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Practical 4

The document provides instructions for a practical laboratory experiment on molecular models and isomers. It includes pre-lab questions on bonding, structural formulas, conformational and constitutional isomers. It then gives step-by-step instructions to build molecular models of several hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated examples. It has students observe structural differences and identify conformers and constitutional isomers. Key models include methane, ethane, propane, butane, 2-butene, hexane, and cyclohexane.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
110 views9 pages

Practical 4

The document provides instructions for a practical laboratory experiment on molecular models and isomers. It includes pre-lab questions on bonding, structural formulas, conformational and constitutional isomers. It then gives step-by-step instructions to build molecular models of several hydrocarbons, including saturated and unsaturated examples. It has students observe structural differences and identify conformers and constitutional isomers. Key models include methane, ethane, propane, butane, 2-butene, hexane, and cyclohexane.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FACULTY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMOLECULAR SCIENCES

Department of Biochemistry

BCH 3005 BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY


Practical 4 : Molecular Models and Isomers

Programme : BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONORS) IN BIOCHEMISTRY

Experiment Date : 29 / 11 / 2022

Lecturer : DR. SUHAILI BINTI SHAMSI

Group : GROUP 3

Name Matric No.


KINISHAA A/P TAMIL 215393
SELVEN
PRE LAB EXERCISE

1. How many bonds are normally formed to atoms of each of the following elements when they
are in most organic molecules.
No. of Bonds
H-1
C-4
N-3
O-2
Cl - 1
S-2
F-1
Br - 1
I-1

2. Molecules can be represented by molecular formulas or by structural formulas. Write the


molecular formula for butane below and show all the possible structural formulas for butane.
Molecular Formula for Butane All Possible Structural Formulas for Butane
C4H10
3. What is the difference between conformational structures of a molecule and different
structural isomers? Give an example to illustrate.
Conformational structures of a molecule have the same bond connectivity and can be inter
converted by rotating around one or more single sigma bonds whereas different structural
isomers have same molecular formula but have different C-C bond connectivity.

These two structures are conformational structures of 1-chlorobutane because the connectivity of
the bonds are the same. It is just chlorine atom at C-1 has been rotated.

These two structures are different structural isomers because they both have same molecular
formula which is C4H8Br2 but different connectivity where in first structure two bromine atoms
are attached to C-2 and C-3 respectively and in other structure both bromine atoms are attached
to C-2.

4. How would you describe the difference between a saturated hydrocarbon and an
unsaturated hydrocarbon? Give examples of each to illustrate.
Saturated hydrocarbon only contains single carbon-carbon bonds while unsaturated hydrocarbon
contains double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
5. Give two examples of cycloalkanes and one example of a cycloalkene, showing the
structural formula for each. Name the structures you have drawn.
Cyclobutane and cyclopentane are examples of cycloalkanes and cyclohexene is an example of
cycloalkene.
Structural formula Name
Cyclobutane

Cyclopentane

Cyclohexene

6. What is meant by cis- and trans- isomers of alkenes. Give an example of each, making a
structural formula and correctly naming it for each example.
Cis isomers are molecules with similar side groups placed on the same side of the double bond
while trans isomers are molecules with similar side groups placed on the opposite side of the
double bond.
Structural formula Name
Cis-1,2-dichloroethene

Trans-1,2-dichloroethene
RESULT
PART A. SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS
1. Make a model of methane (CH4) connecting four H atoms (white balls) to one C atom
(black ball), using the light gray, rigid pegs. Place the model on the bench and notice the 3-
dimensional structure. Write the structural formula for methane (using chemical symbols, i.e., C
and H) on the left below and draw a 3-dimensional diagram of the methane model on the right.

2. Remove an H atom and replace it with a C atom forming a C-C bond. Complete the model by
adding bonds (light gray, rigid pegs) to H atoms to fill all the holes in the two C atoms.
Ethane
What is the name of the molecule you have just formed? __________________________
C2H6
Write the chemical formula for this molecule. _____________
Notice it is possible to rotate the molecule about the C-C bond. Place it on the bench with four H
atoms in contact with the bench and two H atoms pointing straight up. Draw a diagram of this
model below on the left. Then rotate the molecule about the C-C bond so there are two H atoms
from one C in contact with the bench and only one H atom from the other C pointing straight
down in contact with the bench. Draw a diagram of this form of the model below on the right.

