Fig. 9 Friction Chart for Round Duct (ρ = 1.20 kg/m3 and ε = 0.

09 mm)
Duct Design

Fig. 9
34.9

Friction Chart for Round Duct (ρ = 1.20 kg/m3 and ε = 0.09 mm)
34.10 2001 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (SI)

Table 2 Circular Equivalents of Rectangular Duct for Equal Friction and Capacitya
Length One Side of Rectangular Duct (~), mm

Lgth 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 900
Adj.b Circular Duct Diameter, mm
=NMM NMV
=NOR NOO NPT
=NRM NPP NRM NSQ
=NTR NQP NSN NTT NVN
=OMM NRO NTO NUV OMQ ONV
=OOR NSN NUN OMM ONS OPO OQS
=ORM NSV NVM ONM OOU OQQ ORV OTP
=OTR NTS NVV OOM OPU ORS OTO OUT PMN
=PMM NUP OMT OOV OQU OSS OUP OVV PNQ POU
=PRM NVR OOO OQR OST OUS PMR POO PPV PRQ PUP
=QMM OMT OPR OSM OUP PMR POR PQP PSN PTU QMV =QPT
=QRM ONT OQT OTQ OVV PON PQP PSP PUO QMM QPP =QSQ =QVO
=RMM OOT ORU OUT PNP PPT PSM PUN QMN QOM QRR =QUU =RNU =RQT
=RRM OPS OSV OVV POS PRO PTR PVU QNV QPV QTT =RNN =RQP =RTP =SMN
=SMM OQR OTV PNM PPV PSR PVM QNQ QPS QRT QVS =RPP =RST =RVU =SOU =SRS
=SRM ORP OUV PON PRN PTU QMQ QOV QRO QTQ RNR =RRP =RUV =SOO =SRP =SUP =TNN
=TMM OSN OVU PPN PSO PVN QNU QQP QST QVM RPP =RTP =SNM =SQQ =STT =TMU =TPT =TSR
=TRM OSU PMS PQN PTP QMO QPM QRT QUO RMS RRM =RVO =SPM =SSS =TMM =TPO =TSP =TVO =UOM
=UMM OTR PNQ PRM PUP QNQ QQO QTM QVS ROM RST =SMV =SQV =SUT =TOO =TRR =TUT =UNU =UQT =UTR
=VMM OUV PPM PST QMO QPR QSR QVQ ROO RQU RVT =SQP =SUS =TOS =TSP =TVV =UPP =USS =UVT =VOT =VUQ
NMMM PMN PQQ PUQ QOM QRQ QUS RNT RQS RTQ SOS =STQ =TNV =TSO =UMO =UQM =UTS =VNN =VQQ =VTS NMPT
NNMM PNP PRU PVV QPT QTP RMS RPU RSV RVU SRO =TMP =TRN =TVR =UPU =UTU =VNS =VRP =VUU NMOO NMUS
NOMM POQ PTM QNP QRP QVM ROR RRU RVM SOM STT =TPN =TUM =UOT =UTO =VNQ =VRQ =VVP NMPM NMSS NNPP
NPMM PPQ PUO QOS QSU RMS RQP RTT SNM SQO TMN =TRT =UMU =URT =VMQ =VQU =VVM NMPN NMSV NNMT NNTT
NQMM PQQ PVQ QPV QUO ROO RRV RVR SOV SSO TOQ =TUN =UPR =UUS =VPQ =VUM NMOQ NMSS NNMT NNQS NOOM
NRMM PRP QMQ QRO QVR RPS RTR SNO SQU SUN TQR =UMR =USM =VNP =VSP NMNN NMRT NNMM NNQP NNUP NOSM
NSMM PSO QNR QSP RMU RRN RVN SOV SSR TMM TSS =UOT =UUR =VPV =VVN NMQN NMUU NNPP NNTT NONV NOVU
NTMM PTN QOR QTR RON RSQ SMR SQQ SUO TNU TUR =UQV =VMU =VSQ NMNU NMSV NNNU NNSQ NOMV NORP NPPR
NUMM PTV QPQ QUR RPP RTT SNV SSM SVU TPR UMQ =USV =VPM =VUU NMQP NMVS NNQS NNVR NOQN NOUS NPTN
NVMM PUT QQQ QVS RQQ RVM SSP STQ TNP TRN UOP =UUV =VRO NMNO NMSU NNOO NNTQ NOOQ NOTN NPNU NQMR
