Examinations, AUG- 2019
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
Time: 20 Min Max. Marks: 10
Answer all questions. All questions carry equal marks.

CO No3 1, 2, 11, 12 2 marks

CO No4 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15 4 marks
CO No5 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 4 marks
II. Choose the correct alternative:
1. The projection of the tread of a stair beyond the rise is called: [ ]
A. Flight B. Landing
C. Nosing D. Outcrop
2. A continuous series of steps between two consecutive landings, is called [ ]
A. Going B. Stretch
C. Flight D. Run
3. The air conditioning system in which compressor and blower are kept separately [ ]
A. Isolated air conditioning B. Split air conditioning
C. Remote air conditioning D. Cut off air conditioning
4. The process of removal of foul air from an enclosed space and substituting the
[ ]
same by supply of fresh air, is called
A. Refreshening B. Ventilation
C. Oxidation D. Humidification
5. Air Conditioning means: [ ]
A. Adding moisture to the air B. Purifying, cooling &controlling humidity of air
C. Cooling the air to 150C D. None of these
6. The units for the capacity of air conditioning unit are [ ]
A. Watts B. Joules
C. Tons D. None of these
7. As part of air conditioning, the dehumidification process is adopted during [ ]
A. Summer season B. Winter season
C. Rainy season D.None of these
8. The intensity of sound is measured in [ ]
A. Pitches B. Tones
C. Decibels D. Audibles
9. The velocity of sound in vacuum, is [ ]
A. Zero B. 330 m/s
C. 30,00,00,000m/s D. None of these
10. An echo does not occur in the class room, because [ ]
A. The voice of the faculty is low B. Minimum distance for occurrence of echo is
15m
C. The voice of the students is low D. Sound absorbing materials are present there

II. Fill in the Blanks:

37
 11. When there is a space restriction, the preferred type of stair case is
_________________

12. The sloping surface used as a substitute for staircase in vertical transportation is _____.

13. The process of casting the smaller elements of a structure in advance and assembling
them in place is called _________________________.

14. The construction of cupboards and shelves in a residential building using RCC panels,
is an example of_______________

15. _________ is the process by which the required amount of moisture is added to the air.

16. Circular shape is preferred for man hole cover, because ________________________.

17. The purpose of trap in water closet (flush toilet), is __________.

18. The services like water supply, drainage, sanitation etc., are known as
_________________

19. The leakage of water drops from upper floor slab into the lower floor, is due to poor
__________________ of concrete while laying the slab.

20. The purpose of vent pipe in household drainage is __________________________.

21. Question Bank:

Unit wise short answer type questions
UNIT-I
1. Write down the characteristic properties of good building stone?
2. What are the uses of stones in construction?
3. What different types of stones?
4. What are the limitations of bricks compare with stone?
5. What are the requirements of good brick
6. What are the ingredients of concrete?
7. What are basic properties of normal cement?
8. Define properties of cement.
9. What are the uses of cement?

UNIT-II
1. Define building.
2. Classify various types of buildings?
3. Name various components of building.
4. What are building bye laws?
5. Define ventilation.
6. Write on importance of circulation.
7. What are the aspects of ventilation during planning of building?
 UNIT-III
1. Write note on inspection of buildings.
2. What are the various constructional defects?
3. Define openings in building.
4. What are the control measures for various constructional defects?
5. Define Fire load, fire grading
6. What do you understand by fire proof construction?
7. Define: Tread, flight, step, rise, and landing with respect to stairs.
8. Classify various types of stairs?
9. What are elevators or lifts? When they are preferred?
10. Define ramps with its importance.
11. What are escalators?
12. What are different types of vertical transportation?

UNIT-IV
1. Define prefabrication system.
2. What are different types of prefabrication systems?
3. Define openings, cupboards, shelves.
4. What are the components in prefabrication systems?
5. Define modules in prefabrication.
6. Define air conditioning.
7. What are the purposes of air conditioning?
8. Write note on dehumidification.
9. Define ventilation.
10. What are the systems of air conditioning?

UNIT-V
1. Define the term acoustics.
2. What is acoustics of buildings?
3. Define intensity or loudness of sound.
4. Define noise and its types.
5. What is transmission of noise?
6. Define air borne noises.
7. Define structure-borne noises.
8. What are plumbing services?
9. Define plumbing piping.
10. What are sanitary fittings?
11. Define house drainage.
12. Define pipes and traps.
13. What are systems of plumbing?

