Vulnerability

Management
A vulnerability assessment seeks to identify issues in a network, application,
database, or other IT systems prior to it being inadvertently or purposely used to
compromise a system. Vulnerability assessments are a formalized process that
define, identify, and classify the security holes in an enterprise network architecture.

Now, once these countermeasures are put in place, a follow-up vulnerability

assessment can help you to determine how effective your countermeasures truly are
in protecting that network from attack. The management and oversight of this
process is known as vulnerability management. Vulnerability management is the
practice of finding and mitigating the vulnerabilities in your computers in your
networks. This is a very cyclical process. Sometimes, you'll hear this referred to as
scan, patch, scan because you need to scan the network for vulnerabilities to identify
them, then you're going to prioritize all these vulnerabilities, you're going to fix them
and patch them, and then you're going to scan again, and you're going to keep doing
this until hopefully one day, you have no vulnerabilities left.

Common choices:
 Penetration Testing
A penetration test is conducted by a team of professionals to simulate an attack on
your network, its system, or its applications. Often, this is called a pentest. And the
idea here is for the team to break into your network, just like a real hacker would.

Pentest vs Vuln Assessment

But, how does a penetration test differ from a vulnerability assessment? Well,
vulnerability assessments are conducted often as a credentialed scan, where the
tool can be provided with a username and password for the systems. This is going to
provide you with an inside out look of your networks, just like a system administrator
would see. Now, instead, a pentest is seeking to look at your networks as an attacker
would, from the outside in. Often, your penetration tests are going to be conducted in
the form of a black-box test, where the pentesters have to hunt for any information
that they need in order to be able to penetrate the network's defenses. But some
organizations are going to hire a pentester to perform the assessment as a white-box
test, instead. This means they'll give them some kind of information about the
network, usually IP addresses, the types of servers being run, maybe the software,
and sometimes, even a basic standard user account.

Penetration tests follow five basic steps:

1. First, you get permission and you document information about the target
network.
2. Second, you gather information about the target through reconnaissance.
3. Third, you're going to enumerate the target to identify known vulnerabilities.
4. Fourth, you're going to exploit the network to gain user or privilege access.
5. And fifth, you're going to document all of your results of the pentest and give
that report to the organization.

Training & Exercises

Tabletop Exercises - TTX

Now, when we talk about tabletop exercises, we mentioned before that these are
exercises that use an incident scenario against a framework of controls or a red
team. So, what we're going to do here is we are going to carry a discussion of
simulated emergency situations and security events. These are great because
they're really simple to set up, but they tend to be more theoretical in nature and they
don't provide practical evidence of what could go wrong during a real event. For
example, how long will a particular task take to complete? You really can't gather that
from a tabletop, but if you actually go through the actions and motions in something
like a penetration test, you'll be able to see that instead.

Pentest
Now, when you’re dealing with a penetration test, this is a test that uses active tools
and security utilities to evaluate security by simulating an attack on a system to verify
that a threat really does exist, they actively test that threatened vulnerability, they
bypass security controls, and then, finally, exploit those vulnerabilities on a given
system.

Red Team
When we talk about red teams, these are the hostile or attacking teams in a
penetration test or an incident response exercise. If you hire that third-party team,
that is a red team. They're trying to attack your systems.

Blue Team
When we’re talking about blue teams, this is our defensive teams in a penetration
test or an incident response exercise. This is our system administrators. This is our
network defenders. This is our cybersecurity analysts, like you. You're going to be
part of the blue team.

White Team
And then we have the white team. This is a staff who administers, evaluates, and
supervises a penetration test or incident response exercise. They're also going to be
responsible for building the network if you're going to be using a third-party network
as part of your test. Sometimes, organizations don't want to do active testing on their
real live networks, so, they'll build a training ground and they'll put their red teams
and their blue teams, if they have internal red teams and internal blue teams, against
each other in this simulated environment. Well, somebody has to build and support
this entire ecosystem, and that's what the white team will do. I like to think about the
white team as the referees. They're also going to be the ones who are going to
report after the event and say, this is what the red team did well, this is what the blue
team did well, and here's what they both did not so well.