OMMM PVR QRP RMS RRR SMO SQS SUU TOU TST UQM =VMU =VTP NMPQ NMVO NNQT NOMM NORO NPMN NPQU NQPU
ONMM QMO QSN RNS RSS SNQ SRV TMO TQP TUO URT =VOT =VVP NMRR NNNR NNTO NOOS NOTV NPOV NPTU NQTM
OOMM QNM QTM ROR RTT SOR STN TNR TRT TVT UTQ =VQR NMNP NMTS NNPT NNVR NORN NPMR NPRS NQMS NRMN
OPMM QNT QTU RPQ RUT SPS SUP TOU TTN UNO UVM =VSP NMPN NMVT NNRV NONU NOTR NPPM NPUP NQPQ NRPO
OQMM QOQ QUS RQP RVT SQT SVR TQM TUQ UOS VMR =VUM NMRM NNNS NNUM NOQN NOVV NPRR NQMV NQSN NRSN
ORMM QPM QVQ RRO SMS SRU TMS TRP TVT UQM VOM =VVS NMSU NNPS NOMM NOSO NPOO NPTV NQPQ NQUU NRUV
OSMM QPT RMN RSM SNS SSU TNT TSQ UNM URP VPR NMNO NMUR NNRQ NOOM NOUP NPQQ NQMO NQRV NRNP NSNT
OTMM QQP RMV RSV SOR STU TOU TTS UOO USS VRM NMOU NNMO NNTP NOQM NPMQ NPSS NQOR NQUP NRPU NSQQ
OUMM QRM RNS RTT SPQ SUU TPU TUT UPQ UTV VSQ NMQP NNNV NNVM NORV NPOQ NPUT NQQT NRMS NRSO NSTM
OVMM QRS ROP RUR SQP SVT TQV TVU UQR UVN VTT NMRU NNPR NOMU NOTT NPQQ NQMU NQSV NROV NRUS NSVS
Length One Side of Rectangular Duct (~), mm
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900
Lgth
Adj.b Circular Duct Diameter, mm
NMMM NMVP
NNMM NNQS NOMO
NOMM NNVS NORS NPNO
NPMM NOQQ NPMS NPSR NQON
NQMM NOUV NPRQ NQNS NQTR NRPM
NRMM NPPO NQMM NQSQ NROS NRUQ NSQM
NSMM NPTP NQQQ NRNN NRTQ NSPR NSVP NTQV
NTMM NQNP NQUS NRRR NSON NSUQ NTQR NUMP NURU
NUMM NQRN NROT NRVU NSST NTPO NTVQ NURQ NVNO NVSU
NVMM NQUU NRSS NSQM NTNM NTTU NUQO NVMQ NVSQ OMON OMTT
OMMM NROP NSMQ NSUM NTRP NUOO NUUV NVRO OMNQ OMTP ONPN ONUS
ONMM NRRU NSQM NTNV NTVP NUSR NVPP NVVV OMSP ONOQ ONUP OOQM OOVS
OOMM NRVN NSTS NTRS NUPP NVMS NVTT OMQQ ONNM ONTP OOPP OOVO OPRM OQMR
OPMM NSOP NTNM NTVP NUTN NVQT OMNV OMUU ONRR OOOM OOUP OPQP OQMO OQRV ORNQ
OQMM NSRR NTQQ NUOU NVMV NVUS OMSM ONPN OOMM OOSS OPPM OPVP OQRP ORNN ORSU OSOQ
ORMM NSUR NTTS NUSO NVQR OMOQ ONMM ONTP OOQP OPNN OPTT OQQN ORMO ORSO OSON OSTU OTPP
OSMM NTNR NUMU NUVS NVUM OMSN ONPV OONP OOUR OPRR OQOO OQUT ORRN OSNO OSTO OTPM OTUT OUQO
OTMM NTQQ NUPV NVOV OMNR OMVT ONTT OORP OPOT OPVU OQSS ORPP ORVU OSSN OTOO OTUO OUQM OUVS OVRO
OUMM NTTO NUSV NVSN OMQU ONPP OONQ OOVO OPST OQPV ORNM ORTU OSQQ OTMU OTTN OUPO OUVN OVQV PMMS PMSN
OVMM NUMM NUVU NVVO OMUN ONST OORM OPOV OQMS OQUM ORRO OSON OSUV OTRR OUNV OUUN OVQN PMMN PMRU PNNR PNTM
~ q~ÄäÉ=Ä~ëÉÇ=çå=a =Z=NKPME~ÄFMKSORLE~=H=ÄFMKORK Ä iÉåÖíÜ=~Çà~ÅÉåí=ëáÇÉ=çÑ=êÉÅí~åÖìä~ê=ÇìÅí=EÄFI=ããK
É
Duct Design 34.11