UNIT WISE DESCRPTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS:

UNIT-I
1) What is the construction steps involved in manufacturing of burnt bricks?
2) Explain the classification of bricks with neat sketch.
3) Explain types of stones and their significance.
4) Explain characteristics of a good building stone.
5) Explain properties of fresh concrete.

39
UNIT-II

1) What do you understand by principles of planning a building?

2) Explain building bye laws.
3) Explain building components and their basic requirements.
4) Explain the necessity of ventilation in buildings.
5) Discuss in brief the functional requirements of ventilation system.
6) How to consider ventilation aspects during planning of a building?
7) Write down general rules for natural ventilation.
8) Explain briefly the following principles in planning the building:
a) Circulation b) Privacy c) Sanitation

UNIT-III
1. Explain control measures and precautions for various constructional defects.
2. Explain general principles of design of openings.
3. Explain fire resisting properties of common building materials.
4. Explain general fire safety requirements for buildings.
5. Explain the terms: ramps and escalators in detail.
6. Explain in brief about elevators or lifts.
7. Explain types of vertical transportation.

UNIT-IV
1. Explain about prefabrication systems in residential buildings.
2. Explain in detail about planning and modules of sizes of components in prefabrication.

3. Write note on: i) Filters ii) Humidification and dehumidification iii) Air circulation
4. Write the classification of air conditioning.
5. What are the essentials of comfort air conditioning?
6. Explain in detail about planning and modules of sizes of components in prefabrication.
7. What are the components in prefabrication systems?

UNIT-V

1. Explain in brief various characteristics of sound, as applicable to the acoustic design a

room.
2. Enumerate various requirements of a good acoustic material.
3. Explain various methods of sound insulation through the wall of a hall.
4. Write a note on noise. What are its effects?
5. Describe with help of neat sketch, the method of taking a house connection for water
supply.
6. Explain various principles that should be kept in mind while designing a house drainage
system.
7. Explain in brief various types of water closets.
8. Explain with the help of diagrams, various systems of plumbing used for house drainage.
9. Write a note on noise. What are ill effects?
10. Enumerate various requirements of a good acoustic material.
11. Explain various points that should be kept in mind while designing a house drainage
system.
12. What is acoustics of buildings?
13. Define pipes and traps.

41
22. Assignment Questions:

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING& TECHNOLOGY

Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), MEDCHAL Dist. – 501301
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Name of the subject: Building Technology

Branch: EEE A&B AY: 2020-21
Names of Course Instructors: N Kranthi Kumar & V.Goutham
ASSIGNMENT 1 – UNIT I
1. Classify the stones by various methods
2. What are the civil Engineering uses of stones?
3. What are the characteristics of good building stone?
4. When do you prefer brick? Explain.
5. Explain various applications of different types of cement?

GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING& TECHNOLOGY

Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), MEDCHAL Dist. – 501301
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Name of the subject: Building Technology

Branch: EEE A&B AY: 2020-21
Names of Course Instructors: N Kranthi Kumar & V.Goutham
ASSIGNMENT II – UNIT II

1. Explain sub structure and its importance in building.

2. What are internal and external privacy of various rooms in building?
3. Explain building bye laws?
4. Discuss in brief the functional requirements of ventilation system.
5. What are the aspects of ventilation during planning of building?
 GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING& TECHNOLOGY
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), MEDCHAL Dist. – 501301
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Name of the subject: Building Technology

Branch: EEE A&B AY: 2020-21
Names of Course Instructors: N Kranthi Kumar & V.Goutham
ASSIGNMENT III – UNIT III

1. Explain types of vertical transportation.

2. What are the requirements for good staircase?
3. Explain dog legged stairs and its suitability
4. Explain control measures and precautions for various constructional defects.
5. Explain various types of fire protection measures to be considered while planning a
building.

43
 GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING& TECHNOLOGY
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), MEDCHAL Dist. – 501301
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Name of the subject: Building Technology

Branch: EEE A&B AY: 2020-21
Names of Course Instructors: N Kranthi Kumar & V.Goutham
ASSIGNMENT IV – UNIT IV

1. What are the functional requirements of ventilation?

2. What are the systems of air conditioning?
3. Explain about prefabrication systems in residential buildings.
4. Write the classification of air conditioning.
5. Explain in detail about planning and modules of sizes of components in prefabrication.
 GEETHANJALI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING& TECHNOLOGY
Cheeryal (V), Keesara (M), MEDCHAL Dist. – 501301
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Name of the subject: Building Technology

Branch: EEE A&B AY: 2020-21
Names of Course Instructors: N Kranthi Kumar & V.Goutham
ASSIGNMENT V – UNIT V
1. Enumerate various requirements of a good acoustic material.
2. Explain various methods of sound insulation through the wall of a hall.
3. Explain various principles that should be kept in mind while designing a house drainage
system.
4. Explain in brief various types of water closets.
5. Explain with the help of diagrams, various systems of plumbing used for house drainage.