OVAL
The Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language, or OVAL as it's known, is a
standard that was designed to regulate the transfer of secure public information
across networks and the Internet to utilize any security tools and services available
at the time. Now, what does this really mean in layman's terms? Well, OVAL is an
attempt to create a standard way for vulnerability management software, scanners,
and other tools to share their data with each other and with other programs. Now,
OVAL is comprised of two different parts. There's a language component to it, and
an interpreter. The OVAL Language is written as an XML schema that's used to
define and describe the information that's being created by the OVAL Language, and
it's allowing it to be shared among various programs and tools. Now, the OVAL
Interpreter, on the other hand, is a reference model that was developed to make sure
that the information being passed around by all of these programs, it actually
complies with the OVAL schemas and definitions that the language created.
Because OVAL can be used by lots of different tools, it has become a large part of
vulnerability assessments, patch management, auditing, the sharing of threat
indicators, and multiple other uses. Now, for the Security+ exam, you just have to
remember that OVAL stands for the Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language,
and that it's used to share data between lots of different tools that are focused on
vulnerability assessments and management. And if you do that, you're going to do
just fine.

Tools for Vuln Assessments

Network Mapping
Network mapping tools are used for discovery and documentation of your physical
and logical connectivity that exists within your network. By using these tools, you can
determine how the network is set up, how the data is going to flow over that network,
and all sorts of other things like that. This is usually one of the first tools that's used
when you conduct a vulnerability assessment, because you have to understand how
all these different network connections are, so you can understand the vulnerabilities
that are going to lie within the network. For example, SolarWinds is a very popular
commercially available network mapping tool. As you can see here on the screen, it's
going to search your network and create a graphical representation of it for you. A
good open source and free option you can use is known as Zenmap. Zenmap is
going to allow you to create a graphical topology of your network, as you can see
here.

Vulnerability Scanning
A vulnerability scan is a technique that’s going to be used to identify threats that exist
on the network, but it doesn't exploit those threats. Now, vulnerability scanners can
vary greatly in their complexity and their level of detail. Some are very basic and only
do a scan for open ports. Others can probe those open ports and determine the
exact service and software that's being run by the server. Now, for example, Nmap is
a port scanner that can perform a basic port scan or a more in-depth vulnerability
scan of those ports once it finds one that's open. I'm going to show you that in a
demonstration later on. There is very complex vulnerability scanning suites out there,
things like Nessus and Qualysguard, and these can scan for open ports, enumerate
the services on those ports, and then determine if a vulnerability exists on those
services by checking if they've been patched for known exploits.

Network Sniffing
Network sniffing is the process of finding and investigating other computers on the
network by analyzing the active network traffic, or capturing the packets as they're
going across the network for later analysis. Network sniffing tools are also called
packet sniffers, or protocol analyzers, because all three of these can conduct the
concept of packet capturing on the network, but a protocol analyzer has the ability to
give you much more information than just a network sniffer or a packet sniffer does.
With a protocol analyser, you can actually capture, reassemble and analyze those
packets that have gone across the network, look at them as packets, frames, or even
at the bit level. The most commonly used protocol analyzer is the open source
program known as Wireshark. Wireshark is free, available on just about every
operating system out there, and it is really, really powerful.

Password Analysis
Well, it’s a tool that’s used to test the strength of your passwords to ensure that your
password policies are being followed properly. Another name for these is a password
cracker. Now, a password cracker uses comparative analysis to break passwords
and systematically guess them until the password is finally determined. There's a
bunch of different password crackers out there, but by far, the two most well-known
are Cain and Abel and John the Ripper. There's password guessing, a dictionary
attack, a brute-force attack, and a cryptanalysis attack.
Password Guessing
With password guessing, this occurs when a weak password is simply figured out by
a person.

Brute Force Attack

A brute-force attack is where the computer program attempts to try every single
combination of a password until it can find the right one. Now, this can take a lot of
computing processing power, as well as a lot of time, depending on how long and
strong your password is. But eventually, it will always find it.

Dictionary Attack
The next method is called a dictionary attack. In this type of attack, the password
cracking program is going to attempt to use a dictionary to automatically guess the
password by trying each and every word in that dictionary file. Now, a dictionary
attack doesn't just use common dictionary words, though, because hackers have
created their own dictionaries that consist of other variations, like commonly-used
passwords, variations on real dictionary words using numbers, letters, and special
characters, and other such variations.

Cryptanalysis Attack
Now, the final method covered by Security+ is called the cryptanalysis attack. This
attack relies on comparing a precomputed, encrypted password to a value found in a
lookup table. But if I have a database of all of those values already, I can just
compare the encrypted password to the values found in the table, and if I find it, I
can then look in the column next to it for its unencrypted value.
These tables of precomputed values are known as a Rainbow Table, and these files
can be massively large. One of my favorite rainbow tables is actually found online at
CrackStation.net. Their table contains 15 billion entries and is 190 gigabytes in size.
That is a really, really big text file.