Table 3 Equivalent Spiral Flat Oval Duct Dimensions

Minor Axis (~), mm
Circular
Duct Diameter, 70 100 125 150 175 200 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 450 500 550 600
mm Major Axis (^), mm
NOR OMR
NQM OSR NUM
NSM PSM OPR NVM
NUM QTR PMM OPR OMM
OMM PUM OVM OQR ONR
OOQ QVM PTR PMR Ô OQM
ORM QTR PUR POR OVM
OUM QUR QNM PSM Ô OUR
PNR SPR ROR Ô Ô PQR POR
PRR UQM Ô RUM QSM QOR PVR PTR
QMM NNNR Ô TSM Ô RPM QVM QSM QPR
QRM NQVM Ô VVR Ô STR Ô RTM RPR RMR
RMM NOTR Ô UQR Ô TMM SRR SNR RUM
RSM NSUM Ô NMUR Ô UVM UOM TSR TOM
SPM NQOR Ô NNRM NMRM VTM VMR UNM
TNM NRMR NPTM NOSM NNSR NMOR
UMM NUMM NSQR NRNR NPNR NNTM NMSR
VMM ONSR NVUR NTMR NRMM NPRM
NMMM ONTM NUVR NSVM
NNOM OQRR ONTM NVRM
NORM OTVR OQVR

Dynamic losses occur along a duct length and cannot be sepa- where pv,c is the velocity pressure at the common section c, and Cc,s
rated from friction losses. For ease of calculation, dynamic and Cc,b are losses for the straight (main) and branch flow paths,
losses are assumed to be concentrated at a section (local) and to respectively, each referenced to the velocity pressure at section c. To
exclude friction. Frictional losses must be considered only for convert junction local loss coefficients referenced to straight and
relatively long fittings. Generally, fitting friction losses are branch velocity pressures, use the following equation:
accounted for by measuring duct lengths from the centerline of
one fitting to that of the next fitting. For fittings closely coupled C c Ii
(less than six hydraulic diameters apart), the flow pattern enter- C i Z ---------------------2- (34)
( Vi ⁄ Vc )
ing subsequent fittings differs from the flow pattern used to
determine loss coefficients. Adequate data for these situations
where
are unavailable.
For all fittings, except junctions, calculate the total pressure loss Ci = local loss coefficient referenced to section being calculated (see
subscripts), dimensionless
∆pj at a section by
Cc,i = straight (Cc,s ) or branch (Cc,b ) local loss coefficient referenced to
dynamic pressure at common section, dimensionless
∆p j Z C o p v Io (30)
Vi = velocity at section to which Ci is being referenced, m/s
Vc = velocity at common section, m/s
where the subscript o is the cross section at which the velocity pres-
sure is referenced. The dynamic loss is based on the actual velocity Subscripts:
in the duct, not the velocity in an equivalent noncircular duct. For the b = branch
cross section to reference a fitting loss coefficient, refer to Step 4 in s = straight (main) section
the section on HVAC Duct Design Procedures. Where necessary c = common section
(unequal area fittings), convert a loss coefficient from section o to The junction of two parallel streams moving at different veloci-
section i using Equation (31), where V is the velocity at the respec- ties is characterized by turbulent mixing of the streams, accompa-
tive sections. nied by pressure losses. In the course of this mixing, an exchange of
Co momentum takes place between the particles moving at different
C i Z ----------------------2 (31) velocities, finally resulting in the equalization of the velocity distri-
( Vi ⁄ Vo ) butions in the common stream. The jet with higher velocity loses a
part of its kinetic energy by transmitting it to the slower moving jet.
For converging and diverging flow junctions, total pressure The loss in total pressure before and after mixing is always large and
losses through the straight (main) section are calculated as positive for the higher velocity jet and increases with an increase in
the amount of energy transmitted to the lower velocity jet. Conse-
∆p j Z C c Is p v Ic (32) quently, the local loss coefficient, defined by Equation (29), will
always be positive. The energy stored in the lower velocity jet
For total pressure losses through the branch section, increases as a result of mixing. The loss in total pressure and the
local loss coefficient can, therefore, also have negative values for the
∆p j Z C c Ib p v Ic (33) lower velocity jet (Idelchik et al. 1994).