45
23. Tutorial Questions
(No tutorials, as this subject is theoretical)

24. Unit wise ‘quiz’ questions:

Unit - 1
1. The specific gravity of stone should not be in any case less than
a) 2
b) 3.5
c) 3
d) 2.5
Ans: d
2. First class bricks should not absorb water more than ( after 24 hours immersion)
a) 15%
b) 10%
c) 25%
d) 20%
Ans: d
3. The percentage of silica in a good earth for making brick should vary between
a) 20 to 30%
b) 20 to 30%
c) 20 to 40%
d) 30 to 50%
Ans: b
4. The percentage of alumina in a good earth for making brick should vary between
a) 10 to 20%
b) 30 to 40%
c) 40 to 50%
d) 50 to 60%
Ans: a
5. The art of extracting stone from natural rock is called
a) Seasoning
b) Polishing
c) Quarrying
d) Scaffolding
Ans: c
6. The process of removal of surplus water from brick after shaping is called
a) Moulding
b) Drying
c) Burning
d) Stacking
Ans: b
7. In manufacturing of Portland cement, ‘clinker’ is obtained at temperature of
a) 5000C
b) 10000C
c) 14000C
d) 20000C
 Ans: c
8. Which of the following is a rock?
a) Quartz
b) Mica
c) Gypsum
d) None of the above
Ans: c
9. Retarder used in the cement manufacture is
a) Plaster of Paris
b) Mg(OH)2
c) ZnCl2
d) Ba(OH)2
Ans: a
10. A heavy stone is suitable for
a) Arches
b) Rubble masonry
c) Roads
d) Retaining walls
Ans: d
11. The stone suitable for rubble masonry should be.
a) Hard
b) Tough
c) Heavy
d) Llight
Ans: a
12. Which of the following metamorphic rocks has the most weather resisting
characteristics?
a) marble
b) quartzite
c) slate
d) lime stone
Ans: b
13. A good building stone should not absorb water more than
a) 05%
b) 10%
c) 15%
d) 20%
Ans: a
14. Which of the following has more fire resisting characteristics ?
a) marble
b) lime stone
c) compact sand stone
d) granite
Ans: c
15. Soundness test for cement is carried out with the help of
a) Whitney’s apparatus
b) Pyconometer
c) Green’s apparatus
d) Lechatlier apparatus
Ans: d

47
16. The important test to be conducted on a stone used in docks and harbors’ is
a) hardness test
b) workability test
c) weight test
d) toughness test
Ans: c
17. The predominant constituent, which is responsible for strength in granite is
a) quartz
b) felspar
c) mica
d) none of the above
Ans: a
18. Granite is not suitable for ordinary building purpose because
a) it can not be polished
b) it is not a fire proof material
c) it is costly
d) it has less crushing strength
Ans: c
19. Which of the following stone is best suited for construction of piers and abutments of a
railway bridge ?
a) granite
b) sand stone
c) lime stone
d) quartzite
Ans: a
20. The preparation of surface of stone to obtain plain edges or to obtain stones of
required size and shape is known as
a) quarrying of stones
b) blasting of stones
c) seasoning of stones
d) dressing of stones
Ans: d
21. Crushing strength of a good building stone should be more than
a) 50 MPa
b) 100 MPa
c) 150 MPa
d) 200 MPa
Ans: b
22. Specific gravity for most of the building stones lies between
a) 1.5 to 2.0
b) 2.0 to 2.5
c) 2.5 to 3.0
d) 3.0 to 3.5
Ans: c