No
Are these different isomers? (yes or no) ____
Did you break any bonds when you rotated the molecule about the C-C bond? _____
No
3. Remove one H atom from the molecule above. What is the name of the C2H5 radical (group)
you have just formed? Ethyl radical
Attach a C atom where the H atom was, and fill in the remaining holes with bonds to H atoms.
What is the name of this three carbon molecule? Propane
Is it still possible to rotate the molecule about both of the C-C bonds? (yes or no) Yes
Remove an H from the central C and remove one -CH3 group from this C and place it where the
H was. Place the H where the -CH3 group was.
Have you formed a different isomer? (yes or no) No
Does the molecule look any different? (yes or no) No
Write the structural formula (using chemical symbols) for this molecule below on the left and
draw a diagram of this model (ball and stick) below on the right.

4. Remove an H atom from an end C of the three carbon molecule above and replace it with a -
CH3 group.
What is the name of the molecule you have formed? Butane
We will now use numbering to represent the order of the C atoms (i.e., C1, C2, C3, and C4 in this
case). Place the molecule on the bench so two H atoms from C2 and two H atoms from C3 are in
contact with the bench. Write the structural formula (using chemical symbols) for this molecule
(as you see it) in the space below on the left. After drawing that structure, rotate the molecule
about the bond connecting C2 and C3 to get two H atoms from C1 in contact with the bench and
two H atoms from C3 in contact with the bench. Write the structural formula (using chemical
symbols) for this molecule (as you see it) in the space below on the right.

Have you broken any bonds to change the shape? (yes or no) No
Is this the same molecule or a different molecule after rotating it? (same or different) Same

5. Remove an H atom from C2 and remove C4 (as a -CH3 group) from C3. Place the -CH3 group
on C2 and place the H atom on C3.
Is this the same molecule or a different molecule than the one you had in step 4? Same
What is the common name for the molecule you have just formed? Butane
What is the IUPAC name for this molecule? 2-methylpropane
(See the text book if you need help naming this compound)
Write the structural formula for this molecule in the space to the right.

PART B. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS

6. Make a model of 2-butene using two of the longer, flexible (dark gray) pegs to connect C2 and
C3, forming a double bond. The remainder of the molecule should have single bonds (rigid, light
gray pegs).
What is the molecular formula for 2-butene? C4H8
Be sure you have made the correct model for 2-butene.
Can you rotate the molecule about the double bond connecting C2 and C3? (yes or no) No
Notice the general shape of the molecule and notice that all atoms connected to C2 and C3, as
well as C2 and C3 are in a plane (i.e., this part of the molecule is planar). Place the model on the
bench and write the structural formula (using chemical symbols) for the molecule you have just
made in the space below. Is this the cis- or trans- isomer of 2-butene? Cis isomer
7. Now make the other structural isomer (cis- or trans-) of 2-butene.
Does it look different from the model you made in step 6? (Yes or no) Yes
Place the model on the bench and write the structural formula (using chemical symbols) for the
molecule in the space below.

PART C. ALKANES VS CYCLOALKANES

8. Make a continuous chain (no branching, no double bonds) of six C atoms and make the model
of the saturated hydrocarbon by filling all the remaining holes with bonds (rigid pegs) to H atoms.
What is the name of this molecule? Hexane
Notice you can now rotate the molecule about all of the C-C bonds to form many different
shapes.
Do the different shapes result in different molecules or different isomers? (yes or no) No
Have you broken any bonds when you rotate about C-C bonds to give different shapes? No
Draw structural diagrams for at least four of the possible structural isomers of hexane below.
9. Remove one H atom (white ball only) from C1 and remove one H atom (with its bond) from
C6 of n-hexane and connect C1 to C6 with a single bond (light gray, rigid peg).
Write the chemical formula for this molecule. C6H12
Is this an isomer of n-hexane? No
What is the name of this compound? Cyclohexane
Is it possible to rotate the molecule about the C-C bonds? No
Using the diagrams below to represent this cycloalkane, add the appropriate number of H atoms
to each of the six points (or angles) in the geometric figures, which represent C atoms.

Note: You should be able to place the model on the bench with three H atoms pointing straight
down and three H atoms (on alternating Cs) pointing straight up to get the middle structure. After
drawing the H atoms on that diagram, you should be able to get four H atoms (e.g., on C2, C3,
C5 and C6) pointing nearly straight down on the bench, and two H atoms (on C1 and C4, the left
and right sides) pointing nearly straight up to get the structure on the right above.

Chair Boat

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