23. The minimum crushing strength of third class brick is:

 a) 3.5 N/mm2
b) 7 N/mm2
c) 10 N/mm2
d) 20 N/mm2
Answer: a
24. The constituent of cement which is responsible for all the undesirable properties of
cement is
a) dicalcium silicate
b) tricalcium silicate
c) tricalcium aluminate
d) tetra calcium alumino ferrite
Ans: c
25. The main ingredients of Portland cement are
a) lime and silica
b) lime and alumina
c) silica and alumina
d) lime and iron
Ans: a
26. The main constituent of cement which is responsible for initial setting of cement is
a) dicalcium silicate
b) tricalcium silicate
c) tricalcium aluminate
d) all of the above
Ans: c
27. For testing compressive strength of cement, the size of cube used is
a) 50 mm
b) 70.6 mm
c) 100 mm
d) 150 mm
Ans: a
28. After storage, the strength of cement
a) decreases
b) increases
c) remains same
d) may increase or decrease
Ans: a

Unit – 2

49
1. A _____ line usually parallel to the plot boundaries and laid down in each case by the
Authority, beyond which nothing can be constructed towards the site boundaries.
a) Building line
b) Control line
c) Property line
d) Plot line
Answer: a
2. The placing of various rooms or units of a structure in proper correlation of their functions
and in due proximity with each other is known as _____
a) Aspect
b) Prospect
c) Circulation
d) Grouping
Answer: d
3. The area on the earth which lies between the zones of cancer and Capricom is known as
the _______
a) Tropic zone
b) Frigid zone
c) Torrid zone
d) Arctic zone
Answer: a
4. When building bye-laws came into force?
a) April 1984
b) July 1983
c) April 1983
d) July 1972
Answer: a
5. The ratio of the total floor area inclusive of all the floors to the area of the plot on which
building stands is known as _____
a) Groundage
b) Plot area
c) Floor area
d) Built-up area
Answer: d
6. The plan of the buildings and elevations and sections accompanying the notice
shall be drawn to a scale _____
a) 1:10
b) 1:50
c) 1:100
d) 1:500
Answer: c
7. The term _________ is used to mean the free passage of clean air in a structure.
a) Circulation
b) Ventilation
c) Dissipation
d) Condensation
Answer: b
8. For comfortable working, the ___________ content should be limited to about 0.6% by
volume.
a) Oxygen
 b) Hydrogen
c) Carbon monoxide
d) Carbon dioxide
Answer: d
9. The difference of temperature between the outside air and inside air tends to the deposition
of moisture in the room surfaces known as ___________
a) Ventilation
b) Diffusion
c) Condensation
d) Dissipation
Answer: c
10. Where people are working, there has to be ______________ to cause proper ventilation
of the premises.
a) Air change
b) Humidity
c) Temperature
d) Moisture
Answer: a
11. __________________ is an index which combines the effect of air movement, humidity
and temperature.
a) Saturated air
b) Effective humidity
c) Dry bulb temperature
d) Effective temperature
Answer: d
12. In ______________ system, the use is made of doors, windows, ventilators and skylights
to make the room properly ventilated.
a) Artificial ventilation
b) Air conditioning
c) Natural ventilation
d) Mechanical ventilation
Answer: c
13.Exhaust system, supply system, air conditioning, etc. comes under ________ type of
ventilation system.
a) Natural
b) Mechanical
c) Man made
d) Doors
Answer: b

51
 Unit- 3
1. The main reason for cracks in masonry joints is:
a) Moisture
b) Sulphate
c) Magnesium
d) Sodium
Answer: b
2. Light, a term used in windows, is:
a) Area between outer parts of a window
b) Glazed part of the window
c) Area between inner parts of a window
d) Opening of the window allowing light
Answer: a
3. In a ventilator, top edge of shutter opens,
a) Outside
b) Inside
c) Sideways
d) Does not open
Answer: b
4. A _________ is a sloping surface and it is adopted as a substitute for stair for easy
connection between the floors.
a) Rise
b) Pitch
c) Ramp
d) String
Answer: c
5. A Stair turning through two right angles is known as a _________ stair.
a) Straight
b) Geometrical
c) Spiral
d) Dog-legged
Answer: d
6. The _______ stairs are useful where the space available is limited and where the traffic is
less.
a) Straight
b) Turning
c) Spiral
d) Geometrical
Answer: c
7. The stairs which are kept in motion by a revolving drum is known as a _______
a) Escalator
b) Revolving Stairs
c) Lift
d) Elevator
Answer: a
8. A building can be mainly divided into how many components?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 6
d) 8
 Answer: b
9. What is the level below window called?
a) Pane level
b) Lintel level
c) Sill level
d) Plinth level
Answer: c
10. The outer projection on the tread of a stair is:
a) Going
b) Outcrop
c) Bulge
d) Nosing
Answer: d

Unit – 4
1. The term _________ is used to mean the free passage of clean air in a structure.
a) Circulation
b) Ventilation
c) Dissipation
d) Condensation
Answer: b
2.In ______________ system, the use is made of doors, windows, ventilators and skylights
to make the room properly ventilated.
a) Artificial ventilation
b) Air conditioning
c) Natural ventilation
d) Mechanical ventilation
Answer: c
3.The term __________ is used to indicate the science of controlling air with respect to
humidity, temperature, movement of air, bacteria content, etc.
a) Air conditioning
b) Circulation
c) Condensation
d) Conditioning
Answer: a
4. ________________ is the process by which the required amount of moisture is taken out
from the air.
a) Condensation
b) Dehumidification
c) Humidification
d) Absorption
Answer: b
5. _____________ is the process by which the required amount of moisture is added in the
air.
a) Dehumidification
b) Humidification
c) Absorption
d) Condensation
Answer: b

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6. In Summer, the outside air is hot and hence the process of air conditioning involves
filtering, dehumidification and _________
a) Reheating
b) Pre heating
c) Humidification
d) Adsorption
Answer: a
7. In Winter, the outside air is cool and hence, the process of air conditioning involves
filtering, preheating and _____________
a) Dehumidification
b) Humidification
c) Condensation
d) Circulation
Answer: b

8. ________________ are made of sheet metal of suitable size and shape to convey the
conditioned air.
a) Outlets
b) Pumps
c) Grills
d) Ducts
Answer: d
9. The location of _________ depends on various factors such as structural features,
composition of openings, height of room, etc.
a) Inlets
b) Outlets
c) Pumps
d) Ducts
Answer: b
10. The ____________ of suitable type may be used to distribute air inside the room.
a) Grills
b) Pumps
c) Ducts
d) Ceilings
Answer: b
11. Combination system consists of supply system and __________ system.
a) Plenum
b) Air conditioning
c) Exhaust
d) Natural
Answer: c
12. The term __________ is used to indicate the science of controlling air with respect to
humidity, temperature, movement of air, bacteria content, etc.
a) Air conditioning
b) Circulation
c) Condensation
d) Conditioning
Answer: a

Unit – 5
1. The word Acoustic is originally derived from a Greek word meaning _________
a) to write
b) to speak
c) to hear
d) to absorb
Answer: c
2. The speed at which the sound wave travels or passed through any medium is termed as the
______________
a) Sound speed
b) Sound velocity
c) Sound intensity
d) Frequency
Answer: b
3. For atmospheric air medium, the sound velocity at 20°C is about ________
a) 340
b) 1305
c) 338
d) 2600
Answer: a
4. The ________________ is defined as the number of pressure variation which a sounding
body makes in each unit of time.
a) Note
b) Pitch
c) Wavelength
d) Intensity
Answer: b
5. The ________________ is the degree of sensation.
a) Hearing
b) Frequency
c) Loudness
d) Intensity
Answer: c
6.According to International agreement, the frequency is measured in ________
a) Meters
b) Watts
c) Hertz
d) Tesla
Answer: c
7. The speed of sound is taken as __________
a) 340 m/s
b) 3.40 m/s
c) 3400 m/s
d) 0.34 m/s
Answer: a
8. ______________ of sound is affected by frequency of sound.
a) Loudness
b) Intensity
c) Pitch
d) Note
Answer: b

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9. __________________is any work involved in fixing or unfixing any pipe, plumbing
fixture or appliance including; any trap, waste or soil pipe, ventilation pipe, or overflow
pipe and any pipe that supplies or is intended to supply water.
a) Domestic plumbing
b) flooring
c) Sanitary plumbing
d) plastering and putting
Answer: c
10. Sanitary plumbing includes the installation of appliances such as dishwashers and
washing machines; the replacement or repair of taps, ball valves and plugs.
a) True
b) False
Answer: b
11. The value of ‘B’ of Indian type W.C. shown in the given figure is:

a) 60 cm
b) 45 cm
c) 25 cm
d) 15 cm
Answer: b
12.The diameter of a domestic sewer pipe laid at gradient 1 in 100 is recommended
________
a) 100 mm
b) 150 mm
c) 210 mm
d) 400 mm
Answer: b
5. Websites and E links:
Websites:-
NPTEL Resources
26. Quality measurement sheet

EVALUATION SCHEME
PARTICULAR WEIGHTAGE MARKS
End Examinations 70% 70
Two Sessionals 25% 25
Assignment 5% 5